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Bugno-Poniewierska M, Jankowska M, Raudsepp T, Kowalska K, Pawlina-Tyszko K, Szmatola T. Molecular cytogenetic screening of sex chromosome abnormalities in young horse populations. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:786-795. [PMID: 38785417 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal abnormalities occur in the equine population at a rate of approximately 2%. The use of molecular cytogenetic techniques allows a more accurate identification of chromosomal abnormalities, especially those with a low rate of abnormal metaphases, demonstrating that the actual incidence in equine populations is higher. OBJECTIVES Estimation of the number of carriers of karyotypic abnormalities in a sample from a population of young horses of various breeds, using molecular cytogenetic techniques. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Venous blood samples were collected from 500 young horses representing 5 breeds (Purebred Arabian, Hucul, Polish primitive horse [Konik], Małopolska, Coldblood, Silesian). Chromosomes and DNA were obtained from blood lymphocytes and evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and PCR, using probes and markers for the sex chromosomes and select autosomes. RESULTS Nineteen horses, 18 mares and 1 stallion, were diagnosed with different chromosomal abnormalities: 17 cases of mosaic forms of sex chromosome aneuploidies with a very low incidence (0.6%-4.7%), one case of a SRY-negative 64,XY sex reversal mare, and one mare with X-autosome translocation. The percentage of sex chromosomal aberrations was established as 3.8% in the whole population, 6.08% in females and 0.49% in males. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited sample size, confined to horses from Poland. CONCLUSIONS The rate of sex chromosomal abnormalities we identified was almost double that reported in previous population studies that used classical chromosome staining techniques. FISH allowed the detection of aneuploid cell lines which had a very low incidence. The FISH technique is a faster and more precise method for karyotype examination; however, it is usually focused on only one or two chromosomes while banding karyotyping includes the entire chromosome set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jankowska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kowalska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Klaudia Pawlina-Tyszko
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szmatola
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
- Centre of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Koca D, Nak Y, Sendag S, Nak D, Turgut AO, Avcılar T, Ekici ZM, Cetin N, Bagci K, Aktar A, Sagirkaya H, Alcay S, Wehrend A. Anti-Müllerian hormone: A novel biomarker for detecting bovine freemartinism. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14542. [PMID: 38366707 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) indicates ovarian reserve in cattle, maintaining a consistent trajectory post-puberty. In heterosexual pregnancies, the development of the Müllerian duct in female foetuses is inhibited, resulting in an anticipated minimal or absent ovarian reserve capacity. This investigation aimed to compare AMH levels in healthy Holstein heifers that had reached puberty with those of freemartin animals of the same breed and age. The study incorporated Holstein heifers reaching puberty between 11 and 15 months of age in Group 1 (G1, n = 20) and freemartin animals in Group 2 (G2, n = 19, 16). AMH measurements (AMH-1/AMH-2) were recorded at 12-day intervals for the study participants. Notably, AMH levels in three freemartin animals could not be detected, prompting statistical analysis based on measurements from the remaining 16 freemartin animals in G2. A statistically significant correlation was observed between two separate measurements in G1 and G2 (p < .001). Furthermore, AMH-1 and AMH-2 levels were statistically higher in G1 than in G2 (p < .001). In G1, AMH-1 levels ranged from 227 to 677 pg/mL, with an average of 367.3 ± 25.5 pg/mL, and AMH-2 levels ranged from 234 to 645 pg/mL, with an average of 380.8 ± 24.4 pg/mL. Conversely, in G2, AMH-1 levels ranged from 10 to 72 pg/mL, with an average of 26.8 ± 4.44 pg/mL, and AMH-2 levels ranged from 12 to 68 pg/mL, with an average of 28.75 ± 4.18 pg/mL. The mean AMH levels in G1 were approximately 14 times higher than in G2 (p < .001). Consequently, ROC analysis utilizing AMH-1 and AMH-2 data established cut-off values of ≤72 and ≤ 68 pg/mL respectively for distinguishing freemartin animals. In conclusion, AMH could be used as a reliable biomarker for identifying Holstein freemartin animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davut Koca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Nak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sait Sendag
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Deniz Nak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ali Osman Turgut
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Talha Avcılar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Merve Ekici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nebi Cetin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Kemal Bagci
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aktar
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hakan Sagirkaya
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Selim Alcay
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Pompermayer E, Ysebaert MP, Vinardell T, Oikawa MA, Johnson JP, Fernandes T, David F. One-stage surgical case management of a two-year-old Arabian horse affected by male-pseudo hermaphroditism. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:105007. [PMID: 38237706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A two-year-old Arabian horse presented for abnormal external genitalia and dangerous stallion-like behavior was diagnosed with disorder of sexual development (DSD), also known as intersex/hermaphroditism. Standing 1-stage surgical procedure performed under sedation, and local anesthesia to concurrently eliminate stallion-like behavior, risk of neoplastic transformation of intraabdominal gonads, and to replace ambiguous external genital with a functional, and cosmetically more acceptable anatomy. Step-1) Laparoscopic abdominal exploration and gonadectomy; Step-2) Rudimentary penis resection and perineal urethrostomy. The horse tolerated surgery well (combined surgery time 185 min) with no complications. At macroscopic examination of the gonads, they resembled hypoplastic testis-like tissues. Microscopic examination confirmed presence of seminiferous tubules, Leydig and Sertoli/granulosa cells. Cytogenetic evaluation revealed a 64,XX karyotype, SRY-negative. The stallion-like behavior subsided within days post-operatively. Long-term follow-up revealed the genitoplasty site healed without urine scalding or urethral stricture. The owner satisfaction was excellent and the horse could be used post-surgery as an athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pompermayer
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center - Member of Qatar Foundation, Al Shaqab Street, Al Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | - M P Ysebaert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1601, USA
| | - T Vinardell
- Equine Care Group, Paalstraat 8, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - M-A Oikawa
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center - Member of Qatar Foundation, Al Shaqab Street, Al Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | - J P Johnson
- Equine & Camel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - T Fernandes
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center - Member of Qatar Foundation, Al Shaqab Street, Al Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | - F David
- EquiTom - Namur, member of the Equine Care Group, 15 Chaussée de Nivelles, 5032 Mazy, Belgium.
