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Zhang C, Qiu M, Fu H. Oligodendrocytes in central nervous system diseases: the effect of cytokine regulation. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2132-2143. [PMID: 38488548 PMCID: PMC11034588 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.392854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines including tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines are abundantly produced in various diseases. As pleiotropic factors, cytokines are involved in nearly every aspect of cellular functions such as migration, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system and play critical roles in the conduction of action potentials, supply of metabolic components for axons, and other functions. Emerging evidence suggests that both oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells are vulnerable to cytokines released under pathological conditions. This review mainly summarizes the effects of cytokines on oligodendrocyte lineage cells in central nervous system diseases. A comprehensive understanding of the effects of cytokines on oligodendrocyte lineage cells contributes to our understanding of central nervous system diseases and offers insights into treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfu Zhang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Jiang S, Liang J, Li W, Wang L, Song M, Xu S, Liu G, Du Q, Zhai D, Tang L, Yang Y, Zhang L, Zhang B. The role of CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in neurological diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110330. [PMID: 37247498 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The C-X-C chemokine ligand (CXCL) 1 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR) 2 are widely expressed in the peripheral nervous systems (PNS) and central nervous systems (CNS) and are involved in the development of inflammation and pain after various nerve injuries. Once a nerve is damaged, it affects not only the neuron itself but also lesions elsewhere in its dominant site. After the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis is activated, multiple downstream pathways can be activated, such as c-Raf/MAPK/AP-1, p-PKC-μ/p-ILK/NLRP3, JAK2/STAT3, TAK1/NF-κB, etc. These pathways in turn mediate cellular motility state or cell migration. CXCR2 is expressed on the surface of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. These cells can be recruited to the lesion through the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis to participate in the inflammatory response. The expression of CXCR2 in neurons can activate some pathways in neurons through the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis, thereby causing damage to neurons. CXCR2 is also expressed in astrocytes, and when CXCR2 activated, it increases the number of astrocytes but impairs their function. Since inflammation can occur at almost any site of injury, elucidating the mechanism of CXCL1/CXCR2 axis' influence on inflammation may provide a favorable target for clinical treatment. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress of the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in neurological diseases, aiming to provide a more meaningful theoretical basis for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Luoyang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Meiying Song
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Guixian Liu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Qiaochu Du
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Dongchang Zhai
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Lei Tang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China.
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3
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Wang S, Sun Y, Hu S, Lou C, Pan YB. Construction of a lncRNA-associated competing endogenous RNA regulatory network after traumatic brain injury in mouse. Mol Brain 2022; 15:40. [PMID: 35501920 PMCID: PMC9063179 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem worldwide which causes high mortality and disability. Functioning as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) regulates the expression of protein-coding genes in a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. However, the lncRNA-associated ceRNA in TBI remains unclear. In this study, we processed the raw SRR files of mice cortex samples of sham injury (n = 3) and TBI groups (n = 3) to count files. Then, the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs were identified, and 86 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and 1201 DEmRNAs between sham and TBI groups were identified. The DEmRNAs were used to perform enrichment analyses. Next, a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory ceRNA network was constructed. The network consisted of 23 mRNAs, 5 miRNAs and 2 lncRNAs. The expression alternations of the 5 miRNAs were validated via qRT-PCR. The subnetwork of hub lncRNA Neat1 was extracted. We identified a potential inflammatory associated regulatory axis: Neat1/miR-31-5p/Myd88 axis. The PPI network based on DEmRNA involved in ceRNA network was constructed PPI networks to identify the hub genes. Finally, DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs were selected randomly and validated by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, with the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network provided above, we can improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms and interaction among lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs in TBI process.
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4
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Korbecki J, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Wójcik J, Szatkowska I, Barczak K, Chlubek M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. The Importance of CXCL1 in Physiology and Noncancerous Diseases of Bone, Bone Marrow, Muscle and the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084205. [PMID: 35457023 PMCID: PMC9024980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the role of CXCL1, a chemokine crucial in inflammation as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, in physiology and in selected major non-cancer diseases. Due to the vast amount of available information, we focus on the role CXCL1 plays in the physiology of bones, bone marrow, muscle and the nervous system. For this reason, we describe its effects on hematopoietic stem cells, myoblasts, oligodendrocyte progenitors and osteoclast precursors. We also present the involvement of CXCL1 in diseases of selected tissues and organs including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis, ischemic stroke, major depression, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, neuropathic pain, osteoporosis, prion diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), traumatic spinal cord injury and West Nile fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.C.)
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (J.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Wójcik
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (J.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Iwona Szatkowska
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (J.W.); (I.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Mikołaj Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914-661-515
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Piotrowska A, Ciapała K, Pawlik K, Kwiatkowski K, Rojewska E, Mika J. Comparison of the Effects of Chemokine Receptors CXCR2 and CXCR3 Pharmacological Modulation in Neuropathic Pain Model- In Vivo and In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011074. [PMID: 34681732 PMCID: PMC8538855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have highlighted the roles of CXC chemokine family in the mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Our studies provide evidence that single/repeated intrathecal administration of CXCR2 (NVP-CXCR2-20) and CXCR3 ((±)-NBI-74330) antagonists explicitly attenuated mechanical/thermal hypersensitivity in rats after chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. After repeated administration, both antagonists showed strong analgesic activity toward thermal hypersensitivity; however, (±)-NBI-74330 was more effective at reducing mechanical hypersensitivity. Interestingly, repeated intrathecal administration of both antagonists decreased the mRNA and/or protein levels of pronociceptive interleukins (i.e., IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-18) in the spinal cord, but only (±)-NBI-74330 decreased their levels in the dorsal root ganglia after nerve injury. Furthermore, only the CXCR3 antagonist influenced the spinal mRNA levels of antinociceptive factors (i.e., IL-1RA, IL-10). Additionally, antagonists effectively reduced the mRNA levels of pronociceptive chemokines; NVP-CXCR2-20 decreased the levels of CCL2, CCL6, CCL7, and CXCL4, while (±)-NBI-74330 reduced the levels of CCL3, CCL6, CXCL4, and CXCL9. Importantly, the results obtained from the primary microglial and astroglial cell cultures clearly suggest that both antagonists can directly affect the release of these ligands, mainly in microglia. Interestingly, NVP-CXCR2-20 induced analgesic effects after intraperitoneal administration. Our research revealed important roles for CXCR2 and CXCR3 in nociceptive transmission, especially in neuropathic pain.
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MESH Headings
- Acetamides/pharmacology
- Acetamides/therapeutic use
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Analgesics/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL3/genetics
- Chemokine CCL3/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Male
- Microglia/cytology
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Neuralgia/chemically induced
- Neuralgia/drug therapy
- Neuralgia/pathology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, CXCR3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Stress, Mechanical
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6
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The Importance of Studying Human Brain. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Due to its numerous distinctive functions and unique pathology, the human brain, or rather forebrain has been difficult to study in common animal models. Although many basic molecular and cellular events are conserved across species, human brain connectivity, pertinent especially to the cerebral cortex circuitry, is unique and demands extensive research. Despite a great advancement in functional imaging methods accomplished over the last two decades, many basic features of healthy and diseased human forebrain remain elusive. Here we address difficulties in anatomical studies of developing and adult human brain and indicate the new directions and challenges to be addressed in the future. We pay special attention to possibilities of translating animal brain research to human cases. We consider that, although animal experiments play a vital role in understanding fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms behind brain function, understanding of higher brain functions (language, intelligence, memory) has to be based on understanding uniqueness of human circuitries. Furthermore, brain is the site of many human-specific diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease, for which only partial animal models exist. To study human brain, thus, remains irreplaceable in the quest for new therapeutic tools, as well as in understanding the essence of our being.
