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Rodrigues AV, Batelu S, Hinton TV, Rotondo J, Thompson L, Brunzelle JS, Stemmler TL. Drosophila melanogaster frataxin: protein crystal and predicted solution structure with identification of the iron-binding regions. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:22-30. [PMID: 36601804 PMCID: PMC9815096 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322011639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a hereditary cardiodegenerative and neurodegenerative disease that affects 1 in 50 000 Americans. FRDA arises from either a cellular inability to produce sufficient quantities or the production of a nonfunctional form of the protein frataxin, a key molecule associated with mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. Within the mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly pathway, frataxin serves as an allosteric regulator for cysteine desulfurase, the enzyme that provides sulfur for [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly. Frataxin is a known iron-binding protein and is also linked to the delivery of ferrous ions to the scaffold protein, the ISC molecule responsible for the direct assembly of [2Fe-2S] clusters. The goal of this report is to provide structural details of the Drosophila melanogaster frataxin ortholog (Dfh), using both X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, in order to provide the foundational insight needed to understand the structure-function correlation of the protein. Additionally, NMR iron(II) titrations were used to provide metal contacts on the protein to better understand how it binds iron and aids its delivery to the ISC scaffold protein. Here, the structural and functional similarities of Dfh to its orthologs are also outlined. Structural data show that bacterial, yeast, human and Drosophila frataxins are structurally similar, apart from a structured C-terminus in Dfh that is likely to aid in protein stability. The iron-binding location on helix 1 and strand 1 of Dfh is also conserved across orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria V Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sharon Batelu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tiara V Hinton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - John Rotondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lindsey Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph S Brunzelle
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Centers, Life Science Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Buesch K, Zhang R. A systematic review of disease prevalence, health-related quality of life, and economic outcomes associated with Friedreich's Ataxia. Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38:1739-1749. [PMID: 35983717 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Friedreich ataxia (FA) is a rare, inherited neuromuscular disease characterized by an early onset and progressive limb and gait ataxia. Currently, there are no approved treatments for FA. It is important to understand the burden of FA, including its extent and the most salient elements. The objective of this study is therefore to systematically review the literature regarding the aspects of prevalence, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and economic outcomes that are associated with FA, and to subsequently identify relevant knowledge gaps. METHODS Three systematic literature reviews were conducted to assess publications regarding FA prevalence, HRQoL, and economic outcomes. Search strategies were implemented in MEDLINE (Ovid) and EMBASE databases; study selection and quality assessment were conducted using current best practices. For each review, study characteristics and findings were summarized. RESULTS A total of 36 studies were included. Review of prevalence studies (n = 22) indicated variation in the number of cases by region, and many regions were not represented at all. Regarding HRQoL (n = 12 studies), physical domains were consistently impacted, although findings regarding other domains and overall HRQoL were less clear. Cost studies (n = 2) encompassed 4 regions and revealed that costs related to the provision of care, including non-medical direct costs and indirect costs, accounted for the majority of FA-related costs. DISCUSSION Findings from this systematic review revealed several knowledge gaps that would preclude the conduct of a robust assessment of the benefits and outcomes associated with a disease-modifying FA therapy. Additional understanding regarding patient and caregiver HRQoL and costs is required.
