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Juhasz CC, Avargues N, Humeau L, Ringler D, Pinet P, Hollinger C, Beaulieu R, Faulquier L, Choeur A, Bureau S, Da Silva D, Dubos J, Soulaimana-Mattoir Y, Le Corre M. Application of genetic and Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture analyses to design adaptive feral cat control in a large inhabited island. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.79.87726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Faunas of oceanic islands have a high proportion of endemic species which contribute to the uniqueness of island communities. Island species are particularly naïve and vulnerable to alien predators, such as cats (Felis catus). On large, inhabited islands, where the complete eradication of feral cat populations is not considered feasible, control represents the best management option to lower their detrimental effects on native fauna. The first objective of our study was to investigate population genetics of feral cats of Réunion Island. The second objective was to understand the space use of feral cats established near the breeding colonies of the two endemic and endangered seabirds of Réunion Island, the Barau’s Petrel (Pterodroma baraui) and the Mascarene Petrel (Pseudobulweria aterrima). We evaluated genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow amongst six groups of feral cats located at a maximum of 10 km from known petrel colonies. We also analysed the behaviour and space use of one of these feral cat groups using camera-trap data and Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR) models. Genetic analyses revealed that feral cats were structured in three genetic clusters explained mostly by the island topography. Two clusters were observed at five sampled sites, suggesting high connectivity amongst these sites. The last cluster was found in only one site, suggesting high isolation. This site was a remote mountain area located in the vicinity of one of the main Barau’s Petrel colonies. The behavioural study was conducted on this isolated feral cat population. Mark recapture analysis suggested that feral cats were present at low density and had large home ranges, which is probably explained by reduced food availability. Finally, we make several recommendations for refining feral cat management programmes on inhabited islands.
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Mengüllüoğlu D, Fickel J, Hofer H, Förster DW. Non-invasive faecal sampling reveals spatial organization and improves measures of genetic diversity for the conservation assessment of territorial species: Caucasian lynx as a case species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216549. [PMID: 31075125 PMCID: PMC6510455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caucasian lynx, Lynx lynx dinniki, has one of the southernmost distributions in the Eurasian lynx range, covering Anatolian Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran. Little is known about the biology and the genetic status of this subspecies. To collect baseline genetic, ecological and behavioural data and benefit future conservation of L. l. dinniki, we monitored 11 lynx territories (396 km2) in northwestern Anatolia. We assessed genetic diversity of this population by non-invasively collecting 171 faecal samples and trapped and sampled 12 lynx individuals using box traps. We observed high allelic variation at 11 nuclear microsatellite markers, and found no signs of inbreeding despite the potential isolation of this population. We obtained similar numbers of distinct genotypes from the two sampling sources. Our results indicated that first order female relatives occupy neighbouring territories (female philopatry) and that territorial male lynx were highly unrelated to each other and to female territorial lynx, suggesting long distance male dispersal. Particular male and female resident territorial lynx and their offspring (kittens and subadults) were more likely to be trapped than resident floaters or dispersing (unrelated) lynx. Conversely, we obtained more data for unrelated lynx and higher numbers of territorials using non-invasive sampling (faeces). When invasive and non-invasive samples were analysed separately, the spatial organisation of lynx (in terms of female philopatry and females and males occupying permanent ranges) affected measures of genetic diversity in such a way that estimates of genetic diversity were reduced if only invasive samples were considered. It appears that, at small spatial scales, invasive sampling using box traps may underestimate the genetic diversity in carnivores with permanent ranges and philopatry such as the Eurasian lynx. As non-invasive sampling can also provide additional data on diet and spatial organisation, we advocate the use of such samples for conservation genetic studies of vulnerable, endangered or data deficient territorial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Mengüllüoğlu
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Heribert Hofer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel W. Förster
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
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3
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Gandolfi B, Alhaddad H, Abdi M, Bach LH, Creighton EK, Davis BW, Decker JE, Dodman NH, Ginns EI, Grahn JC, Grahn RA, Haase B, Haggstrom J, Hamilton MJ, Helps CR, Kurushima JD, Lohi H, Longeri M, Malik R, Meurs KM, Montague MJ, Mullikin JC, Murphy WJ, Nilson SM, Pedersen NC, Peterson CB, Rusbridge C, Saif R, Shelton GD, Warren WC, Wasim M, Lyons LA. Applications and efficiencies of the first cat 63K DNA array. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7024. [PMID: 29728693 PMCID: PMC5935720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high throughput SNP genotyping technologies has improved the genetic dissection of simple and complex traits in many species including cats. The properties of feline 62,897 SNPs Illumina Infinium iSelect DNA array are described using a dataset of over 2,000 feline samples, the most extensive to date, representing 41 cat breeds, a random bred population, and four wild felid species. Accuracy and efficiency of the array’s genotypes and its utility in performing population-based analyses were evaluated. Average marker distance across the array was 37,741 Kb, and across the dataset, only 1% (625) of the markers exhibited poor genotyping and only 0.35% (221) showed Mendelian errors. Marker polymorphism varied across cat breeds and the average minor allele frequency (MAF) of all markers across domestic cats was 0.21. Population structure analysis confirmed a Western to Eastern structural continuum of cat breeds. Genome-wide linkage disequilibrium ranged from 50–1,500 Kb for domestic cats and 750 Kb for European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris). Array use in trait association mapping was investigated under different modes of inheritance, selection and population sizes. The efficient array design and cat genotype dataset continues to advance the understanding of cat breeds and will support monogenic health studies across feline breeds and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Mona Abdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Leslie H Bach
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jared E Decker
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas H Dodman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Edward I Ginns
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bianca Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jens Haggstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Hamilton
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer D Kurushima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA, USA
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, and The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Longeri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, Parelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sara M Nilson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Niels C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlyn B Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rashid Saif
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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4
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The effect of reintroductions on the genetic variability in Eurasian lynx populations: the cases of Bohemian–Bavarian and Vosges–Palatinian populations. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Natural resistance to experimental feline infectious peritonitis virus infection is decreased rather than increased by positive genetic selection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 171:17-20. [PMID: 26964713 PMCID: PMC7112786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory cats resistant to primary FIPV infection were purposely inbred. P, F1 and F1/P backcross cats were tested for resistance to primary and secondary FIPV exposures. Resistance to primary and secondary FIPV infection decreased as a result of inbreeding. Loss of heterozygosity is a risk factor for FIP. Resistance to FIPV infection is genetically complex.
