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Yeung ML, Teng JLL, Jia L, Zhang C, Huang C, Cai JP, Zhou R, Chan KH, Zhao H, Zhu L, Siu KL, Fung SY, Yung S, Chan TM, To KKW, Chan JFW, Cai Z, Lau SKP, Chen Z, Jin DY, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Soluble ACE2-mediated cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with proteins related to the renin-angiotensin system. Cell 2021; 184:2212-2228.e12. [PMID: 33713620 PMCID: PMC7923941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause acute respiratory disease and multiorgan failure. Finding human host factors that are essential for SARS-CoV-2 infection could facilitate the formulation of treatment strategies. Using a human kidney cell line-HK-2-that is highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen and identified virus dependency factors (VDFs), which play regulatory roles in biological pathways linked to clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found a role for a secretory form of SARS-CoV-2 receptor, soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (sACE2), in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further investigation revealed that SARS-CoV-2 exploits receptor-mediated endocytosis through interaction between its spike with sACE2 or sACE2-vasopressin via AT1 or AVPR1B, respectively. Our identification of VDFs and the regulatory effect of sACE2 on SARS-CoV-2 infection shed insight into pathogenesis and cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 as well as potential treatment strategies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Lung Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Jade Lee Lee Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lilong Jia
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chaoyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chengxi Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Runhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kam-Leung Siu
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sin-Yee Fung
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Susanna Kar Pui Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Patrick Chiu Yat Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Urwyler SA, Schuetz P, Ebrahimi F, Donath MY, Christ-Crain M. Interleukin-1 Antagonism Decreases Cortisol Levels in Obese Individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1712-1718. [PMID: 28324042 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increased cortisol levels in obesity may contribute to the associated metabolic syndrome. In obesity, the activated innate immune system leads to increased interleukin (IL)-1β, which is known to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that in obesity IL-1 antagonism would result in downregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to decreased cortisol levels. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS In this prospective intervention study, we included 73 patients with obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) and at least one additional feature of the metabolic syndrome. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was change in morning cortisol from baseline to after the administration of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra/Kineret®, total dose 3 × 100 mg). Secondary end points were effects on salivary cortisol and ACTH. RESULTS Median age was 56 years, 50.7% of patients were female, and median BMI was 36.3 kg/m2. Median morning serum cortisol levels (nmol/L) decreased significantly after IL-1 antagonism [from baseline, 452 to 423; absolute difference, -38.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), -64 to -13.4; P = 0.0019]. Similar effects were found for salivary cortisol levels (-2.8; 95% CI, -4.4 to -1.3; P = 0.0007), ACTH levels (-2.2; 95% CI; -4.2 to -0.1; P = 0.038), systolic blood pressure (-5.2, 95% CI, -8.5 to -1.8; P = 0.0006), and heart rate (-2.9; 95% CI, -4.7 to -1.0; P = 0.0029). CONCLUSION IL-1 antagonism in obese individuals with features of the metabolic syndrome leads to a decrease in serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and ACTH levels along with a reduction in systolic blood pressure and heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Andrea Urwyler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schuetz
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Fahim Ebrahimi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Kohan DE, Rossi NF, Inscho EW, Pollock DM. Regulation of blood pressure and salt homeostasis by endothelin. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1-77. [PMID: 21248162 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00060.