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7
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Vargas-Castro V, Gomez-Diaz R, Blanco-Alvarez VM, Tomas-Sanchez C, Gonzalez-Vazquez A, Aguilar-Peralta AK, Gonzalez-Barrios JA, Martinez-Fong D, Eguibar JR, Vivar C, Ugarte A, Soto-Rodriguez G, Brambila E, Millán-Perez-Peña L, Leon-Chavez BA. Long-term taurine administration improves motor skills in a tubulinopathy rat model by decreasing oxidative stress and promoting myelination. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 115:103643. [PMID: 34186187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The taiep rat undergoes hypomyelination and progressive demyelination caused by an abnormal microtubule accumulation in oligodendrocytes, which elicits neuroinflammation and motor behavior dysfunction. Based on taurine antioxidant and proliferative actions, this work explored whether its sustained administration from the embryonic age to adulthood could prevent neuroinflammation, stimulate cell proliferation, promote myelination, and relieve motor impairment. Taurine (50 mg/L of drinking water = 50 ppm) was given to taiep pregnant rats on gestational day 15 and afterward to the male offspring until eight months of age. We measured the levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA), CXCL1, CXCR2 receptor, growth factors (BNDF and FGF2), cell proliferation, and myelin content over time. Integral motor behavior was also evaluated. Our results showed that taurine administration significantly decreased NO and MDA + 4-HDA levels, increased cell proliferation, and promoted myelination in an age- and brain region-dependent fashion compared with untreated taiep rats. Taurine effect on chemokines and growth factors was also variable. Taurine improved vestibular reflexes and limb muscular strength in perinatal rats and fine movements and immobility episodes in adult rats. These results show that chronic taurine administration partially alleviates the taiep neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viridiana Vargas-Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72570, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Diaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72570, Mexico
| | - Victor M Blanco-Alvarez
- Facultad de Enfermería, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72304, Mexico
| | - Constantino Tomas-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72570, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Vazquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72570, Mexico
| | - Ana Karina Aguilar-Peralta
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72570, Mexico
| | - Juan A Gonzalez-Barrios
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Hospital Regional 1° de Octubre, ISSSTE, Mexico City C. P. 07760, Mexico
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, C. P. 07000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose R Eguibar
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72590, Mexico
| | - Carmen Vivar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, C. P. 07000 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Araceli Ugarte
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72590, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Soto-Rodriguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72304, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Brambila
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72570, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Millán-Perez-Peña
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72570, Mexico
| | - Bertha Alicia Leon-Chavez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. C. P. 72570, Mexico.
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Doroshenko ER, Drohomyrecky PC, Gower A, Whetstone H, Cahill LS, Ganguly M, Spring S, Yi TJ, Sled JG, Dunn SE. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-δ Deficiency in Microglia Results in Exacerbated Axonal Injury and Tissue Loss in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:570425. [PMID: 33732230 PMCID: PMC7959796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.570425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ is a nuclear receptor that functions to maintain metabolic homeostasis, regulate cell growth, and limit the development of excessive inflammation during immune responses. Previously, we reported that PPAR-δ-deficient mice develop a more severe clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); however, it was difficult to delineate the role that microglia played in this disease phenotype since PPAR-δ-deficient mice exhibited a number of immune defects that enhanced CNS inflammation upstream of microglia activation. Here, we specifically investigated the role of PPAR-δ in microglia during EAE by using mice where excision of a floxed Ppard allele was driven by expression of a tamoxifen (TAM)-inducible CX3C chemokine receptor 1 promoter-Cre recombinase transgene (Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl). We observed that by 30 days of TAM treatment, Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl mice exhibited Cre-mediated deletion primarily in microglia and this was accompanied by efficient knockdown of Ppard expression in these cells. Upon induction of EAE, TAM-treated Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl mice presented with an exacerbated course of disease compared to TAM-treated Ppardfl/fl controls. Histopathological and magnetic resonance (MR) studies on the spinal cord and brains of EAE mice revealed increased Iba-1 immunoreactivity, axonal injury and CNS tissue loss in the TAM-treated Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl group compared to controls. In early EAE, a time when clinical scores and the infiltration of CD45+ leukocytes was equivalent between Cx3cr1CreERT2: Ppardfl/fl and Ppardfl/fl mice, Ppard-deficient microglia exhibited a more reactive phenotype as evidenced by a shorter maximum process length and lower expression of genes associated with a homeostatic microglia gene signature. In addition, Ppard-deficient microglia exhibited increased expression of genes associated with reactive oxygen species generation, phagocytosis and lipid clearance, M2-activation, and promotion of inflammation. Our results therefore suggest that PPAR-δ has an important role in microglia in limiting bystander tissue damage during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annette Gower
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Whetstone
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milan Ganguly
- Histology Core, The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shoshana Spring
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tae Joon Yi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Harris VK, Stark JW, Yang S, Zanker S, Tuddenham J, Sadiq SA. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived neural progenitors in progressive MS: Two-year follow-up of a phase I study. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 8:8/1/e928. [PMID: 33277427 PMCID: PMC7738177 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the long-term safety and efficacy of repeated intrathecal (IT) administration of autologous mesenchymal stem cell-derived neural progenitors (MSC-NPs) in patients with progressive MS by evaluating subjects 2 years after treatment. Methods Twenty subjects were enrolled as part of a phase I, open-label single-arm study of 3 IT injections of MSC-NPs spaced 3 months apart. Subjects were evaluated for adverse events and disability outcomes including the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the timed 25-foot walk (T25FW). Long-term evaluation was conducted 2 years after the third treatment. CSF was collected before and 3 months after treatment. Results Eighteen of the 20 study participants completed the full 2-year follow-up protocol. There were no long-term adverse events associated with repeated IT-MSC-NP treatment. Seven subjects showed sustained improvement in EDSS after 2 years, although the degree of improvement was not maintained in 5 of the subjects. Three of the 10 ambulatory subjects showed sustained improvement in the T25FW after 2 years. CSF biomarker analysis revealed a decrease in C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and an increase in interleukin 8, hepatocyte growth factor, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) after treatment. Conclusions Safety and efficacy of repeated IT-MSC-NP treatment was sustained for 2 years; however, the degree of disability reversal was not sustained in a subset of patients. CSF biomarkers altered in response to IT-MSC-NP treatment may reflect specific immunoregulatory and trophic mechanisms of therapeutic response in MS. Classification of evidence This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with progressive MS, IT administration of MSC-NPs is safe and effective. The study is rated Class IV because of the absence of a non–IT-MSC-NP-treated control group. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01933802.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James W Stark
- From the Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York
| | - Sophia Yang
- From the Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York
| | - Shayna Zanker
- From the Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York
| | - John Tuddenham
- From the Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York
| | - Saud A Sadiq
- From the Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York.
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10
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Vaes JEG, Brandt MJV, Wanders N, Benders MJNL, de Theije CGM, Gressens P, Nijboer CH. The impact of trophic and immunomodulatory factors on oligodendrocyte maturation: Potential treatments for encephalopathy of prematurity. Glia 2020; 69:1311-1340. [PMID: 33595855 PMCID: PMC8246971 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of morbidity in preterm neonates, causing neurodevelopmental adversities that can lead to lifelong impairments. Preterm birth-related insults, such as cerebral oxygen fluctuations and perinatal inflammation, are believed to negatively impact brain development, leading to a range of brain abnormalities. Diffuse white matter injury is a major hallmark of EoP and characterized by widespread hypomyelination, the result of disturbances in oligodendrocyte lineage development. At present, there are no treatment options available, despite the enormous burden of EoP on patients, their families, and society. Over the years, research in the field of neonatal brain injury and other white matter pathologies has led to the identification of several promising trophic factors and cytokines that contribute to the survival and maturation of oligodendrocytes, and/or dampening neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss the current literature on selected factors and their therapeutic potential to combat EoP, covering a wide range of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, we offer a future perspective on the translatability of these factors into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine E G Vaes
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myrna J V Brandt
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki Wanders
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon J N L Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline G M de Theije
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cora H Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Mehdipour M, Mehdipour T, Skinner CM, Wong N, Liu C, Chen CC, Jeon OH, Zuo Y, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM. Plasma dilution improves cognition and attenuates neuroinflammation in old mice. GeroScience 2020; 43:1-18. [PMID: 33191466 PMCID: PMC8050203 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent study has established that young blood factors are not causal, nor necessary, for the systemic rejuvenation of mammalian tissues. Instead, a procedure referred to as neutral blood exchange (NBE) that resets signaling milieu to a pro-regenerative state through dilution of old plasma, enhanced the health and repair of the muscle and liver, and promoted better hippocampal neurogenesis in 2-year-old mice (Mehdipour et al., Aging 12:8790–8819, 2020). Here we expand the rejuvenative phenotypes of NBE, focusing on the brain. Namely, our results demonstrate that old mice perform much better in novel object and novel texture (whisker discrimination) tests after a single NBE, which is accompanied by reduced neuroinflammation (less-activated CD68+ microglia). Evidence against attenuation/dilution of peripheral senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) as the main mechanism behind NBE was that the senolytic ABT 263 had limited effects on neuroinflammation and did not enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in the old mice. Interestingly, peripherally acting ABT 263 and NBE both diminished SA-βGal signal in the old brain, demonstrating that peripheral senescence propagates to the brain, but NBE was more robustly rejuvenative than ABT 263, suggesting that rejuvenation was not simply by reducing senescence. Explaining the mechanism of the positive effects of NBE on the brain, our comparative proteomics analysis demonstrated that dilution of old blood plasma yields an increase in the determinants of brain maintenance and repair in mice and in people. These findings confirm the paradigm of rejuvenation through dilution of age-elevated systemic factors and extrapolate it to brain health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melod Mehdipour
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Taha Mehdipour
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin M Skinner
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Wong
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Chien Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and QB3, UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ok Hee Jeon
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and QB3, UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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12