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Muñoz-Lasso DC, Mollá B, Sáenz-Gamboa JJ, Insuasty E, de la Iglesia-Vaya M, Pook MA, Pallardó FV, Palau F, Gonzalez-Cabo P. Frataxin Deficit Leads to Reduced Dynamics of Growth Cones in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons of Friedreich’s Ataxia YG8sR Model: A Multilinear Algebra Approach. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:912780. [PMID: 35769335 PMCID: PMC9236133 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.912780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational techniques for analyzing biological images offer a great potential to enhance our knowledge of the biological processes underlying disorders of the nervous system. Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative inherited disorder caused by the low expression of frataxin, which is a small mitochondrial protein. In FRDA cells, the lack of frataxin promotes primarily mitochondrial dysfunction, an alteration of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and the destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton in the neurites and growth cones of sensory neurons. In this paper, a computational multilinear algebra approach was used to analyze the dynamics of the growth cone and its function in control and FRDA neurons. Computational approach, which includes principal component analysis and a multilinear algebra method, is used to quantify the dynamics of the growth cone (GC) morphology of sensory neurons from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the YG8sR humanized murine model for FRDA. It was confirmed that the dynamics and patterns of turning were aberrant in the FRDA growth cones. In addition, our data suggest that other cellular processes dependent on functional GCs such as axonal regeneration might also be affected. Semiautomated computational approaches are presented to quantify differences in GC behaviors in neurodegenerative disease. In summary, the deficiency of frataxin has an adverse effect on the formation and, most importantly, the growth cones’ function in adult DRG neurons. As a result, frataxin deficient DRG neurons might lose the intrinsic capability to grow and regenerate axons properly due to the dysfunctional GCs they build.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Muñoz-Lasso
- Chemical Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Belén Mollá
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jhon J. Sáenz-Gamboa
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Joint Unit FISABIO & Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
- Regional Ministry of Health in Valencia, Hospital Sagunto (CEIB-CSUSP), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Maria de la Iglesia-Vaya
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Joint Unit FISABIO & Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
- Regional Ministry of Health in Valencia, Hospital Sagunto (CEIB-CSUSP), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mark A. Pook
- Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine IPER, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Barcelona School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo,
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Louis ED, Faust PL. Essential tremor: the most common form of cerebellar degeneration? CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2020; 7:12. [PMID: 32922824 PMCID: PMC7427947 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-020-00121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The degenerative cerebellar ataxias comprise a large and heterogeneous group of neurological diseases whose hallmark clinical feature is ataxia, and which are accompanied, to variable degrees, by other features that are attributable to cerebellar dysfunction. Essential tremor (ET) is an exceptionally common neurological disease whose primary motor feature is action tremor, although patients often manifest intention tremor, mild gait ataxia and several other features of cerebellar dysfunction. Main Body In this paper, we review the abundant evidence derived from clinical, neuroimaging and postmortem studies, linking ET to cerebellar dysfunction. Furthermore, we review the combination of clinical, natural history and postmortem features suggesting that ET is neurodegenerative. We then compare the prevalence of ET (400 – 900 cases per 100,000) to that of the other cerebellar degenerations (ranging from <0.5 – 9 cases per 100,000, and in composite likely to be on the order of 20 cases per 100,000) and conclude that ET is 20 to 45 times more prevalent than all other forms of cerebellar degeneration combined. Conclusion Given the data we present, it is logical to conclude that ET is, by far, the most common form of cerebellar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology and Therapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY USA
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Calderón R, Hernández CL, García-Varela G, Masciarelli D, Cuesta P. Inbreeding in Southeastern Spain : The Impact of Geography and Demography on Marital Mobility and Marital Distance Patterns (1900-1969). HUMAN NATURE (HAWTHORNE, N.Y.) 2017; 29:45-64. [PMID: 29159722 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-017-9305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the structure of a southeastern Spanish population was studied for the first time with respect to its inbreeding patterns and its relationship with demographic and geographic factors. Data on consanguineous marriages (up to second cousins) from 1900 to 1969 were taken from ecclesiastic dispensations. Our results confirm that the patterns and trends of inbreeding in the study area are consistent with those previously observed in most non-Cantabrian Spanish populations. The rate of consanguineous marriages was apparently stable between 1900 and 1935 and then sharply decreased since 1940, which coincides with industrialization in Spain. A marked departure