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Solórzano‐García B, Zubillaga D, Piñero D, Vázquez‐Domínguez E. Conservation implications of living in forest remnants: Inbreeding and genetic structure of the northernmost mantled howler monkeys. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Zubillaga
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad. Instituto de Ecología UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria CDMX Mexico City Mexico
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología UNAM CDMX Mexico City Mexico
| | - Ella Vázquez‐Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad. Instituto de Ecología UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria CDMX Mexico City Mexico
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Melo-Carrillo A, Dunn JC, Cortés-Ortiz L. Low genetic diversity and limited genetic structure across the range of the critically endangered Mexican howler monkey (Alouatta palliata mexicana). Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23160. [PMID: 32557717 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity provides populations with the possibility to persist in ever-changing environments, where selective regimes change over time. Therefore, the long-term survival of a population may be affected by its level of genetic diversity. The Mexican howler monkey (Alouatta palliata mexicana) is a critically endangered primate restricted to southeast Mexico. Here, we evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of this subspecies based on 83 individuals from 31 groups sampled across the distribution range of the subspecies, using 29 microsatellite loci. Our results revealed extremely low genetic diversity (HO = 0.21, HE = 0.29) compared to studies of other A. palliata populations and to other Alouatta species. Principal component analysis, a Bayesian clustering method, and analyses of molecular variance did not detect strong signatures of genetic differentiation among geographic populations of this subspecies. Although we detect small but significant FST values between populations, they can be explained by a pattern of isolation by distance. These results and the presence of unique alleles in different populations highlight the importance of implementing conservation efforts in multiple populations across the distribution range of A. p. mexicana to preserve its already low genetic diversity. This is especially important given current levels of population isolation due to the extreme habitat fragmentation across the distribution range of this primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Melo-Carrillo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jacob C Dunn
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liliana Cortés-Ortiz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ruiz-García M, Sánchez-Castillo S, Castillo MI, Luengas K, Ortega JM, Leguizamon N, Bello A, Mark Shostell J. The mystery of the origins of Cebus albifrons malitiosus and Cebus albifrons hypoleucus: mitogenomics and microsatellite analyses revealed an amazing evolutionary history of the Northern Colombian white-fronted capuchins. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2019; 30:525-547. [PMID: 30822184 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2019.1570174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the genetic units of species is fundamental to the conservation of biodiversity. This is true for all regions, including the Neotropics where the Earth has its greatest diversity, including roughly 34% of primate species, a group that has almost 60% of its taxa threatened with extinction. The untufted (gracile) capuchins are medium-sized Neotropical primates, traditionally classified in four species: Cebus albifrons, C. capucinus, C. olivaceus, and C. kaapori. They have a very confusing intra-specific systematics with a large number of fragmented and isolated populations throughout their geographical distributions. We sequenced a large sample of gracile capuchins, including all of the recognized species, to offset the paucity of phylogenic and phylogeographic data regarding this group and to try to understand their phylogeny and evolution. A set of 189 gracile and robust capuchins were sequenced for their mitogenomes whereas another set of 394 gracile and robust capuchins were sequenced at two individual mitochondrial genes (mtCOI-COII). Additionally, 41 Colombian gracile capuchins were geno typified at eight nuclear DNA microsatellites. Our main findings are as follows: (1) Nineteen different groups of gracile capuchin were detected with the mitogenomics data set and more than twenty significant groups and sub-groups were identified with the mtCOI-COII genes; (2) The temporal splits of the older gracile capuchin haplogroups expanded between 2 and 4 million years ago (MYA), during the Pliocene; (3) The two most northern taxa of Colombian C. albifrons (malitiosus and hypoleucus) are the same taxon (C. a. hypoleucus) as was claimed by Cabrera. This taxon represents an old colonization event from the Amazon to current northern Colombia. It is intensely hybridized (evidence from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes) with a haplogroup of C. capucinus (H3) and also has an influx of robust capuchins; (4) Three different and independent migrations of C. albifrons from the Amazon arrived to northern Colombia giving rise to C. a. hypoleucus (including malitiosus), C. a versicolor (including leucocephalus, cesarae, and pleei), and C. a. adustus; (5) On the Caribbean island of Trinidad, two different gracile capuchin taxa exist, one autochthonous, which could correspond to a fourth migration into northwestern South America (C. a. trinitatis) and probably another one, introduced more recently (C. olivaceus brunneus); (6) The values of the genetic distance analyses, the inexistence of reciprocal mitochondrial monophylia for many clades of gracile capuchins and the strong hybridization detected with nuclear microsatellites, especially among hypoleucus (malitiosus), C. capucinus-H3, versicolor, and cesarae, support that all the gracile capuchins belong to one unique superspecies: C. capucinus (senior name for all the gracile capuchins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ruiz-García
