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Duan B, Shin JA, Lee KT. Quantitative Analysis of Nervonic and Erucic Acids in Human Milk: Comparison with Infant Formula with Different Fat Sources and Nutritional Stages. J Oleo Sci 2024; 73:333-340. [PMID: 38432997 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to quantitatively analyze nervonic (C24:1 n-9) and erucic (C22:1 n-9) acids in human milk (HM) collected from Korean mothers, along with the infant formulas (IFs) with different fat sources and nutritional stages. The content of nervonic and erucic acids in HM from Korean mothers were 2.13 and 2.81 mg/100 g, accounting for 0.06 and 0.08% of the total fatty acids (FAs), respectively. These acids in IFs based on fat from plant-oil formula were higher than those in IFs based on cow milk formula. The composition of erucic acid in IFs based on cow milk formula and plant-oil formula increased with the nutritional stages, while nervonic acid only increased in IFs based on the plant-oil formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Duan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University
- College of Food Sciences, South China Agricultural University
- Foshan Haitian Flavouring and Food Company Ltd
| | - Jung-Ah Shin
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
| | - Ki-Teak Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University
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Thum C, Wall C, Day L, Szeto IMY, Li F, Yan Y, Barnett MPG. Changes in Human Milk Fat Globule Composition Throughout Lactation: A Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:835856. [PMID: 35634409 PMCID: PMC9137899 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.835856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in understanding how the relative levels of human milk fat globule (MFG) components change over the course of lactation, how they differ between populations, and implications of these changes for the health of the infant. In this article, we describe studies published over the last 30 years which have investigated components of the MFG in term milk, focusing on changes over the course of lactation and highlighting infant and maternal factors that may influence these changes. We then consider how the potential health benefits of some of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components and derived ingredients relate to compositional and functional aspects and how these change throughout lactation. The results show that the concentrations of phospholipids, gangliosides, cholesterol, fatty acids and proteins vary throughout lactation, and such changes are likely to reflect the changing requirements of the growing infant. There is a lack of consistent trends for changes in phospholipids and gangliosides across lactation which may reflect different methodological approaches. Other factors such as maternal diet and geographical location have been shown to influence human MFGM composition. The majority of research on the health benefits of MFGM have been conducted using MFGM ingredients derived from bovine milk, and using animal models which have clearly demonstrated the role of the MFGM in supporting cognitive and immune health of infants at different stages of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Thum
- AgResearch Ltd, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Caroline Thum
| | - Clare Wall
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Li Day
- AgResearch Ltd, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ignatius M. Y. Szeto
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Fang Li
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Yalu Yan
- Yili Maternal and Infant Nutrition Institute, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
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Zhang Y, Wu G, Chang C, Lv Y, Lai W, Zhang H, Wang X, Jin Q. Determination of Origin of Commercial Flavored Rapeseed Oil by the Pattern of Volatile Compounds Obtained via GC–MS and Flash GC Electronic Nose. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceNational Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceNational Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Chang Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceNational Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Yating Lv
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceNational Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Wanxian Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceNational Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceNational Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceNational Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu ProvinceNational Engineering Research Center for Functional FoodSchool of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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Altinoz MA, Ozpinar A, Ozpinar A, Hacker E. Erucic acid, a nutritional PPARδ-ligand may influence Huntington's disease pathogenesis. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1-9. [PMID: 31625071 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing recent evidence suggests a key role of oligodendroglial injury and demyelination in the pathophysiology of Huntington's Disease (HD) and the transcription factor PPARδ is critical for oligodendroglial regeneration and myelination. PPARδ directly involves in the pathogenesis of HD and treatment with a brain-permeable PPARδ-agonist (KD3010) alleviates its severity in mice. Erucic acid (EA) is also a PPARδ-ligand ω9 fatty acid which is highly consumed in Asian countries through ingesting cruciferous vegetables such as rapeseed (Brassica napus) and indian mustard (Brassica juncea). EA is also an ingredient of Lorenzo's oil employed in the medical treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy and can be converted to nervonic acid, a component of myelin. HD pathogenesis also involves oxidative and inflammatory injury and EA exerts antioxidative and antiinflammatory efficacies including inhibition of thrombin and elastase. Consumption of