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Polcyn R, Capone M, Matzelle D, Lueking B, Walker A, Kau E, Haque A, Banik N. Cytokine/chemokine dysregulation in progressive MS patient is apparent and can be modulated by calpain inhibition. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:255-261. [PMID: 31853829 PMCID: PMC9773329 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the cytokine/chemokine profile of a 62-year-old African American male with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). MRI images of the MS patient demonstrated generalized white matter involvement with multiple lesions in the periventricular area. A 42-plex Discovery Assay® (Eve Technologies) of the patient's plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) supernatant or PBMC-derived T cell supernatant samples from two separate clinic visits revealed vastly differing cytokine/chemokine levels. In addition, certain cytokine/chemokine profiles had notable differences when compared to the larger patient group or patients' PBMCs treated with a calpain inhibitor in vitro. Interestingly, large numbers of cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in MS PBMCs are modulated by calpain inhibition, suggesting the clinical significance of these findings in designing better therapeutics against progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Polcyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, MSC606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, MSC606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brittany Lueking
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Aljoeson Walker
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kau
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Naren Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, MSC606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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13
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Skinner DD, Lane TE. CXCR2 Signaling and Remyelination in Preclinical Models of Demyelination. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:3-7. [PMID: 31851535 PMCID: PMC6978782 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR2 is a receptor for CXC chemokines, including CXCL1 and CXCL2. CXCR2 is expressed by resident cells of the central nervous system, including neurons, microglia, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and oligodendrocytes. CXCR2 signaling is important in regulating OPC biology with regard to positional migration and myelination during development. More recently, studies have argued that CXCR2 is involved in controlling events related to remyelination after experimentally induced demyelination. This review examines the concept that targeting CXCR2 may offer a novel therapeutic target for promoting remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic D. Skinner
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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14
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Piotrowska A, Rojewska E, Pawlik K, Kreiner G, Ciechanowska A, Makuch W, Nalepa I, Mika J. Pharmacological Blockade of Spinal CXCL3/CXCR2 Signaling by NVP CXCR2 20, a Selective CXCR2 Antagonist, Reduces Neuropathic Pain Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2198. [PMID: 31616413 PMCID: PMC6775284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the role of CXCR2 in nociception has been noted. Our studies provide new evidence that the intrathecal administration of its CINC ligands (Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoattractant; CXCL1-3) induces pain-like behavior in naïve mice, and the effect occurring shortly after administration is associated with the neural location of CXCR2, as confirmed by immunofluorescence. RT-qPCR analysis showed, for the first time, raised levels of spinal CXCR2 after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. Originally, on day 2, we detected escalated levels of the spinal mRNA of all CINCs associated with enhancement of the protein level of CXCL3 lasting until day 7. Intrathecal administration of CXCL3 neutralizing antibody diminished neuropathic pain on day 7 after CCI. Interestingly, CXCL3 is produced in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial, but not astroglial, primary cell cultures. We present the first evidence that chronic intrathecal administrations of the selective CXCR2 antagonist, NVP CXCR2 20, attenuate neuropathic pain symptoms and CXCL3 expression after CCI. Moreover, in naïve mice, this antagonist prevented CXCL3-induced hypersensitivity. However, NVP CXCR2 20 did not diminish glial activation, thus not enhancing morphine/buprenorphine analgesia. These results provide novel insight into the crucial role of CXCR2 in neuropathy based on CXCL3 modulation, which may become a potential therapeutic target in pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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15
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Yellowhair TR, Newville JC, Noor S, Maxwell JR, Milligan ED, Robinson S, Jantzie LL. CXCR2 Blockade Mitigates Neural Cell Injury Following Preclinical Chorioamnionitis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:324. [PMID: 31001130 PMCID: PMC6454349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimizing central nervous system (CNS) injury from preterm birth depends upon identification of the critical pathways that underlie essential neurodevelopmental and CNS pathophysiology. While chorioamnionitis (CHORIO), is a leading cause of preterm birth, the precise mechanism linking prenatal brain injury and long-term CNS injury is unknown. The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and its cognate receptor, CXCR2, are implicated in a variety of uterine and neuropathologies, however, their role in CNS injury associated with preterm birth is poorly defined. To evaluate the putative efficacy of CXCR2 blockade in neural repair secondary to CHORIO, we tested the hypothesis that transient postnatal CXCR2 antagonism would reduce neutrophil activation and mitigate cerebral microstructural injury in rats. To this end, a laparotomy was performed on embryonic day 18 (E18) in Sprague Dawley rats, with uterine arteries transiently occluded for 60 min, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 4 μg/sac) injected into each amniotic sac. SB225002, a CXCR2 antagonist (3 mg/kg), was administered intraperitoneally from postnatal day 1 (P1)-P5. Brains were collected on P7 and P21 and analyzed with western blot, immunohistochemistry and ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Results demonstrate that transient CXCR2 blockade reduced cerebral neutrophil activation (myeloperoxidase expression/MPO) and mitigated connexin43 expression, indicative of reduced neuroinflammation at P7 (p < 0.05 for all). CXCR2 blockade also reduced alpha II-spectrin calpain-mediated cleavage, improved pNF/NF ratio, and minimized Iba1 and GFAP expression consistent with improved neuronal and axonal health and reduced gliosis at P21. Importantly, DTI revealed diffuse white matter injury and decreased microstructural integrity following CHORIO as indicated by lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and elevated radial diffusivity (RD) in major white matter tracts (p < 0.05). Early postnatal CXCR2 blockade also reduced microstructural abnormalities in white matter and hippocampus at P21 (p < 0.05). Together, these data indicate that transient postnatal blockade of CXCR2 ameliorates perinatal abnormalities in inflammatory signaling, and facilitates neural repair following CHORIO. Further characterization of neuroinflammatory signaling, specifically via CXCL1/CXCR2 through the placental-fetal-brain axis, may clarify stratification of brain injury following preterm birth, and improve use of targeted interventions in this highly vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracylyn R. Yellowhair
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jessie C. Newville
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jessie R. Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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16
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Ni H, Wang Y, An K, Liu Q, Xu L, Zhu C, Deng H, He Q, Wang T, Xu M, Zheng Y, Huang B, Fang J, Yao M. Crosstalk between NFκB-dependent astrocytic CXCL1 and neuron CXCR2 plays a role in descending pain facilitation. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:1. [PMID: 30606213 PMCID: PMC6317220 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite accumulating evidence on the role of glial cells and their associated chemicals in mechanisms of pain, few studies have addressed the potential role of chemokines in the descending facilitation of chronic pain. We aimed to study the hypothesis that CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a co-restructure of the descending nociceptive system, is involved in descending pain facilitation. METHODS Intramedullary injection of Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells of adult female Sprague Dawley rats was used to establish a bone cancer pain (BCP) model. RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect pNfkb, Cxcl1, and Cxcr2 and their protein expression in the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG). Immunohistochemical co-staining with NeuN, GFAP, and CD11 were used to examine the cellular location of pNFκB, CXCL1, and CXCR2. The effects of NFκB and CXCR2 antagonists and CXCL1 neutralizing antibody on pain hypersensitivity were evaluated by behavioral testing. RESULTS BCP induced cortical bone damage and persistent mechanical allodynia and increased the expression of pNFκB, CXCL1, and CXCR2 in vlPAG. The induced phosphorylation of NFκB was co-localized with GFAP and NeuN, but not with CD11. Micro-injection of BAY11-7082 attenuated BCP and reduced CXCL1 increase in the spinal cord. The expression level of CXCL1 in vlPAG showed co-localization with GFAP, but not with CD11 and NeuN. Micro-administration of CXCL1 neutralizing antibody from 6 to 9 days after inoculation attenuated mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, vlPAG application of CXCL1 elicited pain hypersensitivity in normal rats. Interestingly, CXCR2 was upregulated in vlPAG neurons (not with CD11 and GFAP) after BCP. CXCR2 antagonist SB225002 completely blocked the CXCL1-induced mechanical allodynia and attenuated BCP-induced pain hypersensitivity. CONCLUSION The NFκB-dependent CXCL1-CXCR2 signaling cascade played a role in glial-neuron interactions and in descending facilitation of BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Yungong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000 China
| | - Kang An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210004 China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Longsheng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Housheng Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Qiuli He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Bing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001 China
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17
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Chandran R, Capone M, Matzelle D, Polcyn R, Kau E, Haque A, Banik NL. Distinct Cytokine and Chemokine Expression in Plasma and Calpeptin-Treated PBMCs of a Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patient: A Case Report. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2224-2231. [PMID: 30291537 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine/chemokine expression signature of a 60-year-old African American male with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) was analyzed using patient blood samples obtained from two separate visits to the clinic. Thirty-six different cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were detected in the plasma of the RRMS patient using a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay. Results indicated that at least ten of these factors with a concentration of > 100 pg/mL are identified as pro-inflammatory. Calpain inhibition led to an anti-inflammatory effect, as indicated by a decrease in expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as GM-CSF, IFNγ, and IL-17A, and a relative increase in two of the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13 and IL-4) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells activated with anti-CD3/CD28. Overall, these results suggest that the unique cytokine/chemokine pattern observed in the plasma of the RRMS patient can be used as a prognostic marker and calpain inhibition may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating excessive inflammatory response specific to RRMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendar Chandran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rachel Polcyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kau
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St. MSC606 Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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18
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Increase in chemokine CXCL1 by ERβ ligand treatment is a key mediator in promoting axon myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6291-6296. [PMID: 29844175 PMCID: PMC6004485 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721732115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) ligands promote remyelination in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Recent work using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has shown that ERβ ligands induce axon remyelination, but impact peripheral inflammation to varying degrees. To identify if ERβ ligands initiate a common immune mechanism in remyelination, central and peripheral immunity and pathology in mice given ERβ ligands at peak EAE were assessed. All ERβ ligands induced differential expression of cytokines and chemokines, but increased levels of CXCL1 in the periphery and in astrocytes. Oligodendrocyte CXCR2 binds CXCL1 and has been implicated in normal myelination. In addition, despite extensive immune cell accumulation in the CNS, all ERβ ligands promoted extensive remyelination in mice at peak EAE. This finding highlights a component of the mechanism by which ERβ ligands mediate remyelination. Hence, interplay between the immune system and central nervous system may be responsible for the remyelinating effects of ERβ ligands. Our findings of potential neuroprotective benefits arising from the presence of CXCL1 could have implications for improved therapies for multiple sclerosis.
