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Beaufrère A, Bessières B, Bonnière M, Driessen M, Alfano C, Couderc T, Thiry M, Thelen N, Lecuit M, Attié-Bitach T, Vekemans M, Ville Y, Nguyen L, Leruez-Ville M, Encha-Razavi F. A clinical and histopathological study of malformations observed in fetuses infected by the Zika virus. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:114-125. [PMID: 30020561 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and the associated increased prevalence of microcephaly in Brazil underline the impact of viral infections on embryo fetal development. The aim of the present study is to provide a detailed clinical and histopathological study of the fetal disruption caused by the ZIKV, with a special focus on the associated neuropathological findings. METHODS A detailed feto-placental examination, as well as neuropathological and neurobiological studies were performed on three fetuses collected after pregnancy termination between 22 and 25 weeks of gestation (WG), because brain malformations associated with a maternal and fetal ZIKV infection was diagnosed. RESULTS In all three cases, the maternal infection occurred during the first trimester of pregnancy. A small head was observed on the ultrasound examination of the second trimester of pregnancy and led to the diagnosis of ZIKV fetopathy and pregnancy termination. The fetal histopathological examination was unremarkable on the viscera but showed on the testis an interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate. The placenta contained a Hofbauer cells hyperplasia with signs of inflammation. Neuropathological findings included a meningoencephalitis and an ex vacuo hydrocephalus. Immunohistochemical studies showed the presence of T lymphocytic and histiocytic meningitis associated with an abundant cerebral astroglial and macrophagic reaction. In situ hybridization demonstrated, abundant ZIKV particles within the cerebral parenchyma mainly in the ventricular/subventricular zone and in the cortical plate. In addition massive cells death and endoplasmic reticulum damage were present. CONCLUSION The present study reports on the clinical and histopathological findings observed in three fetuses infected by the ZIKV. It emphasizes the severity of brain damages and the minimal visceral and placental changes observed upon ZIKV infection. This confirms the selective neurotropism of ZIKV. Finally, it allows us to describe the cascade of multifactorial developmental defects leading to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Beaufrère
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bettina Bessières
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Bonnière
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Marine Driessen
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Thérèse Couderc
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Inserm U1117, Paris, France
| | - Marc Thiry
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Nicolas Thelen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Inserm U1117, Paris, France.,Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France.,INSERM U-1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vekemans
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France.,INSERM U-1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Yves Ville
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Marianne Leruez-Ville
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Férechté Encha-Razavi
- Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
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4
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Sun L, Macgowan CK, