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Lindholm C, Acheva A, Koivistoinen A, Perälä M, Heinävaara S, Jahns J, Salomaa S, Hildebrandt G. Search for clastogenic factors in the plasma of locally irradiated individuals. Radiat Res 2011; 177:298-306. [PMID: 22165823 DOI: 10.1667/rr2721.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In studies reported in the 1960s and in several investigations since, plasma from irradiated individuals was shown to induce chromosomal aberrations when transferred into normal blood cultures. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the occurrence of these clastogenic factors (CF) using markers representing DNA damage produced in reporter lymphocytes that are treated with plasma from locally exposed individuals. Blood plasma was obtained from clinical patients with benign conditions before and after they had received radiation to small treatment volumes. Three patient groups were studied: (I) marginal resected basal cell carcinoma, (II) painful osteoarthritis of the knee, and (III) painful tendinitis of the elbow or the heel. Patients in each treatment group obtained the same fractionated treatment regimen, ranging from a total dose of 40 Gy (8 × 5 Gy, 2 factions/week) to a very small volume (1-3.5 cm³) in group I to a total dose of 6 Gy (6 × 1 Gy, 2 fractions/week) for groups II and III (treatment volumes 800-1150 cm³ and 80-160 cm³, respectively). The presence of CF in the plasma was investigated through cytogenetic (chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei) assays and kinetics of early DNA damage (γ-H2AX foci) in reporter cells. With the experimental settings applied, local radiation exposure had no apparent effect on the induction of CF in patient plasma; no deviations in chromosomal aberrations or micronucleus or focus induction were observed in reporter cells treated with postexposure plasma with respect to pre-exposure samples when the mean values of the groups were compared. However, there was a large interindividual variation in the plasma-induced DNA-damaging effects. Steroid treatment of patients was demonstrated to be the most influential factor affecting the occurrence of plasma factors; plasma from patients treated with steroids led to significant reductions of γ-H2AX foci and reduced numbers of chromatid aberrations in reporter cells. In addition to the locally exposed patients, newly obtained plasma samples from three radiological accident victims exposed in 1994 were examined. In contrast to the patient data, a significant increase in chromosomal aberrations was induced with plasma from two accident victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lindholm
- STUK, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, 00881 Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Sowa Resat MB, Morgan WF. Radiation-induced genomic instability: a role for secreted soluble factors in communicating the radiation response to non-irradiated cells. J Cell Biochem 2005; 92:1013-9. [PMID: 15258922 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Radiation induced genomic instability can be described as the increased rate of genomic alterations occurring in the progeny of an irradiated cell. Its manifestations are the dynamic ongoing production of chromosomal rearrangements, mutations, gene amplifications, transformation, microsatellite instability, and/or cell killing. In this prospectus, we present the hypothesis that cellular exposure to ionizing radiation can result in the secretion of soluble factors by irradiated cells and/or their progeny, and that these factors can elicit responses in other cells thereby initiating and perpetuating ongoing genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne B Sowa Resat
- Chemistry and Physics of Complex Systems, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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3
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Huang L, Snyder AR, Morgan WF. Radiation-induced genomic instability and its implications for radiation carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2003; 22:5848-54. [PMID: 12947391 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced genomic instability is characterized by an increased rate of genetic alterations including cytogenetic rearrangements, mutations, gene amplifications, transformation and cell death in the progeny of irradiated cells multiple generations after the initial insult. Chromosomal rearrangements are the best-characterized end point of radiation-induced genomic instability, and many of the rearrangements described are similar to those found in human cancers. Chromosome breakage syndromes are defined by chromosome instability, and individuals with these diseases are cancer prone. Consequently, chromosomal instability as a phenotype may underlie some fraction of those changes leading to cancer. Here we attempt to relate current knowledge regarding radiation-induced chromosome instability with the emerging molecular information on the chromosome breakage syndromes. The goal is to understand how genetic and epigenetic factors might influence the onset of chromosome instability and the role of chromosomal instability in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Graduate Program in Human Genetics, University of Maryland, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.