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19
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Lin YF, Liu TT, Hu CH, Chen CC, Wang JY. Expressions of chemokines and their receptors in the brain after heat stroke-induced cortical damage. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 318:15-20. [PMID: 29395321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence that cytokines and chemokines are expressed in humans and rats after heat stress, the cellular mechanisms underlying the effects on the brain after heatstroke (HS) are not fully understood. In this study, we observed time course changes of chemokines in rat brain tissues and elucidated what kinds of cortical cells were affected after HS. Male SD rats were anesthetized and randomly separated into two groups as follows: (a) normothermic sham and (b) HS rats. Rats were sacrificed at different time points (0, 1, 3, 6, and 12h after heat exposure, n=5 in each group) to the end of the experiment in order to extract the mRNA/proteins of cortical tissues. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of sham and HS rats was also collected before sacrifice. In the HS group, an elevated body temperature (Tco>40°C) and abnormality of cortical cells (e.g., pyknotic nuclei) were observed. When compared to the sham group, expression levels of either mRNAs or proteins of chemokines and their receptors (including CXCL1, MIP2, MCP1, CXCR1, CXCR2, and CCR2) peaked at different time points after heat exposure. We also found that CXCR2 was expressed in the cortex of rat brain and was colocalized with neurons and microglia after HS. Hence, MCP1, MIP2, and CXCR2 might play important roles in the brain after HS, possibly indicating a new direction for treating HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Ta Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Center for General Education, University of Kang Ning, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chou-Hui Hu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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20
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Preclinical chorioamnionitis dysregulates CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling throughout the placental-fetal-brain axis. Exp Neurol 2017; 301:110-119. [PMID: 29117499 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, perinatal brain injury (PBI) is a major cause of infant mortality and childhood disability. For a large proportion of infants with PBI, central nervous system (CNS) injury begins in utero with inflammation (chorioamnionitis/CHORIO) and/or hypoxia-ischemia. While studies show CHORIO contributes to preterm CNS injury and is also a common independent risk factor for brain injury in term infants, the molecular mechanisms mediating inflammation in the placental-fetal-brain axis that result in PBI remain a gap in knowledge. The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and its cognate receptor, CXCR2, have been clinically implicated in CHORIO and in mature CNS injury, although their specific role in PBI pathophysiology is poorly defined. Given CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling is essential to neural cell development and neutrophil recruitment, a key pathological hallmark of CHORIO, we hypothesized CHORIO would upregulate CXCL1/CXCR2 expression in the placenta and fetal circulation, concomitant with increased CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling in the developing brain, immune cell activation, neutrophilia, and microstructural PBI. On embryonic day 18 (E18), a laparotomy was performed in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats to induce CHORIO. Specifically, uterine arteries were occluded for 60min to induce placental transient systemic hypoxia-ischemia (TSHI), followed by intra-amniotic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pups were born at E22. Placentae, serum and brain were collected along an extended time course from E19 to postnatal day (P)15 and analyzed using multiplex electrochemiluminescence (MECI), Western blot, qPCR, flow cytometry (FC) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Results demonstrate that compared to sham, CHORIO increases placental CXCL1 and CXCR2 mRNA levels, concomitant with increased CXCR2+ neutrophils. Interestingly, pup serum CXCL1 expression in CHORIO parallels this increase, with sustained elevation through P15. Analyses of CHORIO brains reveal similarly increased CXCL1/CXCR2 expression through P7, together with increased neutrophilia, microgliosis and peripheral macrophages. Similar to the placenta, cerebral neutrophilia was defined by increased CXCR2 surface expression and elevated myeloperoxidase expression (MPO), consistent with immune cell activation. Evaluation of microstructural brain injury at P15 with DTI reveals aberrant microstructural integrity in the callosal and capsular white matter, with reduced fractional anisotropy in superficial and deep layers of overlying cortex. In summary, using an established model of CHORIO that exhibits mature CNS deficits mimicking those of preterm survivors, we show CHORIO induces injury throughout the placental-fetal-brain axis with a CXCL1/CXCR2 inflammatory signature, neutrophilia, and microstructural abnormalities. These data are concomitant with abnormal cerebral CXCL1/CXCR2 expression, and support temporal aberrations in CXCL1/CXCR2 and neutrophil dynamics in the placental-fetal-brain axis following CHORIO. These investigations define novel targets for directed therapies for infants at high risk for PBI.
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Socioeconomic disadvantage, gestational immune activity, and neurodevelopment in early childhood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6728-6733. [PMID: 28607066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617698114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Children raised in economically disadvantaged households face increased risks of poor health in adulthood, suggesting that inequalities in health have early origins. From the child's perspective, exposure to economic hardship may begin as early as conception, potentially via maternal neuroendocrine-immune responses to prenatal stressors, which adversely impact neurodevelopment. Here we investigate whether socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with gestational immune activity and whether such activity is associated with abnormalities among offspring during infancy. We analyzed concentrations of five immune markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) in maternal serum from 1,494 participants in the New England Family Study in relation to the level of maternal socioeconomic disadvantage and their involvement in offspring neurologic abnormalities at 4 mo and 1 y of age. Median concentrations of IL-8 were lower in the most disadvantaged pregnancies [-1.53 log(pg/mL); 95% CI: -1.81, -1.25]. Offspring of these pregnancies had significantly higher risk of neurologic abnormalities at 4 mo [odds ratio (OR) = 4.61; CI = 2.84, 7.48] and 1 y (OR = 2.05; CI = 1.08, 3.90). This higher risk was accounted for in part by fetal exposure to lower maternal IL-8, which also predicted higher risks of neurologic abnormalities at 4 mo (OR = 7.67; CI = 4.05, 14.49) and 1 y (OR = 2.92; CI = 1.46, 5.87). Findings support the role of maternal immune activity in fetal neurodevelopment, exacerbated in part by socioeconomic disadvantage. This finding reveals a potential pathophysiologic pathway involved in the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic inequalities in health.
