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Horrell ND, Hickmott PW, Saltzman W. Neural Regulation of Paternal Behavior in Mammals: Sensory, Neuroendocrine, and Experiential Influences on the Paternal Brain. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 43:111-160. [PMID: 30206901 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, parents in many species devote extraordinary effort toward caring for offspring, often risking their lives and exhausting limited resources. Understanding how the brain orchestrates parental care, biasing effort over the many competing demands, is an important topic in social neuroscience. In mammals, maternal care is necessary for offspring survival and is largely mediated by changes in hormones and neuropeptides that fluctuate massively during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation (e.g., progesterone, estradiol, oxytocin, and prolactin). In the relatively small number of mammalian species in which parental care by fathers enhances offspring survival and development, males also undergo endocrine changes concurrent with birth of their offspring, but on a smaller scale than females. Thus, fathers additionally rely on sensory signals from their mates, environment, and/or offspring to orchestrate paternal behavior. Males can engage in a variety of infant-directed behaviors that range from infanticide to avoidance to care; in many species, males can display all three behaviors in their lifetime. The neural plasticity that underlies such stark changes in behavior is not well understood. In this chapter we summarize current data on the neural circuitry that has been proposed to underlie paternal care in mammals, as well as sensory, neuroendocrine, and experiential influences on paternal behavior and on the underlying circuitry. We highlight some of the gaps in our current knowledge of this system and propose future directions that will enable the development of a more comprehensive understanding of the proximate control of parenting by fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Horrell
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Peter W Hickmott
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Saltzman
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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2
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Thorsell A, Slawecki CJ, Khoury A, Mathe AA, Ehlers CL. Effect of social isolation on ethanol consumption and substance P/neurokinin expression in Wistar rats. Alcohol 2005; 36:91-7. [PMID: 16396742 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors, such as adverse life experiences and family/peer influences have a substantial influence on the development of disorders related to alcohol use. In animals, maternal or peer separation/isolation has been used as an environmental intervention that has been shown to alter neurodevelopment and influence drinking behaviors in rodents and primates. In this study, the effects of adult peer isolation on subsequent ethanol intake were investigated in Wistar rats. Because central tachykinin levels have been reported to differ between rats selected for enhanced ethanol preference, neuropeptide [neurokinin A (NKA), substance P (SP)] concentrations were also estimated. Lower levels of ethanol intake, in a two-bottle free-choice model, were observed on the first day of forced ethanol drinking in the single-housed animals. However, overall ethanol consumption was unaffected by peer isolation. Peer isolation significantly lowered SP and NKA levels in the hypothalamus, but this effect was not related to ethanol consumption or body weight. These data indicate that endogenous SP and neurokinin levels are reduced by isolation housing, but this was not associated with alterations in drinking levels using a two-bottle choice procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Thorsell
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuropharmacology (CVN-14), 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Swiatkowski K, Dellamano LM, Vissing J, Rybicki KJ, Kozlowski GP, Iwamoto GA. Differential effects from parapyramidal region and rostral ventrolateral medulla mediated by substance P. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:R1120-9. [PMID: 10516253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.4.r1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) and parapyramidal region (PPr) serve as important medullary control sites for sympathoexcitation. rVLM and PPr have direct projections to the intermediolateral cell column (IML) that are thought to be important in maintaining mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Substance P (SP) is found in PPr neurons and in and near the subretrofacial area of the rVLM. At least some of these cells project to the IML. We investigated the involvement of SP at the IML in mediating rVLM- and PPr-evoked pressor responses in the chloralose-anesthetized cat. Pressor responses to electrical and chemical PPr and rVLM stimulation were altered after intrathecal injection, at the level of the T1-T3 spinal cord, of either SP antagonist [D-Pro(2), D-Phe(7), D-Trp(9)]-SP, SP antagonist CP 96,345, or SP antiserum. Although MAP and heart rate responses to PPr stimulation were attenuated by intrathecal SP antagonists or antiserum, MAP responses to rVLM stimulation were augmented. Previous studies have revealed differences in transmitters associated with these two areas, even though the general response of both areas is sympathoexcitatory. The present study implies that the identical substance may increase or decrease the MAP response depending on the pathway activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Swiatkowski
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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4
