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Immunity at the Maternal–Fetal Interface. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Diogo GR, Reljic R. Development of a new tuberculosis vaccine: is there value in the mucosal approach? Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1001-13. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TB is a global health problem, killing 1.5 million people every year. The only currently available vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, is effective against severe childhood forms, but it demonstrates a variable efficacy against the pulmonary form of TB in adults. Many of these adult TB cases result from the reactivation of an initially controlled, latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Effective prophylactic vaccination remains the key long-term strategy for combating TB. Continued belief in reaching this goal requires unrelenting innovation in the formulation and delivery of candidate vaccines. It is also based on the assumption, that the failure of recent human vaccine trials could have been due to a suboptimal vaccine design and delivery, and therefore should not erode the key principle that a TB vaccine is an attainable target. This report gives a brief overview of the mucosal immune system in the context of M. tuberculosis infection, and focuses on the most recent advances in the field of mucosal TB vaccine development, with a specific emphasis on subunit TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Reynolds Diogo
- St George's Hospital, Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- St George's Hospital, Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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Eyles JE, Williamson ED, Alpar HO. Intranasal administration of influenza vaccines: current status. BioDrugs 2012; 13:35-59. [PMID: 18034512 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200013010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review article focuses on intranasal immunisation against influenza,although it also encompasses antigen uptake and processing in the nasopharyngealpassages, host defence from influenza and current influenza vaccination practices.Improvement of current vaccination strategies is clearly required; current proceduresinvolve repeated annual injections that sometimes fail to protect the recipient. It isenvisaged that nonpercutaneous immunisation would be more attractive to potentialvaccinees, thus improving uptake and coverage. As well as satisfying noninvasivecriteria, intranasal influenza immunisation has a number of perceived immunologicaladvantages over current procedures. Perhaps one of the greatest attributes of thisapproach is its potential to evoke the secretion of haemagglutinin-specific IgAantibodies in the upper respiratory tract, the main site of viral infection. Inactivated influenza vaccines have the advantage that they have a long historyof good tolerability as injected immunogens, and in this respect are possibly morelikely to be licensed than attenuated viruses. Inert influenza vaccines are poormucosal immunogens, requiring several administrations, or prior immunologicalpriming, in order to engender significant antibody responses. The use of vaccinedelivery systems or mucosal adjuvants serves to appreciably improve theimmunogenicity of mucosally applied inactivated influenza vaccines. As is the casewhen they are introduced parenterally, inactivated influenza vaccines are relativelypoor stimulators of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity following nasalinoculation. Live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccines are at a far moreadvanced stage of clinical readiness (phase III versus phase I). With the use of liveattenuated vaccines, it is possible to stimulate mucosal and cell-mediatedimmunological responses of a similar kind to those elicited by natural influenzainfection. In children, recombinant live attenuated cold-adapted influenza viruses arewell tolerated. Moreover, cold-adapted influenza viruses usually stimulate protectiveimmunity following only a single nasal inoculation. Safety of recombinant liveattenuated cold-adapted influenza viruses has also been demonstrated in high riskindividuals with cystic fibrosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.They are not suitable for immunising immunocompromised patients, however, andare poorly efficacious in individuals with pre-existing immunity to strains closelyantigenically matched with the recombinant virus. According to the reviewedliterature, it is apparent that intranasal administration of vaccine as an aerosol issuperior to administration as nose drops. The information reviewed in this papersuggests that nasally administered influenza vaccines could make a substantialimpact on the human and economic cost of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Eyles
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, England
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Eyles JE, Carpenter ZC, Alpar HO, Williamson ED. Immunological Aspects of Polymer Microsphere Vaccine Delivery Systems. J Drug Target 2008; 11:509-14. [PMID: 15203919 DOI: 10.1080/10611860410001670017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies using dendritic cells have identified that microencapsulated antigens are taken up and processed differently as compared with soluble proteins, and these findings have been reviewed. Similarly, in vivo, it is evident that microencapsulated materials have different properties in terms of uptake and trafficking. Intranasal (IN) instillation of encapsulated protective antigen resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of activated CD4+ and B-cells in the spleens of immunised mice, whereas IN instillation of soluble antigen failed to do so. This corroborates earlier findings concerning the uptake and trafficking of microparticles following bronchopulmonary administration. These data support the tenet that microencapsulation serves to modify the uptake, trafficking and processing of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Eyles
- Biomedical Sciences, Dstl, Porton Downs, Salisbury, UK.