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4
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Heidari F, Rahbaran M, Mirzaei A, Mozafari Tabatabaei M, Shokrpoor S, Mahjoubi F, Ara MS, Akbarinejad V, Gharagozloo F. The study of a hermaphroditic sheep caused by a mutation in the promoter of SRY gene. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 21:100308. [PMID: 37593675 PMCID: PMC10428133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene plays vital role as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of the genes contributing to development of male genitals. Any mutation disrupting expression of SRY gene can cause disorders of sex development (DSDs). In this study, the examination of a hermaphroditic (female-like) Shal sheep which was referred for infertility is described. Initially, the reproductive system of the sheep was histologically and anatomically assessed. Karyotyping was used to determine the real gender of the animal. Sex hormones including progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eventually, promoter part and SRY gene were sequenced and aligned to detect any potential mutation using NCBI data base. Although anatomical inspection led to identification of uterus, ovary, and enlarged clitoris as well as testes in the sheep, the karyotyping results interestingly revealed that the animal was genetically a male. Although the sheep had both male and female gonads, there were no overt signs of reproductive behavior and gamete production was not observed. Plasma steroid hormone levels were reported to be at basal levels. Additionally, a mutation was detected on the promoter of the SRY gene. In conclusion, the case implies that mutation on the promoter part of SRY gene could disrupt sexual development of the fetus culminating in DSDs in the sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Heidari
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Rahbaran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asieh Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Mozafari Tabatabaei
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Shokrpoor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frouzandeh Mahjoubi
- Department of Medical Genetic, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shams Ara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Akbarinejad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Gharagozloo
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Middlebrooks B, McCue P, Nelson B, May E, Divine C, Barton C, Conley A. Monorchidism in a Phenotypic Mare With a 64,XY, SRY-Positive Karyotype. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104232. [PMID: 36736748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) are associated with atypical chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic sex. It is likely that the number of cases of DSD are underestimated in the equine population. Monorchidism in the horse is very rare. This case report describes the clinical assessment of a phenotypic mare with stallion-like behavior which led to the diagnosis of a DSD. A 4-year-old Quarter Horse mare presented in good body condition, with normal external genitalia for a mare, and normal mammary glands with two bilaterally symmetric teats. No uterus, cervix, or gonads were detected on transrectal palpation. Transrectal ultrasonography revealed a single gonad in the right dorsal abdomen with the morphologic appearance of a testicle. Presurgical hormonal evaluation revealed elevated serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations. The right gonad was successfully removed via standing exploratory laparoscopy and submitted for histopathology. No gonad was identified on the left side during laparoscopy. Histopathologic examination confirmed that the excised gonad was a testicle. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis revealed a 64,XY, SRY-positive chromosomal constitution. Hormonal evaluation 5 weeks after surgery revealed low serum testosterone and AMH levels. A diagnosis of monorchidism was based on ultrasound examination, laparoscopic exploration of the abdomen, removal of a single gonad, and a subsequent decrease in serum testosterone and AMH concentrations to basal levels. In summary, a combination of clinical signs, endocrine evaluation, chromosomal and molecular analysis, and histopathology can be used in the diagnosis of DSD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick McCue
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Brad Nelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Emily May
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Christina Divine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Charlie Barton
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Alan Conley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA
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6
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Berry DP, Herman EK, Carthy TR, Jennings R, Bandi-Kenari N, O'Connor RE, Mee JF, O'Donovan J, Mathews D, Stothard P. Characterisation of eight cattle with Swyer syndrome by whole-genome sequencing. Anim Genet 2023; 54:93-103. [PMID: 36504456 DOI: 10.1111/age.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Swyer syndrome is where an individual has the karyotype of a typical male yet is phenotypically a female. The lack of a (functional) SRY gene located on the Y-chromosome is implicated in some cases of the Swyer syndrome, although many Swyer individuals with an apparently fully functional SRY gene have also been documented. The present study undertook whole genome sequence analyses of eight cattle with suspected Swyer syndrome and compared their genome to that of both a control male and female. Sequence analyses coupled with female phenotypes confirmed that all eight individuals had the 60,XY sex reversal Swyer syndrome. Seven of the eight Swyer syndrome individuals had a deletion on the Y chromosome encompassing the SRY gene (i.e., SRY-). The eighth individual had no obvious mutation in the SRY gene (SRY+) or indeed in any reported gene associated with sex reversal in mammals; a necropsy was performed on this individual. No testicles were detected during the necropsy. Histological examination of the reproductive tract revealed an immature uterine body and horns with inactive glandular tissue of normal histological appearance; both gonads were elongated, a characteristic of most reported cases of Swyer in mammals. The flanking sequence of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms within 10 kb of the SRY gene are provided to help diagnose some cases of Swyer syndrome. These single nucleotide polymorphisms will not, however, detect all cases of Swyer syndrome since, as evidenced from the present study (and other studies), some individuals with the Swyer condition still contain the SRY gene (i.e., SRY+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donagh P Berry
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily K Herman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tara R Carthy
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Nahid Bandi-Kenari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - John F Mee
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Donovan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Cork, Ireland
| | - Daragh Mathews
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Ballincollig, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Prevalence of Sex-Related Chromosomal Abnormalities in a Large Cohort of Spanish Purebred Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030539. [PMID: 36766428 PMCID: PMC9913619 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities are largely associated with fertility impairments in the domestic horse. To date, over 600 cases of individuals carrying abnormal chromosome complements have been reported, making the domestic horse the species with the highest prevalence. However, studies analyzing the prevalence of chromosomal diseases in whole populations are scarce. We, therefore, employed a two-step molecular tool to screen and diagnose chromosomal abnormalities in a large population of 25,237 Pura Raza Español horses. Individuals were first screened using short tandem repeats parentage testing results and phenotypic evaluations. Those animals showing results suggesting chromosomal abnormalities were re-tested using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based diagnostic methodology to accurately determine the chromosomal complements. Thirteen individuals showed a positive screening, all of which were diagnosed as chromosomally abnormal, including five 64,XY mares with sex development disorders (DSD) and four cases of blood chimerism (two male/female and two female/female cases). In addition, we detected one Turner and one Klinefelter syndrome and two individuals carrying complex karyotypes. The overall prevalence in the entire population was ~0.05%, with the prevalence of 64,XY DSD and blood chimerism ~0.02% and ~0.016%, respectively. However, the overall results should be taken with caution since the individuals carrying Turner syndrome (in full (63,X) or mosaic (mos 63,X/64,XX) forms) cannot be detected due to limitations in the methodology employed. Finally, the lack of agreement between populational studies performed using karyotyping or molecular methods is discussed. To our knowledge, this is the largest populational study performed evaluating the prevalence of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in the domestic horse.
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8
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FISH and Chimps: Insights into Frequency and Distribution of Sperm Aneuploidy in Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910383. [PMID: 34638739 PMCID: PMC8509033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerical chromosomal aberrations in sperm are considered to be a major factor in infertility, early pregnancy loss and syndromes with developmental and cognitive disabilities in mammals, including primates. Despite numerous studies in human and farm animals, the incidence and importance of sperm aneuploidies in non-human primate remains mostly undetermined. Here we investigated the incidence and distribution of sperm aneuploidy in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the species closest to human. We identify evolutionary conserved DNA sequences in human and chimpanzee and selected homologous sub-telomeric regions for all chromosomes to build custom probes and perform sperm-FISH analysis on more than 10,000 sperm nuclei per chromosome. Chimpanzee mean autosomal disomy rate was 0.057 ± 0.02%, gonosomes disomy rate was 0.198% and the total disomy rate was 1.497%. The proportion of X or Y gametes was respectively 49.94% and 50.06% for a ratio of 1.002 and diploidy rate was 0.053%. Our data provide for the first time an overview of aneuploidy in non-human primate sperm and shed new insights into the issues of aneuploidy origins and mechanisms.
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9
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Sex Reversal Syndrome in an Egyptian Arabian Horse Detected Using Genomic Data - A case report. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103692. [PMID: 34416985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old Straight Egyptian Arabian horse was evaluated in 2016 due to a malformation of external genitalia and male sexual behavior. On physical examination, small teats in the inguinal area and a rudimentary penis-like structure surrounded by a clitoral fossa could be seen. There was no evidence of vulva and vaginal canal. A stallion like behavior was observed, especially in the presence of mares in heat, when the animal was excited and aggressive and had erection of the penis-like structure. Blood samples were collected for two purposes: hormonal (testosterone and estradiol plasma concentration analyses) and genetic (cytogenetic and molecular analysis). The karyotype showed 32 pairs of chromosomes in all cells (2n = 64) including 14 and 18 pairs of metacentric and acrocentric chromosomes respectively, in agreement with a presumptive 64, XX complement. This result agree with STR and SNP molecular analysis, which also ruled out the possibility of hematopoietic chimerism. In addition, SNP genotyping showed no numerical chromosomal aberrations or large deletions or duplications, that can be linked to the phenotype in any autosome, nor numerical chromosomal abnormalities in the father and mother of the horse analyzed. In conclusion, we determined that the animal in the present study is a male pseudohermaphrodite.
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10
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Horse Clinical Cytogenetics: Recurrent Themes and Novel Findings. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030831. [PMID: 33809432 PMCID: PMC8001954 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical cytogenetic studies in horses have been ongoing for over half a century and clearly demonstrate that chromosomal disorders are among the most common non-infectious causes of decreased fertility, infertility, and congenital defects. Large-scale cytogenetic surveys show that almost 30% of horses with reproductive or developmental problems have chromosome aberrations, whereas abnormal karyotypes are found in only 2-5% of the general population. Among the many chromosome abnormalities reported in the horse, most are unique or rare. However, all surveys agree that there are two recurrent conditions: X-monosomy and SRY-negative XY male-to-female sex reversal, making up approximately 35% and 11% of all chromosome abnormalities, respectively. The two are signature conditions for the horse and rare or absent in other domestic species. The progress in equine genomics and the development of molecular tools, have qualitatively improved clinical cytogenetics today, allowing for refined characterization of aberrations and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms. While cutting-edge genomics tools promise further improvements in chromosome analysis, they will not entirely replace traditional cytogenetics, which still is the most straightforward, cost-effective, and fastest approach for the initial evaluation of potential breeding animals and horses with reproductive or developmental disorders.
