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Gewin LS. Renal fibrosis: Primacy of the proximal tubule. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:248-262. [PMID: 29425694 PMCID: PMC6015527 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is the hallmark of chronic kidney disease and best predictor of renal survival. Many different cell types contribute to TIF progression including tubular epithelial cells, myofibroblasts, endothelia, and inflammatory cells. Previously, most of the attention has centered on myofibroblasts given their central importance in extracellular matrix production. However, emerging data focuses on how the response of the proximal tubule, a specialized epithelial segment vulnerable to injury, plays a central role in TIF progression. Several proximal tubular responses such as de-differentiation, cell cycle changes, autophagy, and metabolic changes may be adaptive initially, but can lead to maladaptive responses that promote TIF both through autocrine and paracrine effects. This review discusses the current paradigm of TIF progression and the increasingly important role of the proximal tubule in promoting TIF both in tubulointerstitial and glomerular injuries. A better understanding and appreciation of the role of the proximal tubule in TIF has important implications for therapeutic strategies to halt chronic kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Gewin
- The Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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2
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Jha JC, Banal C, Okabe J, Gray SP, Hettige T, Chow BSM, Thallas-Bonke V, De Vos L, Holterman CE, Coughlan MT, Power DA, Skene A, Ekinci EI, Cooper ME, Touyz RM, Kennedy CR, Jandeleit-Dahm K. NADPH Oxidase Nox5 Accelerates Renal Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes 2017; 66:2691-2703. [PMID: 28747378 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase-derived excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidney plays a key role in mediating renal injury in diabetes. Pathological changes in diabetes include mesangial expansion and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to glomerulosclerosis. There is a paucity of data about the role of the Nox5 isoform of NADPH oxidase in animal models of diabetic nephropathy since Nox5 is absent in the mouse genome. Thus, we examined the role of Nox5 in human diabetic nephropathy in human mesangial cells and in an inducible human Nox5 transgenic mouse exposed to streptozotocin-induced diabetes. In human kidney biopsies, Nox5 was identified to be expressed in glomeruli, which appeared to be increased in diabetes. Colocalization demonstrated Nox5 expression in mesangial cells. In vitro, silencing of Nox5 in human mesangial cells was associated with attenuation of the hyperglycemia and TGF-β1-induced enhanced ROS production, increased expression of profibrotic and proinflammatory mediators, and increased TRPC6, PKC-α, and PKC-β expression. In vivo, vascular smooth muscle cell/mesangial cell-specific overexpression of Nox5 in a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy showed enhanced glomerular ROS production, accelerated glomerulosclerosis, mesangial expansion, and ECM protein (collagen IV and fibronectin) accumulation as well as increased macrophage infiltration and expression of the proinflammatory chemokine MCP-1. Collectively, this study provides evidence of a role for Nox5 and its derived ROS in promoting progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Jha
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudine Banal
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jun Okabe
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Human Epigenetics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen P Gray
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thushan Hettige
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryna S M Chow
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vicki Thallas-Bonke
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisanne De Vos
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chet E Holterman
- Kidney Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A Power
- Department of Nephrology and Institute of Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Alison Skene
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Elif I Ekinci
- Endocrine Centre, Austin Health, Repatriation Campus, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Mark E Cooper
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Chris R Kennedy
- Kidney Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Hirano T, Murakami T, Ono H, Sakurai A, Tominaga T, Takahashi T, Nagai K, Doi T, Abe H. A Novel Interaction between FLICE-Associated Huge Protein (FLASH) and E2A Regulates Cell Proliferation and Cellular Senescence via Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Alpha-p21WAF1/CIP1 Axis. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208142 PMCID: PMC4514670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the cell proliferation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases. Cellular senescence limits proliferation of cancer cells, preventing tumorigenesis and restricting tissue damage. However, the role of cellular senescence in proliferative nephritis has not been determined. The proliferative peak in experimental rat nephritis coincided with a peak in E2A expression in the glomeruli. Meanwhile, E12 (an E2A-encoded transcription factor) did not promote proliferation of Mesangial cells (MCs) by itself. We identified caspase-8-binding protein FLICE-associated huge protein (FLASH) as a novel E2A-binding partner by using a yeast two-hybrid screening. Knockdown of FLASH suppressed proliferation of MCs. This inhibitory effect was partially reversed by the knockdown of E2A. In addition, the knockdown of FLASH induced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) expression, but did not affect p53 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of E12 and E47 induced p21, but not p53 in MCs, in the absence of FLASH. We also demonstrated that E2A and p21 expression at the peak of proliferation was followed by significant induction of FLASH in mesangial areas in rat proliferative glomerulonephritis. Moreover, we revealed that FLASH negatively regulates cellular senescence via the interaction with E12. We also demonstrated that FLASH is involved in the TNF-α-induced p21 expressions. These results suggest that the functional interaction of E2A and FLASH play an important role in cell proliferation and cellular senescence via regulation of p21 expression in experimental glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hirano