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Haeberle HA, Nohé B, Eltzschig HK, Unertl K, Dieterich HJ. Effect of synthetic colloids on major histocompatibility complex class II expression. J Clin Anesth 2006; 18:96-101. [PMID: 16563325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Synthetic colloids are used for perioperative fluid management. We hypothesized that their use may be associated with changes in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression. This could affect patients' morbidity and mortality during clinical intervention. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Whole blood samples from healthy volunteers. INTERVENTIONS Whole blood samples from healthy volunteers (n = 6) were incubated with different concentrations of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) from maize and potato (pHES), dextran, and polygelin (gelatine) for 24 hours with or without 100 U/mL human interferon gamma (IFN-gamma; stimulus for MHC class II expression). The expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA): HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP was detected simultaneously by a fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled antibody and analyzed by flow cytometry on lymphocytes and monocytes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hydroxyethyl starch, pHES, and dextran induced a significant increase in HLA expression. The induction of MHC class II was independent of the structure (50 mg/mL: control, 8.7+/-1.4%; HES, 28 +/- 9.7%; pHES, 29.8 +/- 11.7%; and dextran, 50.2 +/- 8.1%). In contrast, polygelin increased HLA expression only at the highest concentration of gelatine (5 mg/mL, 7.8 +/- 1%; 50 mg/mL, 7.6 +/- 0.8%; 100 mg/mL, 7.3 +/- 1%; 200 mg/mL,16.2 +/- 2.3%). The addition of IFN-gamma decreased HLA expression in presence of highest concentration of HES and dextran. CONCLUSION In an ex vivo laboratory setting, we demonstrate that high concentrations of plasma expanders are associated with increased HLA expression on lymphocytes and monocytes. However, further in vivo studies are necessary to demonstrate the clinical significance of this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene A Haeberle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tuebingen University Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Fahey JV, Wallace PK, Johnson K, Guyre PM, Wira CR. Antigen Presentation by Human Uterine Epithelial Cells to Autologous T Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006; 55:1-11. [PMID: 16364006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Epithelial cells, as sentinels of immune protection in the endometrium, use innate immune mechanisms to protect against infection from pathogenic microbes. Our goal in this study was to assess the ability of human uterine epithelial cells to present antigen to cells of the adaptive immune system. METHOD OF STUDY Highly purified preparations of uterine epithelial cells from 11 patients were assessed for their ability to present tetanus toxoid (TT) to autologous T cells. Leukocyte contamination in the epithelial cell preparations was numerically and functionally determined. Using confocal microscopy, epithelial cells were tested for the expression of CD40 and CD1d. RESULTS Purified preparations of endometrial epithelial cells isolated from every patient presented TT recall antigen to autologous T cells. Leukocyte contamination of epithelial cell preparations was insignificant. Uterine epithelial cells express CD40 and CD1d. CONCLUSION Antigen presentation is an additional aspect of uterine epithelial cell function in maintaining women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Fahey
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Debbabi H, Ghosh S, Kamath AB, Alt J, Demello DE, Dunsmore S, Behar SM. Primary type II alveolar epithelial cells present microbial antigens to antigen-specific CD4+T cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L274-9. [PMID: 15833765 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00004.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) can produce various antimicrobial and proinflammatory effector molecules. This, together with their abundance and strategic location, suggests a role in host defense against pulmonary pathogens. We report that murine type II AEC, like their human counterparts, express class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Using a murine model of pulmonary tuberculosis, we find that type II AEC become activated and have increased cell surface expression of class II MHC, CD54, and CD95 following infection. Type II AEC use the class II MHC pathway to process and present mycobacterial antigens to immune CD4+T cells isolated from mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, not only can type II AEC contribute to the pulmonary immunity by secreting chemokines that recruit inflammatory cells to the lung, but they can also serve as antigen-presenting cells. Although type II AEC are unlikely to prime naïve T cells, their ability to present antigens to T cells demonstrates that they can participate in the effector phase of the immune response. This represents a novel role for type II AEC in the immunological response to pulmonary pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Debbabi
