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Hotha A, Ganesh CB. GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the Central Nervous System of the viviparous teleost Poecilia sphenops. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102339. [PMID: 37689218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates. In this study, we examined the distribution pattern of GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-ir) cells and fibres in the CNS of the viviparous teleost Poecilia sphenops using immunofluorescence method. GABA immunoreactivity was seen in the glomerular, mitral, and granular layers of the olfactory bulbs, as well as in most parts of the dorsal and ventral telencephalon. The preoptic area consisted of a small cluster of GABA-ir cells, whereas extensively labelled GABA-ir neurons were observed in the hypothalamic areas, including the paraventricular organ, tuberal hypothalamus, nucleus recessus lateralis, nucleus recessus posterioris, and inferior lobes. In the thalamus, GABA-positive neurons were only found in the ventral thalamic and central posterior thalamic nuclei, whereas the dorsal part of the nucleus pretectalis periventricularis consisted of a few GABA-ir cells. GABA-immunoreactivity was extensively seen in the alar and basal subdivisions of the midbrain, whereas in the rhombencephalon, GABA-ir cells and fibres were found in the cerebellum, motor nucleus of glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, nucleus commissuralis of Cajal, and reticular formation. In the spinal cord, GABA-ir cells and fibres were observed in the dorsal horn, ventral horn, and around the central canal. Overall, the extensive distribution of GABA-ir cells and fibres throughout the CNS suggests several roles for GABA, including the neuroendocrine, viscerosensory, and somatosensory functions, for the first time in a viviparous teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achyutham Hotha
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - C B Ganesh
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.
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2
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Larbi MC, Messa G, Jalal H, Koutsikou S. An early midbrain sensorimotor pathway is involved in the timely initiation and direction of swimming in the hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpole. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:1027831. [PMID: 36619662 PMCID: PMC9810627 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.1027831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate locomotion is heavily dependent on descending control originating in the midbrain and subsequently influencing central pattern generators in the spinal cord. However, the midbrain neuronal circuitry and its connections with other brainstem and spinal motor circuits has not been fully elucidated. Vertebrates with very simple nervous system, like the hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpole, have been instrumental in unravelling fundamental principles of locomotion and its suspraspinal control. Here, we use behavioral and electrophysiological approaches in combination with lesions of the midbrain to investigate its contribution to the initiation and control of the tadpole swimming in response to trunk skin stimulation. None of the midbrain lesions studied here blocked the tadpole's sustained swim behavior following trunk skin stimulation. However, we identified that distinct midbrain lesions led to significant changes in the latency and trajectory of swimming. These changes could partly be explained by the increase in synchronous muscle contractions on the opposite sides of the tadpole's body and permanent deflection of the tail from its normal position, respectively. We conclude that the tadpole's embryonic trunk skin sensorimotor pathway involves the midbrain, which harbors essential neuronal circuitry to significantly contribute to the appropriate, timely and coordinated selection and execution of locomotion, imperative to the animal's survival.
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Kumbar J, Ganesh CB. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone immunoreactivity in the brain of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Neuropeptides 2021; 87:102128. [PMID: 33639356 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the distribution of a pro-opiomelanocortin-derived neuropeptide α-MSH in the brain of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. α-MSH-ir fibres were found in the granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb, the medial olfactory tract, the pallium and the subpallium, whereas in the preoptic area of the telencephalon, few large α-MSH-ir perikarya along with extensively labeled fibres were observed close to the ventricular border. Dense network of α-MSH-ir fibres were seen in the hypothalamic areas such as the nucleus preopticus pars magnocellularis, the nucleus preopticus pars parvocellularis, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the nucleus anterior tuberis, the paraventricular organ, the subdivisions of the nucleus recessus lateralis and the nucleus recessus posterioris. In the nucleus lateralis pars medialis, some α-MSH-ir perikarya and fibres were found along the ventricular margin. In the diencephalon, numerous α-MSH-ir fibres were detected in the nucleus posterior tuberis, the nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis and the nucleus preglomerulosus medialis, whereas in the mesencephalon, α-MSH-ir fibres were located in the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis and the tegmentum. In the rhombencephalon, α-MSH-ir fibres were confined to the medial octavolateralis nucleus and the descending octaval nucleus. In the pituitary gland, densely packed α-MSH-ir cells were observed in the pars intermedia region. The widespread distribution of α-MSH-immunoreactivity throughout the brain and the pituitary gland suggests a role for α-MSH peptide in regulation of several neuroendocrine and sensorimotor functions as well as darkening of pigmentation in the tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumbar
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - C B Ganesh
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.