A previous study demonstrated the existence of a natural resistance to feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) among 36% of randomly bred laboratory cats. A genome wide association study (GWAS) on this population suggested that resistance was polygenic but failed to identify any strong specific associations. In order to enhance the power of GWAS or whole genome sequencing to identify strong genetic associations, a decision was made to positively select for resistance over three generations. The inbreeding experiment began with a genetically related parental (P) population consisting of three toms and four queens identified from among the survivors of the earlier study and belonging to a closely related subgroup (B). The subsequent effects of inbreeding were measured using 42 genome-wide STR markers. P generation cats produced 57 first filial (F1) kittens, only five of which (9.0%) demonstrated a natural resistance to FIPV infection. One of these five F1 survivors was then used to produce six F1/P-backcrosses kittens, only one of which proved resistant to FIP. Six of eight of the F1 and F1/P survivors succumbed to a secondary exposure 4–12 months later. Therefore, survival after both primary and secondary infection was decreased rather than increased by positive selection for resistance. The common genetic factor associated with this diminished resistance was a loss of heterozygosity.
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Lyons LA, Erdman CA, Grahn RA, Hamilton MJ, Carter MJ, Helps CR, Alhaddad H, Gandolfi B. Aristaless-Like Homeobox protein 1 (ALX1) variant associated with craniofacial structure and frontonasal dysplasia in Burmese cats. Dev Biol 2015; 409:451-8. [PMID: 26610632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) can have severe presentations that are medically and socially debilitating. Several genes are implicated in FND conditions, including Aristaless-Like Homeobox 1 (ALX1), which is associated with FND3. Breeds of cats are selected and bred for extremes in craniofacial morphologies. In particular, a lineage of Burmese cats with severe brachycephyla is extremely popular and is termed Contemporary Burmese. Genetic studies demonstrated that the brachycephyla of the Contemporary Burmese is a simple co-dominant trait, however, the homozygous cats have a severe craniofacial defect that is incompatible with life. The craniofacial defect of the Burmese was genetically analyzed over a 20 year period, using various genetic analysis techniques. Family-based linkage analysis localized the trait to cat chromosome B4. Genome-wide association studies and other genetic analyses of SNP data refined a critical region. Sequence analysis identified a 12bp in frame deletion in ALX1, c.496delCTCTCAGGACTG, which is 100% concordant with the craniofacial defect and not found in cats not related to the Contemporary Burmese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA.
| | - Carolyn A Erdman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 96516, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | - Michael J Hamilton
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | - Michael J Carter
- MDxHealth Inc, 15279 Alton Parkway, Suite #100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | | | | | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
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7
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Witzenberger KA, Hochkirch A. The genetic integrity of the ex situ population of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) is seriously threatened by introgression from domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e106083. [PMID: 25162450 PMCID: PMC4146591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the genetic diversity and relatedness of zoo populations are crucial for implementing successful breeding programmes. The European wildcat, Felis s. silvestris, is subject to intensive conservation measures, including captive breeding and reintroduction. We here present the first systematic genetic analysis of the captive population of Felis s. silvestris in comparison with a natural wild population. We used microsatellites and mtDNA sequencing to assess genetic diversity, structure and integrity of the ex situ population. Our results show that the ex situ population of the European wildcat is highly structured and that it has a higher genetic diversity than the studied wild population. Some genetic clusters matched the breeding lines of certain zoos or groups of zoos that often exchanged individuals. Two mitochondrial haplotype groups were detected in the in situ populations, one of which was closely related to the most common haplotype found in domestic cats, suggesting past introgression in the wild. Although native haplotypes were also found in the captive population, the majority (68%) of captive individuals shared a common mtDNA haplotype with the domestic cat (Felis s. catus). Only six captive individuals (7.7%) were assigned as wildcats in the STRUCTURE analysis (at K = 2), two of which had domestic cat mtDNA haplotypes and only two captive individuals were assigned as purebred wildcats by NewHybrids. These results suggest that the high genetic diversity of the captive population has been caused by admixture with domestic cats. Therefore, the captive population cannot be recommended for further breeding and reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A. Witzenberger
- Zoo Hoyerswerda, Hoyerswerda, Germany
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Trier, Germany
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Trier, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Schury N, Schleenbecker U, Hellmann AP. Forensic animal DNA typing: Allele nomenclature and standardization of 14 feline STR markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 12:42-59. [PMID: 24893348 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the domestic cat (Felis catus) has become one of the most popular pets and owners usually develop a close relationship to their cats, it is necessary to take traces of cats into account for forensic casework. For this purpose feline short tandem (STR) repeat markers have been investigated in several earlier studies, but no detailed description of sequence data, allelic variations or a repeat-based nomenclature is available. The aim of the study was to provide a suggestion for the allele nomenclature of 14 cat STR markers according to the recommendations of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) for human DNA typing and to present a standardized system for a secure DNA typing of samples. Samples of 122 unrelated cats from a local animal shelter and private owners in Germany were used to generate a population database with allele frequencies and to analyze the tandemly repeated sequence variations within the alleles of each STR marker. These markers could be grouped into two STR classes: simple repeat STRs and complex STRs (some with the supplement highly complex), consisting of di- and tetranucleotide repeat motifs. After analyzing the repeat structure and elaborating a repeat based nomenclature, allelic ladders of common and rarely occurring alleles for each marker were designed to enable accurate typing of alleles that differ in fragment length and to facilitate data exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schury
- Bundeskriminalamt, Forensic Science Institute, KT32, Äppelallee 45, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Legal Medicine - Medical University, Molecular Biology, Am Pulverturm 3, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - U Schleenbecker
- Bundeskriminalamt, Forensic Science Institute, KT32, Äppelallee 45, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - A P Hellmann
- Bundeskriminalamt, Forensic Science Institute, KT32, Äppelallee 45, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany.