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11
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Chromosome Abnormalities and Fertility in Domestic Bovids: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030802. [PMID: 33809390 PMCID: PMC8001068 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In domestic bovids, numerical autosome abnormalities have been rarely reported, as they present abnormal animal phenotypes quickly eliminated by breeders. However, numerical abnormalities involving sex chromosomes and structural (balanced) chromosome anomalies have been more frequently detected because they are most often not phenotypically visible to breeders. For this reason, these chromosome abnormalities, without a cytogenetic control, escape animal selection, with subsequent deleterious effects on fertility, especially in female carriers. Abstract After discovering the Robertsonian translocation rob(1;29) in Swedish red cattle and demonstrating its harmful effect on fertility, the cytogenetics applied to domestic animals have been widely expanded in many laboratories in order to find relationships between chromosome abnormalities and their phenotypic effects on animal production. Numerical abnormalities involving autosomes have been rarely reported, as they present abnormal animal phenotypes quickly eliminated by breeders. In contrast, numerical sex chromosome abnormalities and structural chromosome anomalies have been more frequently detected in domestic bovids because they are often not phenotypically visible to breeders. For this reason, these chromosome abnormalities, without a cytogenetic control, escape selection, with subsequent harmful effects on fertility, especially in female carriers. Chromosome abnormalities can also be easily spread through the offspring, especially when using artificial insemination. The advent of chromosome banding and FISH-mapping techniques with specific molecular markers (or chromosome-painting probes) has led to the development of powerful tools for cytogeneticists in their daily work. With these tools, they can identify the chromosomes involved in abnormalities, even when the banding pattern resolution is low (as has been the case in many published papers, especially in the past). Indeed, clinical cytogenetics remains an essential step in the genetic improvement of livestock.
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12
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Ferriani R, Moyano HR, Verde D, Bottero E. Minimally invasive treatment of an intramural monolateral ectopic urether in a French bulldog with 78, XX (SRY‐negative) ovotesticular disorder of sexual development. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ferriani
- Ospedale Veterinario San Francesco Via Isaac Newton 2 Milan 20135 Italy
- ENDOVET Milano Via Isaac Newton 2 Milan 20135 Italy
| | | | - Davide Verde
- Ospedale Veterinario San Francesco Via Isaac Newton 2 Milan 20135 Italy
| | - Enrico Bottero
- Ospedale Veterinario San Francesco Via Isaac Newton 2 Milan 20135 Italy
- ENDOVET Ceva Regione Costa 10, Ceva 12073 Italy
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13
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Vilchis F, Mares L, Chávez B, Paredes A, Ramos L. Late-onset vanishing testis-like syndrome in a 38,XX/38,XY agonadic pig (Sus scrofa). Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:284-291. [PMID: 31679558 DOI: 10.1071/rd18514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe the case of a pig with intersex traits including ambiguous external genitalia, sex chromosome abnormalities and a late-onset vanishing testis-like syndrome. It was identified shortly after birth by presenting a predominantly female phenotype with two large scrotal masses resembling testes. The karyotype is 38,XX (53%)/38,XY (47%). Sex steroid levels were undetectable at 1 and 7 months old, whereas circulating cortisol levels were typical. DNA studies excluded gene alterations in sex-determining region Y (SRY), dosage-sensitive sex reversal-congenital adrenal hypoplasia critical region on the X chromosome protein 1 (DAX1), SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (SOX9), nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group a, member 1 (NR5A1), nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group c, member 4 (NR3C4) and steroid 5-alpha-reductase 2 (SRD5A2). At 8 months of age the XX/XY pig evinced delayed growth; however, the most striking phenotypic change was that the testes-like structures completely vanished in a 2-3-week period. The internal genitalia were found to consist of a portion of a vagina and urethra. No fallopian tubes, uterus or remnants of Wolffian derivatives were observed. More importantly, no testes, ovaries, ovotestis or gonadal streaks could be identified. The XX/XY sex chromosome dosage and/or overexpression of the DAX1 gene on the X chromosome in the presence of a wild-type SRY gene may have caused this predominantly female phenotype. This specimen represents an atypical case of 38,XX/38,XY chimeric, ovotesticular disorder of sex development associated with agonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vilchis
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Lizette Mares
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Bertha Chávez
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Arcadio Paredes
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Luis Ramos
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México; and Corresponding author. ;
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Hahn K, Conze TM, Wollanke B, Distl O, Goehring LS, Witte TS. Urogenital Hypoplasia and X Chromosome Monosomy in a Draft Horse Filly. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 96:103318. [PMID: 33349405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 5-month-old draft horse filly was presented with incontinence and severe perivulvar dermatitis, which developed during the previous 2 months. Left-sided ectopic ureter entering in the caudal vaginal lumen, signs of cervix hypoplasia, and urine accumulation in the uterus were found during initial vaginal endoscopy. Therefore, a left ureter-nephrectomy was conducted under general anesthesia. Additionally, a cytogenetic examination was performed, which showed a XO monosomy with a 63,X/64,XX mosaic. This is the first case report presenting a chromosome abnormality in a draft horse filly combined with a left-sided ectopic ureter. Cytogenetic evaluation is recommended in any female horse with developmental abnormalities of the cervix, uterus, ovaries, or with irregularities of estrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hahn
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Theresa M Conze
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lutz S Goehring
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja S Witte
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Two Doublesex1 mutants revealed a tunable gene network underlying intersexuality in Daphnia magna. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238256. [PMID: 32866176 PMCID: PMC7458346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the binary definition of sex is being challenged by repetitive reports about individuals with ambiguous sexual identity from various animal groups. This has created an urge to decode the molecular mechanism underlying sexual development. However, sexual ambiguities are extremely uncommon in nature, limiting their experimental value. Here, we report the establishment of a genetically modified clone of Daphnia magna from which intersex daphniids can be readily generated. By mutating the conserved central sex determining factor Doublesex1, body-wide feminization of male daphniid could be achieved. Comparative transcriptomic analysis also revealed a genetic network correlated with Doublesex1 activity which may account for the establishment of sexual identity in D. magna. We found that Dsx1 repressed genes related to growth and promoted genes related to signaling. We infer that different intersex phenotypes are the results of fluctuation in activity of these Dsx1 downstream factors. Our results demonstrated that the D. magna genome is capable of expressing sex in a continuous array, supporting the idea that sex is actually a spectrum.
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Breeding and Economic Aspects of Cytogenetic Screening Studies of Pigs Qualified for Reproduction. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071200. [PMID: 32679919 PMCID: PMC7401512 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic monitoring allows the identification and early removal of pigs affected by inherited karyotype defects from breeding herds. These abnormalities cause developmental anomalies, considerably reducing the fertility (by several dozen to 100%) and performance parameters of breeding herds, resulting in substantial financial losses. This mainly concerns reciprocal translocations, typical of pigs, which are highly prevalent (about 0.46%), generally occur de novo, and normally result in low breeding soundness of the carriers. Due to the potential spontaneous occurrence of chromosomal aberrations and the rapid spread of these genetic defects in the population, especially under artificial insemination conditions, it is necessary to perform routine karyotype screening of animals qualified for reproduction. The cytogenetic screening program for young boars, carried out using continually refined diagnostic techniques, permits a precise and reliable karyotype assessment, identification of chromosomal abnormalities, and formulation of specific selection guidelines.
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Abstract
Reproductive disorders are genetically heterogeneous and complex; available genetic tests are limited to chromosome analysis and 1 susceptibility gene. Cytogenetic analysis should be the first test to confirm or rule out chromosomal aberrations. No causative genes/mutations are known. The only available genetic test for stallion subfertility is based on a susceptibility gene FKBP6. The ongoing progress in equine genomics will improve the status of genetic testing. However, because subfertile phenotypes do not facilitate collection of large numbers of samples or pedigrees, and clinical causes of many cases remain unknown, further progress requires constructive cross-talk between geneticists, clinicians, breeders, and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Research Building Room 306, 588 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA.