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET) peptides and their receptors are intimately involved in the physiological control of systemic blood pressure and body Na homeostasis, exerting these effects through alterations in a host of circulating and local factors. Hormonal systems affected by ET include natriuretic peptides, aldosterone, catecholamines, and angiotensin. ET also directly regulates cardiac output, central and peripheral nervous system activity, renal Na and water excretion, systemic vascular resistance, and venous capacitance. ET regulation of these systems is often complex, sometimes involving opposing actions depending on which receptor isoform is activated, which cells are affected, and what other prevailing factors exist. A detailed understanding of this system is important; disordered regulation of the ET system is strongly associated with hypertension and dysregulated extracellular fluid volume homeostasis. In addition, ET receptor antagonists are being increasingly used for the treatment of a variety of diseases; while demonstrating benefit, these agents also have adverse effects on fluid retention that may substantially limit their clinical utility. This review provides a detailed analysis of how the ET system is involved in the control of blood pressure and Na homeostasis, focusing primarily on physiological regulation with some discussion of the role of the ET system in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Endothelin-1 as a neuropeptide: neurotransmitter or neurovascular effects? J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 4:51-62. [PMID: 19847673 PMCID: PMC2821480 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an endothelium-derived peptide that also possesses potent mitogenic activity. There is also a suggestion the ET-1 is a neuropeptide, based mainly on its histological identification in both the central and peripheral nervous system in a number of species, including man. A neuropeptide role for ET-1 is supported by studies showing a variety of effects caused following its administration into different regions of the brain and by application to peripheral nerves. In addition there are studies proposing that ET-1 is implicated in a number of neural circuits where its transmitter affects range from a role in pain and temperature control to its action on the hypothalamo-neurosecretory system. While the effect of ET-1 on nerve tissue is beyond doubt, its action on nerve blood flow is often ignored. Here, we review data generated in a number of species and using a variety of experimental models. Studies range from those showing the distribution of ET-1 and its receptors in nerve tissue to those describing numerous neurally-mediated effects of ET-1.
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Juan CC, Au LC, Yang FY, Yang DM, Ho LT. An endothelin type A receptor-expressing cell to characterize endothelin-1 binding and screen antagonist. Anal Biochem 2008; 379:27-31. [PMID: 18457650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induces contraction of vascular smooth muscle through binding to endothelin type A receptor (ET(A)R). COS-7 cells stably expressing high levels of the ET(A)R were established (designated COS-7(ET(A)R)). The COS-7(ET(A)R) cell bound [(125)I]ET-1 with a K(d) of 932+/-161 pM and a B(max) of 74+/-13 fmol/2x10(5) cells. [(125)I]ET-1 binding was inhibited by ET-1 and the ET(A)R antagonist BQ-610, but not by the endothelin type B receptor (ET(B)R) antagonist BQ-788. In clones expressing two ET(A)R mutants containing D46N or R53Q substitutions in the first extracellular domain of the receptor, [(125)I]ET-1 binding activity was dramatically reduced. This suggests that these single amino acid substitutions alter the three-dimensional structure of the ligand-binding domain of the ET(A)R. Using COS-7(ET(A)R) cell, we showed that Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) was essential for ET-1 binding to the ET(A)R and that ET-1 treatment induced postreceptor signaling, that is, intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca(2+) mobilization. The COS-7(ET(A)R) established in this study will be a useful tool for screening ET-1 antagonists for treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chang Juan
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 coexists with endothelin-1 and modulates its mRNA expression and release in rat paraventricular nucleus during hypoxia. Neuroscience 2008; 152:1006-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rossi NF, Beierwaltes WH. Nitric oxide modulation of ETB receptor-induced vasopressin release by rat and mouse hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explants. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R1208-15. [PMID: 16357097 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00701.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin (ET) peptides stimulate vasopressin (AVP) secretion via ETB receptors at hypothalamic loci. Nitric oxide modulates the actions of ET in the cardiovascular system and also influences neurotransmission and specifically suppresses firing of magnocellular neurons. The purpose of these studies was to ascertain whether nitric oxide, generated in response to ETB receptor stimulation, buffers the stimulatory effect of ET and suppresses AVP release. Studies were performed using a pharmacological approach in hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explants from rats, and an alternative strategy using explants from mice with an inactivating mutation of neuronal NOS (nNOS−/−) and their wild-type parent strain. Whole explants in standard culture or only the hypothalamus of compartmentalized explants was exposed to the ETB selective agonist, IRL 1620 (10−13 to 10−8 M). Rat and wild-type mouse explants displayed similar responses, although absolute basal release rates were higher from murine explants. Maximal AVP release at 0.1 nM IRL 1620 was 311 ± 63 (rat) and 422 ± 112% basal·explant−1·h−1 (mouse). Sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.1 mM) suppressed maximal AVP release to basal values. Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 0.1 μM), which did not itself stimulate AVP secretion, more than doubled the response to 1 pM IRL 1620, from 136 ± 28 to 295 ± 49% basal·explant−1·h−1 ( P < 0.05) by rat explants. Explants from wild-type mice responded similarly. Explants from nNOS−/− mice had higher basal AVP secretory rate in response to 1 pM IRL 1620: 271 ± 48 compared with 150 ± 24% basal·explant−1·h−1 ( P < 0.05) from wild-type murine explants. In the nNOS−/−, SNP suppressed stimulated release, and l-NAME exerted no additional stimulatory effect: 243 ± 38% basal·explant−1·h−1. Thus nitric oxide inhibits the AVP secretory response induced by ETB receptor activation within the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system and is generated primarily by the nNOS isoform. The modulation of AVP secretion by ET and also nitric oxide can take place independently from their effects on cerebral blood flow, systemic hemodynamics, or the arterial baroreflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen F Rossi
- Dept. of Medicine, Wayne State Univ. School of Medicine and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4160 John R #908, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Fabricio ASC, Rae GA, Zampronio AR, D'Orléans-Juste P, Souza GEP. Central endothelin ETBreceptors mediate IL-1-dependent fever induced by preformed pyrogenic factor and corticotropin-releasing factor in the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R164-71. [PMID: 16123229 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00337.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of central endothelin ETBreceptors inhibits fever induced by LPS in conscious rats. The contribution of ETBreceptor-mediated mechanisms to fever triggered by intracerebroventricular IL-6, PGE2, PGF2α, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and preformed pyrogenic factor derived from LPS-stimulated macrophages (PFPF) was examined. The influence of natural IL-1 receptor antagonist or soluble TNF receptor I on endothelin (ET)-1-induced fever was also assessed. The selective ETBreceptor antagonist BQ-788 (3 pmol icv) abolished fever induced by intracerebroventricular ET-1 (1 pmol) or PFPF (200 ng) and reduced that caused by ICV CRF (1 nmol) but not by IL-6 (14.6 pmol), PGE2(1.4 nmol), or PGF2α(2 nmol). CRF-induced fever was also attenuated by bosentan (dual ETA/ETBreceptor antagonist; 10 mg/kg iv) but unaffected by BQ-123 (selective ETAreceptor antagonist; 3 pmol icv). α-Helical CRF9–41(dual CRF1/CRF2receptor antagonist; 6.5 nmol icv) attenuated fever induced by CRF but not by ET-1. Human IL-1 receptor antagonist (9.1 pmol) markedly reduced fever to IL-1β (180 fmol) or ET-1 and attenuated that caused by PFPF or CRF. Murine soluble TNF receptor I (23.8 pmol) reduced fever to TNF-α (14.7 pmol) but not to ET-1. The results of the present study suggest that PFPF and CRF recruit the brain ET system to cause ETBreceptor-mediated IL-1-dependent fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline S C Fabricio
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n-Campus USP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) affects glucose uptake in adipocytes and may play an important role in adipose physiology. One of the principal functions of adipose tissue is the provision of energy substrate through lipolysis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ET-1 on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. When glycerol release in the culture medium was measured as an index of lipolysis, the results showed that ET-1 caused a significant increase that was time and dose dependent. With a concentration of 10 nM ET-1, stimulation of glycerol release plateaued after 4 h of exposure. This effect was inhibited by the ETA receptor antagonist BQ-610 (10 microM) but not by the ETB receptor antagonist BQ-788 (10 microM). To further explore the underlying mechanisms of ET-1 action, we examined the involvement of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A-mediated, phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated, protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated, phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI 3)-kinase-mediated, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated pathways. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activation by SQ-22536 (100 microM) did not block ET-1-induced lipolysis. Pretreatment of adipocytes with the PLA2 inhibitor dexamethasone (100 nM), the PKC inhibitor H-7 (6 microM), or the PI 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin (100 nM) also had no effect. ET-1-induced lipolysis was blocked by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation using PD-98059 (75 microM), whereas a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB-203580; 20 microM) had no effect. Results of Western blot further demonstrated that ET-1 induced ERK phosphorylation. These data show that ET-1 induces lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a pathway that is different from the conventional cAMP-dependent pathway used by isoproterenol and that involves ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chang Juan
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming Univ., No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Taipei, Taiwan.