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4
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Morgan WF. Non-targeted and delayed effects of exposure to ionizing radiation: II. Radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects in vivo, clastogenic factors and transgenerational effects. Radiat Res 2003; 159:581-96. [PMID: 12710869 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0581:nadeoe]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence for non-targeted and delayed effects of exposure to ionizing radiation in vivo. Currently, human health risks associated with radiation exposures are based primarily on the assumption that the detrimental effects of radiation occur in irradiated cells. Over the years a number of non-targeted effects of radiation exposure in vivo have been described that challenge this concept. These include radiation-induced genomic instability, bystander effects, clastogenic factors produced in plasma from irradiated individuals that can cause chromosomal damage when cultured with nonirradiated cells, and transgenerational effects of parental irradiation that can manifest in the progeny. These effects pose new challenges to evaluating the risk(s) associated with radiation exposure and understanding radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Morgan
- Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory and Greenebaum Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-5525, USA.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- R Iyer
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
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6
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Lehnert BE, Goodwin EH. A new mechanism for DNA alterations induced by alpha particles such as those emitted by radon and radon progeny. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1997; 105 Suppl 5:1095-101. [PMID: 9400706 PMCID: PMC1470136 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s51095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism(s) by which alpha (alpha) particles like those emitted from inhaled radon and radon progeny cause their carcinogenic effects in the lung remains unclear. Although direct nuclear traversals by alpha-particles may be involved in mediating these outcomes, increasing evidence indicates that a particles can cause alterations in DNA in the absence of direct hits to cell nuclei. Using the occurrence of excessive sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) as an index of DNA damage in human lung fibroblasts, we investigated the hypothesis that alpha-particles may induce DNA damage through the generation of extracellular factors. We have found that a relatively low dose of alpha-particles can result in the generation of extracellular factors, which, upon transfer to unexposed normal human cells, can cause excessive SCE to an extent equivalent to that observed when the cells are directly irradiated with the same irradiation dose. A short-lived, SCE-inducing factor(s) is generated in alpha-irradiated culture medium containing serum in the absence of cells. A more persistent SCE-inducing factor(s), which can survive freeze-thaw and is heat labile is produced by fibroblasts after exposure to the alpha-particles. These results indicate that the initiating target for alpha-particle-induced genetic changes can be larger than a cell's nucleus or even a whole cell. How transmissible factors like those observed here in vitro may extend to the in vivo condition in the context of a-particle-induced carcinogenesis in the respiratory tract remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Lehnert
- Life Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- D D'Souza
- Patna Women's College, Avila Convent, India
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8
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Abstract
Exposure of human lymphocyte cultures to superoxide generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase (X-XO) system, resulted in formation of a clastogenic factor (CF), as expected from previous work. We speculated that arachidonic acid (AA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid of biological membranes, was oxidized via the cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase pathways or nonenzymatically by oxygen free radicals in the culture medium to products with clastogenic properties. In the present study, we analyzed CF for AA-derived products and tested corresponding commercial standards for their clastogenic properties. The results show that prostaglandins, thromboxane, and H(P)ETEs were not increased in supernatants from X-XO treated cultures compared to untreated cultures. Synthetic H(P)ETEs added to the medium of lymphocyte cultures were only slightly or not clastogenic. In contrast hereto, the degradation product 4-hydroxynonenal was found in 50% of CF samples, while it was absent in all 43 control samples. The kinetics of detectability in the culture medium was similar to that of CF. Also, the clastogenic effect of synthetic 4-hydroxynonenal at concentrations as low as 0.1 microM suggested that this aldehyde, known for its genotoxic effects, was a clastogenic component of CF. The indirect action mechanisms of 4-hydroxynonenal via inactivation of functional SH groups in DNA polymerases, may explain why chromatid-type damage is predominant in lymphocytes exposed to CF in the Go-G1 phase of the cell cycle. This particularly was already stressed 20 years ago in the first observations of radiation-induced CF. However, 4-hydroxynonenal is not the only clastogenic component of CF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- I Emerit
- Laboratory of Genetics, CNRS, University Paris VI, France
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9