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Silva RL, Lopes AH, Guimarães RM, Cunha TM. CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling in pathological pain: Role in peripheral and central sensitization. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:109-116. [PMID: 28587921 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain conditions can be triggered after peripheral nerve injury and/or inflammation. It is associated with plasticity of nociceptive pathway in which pain is prolonged even after healing of the injured tissue. Generally combinations of analgesic drugs are not sufficient to achieve selective palliation from chronic pain, besides causing a greater number of side effects. In order to identify novel alternatives for more effective treatments, it is necessary to clarify the underlying mechanisms of pathological pain. It is well established that there are two main components in pathological pain development and maintenance: (i) primary sensory neuron sensitization (peripheral sensitization), and (ii) central sensitization. In both components cytokines and chemokines act as key mediators in pain modulation. CXCL1 is a chemokine that promote both nociceptor and central sensitization via its main receptor CXCR2, which is a promising target for novel analgesic drugs. Here, we reviewed and discussed the role of the CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling axis in pathological pain conditions triggered by either peripheral inflammation or nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangel L Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre H Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela M Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Ortega JA, Memi F, Radonjic N, Filipovic R, Bagasrawala I, Zecevic N, Jakovcevski I. The Subventricular Zone: A Key Player in Human Neocortical Development. Neuroscientist 2017; 24:156-170. [PMID: 29254416 DOI: 10.1177/1073858417691009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the main characteristics of the developing brain is that all neurons and the majority of macroglia originate first in the ventricular zone (VZ), next to the lumen of the cerebral ventricles, and later on in a secondary germinal area above the VZ, the subventricular zone (SVZ). The SVZ is a transient compartment mitotically active in humans for several gestational months. It serves as a major source of cortical projection neurons as well as an additional source of glial cells and potentially some interneuron subpopulations. The SVZ is subdivided into the smaller inner (iSVZ) and the expanded outer SVZ (oSVZ). The enlargement of the SVZ and, in particular, the emergence of the oSVZ are evolutionary adaptations that were critical to the expansion and unique cellular composition of the primate cerebral cortex. In this review, we discuss the cell types and organization of the human SVZ during the first half of the 40 weeks of gestation that comprise intrauterine development. We focus on this period as it is when the bulk of neurogenesis in the human cerebral cortex takes place. We consider how the survival and fate of SVZ cells depend on environmental influences, by analyzing the results from in vitro experiments with human cortical progenitor cells. This in vitro model is a powerful tool to better understand human neocortex formation and the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, which in turn will facilitate the design of targeted preventive and/or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Ortega
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Fani Memi
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Nevena Radonjic
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Department, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Radmila Filipovic
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Inseyah Bagasrawala
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Nada Zecevic
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- 3 Institute for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,4 Experimental Neurophysiology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
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Lyczek A, Arnold A, Zhang J, Campanelli JT, Janowski M, Bulte JWM, Walczak P. Transplanted human glial-restricted progenitors can rescue the survival of dysmyelinated mice independent of the production of mature, compact myelin. Exp Neurol 2017; 291:74-86. [PMID: 28163160 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of glial progenitor transplantation in diseases of dysmyelination is currently attributed to the formation of new myelin. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we show that the therapeutic outcome in dysmyelinated shiverer mice is dependent on the extent of cell migration but not the presence of mature and compact myelin. Human or mouse glial restricted progenitors (GRPs) were transplanted into rag2-/- shiverer mouse neonates and followed for over one year. Mouse GRPs produced mature myelin as detected with multi-parametric MRI, but showed limited migration without extended animal lifespan. In sharp contrast, human GRPs migrated extensively and significantly increased animal survival, but production of mature myelin did not occur until 46weeks post-grafting. We conclude that human GRPs can extend the survival of transplanted shiverer mice prior to production of mature myelin, while mouse GRPs fail to extend animal survival despite the early presence of mature myelin. This paradox suggests that transplanted GRPs provide therapeutic benefits through biological processes other than the formation of mature myelin capable to foster rapid nerve conduction, challenging the current dogma of the primary role of myelination in regaining function of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Lyczek
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Antje Arnold
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Jiangyang Zhang
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Dept. of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Med. Res. Center, Polish Acad. of Sci., Warsaw, Poland; Dept. of NeuroRepair, Mossakowski Med. Res. Center, Polish Acad. of Sci., Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Dept. of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Goldstein EZ, Church JS, Hesp ZC, Popovich PG, McTigue DM. A silver lining of neuroinflammation: Beneficial effects on myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:550-9. [PMID: 27151600 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin accelerates action potential conduction velocity and provides essential energy support for axons. Unfortunately, myelin and myelinating cells are often vulnerable to injury or disease, resulting in myelin damage, which in turn can lead to axon dysfunction, overt pathology and neurological impairment. Inflammation is a common component of trauma and disease in both the CNS and PNS and therefore an active inflammatory response is often considered deleterious to myelin health. While inflammation can certainly damage myelin, inflammatory processes also can positively affect oligodendrocyte lineage progression, myelin debris clearance, oligodendrocyte metabolism and myelin repair. In the periphery, inflammatory cascades can also augment myelin repair, including processes initiated by infiltrating immune cells as well as by local Schwann cells. In this review, various aspects of inflammation beneficial to myelin repair are discussed and should be considered when designing or implementing anti-inflammatory therapies for CNS and PNS injury involving myelinating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Z Goldstein
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Jamie S Church
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Zoe C Hesp
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States.
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Lipopolysaccharide Upregulates the Expression of CINC-3 and LIX in Primary NG2 Cells. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1448-57. [PMID: 26842931 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous NG2 cells, also called oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), exist ubiquitously in the gray and white matter in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Although NG2 cells could become active by upregulation of NG2 expression and hypertrophy or extension of their processes under various neuropathological conditions, their actual role in the brain remains to be illustrated. In view of the fact that the synergy of cytokine and chemokine networks plays an important role in CNS inflammation and immunity, we have assumed that the NG2 cells might take part in brain inflammation and immunity by making a contribution to the pool of cytokines or chemokines. In the current study, NG2-expressing OPCs were prepared from cerebral hemispheres of postnatal day 0 or 1 Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results showed that NG2-expressing OPCs, verified by immunohistological staining of anti-NG2 antibody and anti-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) antibody, presented binding affinity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a commonly used stimulator in a neuroinflammatory model. Using cytokine antibody array, QPCR and ELISA, we have further shown that LPS could upregulate the expression of cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-3 (CINC-3) and LPS induced CXC chemokine (LIX) in primary NG2-expressing OPCs, without the alteration in cell number of NG2-expressing OPCs. In addition, the cells bearing the receptor for these two cytokines included microglia and OPCs. Taken together, our results suggest that NG2-expressing OPCs could response to LPS and may take part in neuroinflammatory process, through secreting cytokines and chemokines to exert an effect on target cells (OPCs and microglia).