- a Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular-Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias , Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Sebastián Sánchez-Castillo
- a Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular-Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias , Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - María Ignacia Castillo
- a Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular-Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias , Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Kelly Luengas
- a Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular-Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias , Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Juan Manuel Ortega
- a Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular-Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias , Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia
| | | | - Aurita Bello
- b Secretaría Distitral del Ambiente (SDA) , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Joseph Mark Shostell
- c Math, Science and Technology Department , University of Minnesota Crookston 2900 University Ave , Crookston , MN , USA
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de Abreu FVS, Gomes LR, Mello ARL, Bianco-Júnior C, de Pina-Costa A, Dos Santos E, Teixeira DS, Brasil P, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz M. Frozen blood clots can be used for the diagnosis of distinct Plasmodium species in man and non-human primates from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Malar J 2018; 17:338. [PMID: 30249260 PMCID: PMC6154902 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic infections with epidemic potential, as non-human primate malaria and yellow fever (YF), can overlap geographically. Optimizing a small blood sample for diagnosis and surveillance is of great importance. Blood are routinely collected for YF diagnosis and blood clots usually discarded after serum obtention. Aiming to take sample advantage, the sensitivity of a PCR using extracted DNA from long-term frozen clots from human and non-human primates for detection of Plasmodium spp. in low parasitaemia conditions was assayed. RESULTS Malaria diagnosis with DNA extracted from blood clots generated results in agreement with samples obtained with whole blood, including mixed Plasmodium vivax/simium and Plasmodium malariae/brasilianum infections. CONCLUSION Blood clots from human and non-human primates may be an important and low cost source of DNA for malaria surveillance in the Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais Campus Salinas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Gomes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Rosa Lavigne Mello
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cesare Bianco-Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis/RJ, 25964-004, Brazil
| | - Edmilson Dos Santos
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ruiz-García M, Cerón Á, Sánchez-Castillo S, Rueda-Zozaya P, Pinedo-Castro M, Gutierrez-Espeleta G, Shostell JM. Phylogeography of the Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata; Atelidae, Primates) across Its Geographical Range by Means of Mitochondrial Genetic Analyses and New Insights about the Phylogeny of Alouatta. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:421-454. [PMID: 29262408 DOI: 10.1159/000480502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed 156 specimens of diverse howler monkey taxa (Alouatta; Atelidae, Primates) for different mitochondrial genes (5,567 base pairs), with special emphasis on A. palliata and related taxa. Our results showed no relevant differences among individuals of different putative taxa, A. p. palliata, A. p. aequatorialis, A. coibensis coibensis, and A. c. trabeata. We found no spatial differences in genetic structure of A. p. palliata throughout Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. A. p. mexicana (genetic distance: 1.6-2.1%) was the most differentiated taxon within A. palliata. Therefore, we postulate the existence of only 2 clearly defined subspecies within A. palliata (A. p. palliata and A. p. mexicana). A. palliata and A. pigra (traditionally considered a subspecies of A. palliata) are 2 clearly differentiated species as was demonstrated by Cortés-Ortiz and colleagues in 2003, with a temporal split between the 2 species around 3.6-3.7 million years ago (MYA). Our results with the Median Joining Network procedure showed that the ancestors of the cis-Andean Alouatta gave rise to the ancestors of the trans-Andean Alouatta around 6.0-6.9 MYA. As Cortés-Ortiz et al. showed, A. sara and A. macconnelli are differentiable species from A. seniculus, although the first 2 taxa were traditionally considered subspecies of A. seniculus. Our findings agree with the possibility that the ancestor of A. sara gave rise to the ancestor of A. pigra in northern South America. In turn, the ancestor of A. pigra originated the ancestor of A. palliata. Two of our results strongly support the hypothesis that the South American A. palliata (the putative A. p. aequatorialis) was the original population of this species; it has high genetic diversity and no evidence of population expansion. The Central America A. palliata is the derived population. It has low genetic diversity and there is clear evidence of population expansion. However, A. palliata and A. pigra probably migrated into Central America by 2 different routes: the Isthmus of Panama (A. palliata) and Caribbean island arch (A. pigra). Finally, the red howler monkeys from the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean Sea were not A. macconnelli (= A. s. stramineus) as Groves maintained in his influential 2001 publication on primate taxonomy. This taxon is more related to A. s. seniculus, although it formed a monophyletic clade. Future molecular and karyotypic studies will show if the Trinidad red howler monkeys should be considered as an extension of the Venezuelan taxon, A. arctoidea, as a subspecies of A. seniculus(A. s. seniculus), or, in the case of extensive chromosomal rearrangements, even a new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ruiz-García
- Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones-Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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6