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Bldg., Rm. 516, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lu X, Zhou L, Chen S. Prolongation of skin allograft survival by combined feeding of donor spleen cells and cyclosporine in mice. Transplant Proc 2004; 36:2429-31. [PMID: 15561269 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral immune tolerance is a method for inducing donor-specific immunotolerance and prolonging graft survival. OBJECTIVES We studied the effect of feeding donor spleen cells in combination with cyclosporine (CsA) on skin allograft survival in mice. METHODS Tail skins from BALB/c (H-2d) female mice were transplanted onto C57BL/6 (H-2b) female mice. The animals were divided into four groups, each with eight mice: group I, untreated controls; group II, treated with spleen cells; group III, treated with CsA; and group IV, treated with spleen cells and CsA. All grafts were inspected daily. Rejection was diagnosed when the graft loss was >80% to 90%. The immune responses of C57BL/6 toward donor mice were examined by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). RESULTS Survival times of allogeneic skin grafts in groups I, II, III, and IV were 9.9 +/- 0.6, 13.1 +/- 0.6, 14.7 +/- 0.9, and 20.0 +/- 0.7 days, respectively. When compared with group I, the survival times of groups II, III, and IV were prolonged significantly (P < .01). The survival time for group IV was prolonged significantly compared with groups II and III (P < .01). The DTH responses of group IV were decreased significantly in contrast to groups II and III (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Feeding donor spleen cells prolonged the survival of skin allografts in mice; combination with CsA led to further prolongation of skin allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Bazar KA, Lee PY, Joon Yun A. An “eye” in the gut: the appendix as a sentinel sensory organ of the immune intelligence network. Med Hypotheses 2004; 63:752-8. [PMID: 15325028 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural systems are the traditional model of intelligence. Their complex interconnected network of wired neurons acquires, processes, and responds to environmental cues. We propose that the immune system is a parallel system of intelligence in which the gut, including the appendix, plays a prominent role in data acquisition. The immune system is essentially a virtual unwired network of interacting cells that acquires, processes, and responds to environmental data. The data is typically acquired by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that gather antigenic information from the environment. The APCs chemically digest large antigens and deconstruct them into smaller data packets for sampling by other cells. The gut performs the same function on a larger scale. Morsels of environmental content that enter the gut are sequentially deconstructed by physical and chemical digestion. In addition to providing nutrients, the componentized contents offer environmental data to APCs in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) that relay the sampled information to the immune intelligence network. In this framework, positioning of the appendix immediately after the ileocecal valve is strategic: it is ideally positioned to sample environmental data in its maximally deconstructed state after small bowel digestion. For single-celled organisms, digestion of the environment has been the primary way to sample the surroundings. Prior to the emergence of complex sensory systems such as the eye, even multi-cellular organisms may have relied heavily on digestion to acquire environmental information. While the relative value of immune intelligence has diminished since the emergence of neural intelligence, organisms still use information from both systems in integrated fashion to respond appropriately to ecologic opportunities and challenges. Appendicitis may represent a momentary maladaptation in the evolutionary transition of sensory leadership from the gut to the eye. Relationships between immune dysfunctions and cognition are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Bazar
- Department of Dermatology, San Mateo Medical Center, 222 West 39th Avenue, San Mateo, CA 94403, USA.
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Ogra PL. Mucosal immunity: some historical perspective on host-pathogen interactions and implications for mucosal vaccines. Immunol Cell Biol 2003; 81:23-33. [PMID: 12534943 DOI: 10.1046/j.0818-9641.2002.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pearay L Ogra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, State University of New York and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, USA.
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Süzen S, Tolga Demírcígíl B, Buyukbingol E, Özkan SA. Electroanalytical evaluation and determination of 5-(3′-indolyl)-2-thiohydantoin derivatives by voltammetric studies: possible relevance to in vitro metabolism. NEW J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b300160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barrera C, Espejo R, Reyes VE. Differential glycosylation of MHC class II molecules on gastric epithelial cells: implications in local immune responses. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:384-93. [PMID: 11975982 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression is a hallmark of antigen presenting cells (APC). Human gastric epithelial cells (GEC) express class II MHC and this expression increases during infection with Helicobacter pylori as does the number of CD4 T cells found adjacent or in between epithelial cells. These observations suggested that human GEC act as APCs. To characterize and compare class II MHC complexes with those present in conventional APC, immunoprecipitated class II MHC from GEC and B cells, as prototypic APC, were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Although the composition of class II MHC from both cell phenotypes was similar, their electrophoretic mobility differed. Methodical elimination of carbohydrates, either enzymatically with endoglycosidase-H or blocking with tunicamycin, revealed that the deviations were due to differences in glycosylation in both cell phenotypes. When deglycosylated class II MHC alpha chains, beta chains, and the invariant chain from both cell phenotypes were mixed and run in the same gel, the core proteins had identical migration patterns. Because differences in glycosylation of class II MHC proteins may affect peptide selection and/or recognition by T cells, the noted differences in glycosylation of class II MHC expressed by GEC could be important in considering their potential role as APC locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barrera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA
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Abstract
Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans.
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Abstract
Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Ogra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York at Buffalo, and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14222, USA.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Langerhans Cells/physiology
- Macrophages/physiology
- Monocytes/physiology
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/etiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/etiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Fahey JV, Prabhala RH, Guyre PM, Wira CR. Antigen-presenting cells in the human female reproductive tract: analysis of antigen presentation in pre- and post-menopausal women. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999; 42:49-57. [PMID: 10429767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To determine whether cells in the female reproductive tract (FRT) are functionally capable of presenting antigen to T cells. METHOD OF STUDY Analysis was done by determining the proliferation of purified autologous T cells to antigen, following co-incubation with non-proliferating cell suspensions isolated from the uterus and prepared by enzymatic digestion of reproductive tract tissues from hysterectomy patients with benign disease. RESULTS All uterine preparations analyzed were functionally capable of presenting antigen; the ability to present antigen was independent of pre- and post-menopausal status. In contrast, some, but not all, tissues from the ovary, Fallopian tube, cervix, and vagina were capable of presenting antigen. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the human FRT is an inductive site for immune responses. Regulation of antigen presentation in the reproductive tract may be important for protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Fahey
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Alarcon JB, Waine GW, McManus DP. DNA vaccines: technology and application as anti-parasite and anti-microbial agents. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1999; 42:343-410. [PMID: 10050276 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been termed The Third Generation of Vaccines. The recent successful immunization of experimental animals against a range of infectious agents and several tumour models of disease with plasmid DNA testifies to the powerful nature of this revolutionary approach in vaccinology. Among numerous advantages, a major attraction of DNA vaccines over conventional vaccines is that they are able to induce protective cytotoxic T-cell responses as well as helper T-cell and humoral immunity. Here we review the current state of nucleic acid vaccines and cover a wide range of topics including delivery mechanisms, uptake and expression of plasmid DNA, and the types of immune responses generated. Further, we discuss safety issues, and document the use of nucleic acid vaccines against viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases, and cancer. The early potential promise of DNA vaccination has been fully substantiated with recent, exciting developments including the movement from testing DNA vaccines in laboratory models to non-human primates and initial human clinical trials. These advances and the emerging voluminous literature on DNA vaccines highlight the rapid progress that has been made in the DNA immunization field. It will be of considerable interest to see whether the progress and optimism currently prevailing can be maintained, and whether the approach can indeed fulfil the medical and commerical promise anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Alarcon
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Herston, Australia
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Molberg O, Nilsen EM, Sollid LM, Scott H, Brandtzaeg P, Thorsby E, Lundin KE. CD4+ T cells with specific reactivity against astrovirus isolated from normal human small intestine. Gastroenterology 1998; 114:115-22. [PMID: 9428225 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The gut is the largest immunologic organ in the human body, but little is known about the antigen specificity of mucosal T cells. This study sought to determine whether T cells resident in the duodenal mucosa could recognize astrovirus, a common and clinically important gastroenteritis virus. Serum antibodies against astrovirus are prevalent, indicating frequent viral exposure and postinfectious induction of systemic immune responses. Mucosal immune responses may conceivably mediate protection on astroviral reinfections. METHODS Small intestinal biopsy specimens with normal histology were obtained from 8 adults and challenged in an organ culture system with inactivated human astrovirus. T cells activated by the viral challenge were isolated either by immunomagnetic positive selection of mucosal resident cells or by collecting cells emigrating into the culture supernatant. RESULTS Astrovirus-specific, mucosal T-cell lines were isolated from all 8 subjects. Analysis of 29 CD4+ T-cell clones from 3 subjects showed predominant HLA-DR restriction of astrovirus responses. Most of the T-cell clones showed a Th1-like cytokine profile when restimulated with astrovirus. CONCLUSIONS Helper T cells residing in normal, duodenal mucosa of adult subjects recognize a common enteropathogenic virus. These mucosal CD4+ T cells are presumably important in mucosal defense against recurrent astroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Molberg
- Institute of Transplantation Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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