from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (0.25) in the ratio of first cousin (M22) to second cousin (M33) marriages in the study population (0.88) was observed. The high levels of endogamy (>80%) and its significant steadiness throughout the twentieth century is noteworthy. Accordingly, our results show that exogamous marriages were not only poorly represented but also that this reduced mobility (<6 km) suggests that the choice of a mate was preferentially local. We found higher mobility in M22 with respect to M33 cousin mating. The relationships between population size and consanguinity rates and inbreeding fit power-law distributions. A significant positive correlation was observed between inbreeding and elevation. Many Spanish populations have experienced a prolonged and considerable isolation across generations, which has led to high proportions of historical and local endogamy that is associated, in general, with high [Formula: see text] values. Thus, assessing genomic inbreeding using runs of homozygosity (ROH) in current Spanish populations could be an additional pertinent strategy for obtaining a more refined perspective regarding the population history inferred from the extent and frequency of ROH regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderón
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C L Hernández
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - G García-Varela
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Masciarelli
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Cuesta
- Centro de Proceso de Datos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Barupala DP, Dzul SP, Riggs-Gelasco PJ, Stemmler TL. Synthesis, delivery and regulation of eukaryotic heme and Fe-S cluster cofactors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 592:60-75. [PMID: 26785297 PMCID: PMC4784227 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the bulk of iron in the body (over 75%) is directed towards heme- or Fe-S cluster cofactor synthesis, and the complex, highly regulated pathways in place to accomplish biosynthesis have evolved to safely assemble and load these cofactors into apoprotein partners. In eukaryotes, heme biosynthesis is both initiated and finalized within the mitochondria, while cellular Fe-S cluster assembly is controlled by correlated pathways both within the mitochondria and within the cytosol. Iron plays a vital role in a wide array of metabolic processes and defects in iron cofactor assembly leads to human diseases. This review describes progress towards our molecular-level understanding of cellular heme and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, focusing on the regulation and mechanistic details that are essential for understanding human disorders related to the breakdown in these essential pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulmini P Barupala
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Stephen P Dzul
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Mason
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease (A.R.M., A.Z., S.F.), San Francisco; the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program (A.R.M.) and the Departments of Neurology (A.Z., S.F.) and Physiology (S.F.), University of California San Francisco; and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (S.F.), San Francisco, CA. A.Z. is currently affiliated with Lundbeck, Deerfield, IL
| | - Adam Ziemann
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease (A.R.M., A.Z., S.F.), San Francisco; the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program (A.R.M.) and the Departments of Neurology (A.Z., S.F.) and Physiology (S.F.), University of California San Francisco; and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (S.F.), San Francisco, CA. A.Z. is currently affiliated with Lundbeck, Deerfield, IL
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease (A.R.M., A.Z., S.F.), San Francisco; the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program (A.R.M.) and the Departments of Neurology (A.Z., S.F.) and Physiology (S.F.), University of California San Francisco; and the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (S.F.), San Francisco, CA. A.Z. is currently affiliated with Lundbeck, Deerfield, IL.
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Bolinches-Amorós A, Mollá B, Pla-Martín D, Palau F, González-Cabo P. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by frataxin deficiency is associated with cellular senescence and abnormal calcium metabolism. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:124. [PMID: 24860428 PMCID: PMC4026758 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia is considered a neurodegenerative disorder involving both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are the major target tissue structures. This neuropathy is caused by mutations in the FXN gene that encodes frataxin. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial and cell consequences of frataxin depletion in a cellular model based on frataxin silencing in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, a cell line that has been used widely as in vitro models for studies on neurological diseases. We showed that the reduction of frataxin induced mitochondrial dysfunction due to a bioenergetic deficit and abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis in the mitochondria that were associated with oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses. The depletion of frataxin did not cause cell death but increased autophagy, which may have a cytoprotective effect against cellular insults such as oxidative stress. Frataxin silencing provoked slow cell growth associated with cellular senescence, as demonstrated by increased SA-βgal activity and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. We postulate that cellular senescence might be related to a hypoplastic defect in the DRG during neurodevelopment, as suggested by necropsy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Bolinches-Amorós