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JNK in spinal cord facilitates bone cancer pain in rats through modulation of CXCL1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:88-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Wang LY, Tu YF, Lin YC, Huang CC. CXCL5 signaling is a shared pathway of neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier injury contributing to white matter injury in the immature brain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:6. [PMID: 26738635 PMCID: PMC4704424 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In very preterm infants, white matter injury is a prominent brain injury, and hypoxic ischemia (HI) and infection are the two primary pathogenic factors of this injury. Microglia and microvascular endothelial cells closely interact; therefore, a common signaling pathway may cause neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage after injury to the immature brain. CXC chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) is produced in inflammatory and endothelial cells by various organs in response to insults. CXCL5 levels markedly increased in the amniotic cavity in response to intrauterine infection and preterm birth in clinical studies. The objective of this study is to determine whether CXCL5 signaling is a shared pathway of neuroinflammation and BBB injury that contributes to white matter injury in the immature brain. Methods Postpartum day 2 (P2) rat pups received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by 90-min HI. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine microglial activation, neutrophil infiltration, BBB damage, and myelin basic protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. Immunofluorescence experiments were performed to determine the cellular distribution of CXCL5. Pharmacological tests were performed to inhibit or enhance CXCL5 activity. Results On P2, predominant increases in microglial activation and BBB damage were observed 24 h after LPS-sensitized HI induction, and white matter injury (decreased myelination and increased astrogliosis) was observed on P12 compared with controls. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed increased CXCL5 expression in the white matter 6 and 24 h after insult. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed upregulated CXCL5 expression in the activated microglia and endothelial cells 24 h after insult. CXCL5 inhibition by SB225002, a selective nonpeptide inhibitor of CXCR2, significantly attenuated microglial activation and BBB damage, increased myelination, and reduced astrogliosis in the white matter after LPS-sensitized HI. In addition, CXCL5-sensitized HI or CXCL5 alone significantly induced BBB damage and white matter injury in association with different neuroinflammation mechanisms. CXCL5-sensitized HI-induced microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration, whereas CXCL5 alone predominately caused neutrophil infiltration. Conclusions CXCL5 is a potential biomarker for white matter injury in preterm infants. Pharmacological blockade of CXCL5 signaling that attenuates dysregulated neuroinflammation can be used a therapeutic strategy against white matter injury in the immature brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0474-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan. .,Department of Childhood Education and Nursery, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Fang Tu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Ching Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Maxwell JR, Denson JL, Joste NE, Robinson S, Jantzie LL. Combined in utero hypoxia-ischemia and lipopolysaccharide administration in rats induces chorioamnionitis and a fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Placenta 2015; 36:1378-84. [PMID: 26601766 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preterm birth is a major cause of infant morbidity and long-term disability, and is associated with numerous central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Infants exposed to intrauterine inflammation, specifically chorioamnionitis, are at risk for very early preterm birth and neurological complications including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and behavioral and cognitive deficits. However, placenta-brain axis abnormalities and their relationship to subsequent permanent CNS injury remain poorly defined. METHODS Intrauterine injury was induced in rats on embryonic day 18 (E18) by transient systemic hypoxia-ischemia (TSHI) and intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Placenta, brain and serum were collected from E19 to postnatal day 0 (P0). Histology, TUNEL staining, western blot and multiplex immunoassays were used to quantify placental and brain abnormalities, and fetal serum cytokine levels. RESULTS Prenatal TSHI + LPS caused acute and subacute placental injury hallmarked by inflammatory infiltrate, edema, hemorrhage and cell death along with placental increases in IL-1β and TNFα. TSHI + LPS increased a diverse array of circulating inflammatory proteins including IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-4, IFNγ and CXCL1, both immediately after TSHI + LPS and in live born pups. CNS inflammation was characterized by increased CXCL1. DISCUSSION Prenatal TSHI + LPS in rats induces placental injury and inflammation histologically consistent with chorioamnionitis, concomitant with elevated serum and CNS pro-inflammatory cytokines. This model accurately recapitulates key pathophysiological processes observed in extremely preterm infants including placental, fetal, and CNS inflammation. Further investigation into the mechanism of CNS injury following chorioamnionitis and the placental-brain axis will guide the use of future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie R Maxwell
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jesse L Denson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nancy E Joste
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis alters stress-associated behaviour and neuropeptide gene expression in the amygdala-hippocampus network of mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9970. [PMID: 26066467 PMCID: PMC4464346 DOI: 10.1038/srep09970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress causes disease exacerbation and relapses in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Since studies on stress processing during visceral inflammation are lacking, we investigated the effects of experimental colitis as well as psychological stress on neurochemical and neuroendocrine changes as well as behaviour in mice. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and water avoidance stress (WAS) were used as mouse models of colitis and mild psychological stress, respectively. We measured WAS-associated behaviour, gene expression and proinflammatory cytokine levels within the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus as well as plasma levels of cytokines and corticosterone in male C57BL/6N mice. Animals with DSS-induced colitis presented with prolonged immobility during the WAS session, which was associated with brain region-dependent alterations of neuropeptide Y (NPY), NPY receptor Y1, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptor 1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glucocorticoid receptor gene expression. Furthermore, the combination of DSS and WAS increased interleukin-6 and growth regulated oncogene-α levels in the brain. Altered gut-brain signalling in the course of DSS-induced colitis is thought to cause the observed distinct gene expression changes in the limbic system and the aberrant molecular and behavioural stress responses. These findings provide new insights into the effects of stress during IBD.
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Franco R, Fernández-Suárez D. Alternatively activated microglia and macrophages in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:65-86. [PMID: 26067058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical known as M1, or the alternative known as M2. M1 markers are mostly mediators of pro-inflammatory responses whereas M2 markers emerge for resolution and cleanup. Microglia exerts in the central nervous system (CNS) a function similar to that of macrophages in the periphery. Microglia activation and proliferation occurs in almost any single pathology affecting the CNS. Often microglia activation has been considered detrimental and drugs able to stop microglia activation were considered for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Cumulative evidence shows that microglia may undergo the alternative activation pathway, express M2-type markers and contribute to neuroprotection. This review focuses on details about the role of M2 microglia and in the approaches available for its identification. Approaches to drive the M2 phenotype and data on its potential in CNS diseases are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Diana Fernández-Suárez
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Analysis of chemokines and receptors expression profile in the myelin mutant taiep rat. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:397310. [PMID: 25883747 PMCID: PMC4390177 DOI: 10.1155/2015/397310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Taiep rat has a failure in myelination and remyelination processes leading to a state of hypomyelination throughout its life. Chemokines, which are known to play a role in inflammation, are also involved in the remyelination process. We aimed to demonstrate that remyelination-stimulating factors are altered in the brainstem of 1- and 6-month-old taiep rats. We used a Rat RT2 Profiler PCR Array to assess mRNA expression of 84 genes coding for cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. We also evaluated protein levels of CCL2, CCR1, CCR2, CCL5, CCR5, CCR8, CXCL1, CXCR2, CXCR4, FGF2, and VEGFA by ELISA. Sprague-Dawley rats were used as a control. PCR Array procedure showed that proinflammatory cytokines were not upregulated in the taiep rat. In contrast, some mRNA levels of beta and alpha chemokines were upregulated in 1-month-old rats, but CXCR4 was downregulated at their 6 months of age. ELISA results showed that CXCL1, CCL2, CCR2, CCR5, CCR8, and CXCR4 protein levels were decreased in brainstem at the age of 6 months. These results suggest the presence of a chronic neuroinflammation process with deficiency of remyelination-stimulating factors (CXCL1, CXCR2, and CXCR4), which might account for the demyelination in the taiep rat.
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Sie C, Korn T, Mitsdoerffer M. Th17 cells in central nervous system autoimmunity. Exp Neurol 2014; 262 Pt A:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sisto M, Lisi S. New Insights Into ADAMs Regulation of the GRO-α/CXCR2 System: Focus on Sjögren's Syndrome. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:486-99. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.975892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Kanagavelu S, Gupta S, Wu X, Philip S, Wattenberg MM, Hodge JW, Couto MD, Chung KD, Ahmed MM. In vivo effects of lattice radiation therapy on local and distant lung cancer: potential role of immunomodulation. Radiat Res 2014; 182:149-62. [PMID: 25036982 DOI: 10.1667/rr3819.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiation is a potent immune-modulator that elicits cell death upon tumor, stromal and angiogenic compartments of tumor microenvironment. Here, we test a novel approach of high-dose radiation delivery using three dimensional volume based lattice radiation therapy (LRT) to understand the impact of different volume irradiation in eliciting both local and metastatic/distant tumor control through modulation of tumor immune micro-environment. To study such effects of LRT, tumors were implanted in both hind legs of C57BL/6 mice using Lewis lung carcinoma 1 (LLC1) cells. Mice were divided into five groups: untreated; partial tumor volume groups included two 10% vertices, one 20% vertex and one 50% vertex of the total tumor volume; and 100% open-field irradiation. Tumors implanted in the left flank were irradiated with a single dose of 20 Gy while the tumors in the right flank were unirradiated. Tumor growth and regression as well as immune responses (such as Th1 and Th2; T-cell infiltration) were determined after radiation treatment. Results demonstrated that both 100% open-field irradiation and 20% volume irradiation (in two 10% volumes) resulted in significant growth delay in the irradiated tumor. Further, all types of radiation exposures, partial or 100% volume, demonstrated distal effectiveness, however, 20% volume irradiation (in two 10% volumes) and 50% tumor volume irradiation led to maximum growth delay. Mice treated with partial tumor volume radiation induced a robust IFN-γ and Th1 response when compared to whole-tumor irradiation and down-modulated Th2 functions. The presence of increased CD3+ cells and TRAIL in partially irradiated tumor volumes correlated well with tumor growth delay. Further, serum obtained from any of the LRT treated mice caused growth inhibition of endothelial cells when compared to serum obtained from either untreated or open-field irradiated groups. These results indicate that high-dose partial volume irradiation can cause an improved distant effect than the total tumor volume irradiation through activating the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Kanagavelu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