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Becker Y, Tabor E, Asher Y. Epstein-Barr virus BHRF1 gene but not the cellular protooncogene bcl-2 is expressed in ataxia-telangiectasia lymphoblastoid lines. Virus Genes 1991; 5:33-45. [PMID: 1850186 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of both the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ORF BHRF1 and the cellular protooncogene bcl-2 was studied in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid B cells from patients with the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). Using the Northern blot technique, it was found that the pattern of transcription of the BHRF1 gene in A-T lymphoblastoids resembled that in EBV-transformed normal lymphoblastoid lines and Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lymphocytes. However, the 1.5-kb mature BHRF1 mRNA species present in normal lymphoblastoid cells and in BL cells was not found in the A-T lymphoblastoid cell lines. Treatment of the A-T lymphoblastoid lines with phorbol ester caused changes in the pattern of the synthesis and quantity of BHRF1-related RNA transcripts. The bcl-2 protooncogene probe did not detect bcl-2-related mRNA in the A-T lymphoblastoid lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Becker
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Role of oxygen free radicals in the mutagenic effects of drugs and other xenobiotics (review). Pharm Chem J 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00766539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Lee KH, Abe S, Yanabe Y, Matsuda I, Yoshida MC. Superoxide dismutase activity and chromosome damage in cultured chromosome instability syndrome cells. Mutat Res 1990; 244:251-6. [PMID: 2366819 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(90)90137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The basal levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and chromosome aberration (CA) and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were examined in cultured fibroblasts or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These cells were derived from patients with chromosome instability syndromes (CISs) including Bloom's syndrome (BS), Fanconi's anemia (FA) and ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Embryonal fibroblasts and LCLs from normal subjects served as controls. Although LCLs tended to exhibit a higher SOD level than fibroblasts due to an elevation of Cu/Zn-SOD activity, BS and FA fibroblasts with increased frequencies of CAs and/or SCEs showed abnormally elevated SOD activity due to the manifold increase of Mn-SOD levels compared with control cells. However, BS and AT LCLs with almost control levels of CA and SCE frequencies showed no, or a slightly elevated, SOD activity, suggesting a possible selection of such cells during EBV transformation. The observed parallelism between the SOD activity and the cytogenetic manifestation may imply an involvement of active oxygen species, especially superoxide radicals, in the increased chromosome damage of CIS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lee
- Department of Biology, Korea University, Seoul
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12
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Auclair C, Gouyette A, Levy A, Emerit I. Clastogenic inosine nucleotide as components of the chromosome breakage factor in scleroderma patients. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 278:238-44. [PMID: 2321962 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90253-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we attempted to identify the chemical nature of the clastogenic factor (CF) from patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Computerized mass spectrometry of clastogenic fractions obtained by HPLC of plasma ultrafiltrates detected molecular peaks compatible with inosine triphosphate and inosine diphosphate (ITP and IDP). The concomitant detection of IDP, together with ITP, and the absence of these peaks in nonclastogenic fractions and corresponding control fractions are arguments in favor of a biological relevance of these observations. The most important confirmation came from the clastogenic effect of commercial ITP and IDP added to the culture medium of the test cultures. The induction of chromatid type damage by these substances in lymphocytes exposed in the G0 phase of their cell cycle and the prevention of this damage by superoxide dismutase are analogous to the observations with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Auclair
- Institut Gustave Roussy Villejuif, Paris, CNRS, France
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13
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14
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Emerit I, Fabiani JN. Allopurinol in ischemia--reperfusion injury of heart. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 264:367-72. [PMID: 2244515 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5730-8_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Rosin MP, Ochs HD, Gatti RA, Boder E. Heterogeneity of chromosomal breakage levels in epithelial tissue of ataxia-telangiectasia homozygotes and heterozygotes. Hum Genet 1989; 83:133-8. [PMID: 2777252 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to obtain an estimate of the frequency distribution of spontaneous chromosomal breakage occurring in vivo in oral epithelia of 20 ataxia-telangiectasia patients (A-T homozygotes) and 26 parents (A-T obligate heterozygotes). Samples of exfoliated cells were obtained from each individual by swabbing the oral cavity and preparing air-dried slides. The percentage of exfoliated cells with micronuclei (MEC frequency) was used as an in vivo indicator for the amount of chromosomal breakage occurring in the tissue. As a population group, MEC frequencies of the A-T patients differed significantly from controls (mean for A-T patients, 1.51; for controls, 0.29; P less than 0.01). However, the values observed in individual patients ranged from MEC frequencies 10- to 12-fold above