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Characterization of A Homozygous Deletion of Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis Genes in Horse Chromosome 29 as A Risk Factor for Disorders of Sex Development and Reproduction. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030251. [PMID: 32120906 PMCID: PMC7140900 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) and reproduction are not uncommon among horses, though knowledge about their molecular causes is sparse. Here we characterized a ~200 kb homozygous deletion in chromosome 29 at 29.7-29.9 Mb. The region contains AKR1C genes which function as ketosteroid reductases in steroid hormone biosynthesis, including androgens and estrogens. Mutations in AKR1C genes are associated with human DSDs. Deletion boundaries, sequence properties and gene content were studied by PCR and whole genome sequencing of select deletion homozygotes and control animals. Deletion analysis by PCR in 940 horses, including 622 with DSDs and reproductive problems and 318 phenotypically normal controls, detected 67 deletion homozygotes of which 79% were developmentally or reproductively abnormal. Altogether, 8-9% of all abnormal horses were homozygous for the deletion, with the highest incidence (9.4%) among cryptorchids. The deletion was found in ~4% of our phenotypically normal cohort, ~1% of global warmblood horses and ponies, and ~7% of draught breeds of general horse population as retrieved from published data. Based on the abnormal phenotype of the carriers, the functionally relevant gene content, and the low incidence in general population, we consider the deletion in chromosome 29 as a risk factor for equine DSDs and reproductive disorders.
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Szczerbal I, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Kopp-Kuhlman C, Mackowski M, Switonski M. Application of droplet digital PCR in diagnosing of X monosomy in mares. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:627-631. [PMID: 31793061 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X monosomy is the most common disorder of sex development in horses. Although cytogenetic analysis is still the gold standard in the diagnosis of equine X monosomy, novel molecular techniques are being sought to quickly and reliably detect this chromosome abnormality. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a novel variant of the PCR technique-namely, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)-in the detection of X monosomy in mares. STUDY DESIGN A proof of concept of the usefulness of ddPCR in diagnosing an abnormal number of X chromosomes in mares. METHODS We examined an infertile mare using cytogenetic (fluorescent in situ hybridisation-FISH) and molecular (droplet digital PCR-ddPCR) techniques. The X chromosome copy number in ddPCR was estimated via detection of the AMELX gene copy number. In addition, 70 mares homozygous for X-linked microsatellite marker (LEX3) were examined by ddPCR. For all mares, a PCR search for the Y-linked SRY gene was also performed. RESULTS Cytogenetic analysis and ddPCR gave concordant results, indicating pure X monosomy in the studied mare. Of the 70 additional mares examined by ddPCR, a single copy of the X chromosome was found in two cases. All mares were SRY-negative and thus both freemartinism, manifested by leucocyte XX/XY chimerism, and sex reversal syndrome (XX, SRY-positive) could be excluded. MAIN LIMITATIONS The ddPCR approach does not allow for unequivocal identification of mosaicism (63,X/64,XX or 65,XXX/64,XX), but may give an indication that further cytogenetic analysis is necessary. CONCLUSION The ddPCR approach appeared to be useful for diagnosing nonmosaic X monosomy in mares. If the number of X chromosome copies in a mare, as determined by ddPCR, differs from two (in our study, <1.8 or >2.2), additional cytogenetic investigation is recommended with the aim of detecting the mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Mariusz Mackowski
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Yadav V, Sahoo NR, Kumar P, Gaur GK, Sahoo AP, Ravikumar GVPPS, Singh KP. Identification and copy number profiling of sex chromosome specific gene fragments in crossbred pigs with numerically normal karyotype. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the copy number profile of sex chromosome specific genes in crossbred pigs with numerically normal karyotype. A total of 30 (15M + 15F) Landlly (Landrace crossbred) pigs from a research farm were cyto-screened by karyotyping to determine the number of chromosomes per diploid cell using short-term peripheral lymphocyte culture technique. All pigs had numerically normal karyotype with 38, XX (female) and 38, XY (male). Genomic DNA was extracted from cyto-screened pigs of both sexes. A set of sex chromosome (X and Y) specific single copy gene fragments along with an autosomal gene fragment were selected out of 12 pairs of primers on the basis of male specific PCR amplification, PCR and qPCR specificity. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to study the relative copy number change of selected Phosphate repressible alkaline phosphatase X linked (PHOX) gene, using the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 1A Y-Linked (EIF1AY) gene as control and Breast Cancer Metastasis-Suppressor 1-Like (BRMS1 L- autosomal gene) as the reference gene. The relative copy number of the PHOX gene in females was found to be 1.873 times higher compared with the EIF1AY gene in males. The present study indicates that the real-time quantitative real-time PCR based copy number analysis can be helpful for the detection of sex chromosome ratio in pigs to aid as a preliminary screening for numerical sex chromosomal aneuploidies, adding to the rate of throughput of traditional cyto-screening.
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21
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Early Diagnostics of Freemartinism in Polish Holstein-Friesian Female Calves. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110971. [PMID: 31739521 PMCID: PMC6912765 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Freemartinism is the most common type of gender developmental disorder, resulting in infertility of heifers from multiple-sex twin pregnancies. The frequency of this syndrome is related to the frequency of multiple pregnancies, the number of which has significantly increased in dairy cattle populations (HF). Therefore, rapid diagnostics is necessary to enable early elimination of heifers with freemartinism from breeding. The aim of the study was to compare and identify the best method for early identification of freemartinism. The use of cytogenetic and molecular methods (PCR, short tandem repeats (STRs), real-time PCR) allowed us to conclude that molecular methods are more effective and guarantee fast and precise diagnosis. An additional advantage of molecular methods is the easy way to collect test material, which can be frozen, unlike blood samples for cytogenetic analysis, which must be fresh and delivered within 24 h to the laboratory, which generates further costs. Abstract Freemartinism in females born from heterosexual multiple pregnancies is characterized by the presence of XX/XY cell lines due to the formation of a shared blood system by anastomoses between fetal membranes of co–twins and leads to disturbed development of the reproductive system, including infertility. The aim of this study was to estimate the most precise and effective diagnostic method, especially useful for early identification of freemartinism in young female calves. The cytomolecular evaluation results of 24 Holstein-Friesian heifers from heterosexual twins was verified by molecular techniques: PCR, short tandem repeats (STRs), and relative quantitative PCR. The molecular analyses have been found to be a more efficient testing strategy, with a higher diagnostic success rate than karyotype evaluation. In 21 heifers, leucocyte chimerism determined by the 60, XX/60, XY karyotype was revealed—the proportion of the 60, XY male cell line in individual animals was in the range of 4–66%. In three cases, a normal karyotype 60, XX was identified, which indicates that anastomoses did not occur in 12.5% of studied twins and suggests that these potentially fertile heifers can be qualified for further breeding. The precise and early identification of freemartinism can be the basis for guidelines and selection recommendations concerning the reproductive performance of heifers born from heterosexual multiple pregnancies.
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Cytogenetic Analyses in Ewes with Congenital Abnormalities of the Genital Apparatus. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100776. [PMID: 31658596 PMCID: PMC6826438 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The disorders of sex development (DSDs) are congenital conditions characterized by inconsistency among chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical sex development. Reproduction and prolificacy are two main parameters in the sheep industry; thus, DSDs in sheep are very detrimental. Interestingly, no DSDs-associated gene mutations have been reported in sheep so far, probably due to the fact that affected animals are not detected and studied. With the aim to deepen the knowledge about DSDs in sheep and improve diagnostic tools, screening of a sheep farm aimed to detect and study DSDs in ovine species has been started, and the actual findings relative to the first two sheep flocks analysed are reported here. In our opinion, this study demonstrates that, despite the low number of studies on ovine DSDs, if compared with other species, this problem is actually present and needs more attention. Abstract The Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs) are congenital conditions characterized by inconsistency among chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical sex development. The aim of this research is to report the clinical and cytogenetic findings of four DSD cases and 13 couples of heterosexual twins in sheep. To this purpose, C- and R-banding techniques were used, and the analyses of the SRY (Sex Determining Region Y) and AMEL (Amelogenin) genes were carried out. Moreover, morphopathological analyses were performed in one case. The four DSD sheep cases were registered as females at birth, and for none of them it was possible to establish whether the subjects were born from heterosexual multiple births. Three of the four cases were diagnosed as XX/XY blood lymphocyte chimaeras, while the fourth case was diagnosed as a 54, XY SRY-positive DSD sheep. None of the heterosexual twins showed XX/XY blood chimaerism. This finding suggests that the blood chimaeric cases detected could also be due to a zygote/embryo fusion. Moreover, no gene variants involved in sheep DSD are known, the identification of which would be very useful for the sheep industry.