- Program in Rare and Genetic Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; IBV/CSIC Associated Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Mollá
- Program in Rare and Genetic Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; IBV/CSIC Associated Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras Valencia, Spain
| | - David Pla-Martín
- Program in Rare and Genetic Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; IBV/CSIC Associated Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- Program in Rare and Genetic Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; IBV/CSIC Associated Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras Valencia, Spain ; Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Cabo
- Program in Rare and Genetic Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; IBV/CSIC Associated Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras Valencia, Spain
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Koutsis G, Kladi A, Karadima G, Houlden H, Wood NW, Christodoulou K, Panas M. Friedreich's ataxia and other hereditary ataxias in Greece: An 18-year perspective. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Vankan P. Prevalence gradients of Friedreich's Ataxia and R1b haplotype in Europe co-localize, suggesting a common Palaeolithic origin in the Franco-Cantabrian ice age refuge. J Neurochem 2013; 126 Suppl 1:11-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vankan
- Independent Scientific Consultant; Riehen Switzerland
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Benini R, Ben Amor IM, Shevell MI. Clinical clues to differentiating inherited and noninherited etiologies of childhood ataxias. J Pediatr 2012; 160:152-7. [PMID: 21840535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify clinical features at presentation that differentiate inherited and noninherited etiologies of childhood ataxias. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective chart review analysis was conducted on 167 patients evaluated in neurology outpatient clinics for ataxia or ataxia-related symptoms. The frequency of clinical features, determined a priori, in the 2 groups was compared. RESULTS A larger proportion of patients were diagnosed with a nongenetic cause than with a genetic cause (89% [148 patients] vs 11% [19 patients]). The majority of patients in the nongenetic group (56% [83/148]) presented early for medical evaluation, compared with 31% (6/19) in the genetic group. Consanguinity (16% vs 4%) and positive family history (16% vs 2%) were more frequent in the genetic group. Presenting symptoms of abnormal gait (95% vs 57%) and muscle weakness (47% vs 8%), including physical findings of abnormal muscle tone (63% vs 32%), abnormal reflexes (63% vs 16%), clonus (26% vs 9%), dysmetria (32% vs 5%), pes cavus (21% vs 1%), sensory deficits (16% vs 0%), and nonneurologic musculoskeletal abnormalities (58% vs 19%), were more prevalent in the genetic group. CONCLUSION Certain clinical features can help delineate between inherited and noninherited causes of childhood ataxia and thus guide physicians in the targeted evaluation of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Benini
- Montreal Children's Hospital-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pandolfo
- Brussels Free University and Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
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Tsai TL, Liu CS, Lai CH. Nationwide Population-Based Epidemiologic Study on Cerebellar Ataxia in Taiwan. Eur Neurol 2011; 66:215-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000331168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Erichsen AK, Koht J, Stray-Pedersen A, Abdelnoor M, Tallaksen CME. Prevalence of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia in southeast Norway: a population-based study. Brain 2009; 132:1577-88. [PMID: 19339254 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed in southeast Norway, between January 2002 and February 2008, to identify subjects with hereditary ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia, and to estimate the prevalence of these disorders. Patients were recruited through colleagues, families, searches in computerized hospital archives and the National Patients' Association for Hereditary Ataxia and Spastic Paraplegia. Strict criteria were used for inclusion of familial and isolated subjects. A project neurologist examined all index subjects and clinical and genetic data were registered. The source population on January 1, 2008 was 2.63 million and the prevalence day was set as February 1, 2008. One hundred seventy-one subjects from 87 unrelated families with hereditary ataxia and 194 subjects from 65 unrelated families with hereditary spastic paraplegia were included. The total prevalence was estimated at 13.9/100 000. Hereditary ataxia prevalence in the region was estimated at 6.5/100 000: 4.2/100 000 for autosomal-dominant and 2.3/100 000 for autosomal recessive, 0.15/100 000 for Friedreich's ataxia and 0.4/100 000 for ataxia telangiectasia. Hereditary spastic paraplegia prevalence was 7.4/100 000: 5.5/100 000 for autosomal dominant-hereditary spastic paraplegia, 0.6/100 000 for autosomal recessive-hereditary spastic paraplegia and 1.3/100 000 for isolated subjects. Marked differences were found in the frequencies of hereditary ataxia subtypes compared with other countries, while those of the most common autosomal dominant-hereditary spastic paraplegia genotypes, SPG4, SPG3 and SPG31, were similar to those previously reported. Clear variations between age groups and counties were observed, but no gender differences. Mean age on prevalence day was 48 years, mean age at onset was 24 years. We present the largest population study performed on hereditary ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia prevalence and report a higher prevalence than expected. Better inclusion criteria and multiple search strategies may explain the observed differences.