control values, to frequencies overlapping the upper values observed in the controls. Similarly, MEC frequencies observed among the A-T heterozygotes differed significantly from controls (mean for A-T heterozygotes, 1.02, mean for controls, 0.29; P less than 0.01). However, only 16 of the 26 individuals sampled had MEC frequencies greater than 0.5%, the 90th percentile for controls (compared with 16 of the 20 A-T patients examined). Of the A-T patients 11 had been previously assigned to complementation groups on the basis of sensitivity to x-irradiation. Seven of the patients belonged to group A and had MEC frequencies ranging from 0.3% to 1.9% with the remaining patients belonging to group C with MEC frequencies of 0.2% to 0.9%. The data presented in this paper suggest that although levels of spontaneous breakage in epithelial tissues of A-T patients and A-T obligate heterozygotes are often significantly elevated, this is not the case in all individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rosin
- Occupational Health Unit, School of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. Canada
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16
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Goodman RM, Bonne-Tamir B, Adam A, Voss R, Bach G, Shiloh Y, Katznelson MB, Barkai G, Goldman B, Padeh B. Medical genetics in Israel. J Med Genet 1989; 26:179-89. [PMID: 2651670 PMCID: PMC1015580 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Goodman
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Chaim Sheba Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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17
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Ziv Y, Amiel A, Jaspers NG, Berkel AI, Shiloh Y. Ataxia-telangiectasia: a variant with altered in vitro phenotype of fibroblast cells. Mutat Res 1989; 210:211-9. [PMID: 2911253 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(89)90081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The clinical and cellular phenotype of ataxia telangiectasia (AT) has been extensively documented in numerous patients of different ethnic groups and is characterized by several specific laboratory hallmarks, such as chromosomal instability, profound radiosensitivity and radioresistant DNA synthesis. Several recent reports have, however, shown variations on this theme. This article describes 2 Turkish siblings with AT, who showed a typical but somewhat more prolonged clinical course of the disease and altered characteristics of fibroblast cells, compared to the 'classical' AT cellular phenotype. Fibroblast strains derived from these patients showed a normal cellular life span, moderate degrees of chromosomal instability and sensitivity to the lethal effects of X-rays and neocarzinostatin, and lack of radioresistant DNA synthesis. A compilation of the literature on 'AT variants' and 'AT-like' syndromes shows that in addition to the internal variability of AT, this disease occupies a limited segment within a large spectrum of clinical and cellular features, which are common to a variety of syndromes. Each of these syndromes covers a different segment in this spectrum. The genetic basis of this family of disorders might be complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ziv
- Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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20
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McKinnon PJ. Ataxia-telangiectasia: an inherited disorder of ionizing-radiation sensitivity in man. Progress in the elucidation of the underlying biochemical defect. Hum Genet 1987; 75:197-208. [PMID: 3549535 DOI: 10.1007/bf00281059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current research on the biochemical defect leading to ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). A DNA repair defect has been linked to AT, although the precise defect has not been found. A critical examination of the evidence for and against a DNA repair defect in AT is presented. Consideration of other recent data on AT raises the possibility that AT may not primarily be the result of a DNA repair defect. Therefore, in this review AT is approached as a syndrome which is defective in the ability to respond to ionizing-radiation-type damage, rather than defective in the ability to repair this damage. However, this does not necessarily exclude the potential involvement of a DNA repair defect in some of the genetically distinct subsets present in AT. Other recent anomalies found in AT, including an altered cell cycle and DNA synthesis profile following ionizing-radiation damage, are also assessed. A suggestion to account for the underlying defect in AT, based on the various research reports, is presented.
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Shaham M, Adler B. Chromosome breakage in Fanconi's anemia and normal cells following in vitro and in vivo cocultivation. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1986; 23:315-20. [PMID: 3536074 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(86)90014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of Fanconi's anemia (FA) have been in conflict as to the existence of a clastogenic factor. Two male FA patients who received bone marrow transplants were studied. One FA patient received a transplant from his normal sister whose engrafted lymphocytes showed spontaneous, as well as diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced chromosome breakage in the normal range. The second FA patient received a transplant from his obligate heterozygous mother whose engrafted lymphocytes exhibited increased spontaneous chromosome breakage but not in response to DEB treatment. In vitro cocultivation of FA and FA heterozygous lymphocytes and of FA and normal lymphocytes showed chromosome breakage levels consistent with their genotypes. These results suggest that no detectable clastogenic factor is produced by FA cells.