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Uddin S, Kirsteins L, LaPaglia N, Emanuele NV, Lawrence AM, Kelley MR, Emanuele MA. Failure of ethanol metabolites to alter gonadotropin secretion or luteinizing hormone synthesis in vitro. Endocr Res 1995; 21:653-70. [PMID: 7588434 DOI: 10.1080/07435809509030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The impact of ethanol on the male reproductive axis are multiple and varied, with both gonadal and control hypothalamic-pituitary pertubations being reported. There appears to be a discrepancy, however, between the in vivo and in vitro effects of ethanol on hypothalamic luteinizing hormones releasing hormone (LHRH) and the pituitary gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). While in vivo data suggests a decrease in LHRH release after EtOH, in vitro studies find no effect on secretion. Similarly, in vivo acute EtOH profoundly diminishes LH synthesis and secretion, while in vitro impaired release with no alteration in the transcription of beta LH has been found. A potential exploration for these discrept results could be the in vivo metabolism of EtOH into acetaldehyde and acetate, or the subsequent formation of salsolinol, a product of acetate combining with dopamine. To test this possibility, a series of in vitro experiments were conducted exposing dispensed anterior pituitary cells from male rats to different doses of acetaldehyde, acetate or salsolinol for varying amounts of time for which gonadotropin secretion and beta LH mRNA levels were assessed. The results demonstrated no effect of either acetaldehyde or acetate on basal or LHRH stimulated LH release, FSH release or steady-state beta LH mRNA levels. These data suggest that the metabolites of EtOH, which occur in vivo but not in vitro, are not responsible for the discrepant gonadotropin changes reported between the in vivo and in vitro setting. Other potential mechanisms to explain this phenomenon include differences in the molarity of EtOH, hyperprolactinemia and suprapituitary influences including hypothalamic LHRH, catecholamines, excitatory amino acids, substance P and beta endorphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uddin
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Madeira
- Department of Anatomy, Porto Medical School, Portugal
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6
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Abstract
Our previous reports of major sex differences in the substance P-immunoreactive (SPir) innervation of the medial posterior divisions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and medial nucleus of the amygdala in rats raised the question of the hormonal regulation of this innervation. We now report the results of two experiments which examined the effects of castration of adult males on the SPir innervation of these regions. In experiment 2 we asked whether castration might also alter the cytoarchitecture of these regions. In experiment 1 three groups; sham operated (Sham), castrated (C) and castrated plus testosterone (C+T) were examined at each of the three survival periods (2, 4 and 8 weeks) post castration. Animals of the C+T groups each received a 45 mm silastic implant of testosterone sc at the time of castration to maintain testosterone levels postoperatively. Castration produced a consistent and highly significant decrease in the area of dense SPir fiber staining in the posterior medial amygdala which became greater with increasing survival. By 8 weeks the area of staining was 42% smaller in group C as compared to the matched sham-operated group. Smaller decreases were seen in the size of the dense field of SPir fibers in the posterior part of the dorsomedial BST. Testosterone implants maintained the size of the SPir fields of fibers in both the medial amygdala and BST, as the areas of staining in the C+T groups were not significantly different from those in the Sham groups at any of the 3 survival times. In experiment 2 we measured the area and optical density of SPir fiber staining in the medial amygdala and medial BST at 8 weeks post-castration. In addition, we measured the size of the cell groups within these regions using cresyl-stained sections. As in experiment 1, at 8 wks following castration there was a marked decrease in the area of dense SPir staining in both the BST and medial amygdala. The sizes of the dense fields of fibers were reduced by approximately 23% in the BST and by 40% in the posterior medial amygdala. Castration also significantly reduced the optical density of staining within the medial amygdala. The major finding of experiment 2 is that castration affects the cytoarchitecture as well as the SPir staining in these areas. In the BST, the cell group BSTMPM receives most of the dense SPir innervation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Malsbury
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Akesson TR. Androgen concentration by a sexually dimorphic population of tachykinin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat ventral premammillary nucleus. Brain Res 1993; 608:319-23. [PMID: 8495366 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Strong connections with sexually dimorphic nuclei suggest that the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv) may be involved in the mediation of reproductive behavior. Steroid autoradiography and immunohistochemistry were used to show that: (1) there is a sex difference in the numbers of PMv neurons that contain tachykinin peptides, (ii) dihydrotestosterone concentrating cells are densely distribution in the PMv and about a quarter of these also contain immunoreactive tachykinin and, (iii) size of the immunoreactive tachykinin population does not respond to alterations in levels of gonadal steroids in adulthood. Thus the PMv appears to make a contribution to the regulation of sexual behavior through androgen-concentrating, tachykinin-containing pathways that are anatomically distinct from estrogen receptive circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Akesson
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