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Szczerbal I, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Albarella S, Switonski M. Technical note: Droplet digital PCR as a new molecular method for a simple and reliable diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10100-10104. [PMID: 31447157 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Freemartinism is the most common type of disorder of sex development in cattle. It leads to sterility in the female co-twin in heterosexual twin pregnancy, and is thus a serious problem in cattle production. The incidence of freemartin syndrome is directly dependent on the prevalence of twinning, which has increased in dairy cattle populations in recent years. Thus, early and rapid identification of freemartins is needed to reduce economic loss. Of the various methods used to diagnose this condition, identifying the XX and XY cell lines in blood samples using cytogenetic techniques is the gold standard; however, this technique is time consuming. Faster and more reliable techniques are thus being sought. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a third-generation PCR method and it has not previously been used to detect XX/XY leukocyte chimerism in cattle. The aim of the present study was to verify the usefulness of ddPCR to detect and quantify leukocyte chimerism in this species. The X and Y copy numbers were estimated by identifying the copy numbers of 2 genes located on the sex chromosomes: amelogenin X-linked (AMELX) on the X chromosome and amelogenin Y-linked (AMELY) on the Y chromosome. In the first step, we performed ddPCR on samples prepared from female DNA mixed with male DNA in serially diluted proportions. We determined that the sensitivity of this method was sufficient to detect a low-frequency (<5%) cell line. In the next step, ddPCR was used to analyze 22 Holstein Friesian freemartins. Cytogenetic evaluation of these cases revealed leukocyte chimerism; the proportion of XX and XY metaphase spreads varied over a wide range, from XX (98%)/XY (2%) to XX (4%)/XY (96%). The use of ddPCR facilitated the precise estimation of the ratio of the copy number of X to Y sex chromosomes. In all cases, the XX/XY chimerism detected by cytogenetic analysis was confirmed using ddPCR. The method turned out to be very simple, accurate, and sensitive. In conclusion, we recommend the ddPCR method for fast and reliable detection of XX/XY leukocyte chimerism in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - S Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy
| | - M Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szczerbal I, Stachowiak M, Szydlowski M, Nizanski W, Dzimira S, Maslak A, Payan-Carreira R, Wydooghe E, Nowak T, Switonski M. Association between polymorphisms in the SOX9 region and canine disorder of sex development (78,XX; SRY-negative) revisited in a multibreed case-control study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218565. [PMID: 31220175 PMCID: PMC6586338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular or ovotesticular disorders of sex development (DSD) in individuals with female karyotype (XX) lacking the SRY gene has been observed in several mammalian species, including dogs. A genetic background for this abnormality has been extensively sought, and the region harboring the SOX9 gene has often been considered key in canine DSD. Three types of polymorphism have been studied in this region to date: a) copy number variation (CNV) in a region about 400 kb upstream of SOX9, named CNVR1; b) duplication of SOX9; and c) insertion of a single G-nucleotide (rs852549625) approximately 2.2 Mb upstream of SOX9. The aim of this study was thus to comprehensively analyze these polymorphisms in a large multibreed case-control cohort containing 45 XX DSD dogs, representing 23 breeds. The control set contained 57 fertile females. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to study CNVR1 and the duplication of SOX9. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to visualize copy numbers on a cellular level. The Sanger sequencing approach was performed to analyze the region harboring the G-insertion. We confirmed that CNVR1 is highly polymorphic and that copy numbers varied between 0 and 7 in the case and control cohorts. Interestingly, the number of copies was significantly higher (P = 0.038) in XX DSD dogs (mean = 2.7) than in the control females (mean = 2.0) but not in all studied breeds. Duplication of the SOX9 gene was noted only in a single XX DSD dog (an American Bully), which had three copies of SOX9. Distribution of the G-nucleotide insertion was similar in the XX DSD (frequency 0.20) and control (frequency 0.14) cohorts. Concluding, our study showed that CNVR1, located upstream of SOX9, is associated with the XX DSD phenotype, though in a breed-specific manner. Duplication of the SOX9 gene is a rare cause of this disorder in dogs. Moreover, we did not observe any association of G-insertion with the DSD phenotype. We assume that the genetic background of XX DSD can be different in certain breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Szydlowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Rita Payan-Carreira
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eline Wydooghe
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Clinic of Small Animal Reproduction, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail:
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25
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Baily MP, Avila F, Das PJ, Kutzler MA, Raudsepp T. An Autosomal Translocation 73,XY,t(12;20)(q11;q11) in an Infertile Male Llama ( Lama glama) With Teratozoospermia. Front Genet 2019; 10:344. [PMID: 31040865 PMCID: PMC6476961 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural chromosome abnormalities, such as translocations and inversions occasionally occur in all livestock species and are typically associated with reproductive and developmental disorders. Curiously, only a few structural chromosome aberrations have been reported in camelids, and most involved sex chromosomes. This can be attributed to a high diploid number (2n = 74) and complex chromosome morphology, which makes unambiguous identification of camelid chromosomes difficult. Additionally, molecular tools for camelid cytogenetics are sparse and have become available only recently. Here we present a case report about an infertile male llama with teratozoospermia and abnormal chromosome number 2n = 73,XY. This llama carries an autosomal translocation of chromosomes 12 and 20, which is the likely cause of defective spermatogenesis and infertility in this individual. Our analysis underlines the power of molecular cytogenetics methods over conventional banding-based chromosome analysis for explicit identification of normal and aberrant chromosomes in camelid karyotypes. This is the first case of a translocation and the first autosomal aberration reported in any camelid species. It is proof of principle that, like in other mammalian species, structural chromosome abnormalities contribute to reproductive disorders in camelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malorie P Baily
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Felipe Avila
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pranab J Das
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Assam, India
| | - Michelle A Kutzler
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Poyato-Bonilla J, Anaya-Calvo G, Molina A, Valera M, Moreno-Millán M, Dorado J, Demyda-Peyrás S. A new molecular screening tool for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in donkeys. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:580-584. [PMID: 30597663 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of infertility and reproductive problems in equids. Nowadays, their detection is rising due to the use of new diagnostic tools based on molecular markers instead of karyotyping. Reports of this kind of genetic aberrations in domestic donkeys (Equus asinus) are extremely scarce, despite their importance in human activities. In the present study, we analysed the implementation of a short-tandem-repeat (STR)-based molecular method initially developed for horses, as a diagnostic tool to detect chromosomal abnormalities in donkeys. The frequency of five X-linked (LEX003, LEX026, TKY38, TKY270 and UCEDQ502) and one Y-linked (ECAYM2) molecular markers and one Y-linked gene (sex-determining region Y, SRY) was characterized in 121 donkeys from two diverse breeds, the Spanish Andalusian and the African Moroccan breeds. The molecular panel showed 100% sensitivity and 99.67% specificity in detecting 10 different chromosomal abnormalities in the species. In conclusion, this methodology is a valid, rapid and low-cost tool for the detection and characterization of chromosomal abnormalities in domestic donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Poyato-Bonilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, ETSIA, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | | | - Antonio Molina
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
| | - Mercedes Valera
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, ETSIA, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | | | - Jesús Dorado
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
| | - Sebastián Demyda-Peyrás
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,IGEVET - Instituto de genética veterinaria - CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
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27
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Elevated incidence of freemartinism in pigs detected by droplet digital PCR and cytogenetic techniques. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Qiu Q, Shao T, He Y, Muhammad AUR, Cao B, Su H. Applying real-time quantitative PCR to diagnosis of freemartin in Holstein cattle by quantifying SRY gene: a comparison experiment. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4616. [PMID: 29719732 PMCID: PMC5926548 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freemartinism generally occurs in female offspring of dizygotic twins in a mixed-sex pregnancy. Most bovine heterosexual twin females are freemartins. However, about 10% of bovine heterosexual twin females are fertile. Farmers mostly cull bovine fertile heterosexual twin females due to the lack of a practical diagnostic approach. Culling of such animals results in economic and genetic-material losses both for dairy and beef industry. METHODS In this study, a comparative test, including qualitative detection of SRY gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative detection of relative content of SRY by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and quantitative detection of H-Y antigen, was performed to establish the most accurate diagnosis for freemartin. Twelve Holstein heterosexual twin females were used in this study, while three normal Holstein bulls and three normal Holstein cows were used as a positive and negative control, respectively. RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction results revealed that SRY gene were absent in three heterosexual twin females and only two of them were verified as fertile in later age. The qPCR results showed that relative content of SRY was more than 14.2% in freemartins and below 0.41% in fertile heterosexual twin females. The H-Y antigen test showed no significant numerical difference between freemartin and fertile heterosexual twin female. DISCUSSION Our results show that relative content of SRY quantified by qPCR is a better detection method for diagnosis of freemartin in Holstein cattle as compare to qualitative detection of SRY gene by PCR or quantitative detection of H-Y antigen. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time we applied qPCR to diagnosing freemartin by quantifying SRY gene and got relative SRY content of each freemartin and fertile heterosexual twin female. We concluded that low-level of SRY would not influence fertility of bovine heterosexual twin female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Taoqi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Aziz-Ur-Rahman Muhammad