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Mattucci F, Oliveira R, Bizzarri L, Vercillo F, Anile S, Ragni B, Lapini L, Sforzi A, Alves PC, Lyons LA, Randi E. Genetic structure of wildcat (Felis silvestris) populations in Italy. Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Mattucci
- Laboratorio di Genetica; ISPRA; Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Cà Fornacetta 9; 40064; Ozzano dell'Emilia; Bologna; Italy
| | - R. Oliveira
- CIBIO/InBIO Laboratório Associado; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos and Dep. de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências do Porto; Universidade do Porto; Porto; Portugal
| | - L. Bizzarri
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare ed Ambientale; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto; 06123; Perugia; Italy
| | - F. Vercillo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare ed Ambientale; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto; 06123; Perugia; Italy
| | - S. Anile
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare ed Ambientale; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto; 06123; Perugia; Italy
| | - B. Ragni
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare ed Ambientale; Università degli Studi di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto; 06123; Perugia; Italy
| | - L. Lapini
- Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale; Via Marangoni 39; 33100; Udine; Italy
| | - A. Sforzi
- Museo di Storia Naturale della Maremma; Strada Corsini 5; 58100; Grosseto; Italy
| | | | - L. A. Lyons
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Population Health and Reproduction; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue; 95616; Davis; California
| | - E. Randi
- Laboratorio di Genetica; ISPRA; Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Cà Fornacetta 9; 40064; Ozzano dell'Emilia; Bologna; Italy
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Alhaddad H, Khan R, Grahn RA, Gandolfi B, Mullikin JC, Cole SA, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Häggström J, Lohi H, Longeri M, Lyons LA. Extent of linkage disequilibrium in the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus, and its breeds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53537. [PMID: 23308248 PMCID: PMC3538540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic cats have a unique breeding history and can be used as models for human hereditary and infectious diseases. In the current era of genome-wide association studies, insights regarding linkage disequilibrium (LD) are essential for efficient association studies. The objective of this study is to investigate the extent of LD in the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus, particularly within its breeds. A custom illumina GoldenGate Assay consisting of 1536 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) equally divided over ten 1 Mb chromosomal regions was developed, and genotyped across 18 globally recognized cat breeds and two distinct random bred populations. The pair-wise LD descriptive measure (r2) was calculated between the SNPs in each region and within each population independently. LD decay was estimated by determining the non-linear least-squares of all pair-wise estimates as a function of distance using established models. The point of 50% decay of r2 was used to compare the extent of LD between breeds. The longest extent of LD was observed in the Burmese breed, where the distance at which r2 ≈ 0.25 was ∼380 kb, comparable to several horse and dog breeds. The shortest extent of LD was found in the Siberian breed, with an r2 ≈ 0.25 at approximately 17 kb, comparable to random bred cats and human populations. A comprehensive haplotype analysis was also conducted. The haplotype structure of each region within each breed mirrored the LD estimates. The LD of cat breeds largely reflects the breeds’ population history and breeding strategies. Understanding LD in diverse populations will contribute to an efficient use of the newly developed SNP array for the cat in the design of genome-wide association studies, as well as to the interpretation of results for the fine mapping of disease and phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Razib Khan
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Mullikin
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shelley A. Cole
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Gruffydd-Jones
- The Feline Centre, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, and The Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Longeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Applications and techniques for non-invasive faecal genetics research in felid conservation. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-012-0675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Bach LH, Gandolfi B, Grahn JC, Millon LV, Kent MS, Narfstrom K, Cole SA, Mullikin JC, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. A high-resolution 15,000(Rad) radiation hybrid panel for the domestic cat. Cytogenet Genome Res 2012; 137:7-14. [PMID: 22777158 DOI: 10.1159/000339416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current genetic and recombination maps of the cat have fewer than 3,000 markers and a resolution limit greater than 1 Mb. To complement the first-generation domestic cat maps, support higher resolution mapping studies, and aid genome assembly in specific areas as well as in the whole genome, a 15,000(Rad) radiation hybrid (RH) panel for the domestic cat was generated. Fibroblasts from the female Abyssinian cat that was used to generate the cat genomic sequence were fused to a Chinese hamster cell line (A23), producing 150 hybrid lines. The clones were initially characterized using 39 short tandem repeats (STRs) and 1,536 SNP markers. The utility of whole-genome amplification in preserving and extending RH panel DNA was also tested using 10 STR markers; no significant difference in retention was observed. The resolution of the 15,000(Rad) RH panel was established by constructing framework maps across 10 different 1-Mb regions on different feline chromosomes. In these regions, 2-point analysis was used to estimate RH distances, which compared favorably with the estimation of physical distances. The study demonstrates that the 15,000(Rad) RH panel constitutes a powerful tool for constructing high-resolution maps, having an average resolution of 40.1 kb per marker across the ten 1-Mb regions. In addition, the RH panel will complement existing genomic resources for the domestic cat, aid in the accurate re-assemblies of the forthcoming cat genomic sequence, and support cross-species genomic comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Bach
- Population Health and Reproduction,, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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The Feline Genome and Clinical Implications. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7152298 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Abstract