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Abstract
There is little hard evidence for the involvement of specific genotoxic initiators in the pathogenesis of the common carcinoma. Recent findings suggest that sporadic carcinogenesis is a dynamic and probabilistic process which requires a critical mass of abnormal cells for its expression, and that this requirement may distinguish the evolution of carcinomas from that of paediatric or haematologic malignancies. The proposal that specific carcinogens are neither necessary nor sufficient for tumourigenesis is consistent with the growing realization that aberrant expression of specific oncogenes is neither necessary nor sufficient for cellular transformation. These new perspectives have major implications for basic research strategy and public health policy.
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Abstract
A number of human genetic diseases have come to be described as being defective in DNA repair. The minimum criterion on which this assignment is based is hypersensitivity to the clastogenic or lethal action of specific DNA damaging agents. In one disease, xeroderma pigmentosum, the molecular evidence for a defect in DNA repair is unequivocal. This condition then acts as a model for dissecting others. For the other diseases the formal evidence for defects in repair is less secure or even lacking. The evidence for repair in each disease is assembled together with any methods that have been used to support the differential diagnosis or for prenatal diagnosis. Attempts to clone human DNA repair genes are in hand and may provide the necessary evidence to decide if all the putative DNA repair defective diseases are genuine. Neoplastic disease and neurological degeneration together with immune defects are frequent clinical features linking this set of diseases, suggesting that effective DNA repair may be important in many aspects of human health.
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Abstract
There is convincing evidence that cellular prooxidant states--that is, increased concentrations of active oxygen and organic peroxides and radicals--can promote initiated cells to neoplastic growth. Prooxidant states can be caused by different classes of agents, including hyperbaric oxygen, radiation, xenobiotic metabolites and Fenton-type reagents, modulators of the cytochrome P-450 electron-transport chain, peroxisome proliferators, inhibitors of the antioxidant defense, and membrane-active agents. Many of these agents are promoters or complete carcinogens. They cause chromosomal damage by indirect action, but the role of this damage in carcinogenesis remains unclear. Prooxidant states can be prevented or suppressed by the enzymes of the cellular antioxidant defense and low molecular weight scavenger molecules, and many antioxidants are antipromoters and anticarcinogens. Finally, prooxidant states may modulate the expression of a family of prooxidant genes, which are related to cell growth and differentiation, by inducing alterations in DNA structure or by epigenetic mechanisms, for example, by polyadenosine diphosphate-ribosylation of chromosomal proteins.
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Schwartz S, Flannery DB, Cohen MM. Tests appropriate for the prenatal diagnosis of ataxia telangiectasia. Prenat Diagn 1985; 5:9-14. [PMID: 2579376 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A fetus 'at-risk' for ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) was monitored prenatally by several approaches which, in concert, might yield information of diagnostic value: measurement of amniotic fluid AFP levels; the clastogenic potential of 'at-risk' amniotic fluid; and cytogenic evaluation of fetal amniocytes. All three parameters proved negative and normality, based primarily on the chromosomal study of fetal cells, was therefore presumed. This conclusion was confirmed shortly after birth by normal serum AFP levels and the lack of increased spontaneous or clastogen-induced chromosome breakage in the infant's cells. Based on previous observations from four normal and one affected fetus, the coordination of these techniques provides adequate methodology for the antenatal assessment of the phenotypes associated with A-T.
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26
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Emerit I, Khan SH, Cerutti PA. Treatment of lymphocyte cultures with a hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system induces the formation of transferable clastogenic material. JOURNAL OF FREE RADICALS IN BIOLOGY & MEDICINE 1985; 1:51-7. [PMID: 3013971 DOI: 10.1016/0748-5514(85)90029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Culture medium of lymphocyte cultures that have been exposed to the superoxide generating system hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase (X-XO) contains substances with chromosome damaging properties. This is demonstrated by the ability of ultrafiltrates of such culture media to induce chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in the lymphocytes of blood test cultures. Culture medium becomes active about 15 hours after the addition of X-XO and stimulation by phytohemagglutinin. Concomitant with the accumulation of clastogenic material, assays for conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid-reactive material which measure lipid-peroxidation become positive in the culture media. When cells are pretreated with superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase before the addition of X-XO neither clastogenic substances nor lipid peroxidation products are detected. Catalase is a less efficient protector.