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Xu J, Zhu MD, Zhang X, Tian H, Zhang JH, Wu XB, Gao YJ. NFκB-mediated CXCL1 production in spinal cord astrocytes contributes to the maintenance of bone cancer pain in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:38. [PMID: 24580964 PMCID: PMC3941254 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone cancer pain (BCP) is one of the most disabling factors in patients suffering from primary bone cancer or bone metastases. Recent studies show several chemokines (for example, CCL2, CXCL10) in the spinal cord are involved in the pathogenesis of BCP. Here we investigated whether and how spinal CXCL1 contributes to BCP. METHODS Mouse prostate tumor cell line, RM-1 cells were intramedullary injected into the femur to induce BCP. The mRNA expression of CXCL1 and CXCR2 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression and distribution of CXCL1, NFκB, and CXCR2 was examined by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. The effect of CXCL1 neutralizing antibody, NFκB antagonist, and CXCR2 antagonist on pain hypersensitivity was checked by behavioral testing. RESULTS Intramedullary injection of RM-1 cells into the femur induced cortical bone damage and persistent (>21 days) mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia. Tumor cell inoculation also produced CXCL1 upregulation in activated astrocytes in the spinal cord for more than 21 days. Inhibition of CXCL1 by intrathecal administration of CXCL1 neutralizing antibody at 7 days after inoculation attenuated mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia. In cultured astrocytes, TNF-α induced robust CXCL1 expression, which was dose-dependently decreased by NFκB inhibitor. Furthermore, inoculation induced persistent NFκB phosphorylation in spinal astrocytes. Intrathecal injection of NFκB inhibitor attenuated BCP and reduced CXCL1 increase in the spinal cord. Finally, CXCR2, the primary receptor of CXCL1, was upregulated in dorsal horn neurons after inoculation. Inhibition of CXCR2 by its selective antagonist SB225002 attenuated BCP. CONCLUSION NFκB mediates CXCL1 upregulation in spinal astrocytes in the BCP model. In addition, CXCL1 may be released from astrocytes and act on CXCR2 on neurons in the spinal cord and be involved in the maintenance of BCP. Inhibition of the CXCL1 signaling may provide a new therapy for BCP management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
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Kim WK, Kim D, Cui J, Jang HH, Kim KS, Lee HJ, Kim SU, Ahn SM. Secretome analysis of human oligodendrocytes derived from neural stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84292. [PMID: 24392122 PMCID: PMC3879300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the secretome of human oligodendrocytes (F3.Olig2 cells) generated from human neural stem cells by transduction with the gene encoding the Olig2 transcription factor. Using mRNA sequencing and protein cytokine arrays, we identified a number of biologically important secretory proteins whose expression has not been previously reported in oligodendrocytes. We found that F3.Olig2 cells secrete IL-6, PDGF-AA, GRO, GM-CSF, and M-CSF, and showed prominent expression of their corresponding receptors. Co-expression of ligands and receptors suggests that autocrine signaling loops may play important roles in both differentiation and maintenance of oligodendrocytes. We also found that F3.Olig2 cells secrete matrix metalloproteinases and matrix metalloproteinase-associated proteins associated with functional competence of oligodendrocytes. The results of our secretome analysis provide insights into the functional and molecular details of human oligodendrocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of the secretome of oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyung Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Asan Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- BRC Genome Research Center, Bio Research Complex, Incheon, Korea
| | - Deokhoon Kim
- Asan Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Cui
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ho Hee Jang
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kwang Sei Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Jun Lee
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung U. Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (SUK); (SMA)
| | - Sung-Min Ahn
- Asan Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Oncology, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SUK); (SMA)
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Zhang ZJ, Cao DL, Zhang X, Ji RR, Gao YJ. Chemokine contribution to neuropathic pain: respective induction of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in spinal cord astrocytes and neurons. Pain 2013; 154:2185-2197. [PMID: 23831863 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated an important role of chemokines such as CCL2 in the development of chronic pain. However, the distinct roles of different chemokines in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain and in their interactions with neurons have not been clearly elucidated. We found that spinal nerve ligation (SNL) not only induced persistent neuropathic pain symptoms, including mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia, but also produced sustained CXCL1 upregulation in the spinal cord. Double staining of immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization revealed that CXCL1 was primarily induced in spinal astrocytes. In cultured astrocytes, tumor necrosis factor-α induced robust CXCL1 expression via the activation of the c-jun N-terminal kinase. Intrathecal administration of CXCL1 neutralizing antibody transiently reduced SNL-induced pain hypersensitivity, suggesting an essential role of CXCL1 in neuropathic pain sensitization. In particular, intraspinal delivery of CXCL1 shRNA lentiviral vectors, either before or after SNL, persistently attenuated SNL-induced pain hypersensitivity. Spinal application of CXCL1 not only elicited pain hypersensitivity but also induced rapid neuronal activation, as indicated by the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cAMP response element binding protein, and c-Fos in spinal cord neurons. Interestingly, CXCR2, the primary receptor of CXCL1, was upregulated in dorsal horn neurons after SNL, and the CXCR2 antagonist SB225002 completely blocked the CXCL1-induced heat hyperalgesia. SB225002 also attenuated SNL-induced pain hypersensitivity. Collectively, our results have demonstrated a novel form of chemokine-mediated glial-neuronal interaction in the spinal cord that can drive neuropathic pain. Inhibition of the CXCL1-CXCR2 signaling may offer a new therapy for neuropathic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China Sensory Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Weinger JG, Marro BS, Hosking MP, Lane TE. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 and coronavirus-induced neurologic disease. Virology 2013; 435:110-7. [PMID: 23217621 PMCID: PMC3522860 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inoculation with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of susceptible strains of mice results in an acute encephalomyelitis in which virus preferentially replicates within glial cells while excluding neurons. Control of viral replication during acute disease is mediated by infiltrating virus-specific T cells via cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity, however sterile immunity is not achieved and virus persists resulting in chronic neuroinflammation associated with demyelination. CXCR2 is a chemokine receptor that upon binding to specific ligands promotes host defense through recruitment of myeloid cells to the CNS as well as protecting oligodendroglia from cytokine-mediated death in response to MHV infection. These findings highlight growing evidence of the diverse and important role of CXCR2 in regulating neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Weinger
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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41
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Saxena V, Ramdas S, Ochoa CR, Wallace D, Bhide P, Kohane I. Structural, genetic, and functional signatures of disordered neuro-immunological development in autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48835. [PMID: 23239965 PMCID: PMC3514226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous linkage studies have been performed in pedigrees of Autism Spectrum Disorders, and these studies point to diverse loci and etiologies of autism in different pedigrees. The underlying pattern may be identified by an integrative approach, especially since ASD is a complex disorder manifested through many loci. Method Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was studied through two different and independent genome-scale measurement modalities. We analyzed the results of copy number variation in autism and triangulated these with linkage studies. Results Consistently across both genome-scale measurements, the same two molecular themes emerged: immune/chemokine pathways and developmental pathways. Conclusion Linkage studies in aggregate do indeed share a thematic consistency, one which structural analyses recapitulate with high significance. These results also show for the first time that genomic profiling of pathways using a recombination distance metric can capture pathways that are consistent with those obtained from copy number variations (CNV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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42
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Lisi S, Sisto M, Lofrumento DD, D'Amore M, De Lucro R, Ribatti D. A potential role of the GRO-α/CXCR2 system in Sjögren's syndrome: regulatory effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 139:371-9. [PMID: 23052840 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines, small pro-inflammatory cytokines, are involved in migration of inflammatory cells in inflamed tissues and recent studies established their role in angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, cancer and autoimmune conditions. Growth related oncogene-alpha (GRO-α), a member of the CXC chemokine family, and its receptor CXCR2 are involved in the inflammatory processes. Since there is no previous report that supports a possible role of GRO-α/CXCR2 receptor complex during inflammation and neovascularization existing in the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome (SS), in this study, we examined CXCR2 and its ligand GRO-α expression in SS tissues. Immunohistochemistry revealed that GRO-α and its receptor CXCR2 were expressed at high levels in diseased tissues compared to healthy controls. In addition, human salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) cultures were submitted to a pro-inflammatory microenvironment using cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in order to demonstrate that CXCR2 may change its initial expression pattern to another under inflammatory condition. The data show an increased expression of CXCR2 depending on the inflammatory cytokine used in culture in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, silencing of the pro-angiogenic chemokine GRO-α is proportionally correlated with decreased expression of CXCR2 in pro-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated SGEC indicating the GRO-α/CXCR2 complex as a novel therapeutic target for the chronic inflammatory disease Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lisi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Bari Medical School, piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
Dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is estimated to reach epidemic proportions by the year 2030. Given the limited accuracy of current AD clinical diagnosis, biomarkers of AD pathologies are currently being sought. Reductions in cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid 42 (a marker of amyloid plaques) and elevations in tau species (markers of neurofibrillary tangles and/or neurodegeneration) are well-established as biomarkers useful for AD diagnosis and prognosis. However, novel markers for other features of AD pathophysiology (e.g., β-amyloid processing, neuroinflammation and neuronal stress/dysfunction) and for other non-AD dementias are required to improve the accuracy of AD disease diagnosis, prognosis, staging and therapeutic monitoring (theragnosis). This article discusses the potential of several promising novel cerebrospinal fluid analytes, highlights the next steps critical for advancement in the field, and provides a prediction on how the field may evolve in 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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44
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Du C, Xie X. G protein-coupled receptors as therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis. Cell Res 2012; 22:1108-28. [PMID: 22664908 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate most of our physiological responses to hormones, neurotransmitters and environmental stimulants. They are considered as the most successful therapeutic targets for a broad spectrum of diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease that is characterized by immune-mediated demyelination and degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). It is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Great progress has been made over the past few decades in understanding the pathogenesis of MS. Numerous data from animal and clinical studies indicate that many GPCRs are critically involved in various aspects of MS pathogenesis, including antigen presentation, cytokine production, T-cell differentiation, T-cell proliferation, T-cell invasion, etc. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the expression or functional changes of GPCRs in MS patients or animal models, and the influences of GPCRs on disease severity upon genetic or pharmacological manipulations. Hopefully some of these findings will lead to the development of novel therapies for MS in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Du
- Laboratory of Receptor-Based BioMedicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Marro BS, Hosking MP, Lane TE. CXCR2 signaling and host defense following coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis. Future Virol 2012; 7:349-359. [PMID: 22582084 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inoculation of the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of susceptible strains of mice results in wide-spread replication within glial cells accompanied by infiltration of virus-specific T lymphocytes that control virus through cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity. Virus persists within white matter tracts of surviving mice resulting in demyelination that is amplified by inflammatory T cells and macrophages. In response to infection, numerous cytokines/chemokines are secreted by resident cells of the CNS and inflammatory leukocytes that participate in both host defense and disease. Among these are the ELR-positive chemokines that are able to signal through CXC chemokine receptors including CXCR2. Early following JHMV infection, ELR-positive chemokines contribute to host defense by attracting CXCR2-expressing cells including polymorphonuclear cells to the CNS that aid in host defense through increasing the permeability the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). During chronic disease, CXCR2 signaling on oligodendroglia protects these cells from apoptosis and restricts the severity of demyelination. This review covers aspects related to host defense and disease in response to JHMV infection and highlights the different roles of CXCR2 signaling in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S Marro
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900
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Gordon RJ, Mehrabi NF, Maucksch C, Connor B. Chemokines influence the migration and fate of neural precursor cells from the young adult and middle-aged rat subventricular zone. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:587-94. [PMID: 22155482 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a role for the chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α in directing subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neural precursor cell migration towards the site of cell death in the adult rodent brain. However the influence of chemokines such as MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α on the differentiation of adult neural precursor cells has not previously been investigated. Further, as the majority of neurological disorders and injuries occur during ageing, it is important to investigate the effect of chemokines on adult neural precursor cell cultures obtained from the ageing brain. This study therefore examined the effect of MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α on SVZ-derived neural precursor cell differentiation in vitro, and assessed whether precursor cells from the middle-aged rat brain (13 months old) follow the same migratory and differential profile as neural precursor cells obtained from the young adult rat brain (2 months old). We observed that each of the chemokines examined generated differing effects in regards to neuronal or glial differentiation. Further, both MIP-1α and GRO-α increased total cell number, suggesting an effect on precursor cell proliferation and/or survival. In agreement with cultures obtained from young adult brains, SVZ-derived neural precursor cells cultured from the middle-aged brain exhibited chemotactic migration in response to a concentration gradient. These results indicate that the chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α and GRO-α can influence both the migration and fate choice of SVZ-derived neural precursor cells, as well as promoting cell viability. While a response to each of these chemokines is maintained in the middle-aged brain, a distinct age-related alteration in differential fate can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Taoufik E, Tseveleki V, Chu SY, Tselios T, Karin M, Lassmann H, Szymkowski DE, Probert L. Transmembrane tumour necrosis factor is neuroprotective and regulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via neuronal nuclear factor-kappaB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:2722-35. [PMID: 21908876 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor mediates chronic inflammatory pathologies including those affecting the central nervous system, but non-selective tumour necrosis factor inhibitors exacerbate multiple sclerosis. In addition, TNF receptor SF1A, which encodes one of the tumour necrosis factor receptors, has recently been identified as a multiple sclerosis susceptibility locus in genome-wide association studies in large patient cohorts. These clinical data have emphasized the need for a better understanding of the beneficial effects of tumour necrosis factor during central nervous system inflammation. In this study, we present evidence that the soluble and transmembrane forms of tumour necrosis factor exert opposing deleterious and beneficial effects, respectively, in a multiple sclerosis model. We compared the effects, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, of selectively inhibiting soluble tumour necrosis factor, and of both soluble and transmembrane tumour necrosis factor. Blocking the action of soluble tumour necrosis factor, but not of soluble tumour necrosis factor and transmembrane tumour necrosis factor, protected mice against the clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therapeutic benefit was independent of changes in antigen-specific immune responses and focal inflammatory spinal cord lesions, but was associated with reduced overall central nervous system immunoreactivity, increased expression of neuroprotective molecules, and was dependent upon the activity of neuronal nuclear factor-κB, a downstream mediator of neuroprotective tumour necrosis factor/tumour necrosis factor receptor signalling, because mice lacking IκB kinase β in glutamatergic neurons were not protected by soluble tumour necrosis factor blockade. Furthermore, blocking the action of soluble tumour necrosis factor, but not of soluble tumour necrosis factor and transmembrane tumour necrosis factor, protected neurons in astrocyte-neuron co-cultures against glucose deprivation, an in vitro neurodegeneration model relevant for multiple sclerosis, and this was dependent upon contact between the two cell types. Our results show that soluble tumour necrosis factor promotes central nervous system inflammation, while transmembrane tumour necrosis factor is neuroprotective, and suggest that selective inhibition of soluble tumour necrosis factor may provide a new way forward for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and possibly other inflammatory central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Taoufik
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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Bone marrow transplantation augments the effect of brain- and spinal cord-directed adeno-associated virus 2/5 gene therapy by altering inflammation in the murine model of globoid-cell leukodystrophy. J Neurosci 2011; 31:9945-57. [PMID: 21734286 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1802-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Globoid-cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is an inherited demyelinating disease caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC). A previous study in the murine model of GLD (twitcher) demonstrated a dramatic synergy between CNS-directed adeno-associated virus 2/5 (AAV2/5) gene therapy and myeloreductive bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, the mechanism by which these two disparate therapeutic approaches synergize is not clear. In addition, the therapeutic efficacy may have been limited since the CNS-directed gene therapy was restricted to the forebrain and thalamus. In the current study, intrathecal and intracerebellar injections were added to the therapeutic regimen and the mechanism of synergy between BMT and gene therapy was determined. Although AAV2/5 alone provided supraphysiological levels of GALC activity and reduced psychosine levels in both the brain and spinal cord, it significantly increased CNS inflammation. Bone marrow transplantation alone provided essentially no GALC activity to the CNS and did not reduce psychosine levels. When AAV2/5 is combined with BMT, there are sustained improvements in motor function and the median life span is increased to 123 d (range, 92-282 d) compared with 41 d in the untreated twitcher mice. Interestingly, addition of BMT virtually eliminates both the disease and AAV2/5-associated inflammatory response. These data suggest that the efficacy of AAV2/5-mediated gene therapy is limited by the associated inflammatory response and BMT synergizes with AAV2/5 by modulating inflammation.
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Kelland EE, Gilmore W, Weiner LP, Lund BT. The dual role of CXCL8 in human CNS stem cell function: Multipotent neural stem cell death and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell chemotaxis. Glia 2011; 59:1864-78. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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50
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Skuljec J, Sun H, Pul R, Bénardais K, Ragancokova D, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Kotsiari A, Trebst C, Stangel M. CCL5 induces a pro-inflammatory profile in microglia in vitro. Cell Immunol 2011; 270:164-71. [PMID: 21620385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR2 have been found to be expressed on microglia in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. There is emerging evidence that chemokines, besides chemoattraction, might directly modulate reactive profiles of microglia. To address this hypothesis we have investigated the effects of CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL1 on cytokine and growth factor production, NO synthesis, and phagocytosis in non-stimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary rat microglia. The respective receptors CCR1, CCR5, and CXCR2 were shown to be functionally expressed on microglia. All tested chemokines stimulated chemotaxis whereas only CCL5 increased NO secretion and attenuated IL-10 as well as IGF-1 production in activated microglia. Based on these findings we propose that besides its chemoattractant function CCL5 has a modulatory effect on activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Skuljec
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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