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Mukherjee AB, Loesch A. Co-localisation of nitric oxide synthase and endothelin in the rat supraoptic nucleus. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2002; 34:181-7. [PMID: 12495225 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020950700078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The co-localisation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 was studied in the rat supraoptic nucleus at the electron microscopy level. Double pre-embedding immunocytochemistry was performed using ExtrAvidin-horseradish peroxidase and immunogold-silver techniques. Immunoreactivities to neuronal nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 were co-localised in sub-populations of endocrine neurones (cell bodies) and dendrites. Double-labelled axon terminals making asymmetrical synapses on unlabelled dendrites were also observed. The findings are discussed in terms of the possible role and significance of nitric oxide and endothlin-1 in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Mukherjee
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Centre for Neuroscience, University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT, UK
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Roth-Isigkeit A, Dibbelt L, Eichler W, Schumacher J, Schmucker P. Blood levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, endothelin, cortisol and ACTH in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. J Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24:777-85. [PMID: 11765047 DOI: 10.1007/bf03343927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated a biphasic time course with post-operative dissociation of blood levels of cortisol and ACTH in patients undergoing major surgery and critically ill patients. A possible role of endothelin and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the dissociation of concentrations of cortisol and ACTH in critically ill patients has been suggested. In the present study, we investigated the perioperative course of blood levels of endothelin, ANP, ACTH, and cortisol in 13 male patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB): group 1 consisted of 7 patients with an uneventful perioperative period and group 2 consisted of 6 patients with perioperative complications. Blood samples were taken pre-[T1], intra-[T2], post-operatively (on the day of surgery) [T3], as well as on the first [T4] and second [T5] post-operative days. Blood samples of endothelin, ANP, cortisol, and ACTH were measured using commercially available immunoassays. Perioperatively, a biphasic time course with post-operative dissociation of ACTH and cortisol concentrations was observed in all patients studied. Intraoperatively, during CPB, the highest levels of endothelin were found. Perioperatively, ANP and endothelin levels were elevated compared to pre-operative values up to the second post-operative day. On the second post-operative day, ANP concentrations were significantly higher in patients with complications in the perioperative period compared to those with an uneventful perioperative period. Our results suggest that: 1) plasma levels of ANP increased in patients with perioperative complications; 2) plasma levels of ANP may have prognostic value for patients undergoing cardiac surgery; and 3) the dissociation of ACTH and cortisol cannot solely be explained by the increase in endothelin-1 and ANP concentrations observed in patients undergoing major surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roth-Isigkeit
- Department of Anesthesia, Medical University of Luebeck, Germany.
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Abstract
The endothelin system consists of two G-protein-coupled receptors, three peptide ligands, and two activating peptidases. Its pharmacological complexity is reflected by the diverse expression pattern of endothelin system components, which have a variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles. In the vessels, the endothelin system has a basal vasoconstricting role and participates in the development of diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. In the heart, the endothelin system affects inotropy and chronotropy, and it mediates cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in congestive heart failure. In the lungs, the endothelin system regulates the tone of airways and blood vessels, and it is involved in the development of pulmonary hypertension. In the kidney, it controls water and sodium excretion and acid-base balance, and it participates in acute and chronic renal failure. In the brain, the endothelin system modulates cardiorespiratory centers and the release of hormones. More advanced functional analysis of the endothelin system awaits not only additional pharmacological studies using highly specific endothelin antagonists but also the generation of genetically altered rodent models with conditional loss-of-function and gain-of-function manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kedzierski
- Department of Molecular Genetics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9050, USA.