The utility of molecular genetic approaches in conservation of endangered taxa is now commonly recognized. Over the past decade, conservation genetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA sequencing and microsatellite genotyping have provided powerful tools to resolve taxonomy uncertainty of tiger subspecies, to define conservation units, to reconstruct phylogeography and demographic history, to examine the genetic ancestry of extinct subspecies, to assess population genetic status non-invasively, and to verify genetic background of captive tigers worldwide. The genetic status of tiger subspecies and populations and implications for developing strategies for the survival of this charismatic species both in situ and ex situ are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jin Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, ChinaLaboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Warren E Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, ChinaLaboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, ChinaLaboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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15
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Janečka JE, Tewes ME, Laack LL, Caso A, Grassman Jr LI, Haines AM, Shindle DB, Davis BW, Murphy WJ, Honeycutt RL. Reduced genetic diversity and isolation of remnant ocelot populations occupying a severely fragmented landscape in southern Texas. Anim Conserv 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Menotti-Raymond M, David VA, Schäffer AA, Tomlin JF, Eizirik E, Phillip C, Wells D, Pontius JU, Hannah SS, O'Brien SJ. An autosomal genetic linkage map of the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus. Genomics 2009; 93:305-13. [PMID: 19059333 PMCID: PMC2656606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on the completion of an autosomal genetic linkage (GL) map of the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus). Unlike two previous linkage maps of the cat constructed with a hybrid pedigree between the domestic cat and the Asian leopard cat, this map was generated entirely with domestic cats, using a large multi-generational pedigree (n=256) maintained by the Nestlé Purina PetCare Company. Four hundred eighty-three simple tandem repeat (STR) loci have been assigned to linkage groups on the cat's 18 autosomes. A single linkage group spans each autosome. The length of the cat map, estimated at 4370 cM, is long relative to most reported mammalian maps. A high degree of concordance in marker order was observed between the third-generation map and the 1.5 Mb-resolution radiation hybrid (RH) map of the cat. Using the cat 1.9x whole-genome sequence, we identified map coordinates for 85% of the loci in the cat assembly, with high concordance observed in marker order between the linkage map and the cat sequence assembly. The present version represents a marked improvement over previous cat linkage maps as it (i) nearly doubles the number of markers that were present in the second-generation linkage map in the cat, (ii) provides a linkage map generated in a domestic cat pedigree which will more accurately reflect recombination distances than previous maps generated in a hybrid pedigree, and (iii) provides single linkage groups spanning each autosome. Marker order was largely consistent between this and the previous maps, though the use of a hybrid pedigree in the earlier versions appears to have contributed to some suppression of recombination. The improved linkage map will provide an added resource for the mapping of phenotypic variation in the domestic cat and the use of this species as a model system for biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Menotti-Raymond
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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17
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A domestic cat X chromosome linkage map and the sex-linked orange locus: mapping of orange, multiple origins and epistasis over nonagouti. Genetics 2009; 181:1415-25. [PMID: 19189955 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.095240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive genetic linkage map of the domestic cat X chromosome was generated with the goal of localizing the genomic position of the classic X-linked orange (O) locus. Microsatellite markers with an average spacing of 3 Mb were selected from sequence traces of the cat 1.9x whole genome sequence (WGS), including the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1). Extreme variation in recombination rates (centimorgans per megabase) was observed along the X chromosome, ranging from a virtual absence of recombination events in a region estimated to be >30 Mb to recombination frequencies of 15.7 cM/Mb in a segment estimated to be <0.3 Mb. This detailed linkage map was applied to position the X-linked orange gene, placing this locus on the q arm of the X chromosome, as opposed to a previously reported location on the p arm. Fine mapping placed the locus between markers at positions 106 and 116.8 Mb in the current 1.9x-coverage sequence assembly of the cat genome. Haplotype analysis revealed potential recombination events that could reduce the size of the candidate region to 3.5 Mb and suggested multiple origins for the orange phenotype in the domestic cat. Furthermore, epistasis of orange over nonagouti was demonstrated at the genetic level.
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18
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A high-resolution cat radiation hybrid and integrated FISH mapping resource for phylogenomic studies across Felidae. Genomics 2008; 93:299-304. [PMID: 18951970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the construction of a high-resolution radiation hybrid (RH) map of the domestic cat genome, which includes 2662 markers, translating to an estimated average intermarker distance of 939 kilobases (kb). Targeted marker selection utilized the recent feline 1.9x genome assembly, concentrating on regions of low marker density on feline autosomes and the X chromosome, in addition to regions flanking interspecies chromosomal breakpoints. Average gap (breakpoint) size between cat-human ordered conserved segments is less than 900 kb. The map was used for a fine-scale comparison of conserved syntenic blocks with the human and canine genomes. Corroborative fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) data were generated using 129 domestic cat BAC clones as probes, providing independent confirmation of the long-range correctness of the map. Cross-species hybridization of BAC probes on divergent felids from the genera Profelis (serval) and Panthera (snow leopard) provides further evidence for karyotypic conservation within felids, and demonstrates the utility of such probes for future studies of chromosome evolution within the cat family and in related carnivores. The integrated map constitutes a comprehensive framework for identifying genes controlling feline phenotypes of interest, and to aid in assembly of a higher coverage feline genome sequence.