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Jasso-del Toro C, Márquez-Valdelamar L, Mondragón-Ceballos R. Diversidad genética en grupos de monos aulladores de manto (Alouatta palliata mexicana) en la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas (Veracruz, México). REV MEX BIODIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dalton DL, Linden B, Wimberger K, Nupen LJ, Tordiffe ASW, Taylor PJ, Madisha MT, Kotze A. New insights into samango monkey speciation in South Africa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117003. [PMID: 25798604 PMCID: PMC4370472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The samango monkey is South Africa's only exclusively forest dwelling primate and represents the southernmost extent of the range of arboreal guenons in Africa. The main threats to South Africa's forests and thus to the samango are linked to increasing land-use pressure and increasing demands for forest resources, resulting in deforestation, degradation and further fragmentation of irreplaceable habitats. The species belongs to the highly polytypic Cercopithecus nictitans group which is sometimes divided into two species C. mitis and C. albogularis. The number of subspecies of C. albogularis is also under debate and is based only on differences in pelage colouration and thus far no genetic research has been undertaken on South African samango monkey populations. In this study we aim to further clarify the number of samango monkey subspecies, as well as their respective distributions in South Africa by combining molecular, morphometric and pelage data. Overall, our study provides the most comprehensive view to date into the taxonomic description of samango monkeys in South Africa. Our data supports the identification of three distinct genetic entities namely; C. a. labiatus, C. a. erythrarchus and C. a. schwarzi and argues for separate conservation management of the distinct genetic entities defined by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiré L. Dalton
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Genetics Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Birthe Linden
- Department of Zoology, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- SARChI Chair on Biodiversity Value & Change in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve & Core Member of Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Kirsten Wimberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Lisa Jane Nupen
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Adrian S. W. Tordiffe
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Peter John Taylor
- SARChI Chair on Biodiversity Value & Change in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve & Core Member of Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | | | - Antoinette Kotze
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Genetics Department, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Genetic characterization and structure of the endemic Colombian silvery brown bare-face tamarin, Saguinus leucopus (Callitrichinae, Cebidae, Primates). Primates 2014; 55:415-35. [PMID: 24817278 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed 115 Saguinus leucopus, from four Colombian departments (Antioquia, Bolivar, Caldas and Tolima ), for 701 bp of the mt COII gene and at 10 microsatellite loci to estimate gene diversity levels, possible molecular subspecies and historical demographic changes in this species. This endemic Colombian species showed an elevated gene diversity in this gene, although its geographical distribution is very restrictive and extremely threatened by habitat fragmentation. The mt COII gene did not show any geographical structure in the distribution of the haplotypes within this species, but it did show a noteworthy population expansion throughout the history of this species. A Bayesian analysis showed that the haplotype diversification of this species began around 1.6 million years ago (MYA), whilst a haplotype network gave the beginning of this diversification at around 0.5-0.6 MYA. Forty-seven individuals out of the 115 were analyzed for 10 DNA microsatellites. The genetic diversity was relatively elevated for this kind of marker too, and comparable to that found in other Neotropical monkeys with a wider geographical distribution. Two gene pools were detected with the microsatellites, one in the northern distribution area (Antioquia) and the other in the southern distribution area (Tolima). No tests detected any bottleneck affecting this population; however, two procedures (k test and Kimmel et al. 1998 test) detected significant population expansion for the microsatellite markers, like that seen with the mt COII gene.
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Martins MM, Nascimento ATA, Nali C, Velastin GO, Mangini PB, Valladares-Padua CB, Galetti PM. Genetic analysis reveals population structuring and a bottleneck in the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2012; 82:197-211. [PMID: 22236831 DOI: 10.1159/000334817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a population to evolve in a changing environment may be compromised by human-imposed barriers to gene flow. We investigated the population structure and the possible occurrence of a genetic bottleneck in two isolated populations of the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara), a species with very reduced numbers (less than 400) in a very restricted range in the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil. We determined the genotypes of 52 individuals across 9 microsatellite loci. We found genetic divergence between the populations, each exhibiting low genetic diversity. Analysis revealed broad- and fine-scale population structuring. Both populations have evidently experienced population reduction and a genetic bottleneck without presenting any apparent detrimental effect. Anyway, measures should be taken to effectively protect the forests where L. caissara occurs in order to allow its populations to increase and counteract the eventual effects of genetic impoverishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Martins
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Molecular e Conservação, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brasil.