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González-Cabo P, Llorens JV, Palau F, Moltó MD. Friedreich ataxia: an update on animal models, frataxin function and therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 652:247-61. [PMID: 20225031 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2813-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive progressively debilitating degenerative disease that principally affects the nervous system and the heart. Although FRDA is considered a rare disease, is the most common inherited ataxia. It is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the FXN gene, mainly an expanded GAA triplet repeat in the intron 1. The genetic defect results in the reduction of frataxin levels, a protein targeted to the mitochondria. Frataxin deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and iron accumulation. Studies of the yeast and animal models of the disease have led to propose several different roles for frataxin. Animal models have also been important for dissecting the steps of pathogenesis in FRDA and they are essential for the development of effective therapies. Currently, antioxidant and iron chelation therapies are under evaluation in clinical trials. Gene reactivation, gene therapy and protein replacement strategies for FRDA are promising approaches. This review focuses on the current models developed for FRDA, the different roles proposed for frataxin and the progress of potential treatment strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar González-Cabo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, C/Jaume Roig 11, Valencia, Spain.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relative frequencies of different ataxias vary among different ethnic and geographic groups. The aim of this study was to examine patients with cerebellar ataxia and find the occurrence of autosomal dominant and recessive cerebellar ataxias in the population of the southern and eastern parts of Norway and estimate its prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Probands were systematically tested for spinocerebellar ataxia 1, 2, 3, 6 and Friedreich's ataxia. A total of 94 patients with ataxia were assessed. RESULTS We registered 60 patients from 39 unrelated families with hereditary ataxias. One family with SCA2 (two patients), one family with Friedreich's ataxia (two patients), two patients heterozygote for Friedreich's ataxia and one metabolic ataxia were identified. CONCLUSIONS We have few Friedreich's ataxia and SCA 1,2,3 and 6 in our population. Prevalence in Oslo County was estimated at 2.2/100,000 for autosomal recessive and 3.0/100,000 for autosomal dominant ataxia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koht
- Department of Neurology, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Reddy PL, Grewal RP. Friedreich's ataxia: a clinical and genetic analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007; 109:200-2. [PMID: 17049722 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a patient with genetically confirmed Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) who developed a previously unreported feature of a mixed sleep apnea. Initial mutation analysis, by PCR, of the parental frataxin alleles showed an apparent de novo mutation in the maternal germline. Further investigation using Southern blot analysis showed that the mother did carry an expanded mutant frataxin allele. Based upon published data, FRDA resulting from at least one allelic spontaneous expansion mutation is rare with a frequency of less than 1/1,000,000. The presence of such a mutation should be confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Our patient expands the neurological features of FRDA to include sleep apnea. The genetic analysis of the family demonstrates the importance of Southern blot analysis for accurate genotyping which, in turn, has implications for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Leema Reddy
- New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James Street, Edison, NJ 08818, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Taroni
- Laboratory of Cell Pathology, IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale Neurologico Carlo Besta, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review covers recent developments in inherited ataxias. The discovery of new loci and genes has led to improved understanding of the breadth and epidemiology of inherited ataxias. This has resulted also in more rational classification schemes. Research on identified loci has begun to yield insights into the pathogenesis of neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration in these diseases. RECENT FINDINGS There are a plethora of inherited ataxias due to a variety of mutational mechanisms involving numerous loci. While ataxia and other aspects of cerebellar dysfunction are the core features of these diseases, rational classification has been impeded by the simultaneous variety of associated clinical features and considerable overlap in clinical features among diseases