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Palang I, Withyachumnarnkul B, Senapin S, Sirimanapong W, Vanichviriyakit R. Brain histopathology in red tilapia Oreochromis sp. experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae serotype III. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:877-888. [PMID: 32243694 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the clinical manifestations of streptococcosis is swimming errors of the infected fish, which is likely caused by lesions in the brain. As most studies described brain histopathology in streptococcosis as meningitis, with a limited description of lesions in the whole brain, the aim of this study was therefore to explore histopathology of the whole brain of red tilapia experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae serotype III. Transcripts relating to motoneuron functions and inflammatory responses were also investigated. In the S. agalactiae-infected fish, the parenchyma of the whole brain and its associated meninx primitiva were found to be markedly infiltrated by mononuclear cells and Gram-positive cocci. Hemorrhage, neuronal necrosis, and localized spongiform histopathology were observed, especially within the midbrain and the cerebellum. The lesion was observed in the medial longitudinal fasciculus and its nucleus. Expressions of the transcripts CD166, GAP43, SMN, and SV2B of the infected fish did not change, while those of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly upregulated. It is likely that S. agalactiae cause extensive damage to the fish brain, especially in areas that control swimming activities, through both direct invasion of the bacteria and acute inflammatory responses of the brain resident macrophages, or microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyapa Palang
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,AquaAcademy Farm, Tha Chana, Surat Thani, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Wanna Sirimanapong
- Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Takeuchi M, Inoue C, Goshima A, Nagao Y, Shimizu K, Miyamoto H, Shimizu T, Hashimoto H, Yonemura S, Kawahara A, Hirata Y, Yoshida M, Hibi M. Medaka and zebrafishcontactin1mutants as a model for understanding neural circuits for motor coordination. Genes Cells 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Chikako Inoue
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Akiko Goshima
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yusuke Nagao
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Koichi Shimizu
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyamoto
- Department of Computer Science; Chubu University; 1200 Matsumoto Kasugai Aichi 485-8501 Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Tokushima University; 3-18-15 Kuramoto Tokushima Tokushima 770-8503 Japan
| | - Atsuo Kawahara
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology; Center for Medical Education and Sciences; Graduate School of Medical Science; University of Yamanashi; 1110 Shimokato, Chuo; Yamanashi 409-3898 Japan
| | - Yutaka Hirata
- Department of Computer Science; Chubu University; 1200 Matsumoto Kasugai Aichi 485-8501 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-4-4 Kagamiyama Higashihiroshima Hiroshima 739-8528 Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
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Nakayama T, Miyajima S, Nishino H, Narita J, Abe H, Yamamoto N. Nucleus Ruber of Actinopterygians. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2016; 88:25-42. [PMID: 27505060 DOI: 10.1159/000447442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleus ruber is known as an important supraspinal center that controls forelimb movements in tetrapods, and the rubral homologue may serve similar functions in fishes (motor control of pectoral fin). However, two apparently different structures have been identified as 'nucleus ruber' in actinopterygians. One is nucleus ruber of Goldstein (1905) (NRg), and the other nucleus ruber of Nieuwenhuys and Pouwels (1983) (NRnp). It remains unclear whether one of these nuclei (or perhaps both) is homologous to tetrapod nucleus ruber. To resolve this issue from a phylogenetic point of view, we have investigated the distribution of tegmental neurons retrogradely labeled from the spinal cord in eight actinopterygian species. We also investigated the presence/absence of the two nuclei with Nissl- or Bodian-stained brain section series of an additional 28 actinopterygian species by comparing the morphological features of candidate rubral neurons with those of neurons revealed by the tracer studies. Based on these analyses, the NRg was identified in all actinopterygians investigated in the present study, while the NRnp appears to be absent in basal actinopterygians. The phylogenetic distribution pattern indicates that the NRg is the more likely homologue of nucleus ruber, and the NRnp may be a derived nucleus that emerged during the course of actinopterygian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakayama
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Abstract
The reticular formation in the brainstem controls motor output via axonal projections to the hindbrain and spinal cord. It remains unclear how individual groups of brainstem neurons contribute to specific motor functions. Here, we investigate the behavioral role of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF), a small group of reticulospinal neurons in the zebrafish midbrain. Calcium imaging revealed that nMLF activity is correlated with bouts of swimming. Optogenetic stimulation of neurons in the left or right nMLF activates the posterior hypaxial muscle and produces a graded ipsilateral tail deflection. Unilateral ablation of a subset of nMLF cells biases the tail position to the intact side during visually evoked swims, while sparing other locomotor maneuvers. We conclude that activity in the nMLF provides postural control of tail orientation and thus steers the direction of swimming. Our studies provide an example of fine-grained modularity of descending motor control in vertebrates.