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Swann JM, Newman SW. Testosterone regulates substance P within neurons of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial preoptic area of the male golden hamster. Brain Res 1992; 590:18-28. [PMID: 1384930 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91077-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The medial nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial preoptic area appear to mediate steroidal regulation of mating behavior in male rodents. The mechanism of action has not been determined. One way testosterone could enhance neuronal function is by increasing neurotransmitter levels, thus altering neuronal transmission. To assess this hypothesis, we examined the effect of castration and testosterone treatment on substance P levels in the neurons of these three brain regions. Brains from male Syrian hamsters that were (1) gonadally intact, (2) castrated for 13 weeks, or (3) castrated for 9 weeks and treated with testosterone for 4 weeks, were processed for substance P, and the numbers of substance P immunoreactive neurons in the medial nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial preoptic area were determined. Castration reduced the number of substance P neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area relative to those in intact hamsters; the number of substance P neurons in these regions was restored by testosterone treatment. Castration did not reduce the number of substance P neurons in the medial nucleus of the amygdala; however, testosterone treatment increased the numbers of these neurons when compared to intacts. Thus, testosterone regulates substance P levels in areas that regulate mating behavior. As substance P enhances male copulatory behavior our results suggest that testosterone may regulate copulatory behavior by enhancing substance P levels in medial nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Swann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, Newark, NJ 07202
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Swann JM, Macchione N. Photoperiodic regulation of substance P immunoreactivity in the mating behavior pathway of the male golden hamster. Brain Res 1992; 590:29-38. [PMID: 1384933 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91078-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mating behavior in the male golden hamster is regulated by both gonadal steroids and photoperiod. Gonadal steroids may regulate mating behavior by actions on the medial nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial preoptic area. Neurons in these areas actively accumulate gonadal steroids and lesions of these nuclei disrupt mating behavior in male hamsters. Photoperiodic regulation of mating behavior is regulated, at least in part, by decreased responsiveness to gonadal steroids. Therefore, we sought to determine if the changes induced by changes in gonadal steroids would mimic those induced by changes in photoperiod. The number of substance P-containing neurons in these areas decrease following castration and are restored with testosterone treatment suggesting that this peptide may mediate steroidal regulation of male mating behavior. To determine the effect of photoperiod on substance P, peptide containing neurons were counted in (1) enucleates (n = 6), (2) enucleated castrates treated with testosterone (n = 6), (3) castrates treated with testosterone (n = 4), and (4) intact controls (n = 6). Bilateral enucleation caused a decrease in the number of substance P neurons in the medial nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial preoptic area (P less than 0.05). Testosterone treatment prevented this decrease (P less than 0.05). Thus, a decrease in daylength causes a decrease in substance P in the medial nucleus of the amygdala, the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial preoptic area that is mediated by changes in testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Swann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, Newark, NJ 07102
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10
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Tobet SA, Fox TO. Sex Differences in Neuronal Morphology Influenced Hormonally throughout Life. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-2453-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Seilicovich A, Duvilanski B, Debeljuk L, Lasaga M, Pisera D, Afione S, Traktenberg R, Diaz MC. Possible role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the hyperprolactinemia induced by ethanol. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1991; 33:39-44. [PMID: 2047543 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(91)90013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the blockade of endogenous VIP by injecting a specific rabbit anti-VIP serum (A-VIP) was studied in rats receiving an acute injection of ethanol. A-VIP administration decreased serum prolactin levels and reduced the hyperprolactinemia induced by ethanol. We also investigated the effect of the acute administration of ethanol on the concentration and release of VIP from the mediobasal hypothalamus. Ethanol decreased VIP concentration in the mediobasal hypothalamus, whereas it stimulated the in vitro K(+)-evoked release of VIP from this tissue. Conversely, ethanol increased VIP concentration in the anterior pituitary gland. The data indicate that VIP may be involved in the pituitary response to ethanol. The increased anterior pituitary VIP after ethanol may be due to an augmented release from the mediobasal hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seilicovich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Seilicovich A, Duvilanski BH, Debeljuk L, Lasaga M, Afione S, Pisera D, Traktenberg R, Díaz MC. Ethanol-related changes in substance P in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1990; 31:93-100. [PMID: 1702551 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(90)90112-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the