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Binghai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Jackowiak H, Sledzinski P, Iskrzak P, Dzimira S, Switonski M. Polymorphisms in the SOX9 region and testicular disorder of sex development (38,XX; SRY -negative) in pigs. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Anaya G, Molina A, Valera M, Moreno-Millán M, Azor P, Peral-García P, Demyda-Peyrás S. Sex chromosomal abnormalities associated with equine infertility: validation of a simple molecular screening tool in the Purebred Spanish Horse. Anim Genet 2017; 48:412-419. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Anaya
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Genético Veterinario; Departamento de Genética; Universidad de Córdoba; CN IV KM 396 Edificio Gregor Mendel Campus Rabanales Córdoba 14071 España
| | - A. Molina
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Genético Veterinario; Departamento de Genética; Universidad de Córdoba; CN IV KM 396 Edificio Gregor Mendel Campus Rabanales Córdoba 14071 España
| | - M. Valera
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales; Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica; Universidad de Sevilla; Ctra de Utrera km 1 41013 Sevilla España
| | - M. Moreno-Millán
- Laboratorio de Citogenética Animal Aplicada y Molecular; Departamento de Genética; Universidad de Córdoba; CN IV KM 396 Edificio Gregor Mendel Campus Rabanales Córdoba 14071 España
| | - P. Azor
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales; Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica; Universidad de Sevilla; Ctra de Utrera km 1 41013 Sevilla España
| | - P. Peral-García
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP - CONICET LA PLATA); Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Calle 60 y 118 s/n 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - S. Demyda-Peyrás
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP - CONICET LA PLATA); Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Calle 60 y 118 s/n 1900 La Plata Argentina
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31
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Albarella S, Ciotola F, D'Anza E, Coletta A, Zicarelli L, Peretti V. Congenital Malformations in River Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7020009. [PMID: 28208595 PMCID: PMC5332930 DOI: 10.3390/ani7020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Congenital malformations (due to genetic causes) represent a hidden danger for animal production, above all when genetic selection is undertaken for production improvements. These malformations are responsible for economic losses either because they reduce the productivity of the farm, or because their spread in the population would decrease the total productivity of that species/breed. River buffalo is a species of increasing interest all over the world for its production abilities, as proved by the buffalo genome project and the genetic selection plans that are currently performed in different countries. The aim of this review is to provide a general view of different models of congenital malformations in buffalo and their world distribution. This would be useful either for those who performed buffalo genetic selection or for researchers in genetic diseases, which would be an advantage to their studies with respect to the knowledge of gene mutations and interactions in this species. Abstract The world buffalo population is about 168 million, and it is still growing, in India, China, Brazil, and Italy. In these countries, buffalo genetic breeding programs have been performed for many decades. The occurrence of congenital malformations has caused a slowing of the genetic progress and economic loss for the breeders, due to the death of animals, or damage to their reproductive ability or failing of milk production. Moreover, they cause animal welfare reduction because they can imply foetal dystocia and because the affected animals have a reduced fitness with little chances of survival. This review depicts, in the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) world population, the present status of the congenital malformations, due to genetic causes, to identify their frequency and distribution in order to develop genetic breeding plans able to improve the productive and reproductive performance, and avoid the spreading of detrimental gene variants. Congenital malformations most frequently reported in literature or signaled by breeders to the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production of the University Federico II (Naples, Italy) in river buffalo are: musculoskeletal defects (transverse hemimelia, arthrogryposis, umbilical hernia) and disorders of sexual development. In conclusion this review put in evidence that river buffalo have a great variety of malformations due to genetic causes, and TH and omphalocele are the most frequent and that several cases are still not reported, leading to an underestimation of the real weight of genetic diseases in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Emanuele D'Anza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Angelo Coletta
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Specie Bufalina-ANASB, Caserta 81100, Italy.
| | - Luigi Zicarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Peretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy.
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Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szczerbal I, Pausch H, Hundi S, Hytönen MK, Grzemski A, Flisikowski K, Lohi H, Switonski M, Szydlowski M. Deep sequencing of a candidate region harboring theSOX9gene for the canine XX disorder of sex development. Anim Genet 2017; 48:330-337. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
| | - I. Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
| | - H. Pausch
- Chair of Animal Breeding; Technische Universitat Munchen; Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1; D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - S. Hundi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - M. K. Hytönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - A. Grzemski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
| | - K. Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology; Technische Universitat Munchen; Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1; D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - H. Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - M. Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
| | - M. Szydlowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
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Abstract
The association between chromosomal abnormalities and reduced fertility in domestic animals is well recorded and has been studied for decades. Chromosome aberrations directly affect meiosis, gametogenesis, and the viability of zygotes and embryos. In some instances, balanced structural rearrangements can be transmitted, causing fertility problems in subsequent generations. Here, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of the current status and future prospects of clinical cytogenetics of animal reproduction by focusing on the advances in molecular cytogenetics during the genomics era. We describe how advancing knowledge about animal genomes has improved our understanding of connections between gross structural or molecular chromosome variations and reproductive disorders. Further, we expand on a key area of reproduction genetics: cytogenetics of animal gametes and embryos. Finally, we describe how traditional cytogenetics is interfacing with advanced genomics approaches, such as array technologies and next-generation sequencing, and speculate about the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458;
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Dorado J, Anaya G, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Molina A, Mendez-Sanchez A, Ortiz I, Moreno-Millán M, Hidalgo M, Peral García P, Demyda-Peyrás S. First case of sterility associated with sex chromosomal abnormalities in a jenny. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52:227-234. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Dorado
- Veterinary Reproduction Group AGR-275; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - G Anaya
- Laboratory of Animal Genomics; MERAGEM AGR-158 Research Group; Department of Genetics; University of Córdoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - M Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Animal Genomics and Molecular Biology; National Research Institute of Animal Production; Balice Poland
| | - A Molina
- Laboratory of Animal Genomics; MERAGEM AGR-158 Research Group; Department of Genetics; University of Córdoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - A Mendez-Sanchez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - I Ortiz
- Veterinary Reproduction Group AGR-275; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - M Moreno-Millán
- Laboratory of Applied and Molecular Animal Cytogenetics; MERAGEM AGR-158 Research Group; Department of Genetics; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - M Hidalgo
- Veterinary Reproduction Group AGR-275; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - P Peral García
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria UNLP - CONICET LA PLATA; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - S Demyda-Peyrás
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria UNLP - CONICET LA PLATA; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
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35
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Parma P, Veyrunes F, Pailhoux E. Sex Reversal in Non-Human Placental Mammals. Sex Dev 2016; 10:326-344. [PMID: 27529721 DOI: 10.1159/000448361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonads are very peculiar organs given their bipotential competence. Indeed, early differentiating genital ridges evolve into either of 2 very distinct organs: the testis or the ovary. Accumulating evidence now demonstrates that both genetic pathways must repress the other in order for the organs to differentiate properly, meaning that if this repression is disrupted or attenuated, the other pathway may completely or partially be expressed, leading to disorders of sex development. Among these disorders are the cases of XY male-to-female and XX female-to-male sex reversals as well as true hermaphrodites, in which there is a discrepancy between the chromosomal and gonadal sex. Here, we review known cases of XY and XX sex reversals described in mammals, focusing mostly on domestic animals where sex reversal pathologies occur and on wild species in which deviations from the usual XX/XY system have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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36