rapeseed, indian mustard, and Canola oils (containing EA) improves cognitive parameters in animal models, as well as treatment with pure EA. Moreover, erucamide, an endogenous EA-amide derivative regulating angiogenesis and water balance, exerts antidepressive and anxiolytic effects in mice. Hitherto, no study has investigated the therapeutic potential of EA in HD and we believe that it strongly merits to be studied in animal models of HD as a potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric A Altinoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Acibadem (Mehmet Ali Aydinlar) University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Aysel Ozpinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Acibadem (Mehmet Ali Aydinlar) University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alp Ozpinar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily Hacker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Amiri M, Humphries KH, Salehi-Abargouei A. The Effect of Canola Oil on Body Weight and Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:419-432. [PMID: 30809634 PMCID: PMC6520036 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of clinical trials have examined the effect of canola oil (CO) on body composition in recent years; however, the results have been inconsistent. The present investigation aims to examine the effect of CO on body weight (BW) and body composition using a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to February, 2018 for randomized controlled clinical trials that examined the effect of CO on anthropometric measures and body composition indexes in adults. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias in individual studies. A random-effects model was used to evaluate the effect of CO consumption on several outcomes: BW, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, android-to-gynoid ratio, and body lean and fat mass. In total, 25 studies were included in the systematic review. The meta-analysis revealed that CO consumption reduces BW [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.30 kg; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.08 kg, P = 0.007; n = 23 effect sizes], particularly in participants with type 2 diabetes (WMD = -0.63 kg; 95% CI: -1.09, -0.17 kg, P = 0.007), in studies with a parallel design (WMD = -0.49 kg; 95% CI: -0.85, -0.14 kg, P = 0.006), in nonfeeding trials (WMD = -0.32 kg; 95% CI: -0.55, -0.09 kg, P = 0.006), and when compared with saturated fat (WMD = -0.40 kg; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.06 kg, P = 0.019). CO consumption did not significantly affect any other anthropometric measures or body fat markers (P > 0.05). Although CO consumption results in a modest decrease in BW, no significant effect was observed on other adiposity indexes. Further well-constructed clinical trials that target BW and body composition as their primary outcomes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Raeisi-Dehkordi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mojgan Amiri
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Karin H Humphries
- Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Altinoz MA, Ozpinar A. PPAR-δ and erucic acid in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. Likely benefits in terms of immunity and metabolism. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:245-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Altinoz MA, Bilir A, Elmaci İ. Erucic acid, a component of Lorenzo's oil and PPAR-δ ligand modifies C6 glioma growth and toxicity of doxorubicin. Experimental data and a comprehensive literature analysis. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 294:107-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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de Vries GJ, Mocking R, Lok A, Assies J, Schene A, Olff M. Fatty acid concentrations in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder compared to healthy controls. J Affect Disord 2016; 205:351-359. [PMID: 27567082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although fatty acid (FA)-supplementation studies are currently being implemented, in fact little is known about FA-profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, the present study aimed at comparing FA-concentrations between PTSD-patients and healthy controls. METHODS A cross-sectional study comparing a mixed-gender sample of 49 patients with PTSD due to civilian trauma to 46 healthy controls regarding erythrocyte FAs including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA), and nervonic acid (NA). RESULTS DHA was found to be significantly lower in PTSD-patients compared to controls after adjusting for sociodemographic and dietary factors (p =0.043). Additionally, exploratory analyses showed lower vaccenic acid (p =0.035) and eicosatrienoic acid (p =0.006), but higher erucic acid (p =0.032) in PTSD-patients. The effect of erucic acid remained after adjustment for sociodemographic factors (p =0.047); with the additional adjustment for dietary factors none of these FAs were found to be significant. LIMITATIONS Statistical power for differences with small effect sizes was limited, and dietary assessment could be optimized. CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence for a considerable role of FA-metabolism in PTSD. Apart from lower DHA after adjusting for confounders, no differences were observed in the hypothesized long-chained polyunsaturated FA-concentrations. Additionally, we found few alterations in the long-chained monounsaturated FAs, which may be explained by dietary factors. Nevertheless, the observed small effect sizes and limited extent of the alterations emphasize the importance of further investigating the assumed role of FA-metabolism and its underlying mechanisms in PTSD, before implementing further FA-supplementation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giel-Jan de Vries
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Lok
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aart Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, the Netherlands.