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19
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O'Brien SJ, Johnson W, Driscoll C, Pontius J, Pecon-Slattery J, Menotti-Raymond M. State of cat genomics. Trends Genet 2008; 24:268-79. [PMID: 18471926 PMCID: PMC7126825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of cat family biology was recently expanded to include a genomics perspective with the completion of a draft whole genome sequence of an Abyssinian cat. The utility of the new genome information has been demonstrated by applications ranging from disease gene discovery and comparative genomics to species conservation. Patterns of genomic organization among cats and inbred domestic cat breeds have illuminated our view of domestication, revealing linkage disequilibrium tracks consequent of breed formation, defining chromosome exchanges that punctuated major lineages of mammals and suggesting ancestral continental migration events that led to 37 modern species of Felidae. We review these recent advances here. As the genome resources develop, the cat is poised to make a major contribution to many areas in genetics and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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20
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Driscoll CA, Menotti-Raymond M, Roca AL, Hupe K, Johnson WE, Geffen E, Harley EH, Delibes M, Pontier D, Kitchener AC, Yamaguchi N, O’Brien SJ, Macdonald DW. The Near Eastern origin of cat domestication. Science 2007; 317:519-23. [PMID: 17600185 PMCID: PMC5612713 DOI: 10.1126/science.1139518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The world's domestic cats carry patterns of sequence variation in their genome that reflect a history of domestication and breed development. A genetic assessment of 979 domestic cats and their wild progenitors-Felis silvestris silvestris (European wildcat), F. s. lybica (Near Eastern wildcat), F. s. ornata (central Asian wildcat), F. s. cafra (southern African wildcat), and F. s. bieti (Chinese desert cat)-indicated that each wild group represents a distinctive subspecies of Felis silvestris. Further analysis revealed that cats were domesticated in the Near East, probably coincident with agricultural village development in the Fertile Crescent. Domestic cats derive from at least five founders from across this region, whose descendants were transported across the world by human assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Driscoll
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | | | - Alfred L. Roca
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Karsten Hupe
- JagdEinrichtungsBüro, Am Sahlbach 9a, 37170 Fürstenhagen, Germany
| | - Warren E. Johnson
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Eli Geffen
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eric H. Harley
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Miguel Delibes
- Department of Applied Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avda Maria Luisa s/n Pabellón del Perú, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dominique Pontier
- UMR-CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Andrew C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Nobuyuki Yamaguchi
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Stephen J. O’Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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21
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Luo SJ, Johnson WE, David VA, Menotti-Raymond M, Stanyon R, Cai QX, Beck T, Yuhki N, Pecon-Slattery J, Smith JLD, O'Brien SJ. Development of Y chromosome intraspecific polymorphic markers in the Felidae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 98:400-13. [PMID: 17646273 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esm063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Y chromosome haplotyping based on microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has proved to be a powerful tool for population genetic studies of humans. However, the promise of the approach is hampered in the majority of nonhuman mammals by the lack of Y-specific polymorphic markers. We were able to identify new male-specific polymorphisms in the domestic cat Felis catus and 6 additional Felidae species with a combination of molecular genetic and cytogenetic approaches including 1) identifying domestic cat male-specific microsatellites from markers generated from a male cat microsatellite-enriched genomic library, a flow-sorted Y cosmid library, or a Y-specific cat bacteria artificial chromosome (BAC) clone, (2) constructing microsatellite-enriched libraries from flow-sorted Y chromosomes isolated directly from focal wildcat species, and (3) screening Y chromosome conserved anchored tagged sequences primers in Felidae species. Forty-one male-specific microsatellites were identified, but only 6 were single-copy loci, consistent with the repetitive nature of the Y chromosome. Nucleotide diversity (pi) of Y-linked intron sequences (2.1 kbp) was in the range of 0 (tiger) to 9.95 x 10(-4) (marbled cat), and the number of SNPs ranged from none in the tiger to 7 in the Asian leopard cat. The Y haplotyping system described here, consisting of 4 introns (SMCY3, SMCY7, UTY11, and DBY7) and 1 polymorphic microsatellite (SMCY-STR), represents the first available markers for tracking intraspecific male lineage polymorphisms in Felidae species and promises to provide significant insights to evolutionary and population genetic studies of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jin Luo
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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22
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Galibert F, André C. The dog: A powerful model for studying genotype-phenotype relationships. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2007; 3:67-77. [PMID: 20483208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Within the last two years, series of studies have focused on the structure of the dog genome (Canis familiaris) and the characteristics of the dog population as it evolved since being domesticated from wolves about 14,000 years ago. In this review, we explain why the dog is a unique and promising model for determining genotype/phenotype relationships and why it should be easier with this model to identify the genes responsible for many genetic diseases. We also revisit the last ten years of developments in canine molecular genetics that culminated in the release of the entire genome sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Galibert
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Développement, UMR 6061, CNRS/Université de Rennes 1, IFR 140 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, 2 avenue Léon Bernard, Rennes Cedex 35043, France
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23
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Ryan MT, Sweeney T. Integrating molecular biology into the veterinary curriculum. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2007; 34:658-673. [PMID: 18326779 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.34.5.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The modern discipline of molecular biology is gaining increasing relevance in the field of veterinary medicine. This trend must be reflected in the curriculum if veterinarians are to capitalize on opportunities arising from this field and direct its development toward their own goals as a profession. This review outlines current applications of molecular-based technologies that are relevant to the veterinary profession. In addition, the current techniques and technologies employed within the field of molecular biology are discussed. Difficulties associated with teaching a subject such as molecular biology within a veterinary curriculum can be alleviated by effectively integrating molecular topics throughout the curriculum, pitching the subject at an appropriate depth, and employing varied teaching methods throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion T Ryan
- College of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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24