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Szczerbal I, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Dzimira S, Atamaniuk W, Nizanski W, Switonski M. A Rare Case of Testicular Disorder of Sex Development in a Dog (78,XX; SRY-Negative) with Male External Genitalia and Detection of Copy Number Variation in the Region Upstream of the SOX9 Gene. Sex Dev 2016; 10:74-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000445464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bolzon C, Joonè CJ, Schulman ML, Harper CK, Villagómez DA, King WA, Révay T. Missense Mutation in the Ligand-Binding Domain of the Horse Androgen Receptor Gene in a Thoroughbred Family with Inherited 64,XY (SRY+) Disorder of Sex Development. Sex Dev 2016; 10:37-44. [DOI: 10.1159/000444991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mary N, Barasc H, Ferchaud S, Billon Y, Meslier F, Robelin D, Calgaro A, Loustau-Dudez AM, Bonnet N, Yerle M, Acloque H, Ducos A, Pinton A. Meiotic recombination analyses of individual chromosomes in male domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). PLoS One 2014; 9:e99123. [PMID: 24919066 PMCID: PMC4053413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time in the domestic pig, meiotic recombination along the 18 porcine autosomes was directly studied by immunolocalization of MLH1 protein. In total, 7,848 synaptonemal complexes from 436 spermatocytes were analyzed, and 13,969 recombination sites were mapped. Individual chromosomes for 113 of the 436 cells (representing 2,034 synaptonemal complexes) were identified by immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The average total length of autosomal synaptonemal complexes per cell was 190.3 µm, with 32.0 recombination sites (crossovers), on average, per cell. The number of crossovers and the lengths of the autosomal synaptonemal complexes showed significant intra- (i.e. between cells) and inter-individual variations. The distributions of recombination sites within each chromosomal category were similar: crossovers in metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes were concentrated in the telomeric regions of the p- and q-arms, whereas two hotspots were located near the centromere and in the telomeric region of acrocentrics. Lack of MLH1 foci was mainly observed in the smaller chromosomes, particularly chromosome 18 (SSC18) and the sex chromosomes. All autosomes displayed positive interference, with a large variability between the chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mary
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
| | - Harmonie Barasc
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Ferchaud
- UE1372 GenESI Génétique, Expérimentation et Système Innovants, Surgères, France
| | - Yvon Billon
- UE1372 GenESI Génétique, Expérimentation et Système Innovants, Surgères, France
| | - Frédéric Meslier
- UE1372 GenESI Génétique, Expérimentation et Système Innovants, Surgères, France
| | - David Robelin
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Calgaro
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Loustau-Dudez
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnet
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Yerle
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Acloque
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Ducos
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Pinton
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Toulouse, France
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Barasc H, Ferchaud S, Mary N, Cucchi MA, Lucena AN, Letron IR, Calgaro A, Bonnet N, Dudez AM, Yerle M, Ducos A, Pinton A. Cytogenetic analysis of somatic and germinal cells from 38,XX/38,XY phenotypically normal boars. Theriogenology 2013; 81:368-72.e1. [PMID: 24200468 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many chromosomal abnormalities have been reported to date in pigs. Most of them have been balanced structural rearrangements, especially reciprocal translocations. A few cases of XY/XX chimerism have also been diagnosed within the national systematic chromosomal control program of young purebred boars carried out in France. Until now, this kind of chromosomal abnormality has been mainly reported in intersex individuals. We investigated 38,XY/38,XX boars presenting apparently normal phenotypes to evaluate the potential effects of this particular chromosomal constitution on their reproductive performance. To do this, we analyzed (1) the chromosomal constitution of cells from different organs in one boar; (2) the aneuploidy rates for chromosomes X, Y, and 13 in sperm nuclei sampled from seven XY/XX boars. 2n = 38,XX cells were identified in different nonhematopoietic tissues including testis (frequency, <8%). Similar aneuploidy rates were observed in the sperm nuclei of XY/XX and normal individuals (controls). Altogether, these results suggest that the presence of XX cells had no or only a very limited effect on the reproduction abilities of the analyzed boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmonie Barasc
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Ferchaud
- GenESI Génétique, Expérimentation et Système Innovants Poitou Charentes, Saint-Pierre-d'Amilly, France
| | - Nicolas Mary
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Adélaïde Cucchi
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Amalia Naranjo Lucena
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Raymond Letron
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMS 006, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Fonctionnelles, Laboratoire d'Histopathologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Calgaro
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnet
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Marie Dudez
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Yerle
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Ducos
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Pinton
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, Toulouse, France.
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40
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Whitlock BK, Coffman EA, Bray KY, Himmelreich EL, Maxwell HS. Theriogenology question of the month. Intersex syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:169-72. [PMID: 23276091 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Whitlock
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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41
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Demyda-Peyrás S, Membrillo A, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Pawlina K, Anaya G, Moreno-Millán M. The Use of Molecular and Cytogenetic Methods as a Valuable Tool in the Detection of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Horses: A Case of Sex Chromosome Chimerism in a Spanish Purebred Colt. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 141:277-83. [DOI: 10.1159/000351225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Avila F, Das PJ, Kutzler M, Owens E, Perelman P, Rubes J, Hornak M, Johnson WE, Raudsepp T. Development and application of camelid molecular cytogenetic tools. J Hered 2012; 105:858-69. [PMID: 23109720 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/ess067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic chromosome maps offer molecular tools for genome analysis and clinical cytogenetics and are of particular importance for species with difficult karyotypes, such as camelids (2n = 74). Building on the available human-camel zoo-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) data, we developed the first cytogenetic map for the alpaca (Lama pacos, LPA) genome by isolating and identifying 151 alpaca bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones corresponding to 44 specific genes. The genes were mapped by FISH to 31 alpaca autosomes and the sex chromosomes; 11 chromosomes had 2 markers, which were ordered by dual-color FISH. The STS gene mapped to Xpter/Ypter, demarcating the pseudoautosomal region, whereas no markers were assigned to chromosomes 14, 21, 22, 28, and 36. The chromosome-specific markers were applied in clinical cytogenetics to identify LPA20, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-carrying chromosome, as a part of an autosomal translocation in a sterile male llama (Lama glama, LGL; 2n = 73,XY). FISH with LPAX BACs and LPA36 paints, as well as comparative genomic hybridization, were also used to investigate the origin of the minute chromosome, an abnormally small LPA36 in infertile female alpacas. This collection of cytogenetically mapped markers represents a new tool for camelid clinical cytogenetics and has applications for the improvement of the alpaca genome map and sequence assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Avila
- From the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp); Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Kutzler); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Owens); Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (Perelman and Johnson); Laboratory of Cytogenetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia (Perelman); and Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic (Rubes and Hornak)
| | - Pranab J Das
- From the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp); Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Kutzler); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Owens); Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (Perelman and Johnson); Laboratory of Cytogenetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia (Perelman); and Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic (Rubes and Hornak)
| | - Michelle Kutzler
- From the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp); Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Kutzler); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Owens); Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (Perelman and Johnson); Laboratory of Cytogenetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia (Perelman); and Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic (Rubes and Hornak)
| | - Elaine Owens
- From the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp); Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Kutzler); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Owens); Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (Perelman and Johnson); Laboratory of Cytogenetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia (Perelman); and Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic (Rubes and Hornak)
| | - Polina Perelman
- From the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp); Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Kutzler); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Owens); Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (Perelman and Johnson); Laboratory of Cytogenetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia (Perelman); and Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic (Rubes and Hornak)
| | - Jiri Rubes
- From the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp); Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Kutzler); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Owens); Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (Perelman and Johnson); Laboratory of Cytogenetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia (Perelman); and Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic (Rubes and Hornak)
| | - Miroslav Hornak
- From the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp); Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Kutzler); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Owens); Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (Perelman and Johnson); Laboratory of Cytogenetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia (Perelman); and Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic (Rubes and Hornak)
| | - Warren E Johnson
- From the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp); Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Kutzler); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Owens); Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (Perelman and Johnson); Laboratory of Cytogenetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia (Perelman); and Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic (Rubes and Hornak)
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- From the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp); Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Kutzler); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (Owens); Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 (Perelman and Johnson); Laboratory of Cytogenetics of Animals, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia (Perelman); and Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic (Rubes and Hornak).