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Abstract
Endothelins and endothelin receptors are widespread in the brain. There is increasing evidence that endothelins play a role in brain mechanisms associated with behaviour and neuroendocrine regulation as well as cardiovascular control. We review the evidence for an interaction of endothelin with brain dopaminergic mechanisms. Our work has shown that particularly endothelin-1 and ET(B) receptors are present at significant levels in typical brain dopaminergic regions such as the striatum. Moreover, lesion studies showed that ET(B) receptors are present on dopaminergic neuronal terminals in striatum and studies with local administration of endothelins into the ventral striatum showed that activation of these receptors causes dopamine release, as measured both with in vivo voltammetry and behavioural methods. While several previous studies have focussed on the possible role of very high levels of endothelins in ischemic and pathological mechanisms in the brain, possibly mediated by ET(A) receptors, we propose that physiological levels of these peptides play an important role in normal brain function, at least partly by interacting with dopamine release through ET(B) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van den Buuse
- Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Chapter IV Brain endothelin and natriuretic peptide receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(00)80006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Guzek JW, Lewandowska A, Stempniak B. Endothelin-1 and the release of neurohypophysial hormones under dehydration or haemorrhage. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4680(98)00033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Raab C, Weidmann E, Schmidt A, Bergmann L, Badenhoop K, Usadel KH, Haak T. The effects of interleukin-2 treatment on endothelin and the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999; 50:37-44. [PMID: 10341854 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent reports suggest that complex interactions exist between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. It has been shown for example that cytokines are able to stimulate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. In addition, some studies present evidence that endothelin is able to modulate the activity of several hypothalamic-pituitary axes, e.g. by inducing the ACTH production. DESIGN We investigated the effects of interleukin-2 on endothelin levels and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. We determined the interleukin-6, big-endothelin, endothelin-1, ACTH, cortisol and AVP responses to intravenously and subcutaneously administered interleukin-2 in 8 cancer patients in a randomized placebo controlled trial. PATIENTS 8 Patients (2 female and 6 male), age 44 +/- 4.8 years, were enrolled. All patients had a World Health Organization performance status of 1 or less and a Karnofsky Index of at least 80%. MEASUREMENTS Blood-samples were taken before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min after interleukin-2 injection. Cytokine serum levels and the plasma levels of big-endothelin, endothelin, ACTH and AVP were analysed using radioimmuno-assays. Cortisol was assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Interleukin-2 treatment significantly increased plasma big-endothelin levels (P < 0.01 vs basal) and endothelin-1 levels (P < 0.05 vs basal) within two hours and this was followed by an increase in ACTH (P < 0.01 vs basal) and cortisol (P < 0.05 vs basal) within three hours. Interleukin-6 levels increased two hours after interleukin-2 administration (P < 0.01 vs basal). Interleukin-2 had no detectable effect on AVP, blood pressure or heart rate. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that cytokines are able to activate the human hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in vivo. On the basis of the observed time kinetics and in connection with previous findings from in vitro and animal models, we conclude that endothelin may be a link between cytokines and corticotrophin-releasing hormone, most probably functioning as a cytokine-induced neuromodulator controlling pituitary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Raab