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Murphy WJ, Davis B, David VA, Agarwala R, Schäffer AA, Pearks Wilkerson AJ, Neelam B, O’Brien SJ, Menotti-Raymond M. A 1.5-Mb-resolution radiation hybrid map of the cat genome and comparative analysis with the canine and human genomes. Genomics 2006; 89:189-96. [PMID: 16997530 PMCID: PMC3760348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the construction of a 1.5-Mb-resolution radiation hybrid map of the domestic cat genome. This new map includes novel microsatellite loci and markers derived from the 2X genome sequence that target previous gaps in the feline-human comparative map. Ninety-six percent of the 1793 cat markers we mapped have identifiable orthologues in the canine and human genome sequences. The updated autosomal and X-chromosome comparative maps identify 152 cat-human and 134 cat-dog homologous synteny blocks. Comparative analysis shows the marked change in chromosomal evolution in the canid lineage relative to the felid lineage since divergence from their carnivoran ancestor. The canid lineage has a 30-fold difference in the number of interchromosomal rearrangements relative to felids, while the felid lineage has primarily undergone intrachromosomal rearrangements. We have also refined the pseudoautosomal region and boundary in the cat and show that it is markedly longer than those of human or mouse. This improved RH comparative map provides a useful tool to facilitate positional cloning studies in the feline model.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Brian Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Victor A. David
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Richa Agarwala
- IEB/NCBI/NLM, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Alejandro A. Schäffer
- CBB/NCBI/NLM, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Alison J. Pearks Wilkerson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Beena Neelam
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Stephen J. O’Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
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25
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Fyfe JC, Menotti-Raymond M, David VA, Brichta L, Schäffer AA, Agarwala R, Murphy WJ, Wedemeyer WJ, Gregory BL, Buzzell BG, Drummond MC, Wirth B, O'Brien SJ. An approximately 140-kb deletion associated with feline spinal muscular atrophy implies an essential LIX1 function for motor neuron survival. Genome Res 2006; 16:1084-90. [PMID: 16899656 PMCID: PMC1557767 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5268806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The leading genetic cause of infant mortality is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. Previously we described a domestic cat model of autosomal recessive, juvenile-onset SMA similar to human SMA type III. Here we report results of a whole-genome scan for linkage in the feline SMA pedigree using recently developed species-specific and comparative mapping resources. We identified a novel SMA gene candidate, LIX1, in an approximately140-kb deletion on feline chromosome A1q in a region of conserved synteny to human chromosome 5q15. Though LIX1 function is unknown, the predicted secondary structure is compatible with a role in RNA metabolism. LIX1 expression is largely restricted to the central nervous system, primarily in spinal motor neurons, thus offering explanation of the tissue restriction of pathology in feline SMA. An exon sequence screen of 25 human SMA cases, not otherwise explicable by mutations at the SMN1 locus, failed to identify comparable LIX1 mutations. Nonetheless, a LIX1-associated etiology in feline SMA implicates a previously undetected mechanism of motor neuron maintenance and mandates consideration of LIX1 as a candidate gene in human SMA when SMN1 mutations are not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Fyfe
- Laboratory of Comparative Medical Genetics, Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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26
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Imes DL, Geary LA, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. Albinism in the domestic cat (Felis catus) is associated with a tyrosinase (TYR) mutation. Anim Genet 2006; 37:175-8. [PMID: 16573534 PMCID: PMC1464423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Albino phenotypes are documented in a variety of species including the domestic cat. As albino phenotypes in other species are associated with tyrosinase (TYR) mutations, TYR was proposed as a candidate gene for albinism in cats. An Oriental and Colourpoint Shorthair cat pedigree segregating for albinism was analysed for association with TYR by linkage and sequence analyses. Microsatellite FCA931, which is closely linked to TYR and TYR sequence variants were tested for segregation with the albinism phenotype. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA from wild-type and albino cats identified a cytosine deletion in TYR at position 975 in exon 2, which causes a frame shift resulting in a premature stop codon nine residues downstream from the mutation. The deletion mutation in TYR and an allele of FCA931 segregated concordantly with the albino phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest that the TYR gene corresponds to the colour locus in cats and its alleles, from dominant to recessive, are as follows: C (full colour) > c(b) (burmese) > or = c(s) (siamese) > c (albino).
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Imes
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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27
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Murphy WJ, Pearks Wilkerson AJ, Raudsepp T, Agarwala R, Schäffer AA, Stanyon R, Chowdhary BP. Novel gene acquisition on carnivore Y chromosomes. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e43. [PMID: 16596168 PMCID: PMC1420679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its importance in harboring genes critical for spermatogenesis and male-specific functions, the Y chromosome has been largely excluded as a priority in recent mammalian genome sequencing projects. Only the human and chimpanzee Y chromosomes have been well characterized at the sequence level. This is primarily due to the presumed low overall gene content and highly repetitive nature of the Y chromosome and the ensuing difficulties using a shotgun sequence approach for assembly. Here we used direct cDNA selection to isolate and evaluate the extent of novel Y chromosome gene acquisition in the genome of the domestic cat, a species from a different mammalian superorder than human, chimpanzee, and mouse (currently being sequenced). We discovered four novel Y chromosome genes that do not have functional copies in the finished human male-specific region of the Y or on other mammalian Y chromosomes explored thus far. Two genes are derived from putative autosomal progenitors, and the other two have X chromosome homologs from different evolutionary strata. All four genes were shown to be multicopy and expressed predominantly or exclusively in testes, suggesting that their duplication and specialization for testis function were selected for because they enhance spermatogenesis. Two of these genes have testis-expressed, Y-borne copies in the dog genome as well. The absence of the four newly described genes on other characterized mammalian Y chromosomes demonstrates the gene novelty on this chromosome between mammalian orders, suggesting it harbors many lineage-specific genes that may go undetected by traditional comparative genomic approaches. Specific plans to identify the male-specific genes encoded in the Y chromosome of mammals should be a priority. Y chromosomes are typically gene poor and enriched with repetitive elements, making them difficult to sequence by standard methods. Hence, the Y chromosome gene repertoire in mammalian species other than human has not been explored until very recently. Here the authors used a directed approach to isolate Y chromosome genes of the domestic cat, an evolutionary divergent species from human and mouse. They found that the feline Y chromosome harbors its own unique set of genes that are expressed specifically in the testes, presumably where they play an important role in spermatogenesis. Paralleling the discoveries seen from the full human Y chromosome sequence, the feline Y chromosome has acquired and remodeled some genes from autosomes, while other genes have a shared ancestry with the X chromosome. However, none of the four new genes are found on the Y chromosomes of human or mouse, although two are shared with the canine Y chromosome. This work highlights the Y chromosome as a source of potential gene novelty in different species and suggests that more directed efforts at characterizing this hitherto understudied chromosome will further enrich our understanding of the types of genes found there and the roles they may play in mammalian spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