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Perreault M, Zulyniak MA, Badoud F, Stephenson S, Badawi A, Buchholz A, Mutch DM. A distinct fatty acid profile underlies the reduced inflammatory state of metabolically healthy obese individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88539. [PMID: 24520395 PMCID: PMC3919777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with numerous health complications; however, a subgroup of obese individuals (termed the metabolically healthy obese or MHO) appear to have lower risk for complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Emerging evidence suggests that MHO individuals have reduced inflammation compared to their metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) counterparts. As it is recognized that fatty acids (FAs) have a strong relationship with inflammation, the current study aimed to uncover if the reduced inflammation observed in MHO individuals is mirrored by a more favourable FA profile. METHODS Fasted serum samples were collected from lean healthy (LH), MHO, and MUO participants (n = 10/group) recruited from the Diabetes Risk Assessment study. A panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers were measured by immunoassay. Total serum FA profiling, as well as the FA composition of circulating phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG), was measured by gas chromatography. ANOVA and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were used to assess statistical significance between the groups (P<0.05). RESULTS MHO and MUO individuals had similar BMI and body fat %; however, lipid parameters in MHO individuals more closely resembled that of LH individuals. MHO individuals had circulating levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) similar to LH individuals, while levels of platelet derived growth factor-ββ (PDGF-ββ) were intermediate to that of LH and MUO individuals. FA profiling analysis combined with discriminant analysis modelling highlighted a panel of nine FAs (consisting of three saturated, three monounsaturated, and three polyunsaturated FAs) in PL and TG fractions that distinguished the three groups. Specifically, saturated FA (myristic and stearic acids) levels in MHO individuals resembled that of LH individuals. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the reduced inflammatory state of MHO individuals compared to MUO individuals may stem, in part, from a more favourable underlying FA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Perreault
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A. Zulyniak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flavia Badoud
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Stephenson
- Guelph Family Health Team, Yarmouth Medical Group, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Office of Biotechnology, Genomics and Population Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Buchholz
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M. Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Li Y, Hussain N, Zhang L, Chen X, Ali E, Jiang L. Correlations between tocopherol and fatty acid components in germplasm collections of Brassica oilseeds. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:34-40. [PMID: 23214441 DOI: 10.1021/jf3042837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To date, little is known about the correlations among the tocopherol (T) and fatty acid (FA) components in rapeseed oils. In the current study, a germplasm collection of landraces from the species Brassica juncea , Brassica rapa , and Brassica napus and a collection of low erucic acid (EA) breeding lines from B. napus were analyzed for FA and T contents. In the groups comprising landraces, the most notable correlation was the significantly positive one between α-T and the sum of C18:1 and C18:2, whereas neither positive correlations were found between α-T and C18:3 nor were positive correlations observed between α-T and very long chain FAs (VLCFA). Hardly any association between γ-T and FA components was observed, indicating the possible function of α-T beyond its antioxidant property. The complexity of correlation between T and FA components in Brassica oils may arise from the role of α-T in the FA metabolism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Li J, Fan Y, Zhang Z, Yu H, An Y, Kramer JKG, Deng Z. Evaluating the trans Fatty Acid, CLA, PUFA and Erucic Acid Diversity in Human Milk from Five Regions in China. Lipids 2009; 44:257-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Many published studies of breast milk FA composition are limited to populations from one or two countries. We aimed to examine the degree to which FA compositions vary across a number of diverse populations. Because diet and maternal adipose stores influence breast milk FA composition, differences in FA composition between groups most likely reflect habitual dietary differences. Approximately 50 breast milk samples (full breast expression) were collected from women in Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The proportion of saturated FA was relatively constant among countries, with the exception of the Philippines, where levels of lauric and myristic acids were elevated (means greater than two times the mean of most other countries). Monounsaturated FA also varied little, with the exception of low levels of oleic acid in the Philippines and high levels of erucic acid in China. Although arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) levels were similar among all countries (means ranging from 0.36 wt % to 0.49 wt %), mean DHA (C22:6n-3) levels ranged from 0.17 to 0.99 wt %, with the highest levels in Japanese milk and the lowest levels in Canadian and U.S. samples. The results of this study demonstrate that the proportion of saturated and monounsaturated FA are relatively constant across a large number of countries, whereas the level of some of the PUFA, especially DHA, are highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Yuhas