administration of a rabbit anti-substance P serum (ASPS) was studied in rats receiving an acute injection of ethanol. ASPS lowered serum prolactin levels and reduced the hyperprolactinemia induced by ethanol. ASPS also decreased LH serum levels in both saline- and ethanol-treated rats. The effect of ethanol on the concentration of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) in the mediobasal hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland was also investigated. Ethanol reduced SP-LI in the mediobasal hypothalamus but increased it in the anterior pituitary gland. The presence of ethanol (50 mM) did not affect the K(+)-evoked release of SP-LI from either mediobasal hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gland, though it increased the SP-LI concentration remaining in this gland. These results indicate that ethanol increases the content of SP-LI in the anterior pituitary gland and suggest that substance P may be involved in the prolactin release induced by the acute administration of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seilicovich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Emanuele MA, Tentler J, Reda D, Kirsteins L, Emanuele NV, Lawrence AM. The effect of in vitro ethanol exposure on LHRH release from perifused rat hypothalami. Endocr Res 1990; 16:313-21. [PMID: 2292236 DOI: 10.1080/07435809009033008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A variety of indirect data suggest that the luteinizing hormone (LH) lowering effects of ethanol (ETOH) are mediated at a hypothalamic level decreasing the synthesis and/or release of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). Little direct data support this concept, however. The current study was, therefore, designed utilizing a perifusion system with frequent sampling for LHRH with and without ethanol added to determine if ethanol had a direct effect on basal or stimulated LHRH release. A variety of secretagogues, including dopamine, norepinephrine, naloxone, prostaglandin E2, and a high dose of potassium were utilized. Ethanol at a dose of 300 mg% did not alter either basal or secretagogue-stimulated LHRH release from the hypothalami of ethanol-naive male rats. Thus, ethanol did not appear to have a direct effect on LHRH in this system. Alterations in LHRH release by ethanol may occur at a suprahypothalamic level, involving neurotransmitter-LHRH interactions. Alternatively, the well-described lowering effect of ethanol on LH may be secondary to a direct pituitary locus of action, or involve a metabolic breakdown product of ethanol rather than ethanol itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Emanuele
- Research Service, VA Hines Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141
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Malsbury CW, McKay K. Sex difference in the substance P-immunoreactive innervation of the medial nucleus of the amygdala. Brain Res Bull 1989; 23:561-7. [PMID: 2482114 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(89)90201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Discrete fields of substance P-immunoreactive fibers are present within the posterior dorsal division of the medial nucleus of the amygdala and the posterior medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in adult male and female rats. We previously reported a sex difference in the extent of this innervation of the bed nucleus. In the present study, we have replicated our earlier finding and found an equally dramatic sex difference in the amygdala. Morphometry revealed that the areas of dense staining in both the medial amygdala and the medial bed nucleus were more than twice as large in male brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Malsbury
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Dornan WA, Malsbury CW. Peptidergic control of male rat sexual behavior: the effects of intracerebral injections of substance P and cholecystokinin. Physiol Behav 1989; 46:547-56. [PMID: 2482982 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral experiments examined the roles of substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) in male rat copulatory behavior. Male copulatory behavior was recorded subsequent to injections of different doses of CCK and SP into the medial preoptic-anterior-hypothalamic area (MPOA-AH), caudate/putamen (CP), or the lateral ventricles (LV) in sexually experienced male rats. In the first experiment, three different doses of SP (10, 100, and 200 ng/cannula) injected bilaterally into the MPOA-AH produced marked changes in several components of male copulatory behavior. Latencies were most affected. All three doses significantly shortened the interval to initiate copulation, and the 10 and 100 ng, but not 200 ng dose also significantly reduced ejaculation latencies. Injections of 10 ng of SP into the CP did not affect sexual behavior, while injections into the LV produced changes different from those of MPOA-AH injections. These data argue for some degree of site specificity of the effects of the MPOA-AH injections. Bilateral injections of 10 ng of SP into the MPOA-AH, were incapable of inducing copulatory behavior in castrated rats deprived of testosterone. Injections of an undiluted SP antiserum (2 microliters/cannula) into the MPOA-AH produced a dramatic impairment of male copulatory behavior. These injections significantly lengthened amount, intromission, and ejaculation latencies, while having no effect on the number of mounts or intromissions prior to ejaculation. In contrast, bilateral injections of CCK-8 (10, 100, and 200 ng/cannula) into the MPOA-AH failed to affect any parameter of male copulatory behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Dornan
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington 61702