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27
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Shaham M, Chorev M, Becker Y. Further characterization of the ataxia-telangiectasia clastogenic factor by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Biotechnol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(84)90026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Faguet GB, Reichard SM, Welter DA. Radiation-induced clastogenic plasma factors. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1984; 12:73-83. [PMID: 6713361 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(84)90010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing irradiation induces chromosomal aberrations in directly exposed cells and is known to have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential for the exposed host. Under controlled conditions, we examined whether such clastogenic effects of irradiation might be due in part to radiation-induced plasma factors. Irradiated cells and sera from CF-Nelson rats were used at 15 min, and 1, 7, 14, and 56-70 days after total body irradiation (250 R, n = 67 or 400 R, n = 39). Control rats (n = 44) served as donors of nonirradiated sera and cells. In addition, sera from six rats were irradiated (250 R or 400 R) in vitro. On the average, 298 metaphases from six rats were studied at each time-point. Cytogenetic abnormalities observed included chromatid- and chromosome-type lesions and hyperdiploidy. The frequency of abnormalities was comparable at both radiation doses. Nonirradiated cells exposed in vitro to irradiated serum (15 min postirradiation) exhibited a 36- to 48-fold increment in hyperdiploidy (p = 0.0001) and a 2.- to 2.2-fold rise in chromatid gaps and breaks (p less than 0.01), but none of the chromosome-type aberrations seen in cells exposed to radiation. The clastogenic activity of irradiated plasma persisted in circulation for the 10-wk duration of the study and was not abrogated by dilution with nonirradiated serum. Serum irradiated in vitro was not clastogenic. This study shows that irradiation of rats results in the prompt appearance of clastogenic activity in their plasma. This activity is not due to radiation-induced depletion of protective factors nor to chemical-physical changes of normal plasma components, but results from circulating factors released by irradiated cells.
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Abstract
Cultured blood lymphocytes from nine patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FrA) and nine matched controls were exposed to a series of graded doses of mitomycin C and ethyl methane sulphonate and examined for the incidence of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). The spontaneous SCE levels did not differ between patients and controls, but the cells from each of the patients showed a significantly enhanced response to the induction of SCE by both mutagens - the patients' cells being up to 50% more sensitive than controls. Cultures from five FrA patients and five controls were analysed to determine the spontaneous incidence of chromosomal aberrations and exposed to a graded series of X-ray doses to measure their response to radiation-induced chromosome damage. The spontaneous aberration incidence in controls did not differ from that found in other control series, but the background incidence of aberrations in cells from the FrA patients was significantly above control levels and appeared to reflect an enhanced response to diagnostic exposure to radionuclides. The FrA cells showed a significantly enhanced in vitro response to chromosome aberration induction by X-rays, the net aberration yields being some 60% greater than those in irradiated controls at doses up to 200 rads. It is concluded that FrA is yet another syndrome which shows hypersensitivity to the induction of chromosome damage by mutagens. Possible factors responsible for this hypersensitivity are discussed and comparisons drawn with ataxia telangiectasia, another autosomal recessive disease characterized by enhanced X-ray sensitivity.
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Emerit I, Cerutti PA, Levy A, Jalbert P. Chromosome breakage factor in the plasma of two Bloom's syndrome patients. Hum Genet 1982; 61:65-7. [PMID: 7129430 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Radiation sensitivity of cells from heterozygotes for ataxia-telangiectasia. Bull Exp Biol Med 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00830561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Emerit I, Keck M, Levy A, Feingold J, Michelson AM. Activated oxygen species at the origin of chromosome breakage and sister-chromatid exchanges. Mutat Res 1982; 103:165-72. [PMID: 6276742 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(82)90024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Grabowski GA, Desnick RJ. Prenatal diagnosis of inherited metabolic diseases; principles, pitfalls, and prospects. Methods Cell Biol 1982; 26:95-179. [PMID: 6752654 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hirsch-Kauffmann M, Schweiger M. Prenatal recognition of a defect in DNA repair. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1981; 184:17-9. [PMID: 6950194 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Shaham M, Becker Y. The ataxia telangiectasia clastogenic factor is a low molecular weight peptide. Hum Genet 1981; 58:422-4. [PMID: 7327565 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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