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28
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Wagner ML, Raudsepp T, Goh G, Agarwala R, Schaffer AA, Dranchak PK, Brinkmeyer-Langford C, Skow LC, Chowdhary BP, Mickelson JR. A 1.3-Mb interval map of equine homologs of HSA2. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 112:227-34. [PMID: 16484777 DOI: 10.1159/000089875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative approach that utilizes information from more densely mapped or sequenced genomes is a proven and efficient means to increase our knowledge of the structure of the horse genome. Human chromosome 2 (HSA2), the second largest human chromosome, comprising 243 Mb, and containing 1246 known genes, corresponds to all or parts of three equine chromosomes. This report describes the assignment of 140 new markers (78 genes and 62 microsatellites) to the equine radiation hybrid (RH) map, and the anchoring of 24 of these markers to horse chromosomes by FISH. The updated equine RH maps for ECA6p, ECA15, and ECA18 resulting from this work have one, two, and three RH linkage groups, respectively, per chromosome/chromosome-arm. These maps have a three-fold increase in the number of mapped markers compared to previous maps of these chromosomes, and an increase in the average marker density to one marker per 1.3 Mb. Comparative maps of ECA6p, ECA15, and ECA18 with human, chimpanzee, dog, mouse, rat, and chicken genomes reveal blocks of conserved synteny across mammals and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Wagner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Brinkmeyer-Langford C, Raudsepp T, Lee EJ, Goh G, Schäffer AA, Agarwala R, Wagner ML, Tozaki T, Skow LC, Womack JE, Mickelson JR, Chowdhary BP. A high-resolution physical map of equine homologs of HSA19 shows divergent evolution compared with other mammals. Mamm Genome 2005; 16:631-49. [PMID: 16180145 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-005-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A high-resolution (1 marker/700 kb) physically ordered radiation hybrid (RH) and comparative map of 122 loci on equine homologs of human Chromosome 19 (HSA19) shows a variant evolution of these segments in equids/Perissodactyls compared with other mammals. The segments include parts of both the long and the short arm of horse Chromosome 7 (ECA7), the proximal part of ECA21, and the entire short arm of ECA10. The map includes 93 new markers, of which 89 (64 gene-specific and 25 microsatellite) were genotyped on a 5000-rad horse x hamster RH panel, and 4 were mapped exclusively by FISH. The orientation and alignment of the map was strengthened by 21 new FISH localizations, of which 15 represent genes. The approximately sevenfold-improved map resolution attained in this study will prove extremely useful for candidate gene discovery in the targeted equine chromosomal regions. The highlight of the comparative map is the fine definition of homology between the four equine chromosomal segments and corresponding HSA19 regions specified by physical coordinates (bp) in the human genome sequence. Of particular interest are the regions on ECA7 and ECA21 that correspond to the short arm of HSA19-a genomic rearrangement discovered to date only in equids/Perissodactyls as evidenced through comparative Zoo-FISH analysis of the evolution of ancestral HSA19 segments in eight mammalian orders involving about 50 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Lyons LA, Foe IT, Rah HC, Grahn RA. Chocolate coated cats: TYRP1 mutations for brown color in domestic cats. Mamm Genome 2005; 16:356-66. [PMID: 16104383 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-004-2455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brown coat color phenotypes caused by mutations in tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP1) are recognized in many mammals. Brown variations are also recognized in the domestic cat, but the causative mutations are unknown. In cats, Brown, B, has a suggested allelic series, B > b > b1. The B allele is normal wild-type black coloration. Cats with the brown variation genotypes, bb or bb1, are supposedly phenotypically chocolate (aka chestnut) and the light brown genotype, b1b1, are supposedly phenotypically cinnamon (aka red). The complete coding sequence of feline TYRP1 and a portion of the 5' UTR was analyzed by direct sequencing of genomic DNA of wild-type and brown color variant cats. Sixteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Eight SNPs were in the coding regions, six are silent mutations. Two exon 2 on mutations cause amino acid changes. The C to T nonsense mutation at position 298 causes an arginine at amino acid 100 to be replaced by the opal (UGA) stop codon. This mutation is consistent with the cinnamon phenotype and is the putative light brown, b1, mutation. An intron 6 mutation that potentially disrupts the exon 6 downstream splice-donor recognition site is associated with the chocolate phenotype and is the putative brown, b, mutation. The allelic series was confirmed by segregation and sequence analyses. Three microsatellite makers had significant linkage to the brown phenotype and two for the TYRP1 mutations in a 60-member pedigree. These mutations could be used to identify carriers of brown phenotypes in the domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Murphy WJ, Larkin DM, Everts-van der Wind A, Bourque G, Tesler G, Auvil L, Beever JE, Chowdhary BP, Galibert F, Gatzke L, Hitte C, Meyers SN, Milan D, Ostrander EA, Pape G, Parker HG, Raudsepp T, Rogatcheva MB, Schook LB, Skow LC, Welge M, Womack JE, O'brien SJ, Pevzner PA, Lewin HA. Dynamics of mammalian chromosome evolution inferred from multispecies comparative maps. Science 2005; 309:613-7. [PMID: 16040707 DOI: 10.1126/science.1111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The genome organizations of eight phylogenetically distinct species from five mammalian orders were compared in order to address fundamental questions relating to mammalian chromosomal evolution. Rates of chromosome evolution within mammalian orders were found to increase since the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nearly 20% of chromosome breakpoint regions were reused during mammalian evolution; these reuse sites are also enriched for centromeres. Analysis of gene content in and around evolutionary breakpoint regions revealed increased gene density relative to the genome-wide average. We found that segmental duplications populate the majority of primate-specific breakpoints and often flank inverted chromosome segments, implicating their role in chromosomal rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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McRae BH, Beier P, Dewald LE, Huynh LY, Keim P. Habitat barriers limit gene flow and illuminate historical events in a wide-ranging carnivore, the American puma. Mol Ecol 2005; 14:1965-77. [PMID: 15910319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of habitat discontinuities on gene flow among puma (Puma concolor) populations across the southwestern USA. Using 16 microsatellite loci, we genotyped 540 pumas sampled throughout the states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, where a high degree of habitat heterogeneity provides for a wide range of connective habitat configurations between subpopulations. We investigated genetic structuring using complementary individual- and population-based analyses, the latter employing a novel technique to geographically cluster individuals without introducing investigator bias. The analyses revealed genetic structuring at two distinct scales. First, strikingly strong differentiation between northern and southern regions within the study area suggests little migration between them. Second, within each region, gene flow appears to be strongly limited by distance, particularly in the presence of habitat barriers such as open desert and grasslands. Northern pumas showed both reduced genetic diversity and greater divergence from a hypothetical ancestral population based on Bayesian clustering analyses, possibly reflecting a post-Pleistocene range expansion. Bayesian clustering results were sensitive to sampling density, which may complicate inference of numbers of populations when using this method. The results presented here build on those of previous studies, and begin to complete a picture of how different habitat types facilitate or impede gene flow among puma populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H McRae
- Keim Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA.