involving different loci. Inherited ataxias can be classified according to mode of inheritance and mechanism of mutations. Dominantly inherited ataxias (spinocerebellar ataxias) are one major group of ataxias. Spinocerebellar ataxias can be subdivided into expanded exonic CAG repeat (polyglutamine; polyQ) disorders, dominantly inherited ataxias with mutations in non-coding regions, and dominantly inherited ataxias with chromosomal localizations but unidentified loci. Another group of dominantly inherited ataxias are episodic ataxias due to ion channel mutations. Recessive ataxias constitute a more heterogeneous group due to loss-of-function effects in numerous loci. A number of these loci have now been identified. Progress has been made in investigating the pathogenesis of neuronal dysfunction/neurodegeneration in several inherited ataxias. Convergent evidence suggests that transcriptional dysregulation is an important component of neurodegeneration in polyQ disorders. Mitochondrial dysfunction is central to pathogenesis of the most common recessive ataxia, Friedreich ataxia. SUMMARY Mapping of additional ataxia loci and identification of novel ataxia genes continues unabated. Genetic classification enables typology of inherited ataxias. Identification of the affected loci and the mutational mechanisms has allowed the first glimmers of understanding of the pathogenesis of several inherited ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Cañizares J, Blanca JM, Navarro JA, Monrós E, Palau F, Moltó MD. dfh is a Drosophila homolog of the Friedreich's ataxia disease gene. Gene 2000; 256:35-42. [PMID: 11054533 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A putative Drosophila homolog of the Friedreich's ataxia disease gene (FRDA) has been cloned and characterized; it has been named Drosophila frataxin homolog (dfh). It is located at 8C/D position on X chromosome and is spread over 1kb, a much smaller genomic region than the human gene. Its genomic organization is simple, with a single intron dividing the coding region into two exons. The predicted encoded product has 190 amino acids, being considered a frataxin-like protein on the basis of the sequence and secondary structure conservation when compared with human frataxin and related proteins from other eukaryotes. The closest match between the Drosophila and the human proteins involved a stretch of 38 amino acids at C-terminus, encoded by dfh exon 2, and exons 4 and 5a of the FRDA gene, respectively. This highly conserved region is very likely to form a functional domain with a beta sheet structure flanked by alpha-helices where the sequence is less conserved. A signal peptide for mitochondrial import has also been predicted in the Drosophila frataxin-like protein, suggesting its mitochondrial localization, as occurs for human frataxin and other frataxin-like proteins described in eukaryotes. The Drosophila gene is expressed throughout the development of this organism, with a peak of expression in 6-12h embryos, and showing a spatial ubiquitous pattern from 4h embryos to the last embryonic stage examined. The isolation of dfh will soon make available specific dfh mutants that help in understanding the pathogenesis of FRDA.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Drosophila/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Embryonic Development
- Exons
- Friedreich Ataxia/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Insect/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Introns
- Iron-Binding Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Frataxin
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cañizares
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Ciències Biológiques, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
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Sankaranarayanan K. Ionizing radiation and genetic risks IX. Estimates of the frequencies of mendelian diseases and spontaneous mutation rates in human populations: a 1998 perspective. Mutat Res 1998; 411:129-78. [PMID: 9806424 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(98)00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused on baseline frequencies of mendelian diseases and the conceptual basis for calculating doubling doses both of which are relevant for the doubling dose method of estimating genetic risks of exposure of human populations to ionizing radiation. With this method, the risk per unit dose is obtained as a product of three quantities, namely, the baseline frequency of the disease class under consideration, the relative mutation risk (which is the reciprocal of the doubling dose, which in turn, is calculated as a ratio of spontaneous and induction rates of mutations) and mutation component, i.e., the responsiveness of the disease class to an increase in mutation rate. The estimates of baseline frequencies of mendelian diseases that are currently used in risk estimation date back to the late 1970s. Advances in human genetics during the past two decades now permit an upward revision of these