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Dornan WA, Bloch GJ, Priest CA, Micevych PE. Microinjection of cholecystokinin into the medial preoptic nucleus facilitates lordosis behavior in the female rat. Physiol Behav 1989; 45:969-74. [PMID: 2780882 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on lordosis behavior when administered into the medial preoptic area or the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of ovariectomized estrogen-primed female rats. The frequency of lordotic responses was measured subsequent to unilateral microinjections of sulphated octapeptide CCK (sCCK-8) into the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) or the NAcc. In the first experiment, three doses of sCCK-8 (1, 5, and 50 ng) microinjected into the MPN, and 50 ng injected into the NAcc produced a marked facilitation of lordosis. In a separate experiment, unilateral injections of an undiluted sCCK-8 antiserum into the MPN produced significant reduction in lordosis behavior in highly receptive females when compared with a normal rabbit serum injected control group. The results of the present study indicate that the CCK innervation of the MPN is involved in the neural regulation of lordosis behavior in the female rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Dornan
- Department of Anatomy, U.C.L.A. School of Medicine 90024
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17
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Abstract
Evidence is rapidly accumulating that a number of neuropeptides are involved in the central control of male sexual behavior. This is consistent with their neuroanatomical distribution, i.e., in CNS loci previously implicated in the control of this behavior such as the medial preoptic area, and with recent findings that the peptide content of some of these regions is regulated by testosterone or its metabolites. Most of the work has been done using rats, but relevant human studies have been included whenever such material has been available. At this point there are relatively few studies which directly demonstrate the involvement of peptides in this behavior. Inhibitory and facilitatory actions, however, have been demonstrated following injections of peptides, peptide antisera, or antagonists into the CNS of male rats. Significant new developments include demonstrations that injections of substance P and A-MSH directly into the medial preoptic area can facilitate this behavior, while ventricular injection of an oxytocin antagonist can produce a powerful inhibition. The emerging picture is that GnRH, oxytocin, A-MSH and substance P stimulate, while CRF, beta-endorphin, prolactin, and neuropeptide Y are inhibitory. The inhibitory peptides CRF, beta-endorphin and prolactin are related, as they are released in response to stress. This may be relevant to the low level of sexual motivation in some depressed men. Questions concerning sites of action and mechanisms of action which mediate the behavioral effects which have been demonstrated remain largely unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Dornan
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington 61702
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18
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Yamano M, Hillyard CJ, Girgis S, MacIntyre I, Emson PC, Tohyama M. Presence of a substance P-like immunoreactive neurone system from the parabrachial area to the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat with reference to coexistence with calcitonin gene-related peptide. Brain Res 1988; 451:179-88. [PMID: 2472188 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An ascending neurone system containing substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPI) from the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL) to the central amygdaloid nucleus (AC) was detected. Destruction of the external subdivision of the PBL resulted in a marked ipsilateral reduction of SPI fibres in the AC, which suggests that SPI neurones project mainly ipsilaterally to the AC. This was supported by the findings that injection of biotin-wheatgerm agglutinin into the AC labelled many neurones in the ipsilateral external subdivision of the PBL. Simultaneous staining with antiserum showed that some of these neurones contain SP. Immunohistochemical double-staining revealed that almost all of the SPI neurones in the external subdivision of the PBL contained calcitonin gene-related peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamano
- Department of Anatomy II, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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Shinohara Y, Yamano M, Matsuzaki T, Tohyama M. Evidences for the coexistence of substance P, neurotensin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in single neurons of the external subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the rat. Brain Res Bull 1988; 20:257-60. [PMID: 2453258 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(88)90187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical double staining analysis revealed that most of the substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the external subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the rat contained neurotensin. Immunohistochemical staining of alternate consecutive sections showed that many of these neurons also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shinohara