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Plastic corollary discharge predicts sensory consequences of movements in a cerebellum-like circuit. Neuron 2014; 82:896-907. [PMID: 24853945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to predict the sensory consequences of movements is critical for sensory, motor, and cognitive function. Though it is hypothesized that internal signals related to motor commands, known as corollary discharge, serve to generate such predictions, this process remains poorly understood at the neural circuit level. Here we demonstrate that neurons in the electrosensory lobe (ELL) of weakly electric mormyrid fish generate negative images of the sensory consequences of the fish's own movements based on ascending spinal corollary discharge signals. These results generalize previous findings describing mechanisms for generating negative images of the effects of the fish's specialized electric organ discharge (EOD) and suggest that a cerebellum-like circuit endowed with associative synaptic plasticity acting on corollary discharge can solve the complex and ubiquitous problem of predicting sensory consequences of movements.
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Sankrithi NS, O'Malley DM. Activation of a multisensory, multifunctional nucleus in the zebrafish midbrain during diverse locomotor behaviors. Neuroscience 2010; 166:970-93. [PMID: 20074619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Action potentials from the brain control the activity of spinal neural networks to produce, by as yet unknown mechanisms, a variety of motor behaviors. Particularly lacking are details on how identified descending neurons integrate diverse sensory inputs to generate specific locomotor patterns. We have examined the operations of the principal neurons in an intriguing midbrain nucleus, the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF), in the larval zebrafish. The nMLF is the most rostral grouping of neurons that projects from the brain well into the spinal cord of teleost fishes, yet there is little direct physiological data available regarding its function. We report here that a distinct set of large, individually-identifiable neurons in nMLF (the MeL and MeM neurons) are activated by diverse sensory stimuli and contribute to distinct locomotor behaviors. Using in vivo confocal calcium imaging we observed that both photic and mechanical stimuli elicit calcium responses indicative of the firing of action potentials. Calcium responses were observed simultaneously with distinct swimming, turning and struggling movements of the larval trunk. While selectively contralateral responses were at times observed in response to a head-tap stimulus, these nMLF cells showed roughly similar numbers of bilateral responses. Calcium responses were observed at a range of latencies, suggesting involvement with both slow swimming patterns and the burst swimming component of the escape behavior. The MeL cells in particular were strongly activated during light-evoked slow swimming. The activation of MeL cells during the slow and burst forward swim gaits is consistent with their driving and/or coordinating the activity of slow and fast central pattern generators in spinal cord. As such, the MeL cells may help to shape a variety of larval behaviors including the optomotor response, escape swimming and prey capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Sankrithi
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Pineal projections in the zebrafish (Danio rerio): overlap with retinal and cerebellar projections. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1712-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Artificial control of swimming in goldfish by brain stimulation: Confirmation of the midbrain nuclei as the swimming center. Neurosci Lett 2009; 452:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Giraldez-Perez RM, Gaytan SP, Torres B, Pasaro R. Co-localization of nitric oxide synthase and choline acetyltransferase in the brain of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 37:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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