- Medical Department I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Malendowicz LK, Belloni AS, Nussdorfer GG, Hochol A, Nowak M. Arginine-vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone are sequentially involved in the endothelin-1-induced acute stimulation of rat pituitary-adrenocortical axis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 66:45-9. [PMID: 9712410 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The acute effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been investigated in the rat. The plasma concentrations of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), ACTH, aldosterone and corticosterone have been measured by RIA 30 and 60 min after ET-1 administration. ET-1 (2.0 nmol kg(-1) raised AVP plasma concentration at both 30 and 60 min. ET-1 did not alter the ACTH plasma level at 30 min, but markedly increased it at 60 min. ACTH response was unaffected by the simultaneous administration of AVP-receptor antagonists (AVP-As) Des-Gly-[Phaa1,D-Tyr(Et)2,Lys6,Arg8]-vasopressin or [Deamino-Pen1,Tyr(Me)2,Arg8]-vasopressin (20 nmol kg(-1), but abolished by the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-receptor antagonist alpha-helical-CRH(9-41) (alpha-CRH, 10 nmol kg(-1). ET-1 evoked significant rises in the blood levels of aldosterone and corticosterone at both 30 and 60 min. AVP-As abrogated the response at 30 min, while alpha-CRH was ineffective. Both AVP-As and alpha-CRH partially reversed adrenocortical secretory response at 60 min. Collectively, these findings confirm that systemically administered ET-1 stimulates rat HPA axis, and provide evidence that the mechanism underlying this effect may involve the sequential activation of AVP and CRH release.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Poznan, Poland
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Malendowicz LK, Nussdorfer GG, Meneghelli V, Nowak M, Markowska A, Majchrzak M. Effects of endothelin-1 on the rat pituitary-adrenocortical axis under basal and stressful conditions. Endocr Res 1997; 23:349-64. [PMID: 9430823 DOI: 10.1080/07435809709031862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endothelins (ETs) and their receptor subtypes A and B (ETA and ETB) are expressed in the various components of the mammalian hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but their involvement in the functional regulation of HPA is controversial. To gain insight into this topic, we have investigated the effects of ET-1 and/or the specific antagonists of ETA and ETB receptors (BQ-123 and BQ-788, respectively) on the plasma concentrations of ACTH, corticosterone and aldosterone of non-stressed (control) and ether- or cold-stressed rats. The study of the effects of the administration of the two ET-receptor antagonists alone could provide informations about the possible action of endogenous ETs on the HPA axis. Exogenous ET-1 increased ACTH, corticosterone and aldosterone blood levels in control rats, as well as evoked a sizable enhancement of the HPA axis response to ether stress and a marked depression of the response to cold stress. BQ-123 and BQ-788 did not prevent the stimulatory effect of exogenous ET-1 in control rats, but when administered alone, raised the plasma concentrations of ACTH, corticosterone and aldosterone. Both ET-receptor antagonists magnified the HPA axis response to ether and cold stresses, but their effect was not counteracted by exogenous ET-1. Although very difficult to interpret, our present findings allow us to conclude that endogenous ETs play a role in the maintenance of the basal activity of rat HPA axis acting through ETA and ETB receptor subtypes, which are partially insensitive to BQ-123 and BQ-788. Conversely, the involvement of ETs in the modulation of the HPA axis responses to various stresses is very doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Poznan, Poland
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Nussdorfer GG, Rossi GP, Belloni AS. The role of endothelins in the paracrine control of the secretion and growth of the adrenal cortex. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 171:267-308. [PMID: 9066130 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Endothelins (ETs) are a family of vasoactive peptides (ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3) mainly secreted by vascular endothelium and widely distributed in the various body systems, where they play major autocrine/paracrine regulatory functions, acting via two subtypes of receptors (ETA and ETB): Adrenal cortex synthesizes and releases ETS and expresses both ETA and ETB. Zona glomerulosa possesses both ETA and ETB, whereas zona fasciculata/reticularis is almost exclusively provided with ETB. ETS exert a strong mineralocorticoid and a less intense glucocorticoid secretagogue action, mainly via ETB receptors. ETS also appear to enhance the growth and steroidogenic capacity of zona glomerulosa and to stimulate its proliferative activity. This trophic action of ETS is likely to be mediated mainly by ETA receptors. The intraadrenal release of ETS undergoes a multiple regulation, with the rise in blood flow rate and the local release of nitric oxide being the main stimulatory factors. Data are also available that indicate that ETS may also have a role in the pathophysiology of primary aldosteronism caused by adrenal adenomas and carcinomas.
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