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11
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Ruiz-Garcia M, Castillo MI, Ledezma A, Leguizamon N, Sánchez R, Chinchilla M, Gutierrez-Espeleta GA. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Cebus capucinus (Cebidae, Primates) in Colombia and Costa Rica by means of the mitochondrial COII gene. Am J Primatol 2011; 74:366-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ruiz-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular y Biología Evolutiva; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Bogotá; DC; Colombia
| | - Maria Ignacia Castillo
- Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular y Biología Evolutiva; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Bogotá; DC; Colombia
| | - Andrea Ledezma
- Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular y Biología Evolutiva; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Bogotá; DC; Colombia
| | | | - Ronald Sánchez
- Sede de Occidente; Universidad de Costa Rica; Alajuela; Costa Rica
| | - Misael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Investigación; Universidad de Ciencias Médicas; San José; Costa Rica
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Lavergne A, Ruiz-García M, Catzeflis F, Lacote S, Contamin H, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Lacoste V, de Thoisy B. Phylogeny and phylogeography of squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri) based on cytochrome b genetic analysis. Am J Primatol 2010; 72:242-53. [PMID: 19937739 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri) are distributed over a wide area encompassing the Amazon Basin: French Guiana, Suriname, and Guyana, together with Western Panama and Western Costa Rica. The genus Saimiri includes a complex of species and subspecies displaying considerable morphological variation. Taxonomic and systematic studies have identified, in this genus, one to seven species comprising up to 16 subspecies. The phylogenetic relationships between these taxa are poorly understood. Molecular markers have yielded a consistent framework for the systematics of Central and South American Saimiri, identifying four distinct clades: S. oerstedii, S. sciureus, S. boliviensis, and S. ustus. Here, we reconsider the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of Saimiri on the basis of mitochondrial (mtDNA) sequence data, focusing mostly on individuals originating from the Amazon Basin. We studied 32 monkeys with well-defined geographic origins and inferred the phylogenetic relationships between them on the basis of full-length cytochrome b gene nucleotide sequences. The high level of gene diversity observed (0.966) is consistent with the high level of behavioral and morphological variation observed across the geographic range of the genus: 20 mtDNA haplotypes were identified with a maximum divergence of 4.81% between S. b. boliviensis and S. ustus. In addition to confirming the existence of the four clades previously identified on the basis of molecular characters, we suggest several new lineages, including S. s. macrodon, S. s. albigena, S. s. cassiquiarensis, and S. s. collinsi. We also propose new patterns of dispersion and diversification for the genus Saimiri, and discuss the contribution of certain rivers and forest refuges to its structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lavergne
- Centre de Primatologie de l'Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Survey of Alouatta caraya, the black-and-gold howler monkey, and Alouatta guariba clamitans, the brown howler monkey, in a contact zone, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: evidence for hybridization. Primates 2008; 49:246-52. [PMID: 18654738 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-008-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sympatry and natural hybridization between howler monkey taxa (Alouatta spp.) has only recently being confirmed in the wild. Surveys in areas of potential contact between the distribution of two taxa have shown that sympatry is rare, although more common than previously known. Here we report the results of a survey conducted in a contact zone between the only two sexually dichromatic howler monkey taxa, Alouatta caraya and A. guariba clamitans, in São Francisco de Assis, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Our survey, covering an area of about 400 ha at the Cerro dos Negros (29 degrees 33'50''-29 degrees 35'10''S, 54 degrees 58'40''-54 degrees 59'50''W; approximately 100-279 m a.s.l.), was successful in locating seven black-and-gold and one brown howler monkey social groups living syntopically. Black-and-gold group size ranged from 5 to 15 individuals, whereas the brown group was composed of 7 individuals. The pelage color of three adult males belonging to different black-and-gold groups and another adult male belonging to the brown howler group presented a mosaic of red or rufous and black. These adult males and an adult female living in another black-and-gold group are putative hybrids. Therefore, it appears that pre-zygotic reproductive isolation has not evolved, at least not completely, between these howler monkey species, corroborating previous reports for these and other Alouatta taxa. Future genetic studies need to confirm the occurrence of hybridization in this contact zone, and to determine the viability and fertility of hybrids and their possible offspring. In addition, there is no evidence supporting the existence of significant segregation in habitat and resource utilization by black-and-gold and brown howler monkeys.
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