- Department of Nutrition Research, Wyeth Nutrition, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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Gokavi SS, Malleshi NG, Guo M. Chemical composition of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds and its fractions and use of bran as a functional ingredient. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2004; 59:105-11. [PMID: 15678716 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-004-4308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Garden cress (Lepidium sativum) belonging to the family Cruciferae grown in India, Europe and US is an underutilized crop. The edible whole seed is known to have health promoting properties. Hence, it was assumed that these seeds can be a functional food. A preliminary work on chemical composition of seeds was carried out and the possibility of using it as nutraceutical food ingredient in dietary fiber formulation was explored. Three fractions namely whole meal (WM), endosperm and bran were analyzed for chemical composition. The yield of the endosperm and the bran fraction were 72 and 28%, respectively. The WM, endosperm and bran had 22.5, 27.7 and 12.6% protein, 27.5, 33.1 and 6% fat, 30, 13.6 and 75% dietary fibre (DF), and 1193.00, 945.15 and 1934.57 mg% potassium respectively. The major protein on SDS-PAGE was of 29.5 kDa. The most abundant amino acid was glutamic acid (19.3%) and the essential amino acid, leucine was the highest (8.21 +/- 0.01%) and methionine the lowest (0.97 +/- 0.02%). The major fatty acid was linolenic acid (30.2%) and low amount of erucic acid (3.9%) was also present. Bran having high water holding capacity and high DF, its use as source of DF was explored. The product contained 12% protein, 4% fat and 74.3% DF and exhibited desirable functional properties such as dispersibility, gelling ability, stability, formed homogenous mild alkaline suspension and was comparable to proprietary DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumangala S Gokavi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington VT 05405, USA
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Levander OA, Beck MA. Interacting nutritional and infectious etiologies of Keshan disease. Insights from coxsackie virus B-induced myocarditis in mice deficient in selenium or vitamin E. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997; 56:5-21. [PMID: 9152508 DOI: 10.1007/bf02778980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In 1979, Chinese scientists reported that selenium had been linked to Keshan disease, an endemic juvenile cardiomyopathy found in China. However, certain epidemiological features of the disease could not be explained solely on the basis of inadequate selenium nutrition. Fluctuations in the seasonal incidence of the disease suggested involvement of an infectious agent. Indeed, a coxsackievirus B4 isolated from a Keshan disease victim caused more heart muscle damage when inoculated into selenium-deficient mice than when given to selenium-adequate mice. Those results led us to study the relationship of nutritional status to viral virulence. Coxsackievirus B3/0 (CVB3/0), did not cause disease when inoculated into mice fed adequate levels of Se and vitamin E. However, mice fed diets deficient in either Se or vitamin E developed heart lesions when infected with CVB3/0. To determine if the change in viral phenotype was maintained, we passaged virus isolated from Se-deficient hosts, designated as CVB3/0 Se-, back into Se-adequate hosts. The CVB3/0 Se- virus caused disease in Se-adequate mice. To determine if the phenotype change was due to changes in the viral genome, we sequenced viruses isolated from Se-deficient mice and compared them with the input CVB3/0 virus. Six point mutations differed between the parent strain and the recovered CVB3/0 Se- isolates. When the experiment was repeated using vitamin E-deficient mice, the same 6 point mutations were found. This is the first report of a specific host nutritional deficiency altering viral genotype. Keshan disease may be the result of several interacting causes including a dominant nutritional deficiency (selenium), other nutritional factors (vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids), and an infectious agent (virus).
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Levander
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, MD 20705-2350, USA
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