- Department of Anatomy II, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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Akesson TR, Micevych PE. Evidence for an absence of estrogen-concentration by CCK-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the female rat. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1988; 19:3-16. [PMID: 3346653 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480190103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), widely distributed in the rat hypothalamus and limbic system, is subject to both organizational and activational influences of steroid hormones. Sex differences in numbers of CCK-immunoreactive elements have been demonstrated in sexually dimorphic structures such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic nucleus, and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Steroid activation of CCK has been indicated by findings that hypothalamic CCK levels and binding capacity vary over the estrous cycle. These studies, in combination with evidence of CCK mediation of sexually differentiated functions, prompted us to test for estrogen concentration among CCK-containing cells of the female rat hypothalamus by combining the techniques of immunohistochemistry and autoradiography. A method employing 2-week ovariectomies and perfusion fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde was compatible with the localization of both estrogen-accumulating and CCK-immunoreactive cell bodies. The maintenance of numbers of CCK-positive cells after gonadectomy suggested that expression of this peptide may not be directly regulated by ovarian steroids in female rats. This suggestion was substantiated by the finding that, with rare exceptions, CCK-immunoreactive cells did not concentrate estrogen in tissues collected from the anterior-posterior extent of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, and paraventricular nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Akesson
- Department of Anatomy, UCLA School of Medicine
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21
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Simerly RB, Swanson LW. Castration reversibly alters levels of cholecystokinin immunoreactivity within cells of three interconnected sexually dimorphic forebrain nuclei in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:2087-91. [PMID: 3550806 PMCID: PMC304590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.7.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three sexually dimorphic cell groups in the forebrain of the rat--the central part of the medial preoptic nucleus, the encapsulated part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala--are larger in males, contain a high density of gonadal-steroid-concentrating cells, and are thought to play important roles in the control of reproductive behavior and physiology. Since each of these regions contains a large number of cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells, we used an indirect immunohistochemical method to examine the possibility that levels of this peptide are modulated by circulating gonadal steroids in adult male rats. Rats were castrated at 60 days of age, and one group each was pretreated with colchicine and then killed 3, 7, and 14 days after gonadectomy. Castration clearly decreased CCK immunoreactivity within cells of each region, with the most dramatic effects occurring 7 and 14 days after gonadectomy, and these effects were reversed by treatment with testosterone over a 14-day period. The results suggest that CCK levels within individual cells in each of the interconnected sexually dimorphic nuclei examined here are regulated by circulating gonadal steroids and may be related to the hormonal modulation of reproductive functions thought to be mediated by these cell groups.
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Dees WL, Skelley CW, Kozlowski GP. Central effects of an antagonist and an antiserum to substance P on serum gonadotropin and prolactin secretion. Life Sci 1985; 37:1627-31. [PMID: 2414627 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central effects of both an antagonist and an antiserum to substance P (SP) on gonadotropin and prolactin (Prl) secretion were studied in castrated male rats. The lateral ventricular injection (20 micrograms) of an analogue to SP possessing antagonistic properties resulted in significantly suppressed serum LH levels without altering serum FSH and Prl levels when compared with saline-injected control animals. Similarly, the lateral ventricular injection of an antiserum to SP also resulted in significantly suppressed LH levels when compared to control animals injected with normal rabbit serum. Additionally, no changes were observed in the levels of serum FSH and Prl as a result of the anti-SP injection. Thus, although indirect, these results support the hypothesis that SP may have a central stimulatory action on LH secretion, but not FSH and Prl secretion.
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23
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Dees WL, Kozlowski GP. Differential effects of ethanol on luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion in the female rat. Alcohol 1984; 1:429-33. [PMID: 6443069 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(84)90017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (Prl) levels were determined in ovariectomized rats following short-term (3 day) ethanol (ETOH) administration. ETOH was given either as an ETOH-saline solution, or via a liquid diet regimen (Bio-Serve, Inc.). Rats receiving the ETOH-saline solution (3.0 g ETOH/kg) were injected via a permanent gastric cannula every 8 hr for 3 consecutive days, while control animals received injections of saline only. Each animal receiving the liquid diet regimen was provided with 40 ml of the ETOH or the isocaloric control diet ad lib during the lights-off period, followed by 40 ml of the respective diet via the gastric cannula (4 injections of 10 ml each) equally divided over the lights-on period. Additional control animals were cannulated and maintained on Lab Chow and water, but were left untreated. Both groups of ETOH-treated rats had significantly lower serum LH levels with significantly higher Prl levels when compared to values in their respective control animals. By contrast, ETOH failed to alter FSH levels. These data indicate that ETOH can differentially affect LH, FSH, and Prl secretion following short-term ETOH exposure. The dissociation observed between LH and FSH secretion following ETOH supports the hypothesis that there are separate hypothalamic control mechanisms for LH and FSH secretion.
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