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Taichi Murakami
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakurai
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Tian J, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhou X, Li R. Rapamycin ameliorates IgA nephropathy via cell cycle-dependent mechanisms. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:936-45. [PMID: 25349217 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214555666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy is the most frequent type of glomerulonephritis worldwide. The role of cell cycle regulation in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy has been studied. The present study was designed to explore whether rapamycin ameliorates IgA nephropathy via cell cycle-dependent mechanisms. After establishing an IgA nephropathy model, rats were randomly divided into four groups. Coomassie Brilliant Blue was used to measure the 24-h urinary protein levels. Renal function was determined using an autoanalyzer. Proliferation was assayed via Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. Rat mesangial cells were cultured and divided into the six groups. Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation and the cell cycle phase. Western blotting was performed to determine cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase 2, p27(Kip1), p70S6K/p-p70S6K, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/p- extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 protein expression. A low dose of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin prevented an additional increase in proteinuria, protected kidney function, and reduced IgA deposition in a model of IgA nephropathy. Rapamycin inhibited mesangial cell proliferation and arrested the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Rapamycin did not affect the expression of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. However, rapamycin upregulated p27(Kip1) at least in part via AKT (also known as protein kinase B)/mTOR. In conclusion, rapamycin can affect cell cycle regulation to inhibit mesangial cell proliferation, thereby reduce IgA deposition, and slow the progression of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Tian
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Rongshan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
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Wang B, Zhang A, Zheng J, Gong J, Li S, Zeng Z, Gan W. Bufalin inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced mesangial cell proliferation through mediating cell cycle progression. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:967-73. [PMID: 21719999 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bufalin, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been reported as a protective factor in many tumors. We therefore investigated the effect of bufalin on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferation of cultured rat mesangial cells. The effect of bufalin on cell proliferation and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in cultured rat mesangial cells (MCs) by the methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)2 and CDK4 kinase assays. Bufalin inhibited 20 ng/ml PDGF-BB-induced MC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were observed in different concentrations of bufalin, which blocked PDGF-BB-induced progression through G0/G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, bufalin not only inhibited upregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, but also downregulation of p21 in both mRNA and protein levels. Although bufalin did not affect p27 and CDK2 mRNA expression, it reversed downregulation of p27 and upregulation of CDK2 in protein level. Activity of CDK2 and CDK4 was also inhibited by bufalin. However, both bufalin and PDGF-BB did not affect cyclin E mRNA or protein expression. These results suggest that bufalin could inhibit MC proliferation by modulating cell cycle progress, indicating that bufalin could be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, PR China
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Qiu W, Che N, Feng X, Xia M, Wang H, Zhao D, Wang Y. Apoptosis of glomerular mesangial cells induced by sublytic C5b-9 complexes in rats with Thy-1 nephritis is dependent on Gadd45 gamma upregulation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:3251-66. [PMID: 19882653 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complement C5b-9 complexes can result in cell apoptosis, but the mechanism of sublytic C5b-9-mediated glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) apoptosis in Thy-1 nephritis (Thy-1N) remains largely unclear. The Gadd45 gene is involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and can promote cell apoptosis. In this study, both Gadd45 gamma expression patterns and pathologic changes of renal tissue were examined in rat Thy-1N. Both Gadd45 gamma expression and GMC apoptosis were significantly decreased in Thy-1N rats upon the depletion of complement with cobra venom factor. Our in vitro studies showed that Gadd45 gamma over-expression increased sublytic C5b-9-induced GMC apoptosis, while Gadd45 gamma gene knockdown by siRNA greatly reduced GMC apoptosis. Moreover, Gadd45 gamma gene silencing in vivo markedly inhibited the pathologic changes in the renal tissue of Thy-1N rats. These data suggest that Gadd45 gamma gene expression is involved in regulating GMC apoptosis mediated by sublytic C5b-9 in Thy-1N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Jia H, Qi X, Fang S, Jin Y, Han X, Wang Y, Wang A, Zhou H. Carnosine inhibits high glucose-induced mesangial cell proliferation through mediating cell cycle progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 154:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2007; 16:52-7. [PMID: 17143072 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32801271d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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