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Perelman PL, Graphodatsky AS, Serdukova NA, Nie W, Alkalaeva EZ, Fu B, Robinson TJ, Yang F. Karyotypic conservatism in the suborder Feliformia (Order Carnivora). Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 108:348-54. [PMID: 15627756 DOI: 10.1159/000081530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidirectional comparative chromosome painting was used to investigate the karyotypic relationships among representative species from three Feliformia families of the order Carnivora (Viverridae, Hyaenidae and Felidae). Complete sets of painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of the domestic dog, American mink, and human were hybridized onto metaphases of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta, 2n = 40) and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata, 2n = 44). Extensive chromosomal conservation is evident in these two species when compared with the cat karyotype, and only a few events of chromosome fusion, fission and inversion differentiate the karyotypes of these Feliformia species. The comparative chromosome painting data have enabled the integration of the hyena and palm civet chromosomes into the previously established comparative map among the domestic cat, domestic dog, American mink and human and improved our understanding on the karyotype phylogeny of Feliformia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Perelman
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Schmidt-Küntzel A, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Menotti-Raymond M. Tyrosinase and tyrosinase related protein 1 alleles specify domestic cat coat color phenotypes of the albino and brown loci. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 96:289-301. [PMID: 15858157 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esi066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The genes encoding enzymes of the tyrosinase family are strong candidates for coat color variation in mammals. To investigate their influence in domestic cat coat color, we determined the complete nucleotide coding sequence of the domestic cat genes tyrosinase (TYR)--a plausible candidate gene for the albino (C) locus, and tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1)--a candidate gene for the brown (B) locus. Sequence variants between individuals exhibiting variation in pigmentation were submitted to association studies. In TYR, two nonsynonymous substitutions encoding TYR-G301R and TYR-G227W were associated with the siamese and burmese phenotypes of the albino locus, respectively. TYRP1 was mapped on chromosome D4 within 5 cM of a highly polymorphic microsatellite, previously found to be fixed in a cat breed selected for the chocolate (b) allele of the B locus, which reinforced TYRP1 as a candidate gene for the B locus in the domestic cat. Two DNA polymorphisms, one leading to a TYRP1-A3G substitution in the signal peptide and another to an in-frame insertion TYRP1-421ins17/18 caused by a donor splice site mutation in intron 6, were associated with the chocolate (b) allele. A premature UAG stop codon at position 100 of TYRP1 was associated with a second allele of the B locus, cinnamon (b(l)). The results provide very strong evidence that the specific nucleotide variants of feline TYR (chromosome D1) are causative of the siamese (c(s)) and burmese (c(b)) alleles of the albino locus, as well as nucleotide variants of TYRP1 (chromosome D4) as specifying the chocolate (b) and cinnamon (b(l)) alleles of the B locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmidt-Küntzel
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Grahn RA, Biller DS, Young AE, Roe BA, Qin B, Lyons LA. Genetic testing for feline polycystic kidney disease. Anim Genet 2005; 35:503-4. [PMID: 15566489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Grahn RA, Lemesch BM, Millon LV, Matise T, Rogers QR, Morris JG, Fretwell N, Bailey SJ, Batt RM, Lyons LA. Localizing the X-linked orange colour phenotype using feline resource families. Anim Genet 2005; 36:67-70. [PMID: 15670134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many genes influencing mammalian coat colours are well conserved. While genes responsible for pelage phenotypes in one species provide strong evidence for a candidate gene in a different species, the X-linked orange phenotype of the domestic cat is unique within mammals. The orange locus (O) undergoes X-inactivation, producing females that express both wildtype black (wt) and orange (variant) phenotypes when heterozygous (tortoiseshell). The orange locus has not yet been localized on the X chromosome. Tortoiseshell male cats have been identified but have been shown to be sex chromosome trisomies (XXY). To localize the cat orange locus, 10 feline-derived X-linked microsatellites were analysed in two extended cat pedigrees consisting of 79 and 55 individuals, respectively, segregating for the orange phenotype. Linkage analyses excluded close association of orange in the vicinity of the nine informative X-linked microsatellites. One marker was not polymorphic within either family. Several markers suggested exclusion (Z < -2.0) at distances of 7.5-33 cM. Exclusion analyses suggested a possible location for orange a 14 cM region near Xcen. Recombination distances of markers in the segregating feline pedigrees were reduced as compared with the feline interspecies backcross family. Thus, the presented pedigrees may be useful as reference families for the domestic cat because more accurate recombination rates for domestic cats can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
HCM continues to be a challenging disease for veterinarians. Acute cases with ATE or CHF are difficult to manage, and we still lack the tools to advise owners well with regard to their pet's prognosis. Nevertheless, it appears that the historical view of HCM as a serious disease with a poor prognosis is now being adjusted to accommodate the apparently large numbers of asymptomatic cats with much longer survival times. Although there is evidence of a genetic cause of the disease in at least several families of cats, no disease-associated mutation has been found to be causative of feline HCM. Prophylactic treatment of asymptomatic or mildly affected cats continues to be empiric, but a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study on chronic therapy of symptomatic HCM cats should provide new guidance for practitioners managing these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Baty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, BST South 221, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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