estimates. The revised estimates are 150 per 10(4) livebirths for autosomal dominants (from the earlier estimate of 95 per 10(4)), 75 per 10(4) livebirths for autosomal recessives (from 25 per 10(4)) and to 15 per 10(4) livebirths for X-linked diseases (from 5 per 10(4)). The revised total frequency of mendelian diseases is thus 240 per 10(4) livebirths and is about twice the earlier figure of 125 per 10(4) livebirths. All these estimates, however, pertain primarily to Western European and Western European-derived populations. The fact that in several population isolates or ethnic groups, some of these diseases (especially the autosomal recessives) are more common as a result of founder effects and/or genetic drift is well known and many more recent examples have come to light. These data are reviewed and illustrated with data from studies of the Ashkenazi Jewish, Finnish, French Canadian, Afrikaner and some other populations to highlight the need for caution in extrapolating radiation risks between populations. The doubling dose of 1 Gy that has been used for the past 20 years for risk estimation is based on mouse data for both spontaneous and induction rates of mutations. In extrapolating the mouse-data-based doubling dose to humans, it is assumed that the spontaneous rates in mice and humans are similar. This assumption is incorrect because of the fact that in humans, for several well-studied mendelian diseases, the mutation rate differs between the two sexes and it increases with paternal age. In estimates of spontaneous mutation rates in humans (which represent averages over both sexes), however, paternal age effects are automatically incorporated. In the mouse, these effects are expected to be much less (if they exist at all), but the problem has not been specifically addressed. The complexities and uncertainties associated with assessing the potential impact of spontaneous mutations which arise as germinal mosaics (and which can result in clusters of mutations in the following generation) on mutation rate estimates (in the mouse) and on mutation rate estimates and disease frequencies (in humans) are discussed. In view of (i) the lack of comparability of spontaneous mutation rates in mice and humans and (ii) the fact that these estimates for human genes already include both paternal age effects and correction for clusters (if they had occurred), it is suggested that a prudent procedure now is to base doubling dose calculations on spontaneous mutation rates of human genes (and induction rates of mouse genes, in the absence of a better alternative). This concept, however, is not new and was used by the US National Academy's Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation in its 1972 report.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sankaranarayanan
- MGC, Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis Sylvius Laboratories, Leiden University Medical Centre, Netherlands.
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Monrós E, Moltó MD, Martínez F, Cañizares J, Blanca J, Vílchez JJ, Prieto F, de Frutos R, Palau F. Phenotype correlation and intergenerational dynamics of the Friedreich ataxia GAA trinucleotide repeat. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 61:101-10. [PMID: 9245990 PMCID: PMC1715858 DOI: 10.1086/513887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Friedreich ataxia (FA) mutation has recently been identified as an unstable trinucleotide GAA repeat present 7-22 times in the normal population but amplified as many as > 1,000 times in FA. Since it is an autosomal recessive disease, FA does not show typical features observed in other dynamic mutation disorders, such as genetic anticipation. We have analyzed the GAA repeat in 104 FA patients and 163 carrier relatives previously defined by linkage analysis. The GAA expansion was detected in all patients, most (94%) of them being homozygous for the mutation. We have demonstrated that clinical variability in FA is related to the size of the expanded alleles: milder forms of the disease-late-onset FA and FA with retained reflexes-are associated with shorter expansions, especially with the smaller of the two expanded alleles. Absence of cardiomyopathy is also associated with shorter alleles. Dynamics of the GAA repeat has been investigated in 212 parent-offspring pairs. Meiotic instability showed a sex bias: paternally transmitted alleles tend to decrease in a linear way that depends on the paternal expansion size, whereas maternal alleles can either increase or decrease. A different pattern of intergenerational variation was also observed, depending on the genetic status of the sib: patients had shorter expansions than were seen in heterozygous carriers. This finding has been interpreted as a postzygotic event. Finally, we have observed that the size of the expansion remains constant in the population through carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Monrós
- Unitat de Genètica, Hospital Universitari La Fe, València, Spain
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