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43
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Fellows E, Kutzler M, Avila F, Das PJ, Raudsepp T. Ovarian dysgenesis in an alpaca with a minute chromosome 36. J Hered 2012; 105:870-4. [PMID: 23008444 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/ess069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old female alpaca (Lama pacos [LPA]) was presented to the Oregon State Veterinary Teaching Hospital for failure to display receptive behavior to males. Although no abnormalities were found on physical examination, transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract revealed uterine hypoplasia and ovarian dysgenesis. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated a normal female 74,XX karyotype with 1 exceptionally small (minute) homologue of autosome LPA36. Chromosome analysis by Giemsa staining and DAPI- and C-banding revealed that the minute LPA36 was submetacentric, AT-rich, and largely heterochromatic. Because of the small size and lack of molecular markers, it was not possible to identify the origin of the minute. There is a need to improve molecular cytogenetic tools to further study the phenomenon of this minute chromosome and its relation to female reproduction in alpacas and llamas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fellows
- From the Department of Animal and Rangeland Science, Oregon State University, 315 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Fellows and Kutzler); and the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp).
| | - Michelle Kutzler
- From the Department of Animal and Rangeland Science, Oregon State University, 315 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Fellows and Kutzler); and the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp)
| | - Felipe Avila
- From the Department of Animal and Rangeland Science, Oregon State University, 315 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Fellows and Kutzler); and the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp)
| | - Pranab J Das
- From the Department of Animal and Rangeland Science, Oregon State University, 315 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Fellows and Kutzler); and the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp)
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- From the Department of Animal and Rangeland Science, Oregon State University, 315 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 (Fellows and Kutzler); and the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Avila, Das, and Raudsepp)
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44
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Perucatti A, Genualdo V, Iannuzzi A, Rebl A, Di Berardino D, Goldammer T, Iannuzzi L. Advanced comparative cytogenetic analysis of X chromosomes in river buffalo, cattle, sheep, and human. Chromosome Res 2012; 20:413-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-012-9285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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45
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Lear T, McGee R. Disorders of Sexual Development in the Domestic Horse, Equus caballus. Sex Dev 2012; 6:61-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000334048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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46
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Favetta L, Villagómez D, Iannuzzi L, Di Meo G, Webb A, Crain S, King W. Disorders of Sexual Development and Abnormal Early Development in Domestic Food-Producing Mammals: The Role of Chromosome Abnormalities, Environment and Stress Factors. Sex Dev 2012; 6:18-32. [DOI: 10.1159/000332754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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47
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Jeon BG, Rho GJ, Betts DH, Petrik JJ, Favetta LA, King WA. Low levels of X-inactive specific transcript in somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos derived from female bovine freemartin donor cells. Sex Dev 2011; 6:151-9. [PMID: 22095296 DOI: 10.1159/000334050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared developmental potential, telomerase activity and transcript levels of X-linked genes (HPRT, MECP2, RPS4X, SLC25A6, XIAP, XIST and ZFX) in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos reconstructed with cells derived from a freemartin (female with a male co-twin) or from normal female cattle (control). The rates of cleavage, development to blastocyst and hatched blastocyst stage, and the mean numbers of total and inner cell mass cells in the freemartin SCNT embryos were not significantly different from those of control SCNT embryos (p > 0.05). The levels of telomerase activity analyzed by RQ-TRAP in the freemartin SCNT embryos were also similar to those of the normal SCNT embryos. Transcript levels of HPRT, MECP2, RPS4X and XIAP, measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, were not significantly different between the control and freemartin SCNT embryos (p > 0.05). However, the transcript levels of SLC25A6, XIST and ZFX were significantly decreased in the freemartin SCNT embryos compared to control SCNT embryos (p < 0.05). Transfer of 71 freemartin SCNT embryos to 22 recipient cows resulted in 4 (18%) pregnancies, which were lost between days 28 and 90 of gestation. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that the transcript levels of several X-linked genes, especially XIST, showed an aberrant pattern in the freemartin SCNT embryos, suggesting aberrant X inactivation in freemartin clones which may affect embryo survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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48
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Révay T, Villagómez DAF, Brewer D, Chenier T, King WA. GTG mutation in the start codon of the androgen receptor gene in a family of horses with 64,XY disorder of sex development. Sex Dev 2011; 6:108-16. [PMID: 22095250 DOI: 10.1159/000334049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic sex in mammals is determined by the sex chromosomal composition of the zygote. The X and Y chromosomes are responsible for numerous factors that must work in close concert for the proper development of a healthy sexual phenotype. The role of androgens in case of XY chromosomal constitution is crucial for normal male sex differentiation. The intracellular androgenic action is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), and its impaired function leads to a myriad of syndromes with severe clinical consequences, most notably androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer. In this paper, we investigated the possibility that an alteration of the equine AR gene explains a recently described familial XY, SRY + disorder of sex development. We uncovered a transition in the first nucleotide of the AR start codon (c.1A>G). To our knowledge, this represents the first causative AR mutation described in domestic animals. It is also a rarely observed mutation in eukaryotes and is unique among the >750 entries of the human androgen receptor mutation database. In addition, we found another quiet missense mutation in exon 1 (c.322C>T). Transcription of AR was confirmed by RT-PCR amplification of several exons. Translation of the full-length AR protein from the initiating GTG start codon was confirmed by Western blot using N- and C-terminal-specific antibodies. Two smaller peptides (25 and 14 amino acids long) were identified from the middle of exon 1 and across exons 5 and 6 by mass spectrometry. Based upon our experimental data and the supporting literature, it appears that the AR is expressed as a full-length protein and in a functional form, and the observed phenotype is the result of reduced AR protein expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Révay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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49
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Das PJ, Lyle SK, Beehan D, Chowdhary BP, Raudsepp T. Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of Y isochromosome in a 63XO/64Xi(Yq) mosaic karyotype of an intersex horse. Sex Dev 2011; 6:117-27. [PMID: 22005008 DOI: 10.1159/000332212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosome aberrations commonly lead to abnormal sexual development. Here we cytogenetically and molecularly characterized Y isochromosome in an intersex horse. Blood lymphocyte analysis showed a mosaic karyotype with 96% 63,XO and 4% 64,Xi(Y) cells. Molecular analysis of the isochromosome was carried out by fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction with male-specific and pseudoautosomal markers from the horse Y chromosome. We found that the isochromosome was monocentric, composed of 2 long arms, carrying 2 sets of genes of the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) and the male-specific region of the Y (MSY), including the SRY - thus being genetically equivalent to Y disomy. Sequence analysis of a 1,955-bp region including the SRY exon, the promoter and the UTRs, revealed no mutations in the aberrant Y. The presence of an intact SRY in a small proportion of cells is the proposed cause for the intersex phenotype. Given that the i(Yq) was present in a mosaic form, both post-zygotic and meiotic mechanisms of its origin were proposed. We speculated that nonmosaic 64,Xi(Yq) karyotypes might be rare or absent because of the likely instability of the i(Yq) during cell division. Genetic and phenotypic implications of Y isochromosome formation in other mammals are discussed in the light of the diversity of Y chromosome organization between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Das
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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50
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Mastromonaco GF, Houck ML, Bergfelt DR. Disorders of sexual development in wild and captive exotic animals. Sex Dev 2011; 6:84-95. [PMID: 22004948 DOI: 10.1159/000332203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSDs) are an increasing concern in both captive and free-ranging wildlife species. Partial or complete reduction in fertility that results from intersex conditions or gonadal dysgenesis is detrimental to the reproductive potential of wildlife populations, and consequently, to their long-term survival. Compared to the wealth of information available on humans and domestic species, a better understanding of the factors influencing sexual development in wildlife is essential for developing and improving population management or conservation plans. This review attempts to bring together the different facets of DSDs as studied in the fields of reproductive physiology, endocrinology, ecotoxicology, wildlife biology, and environmental health.
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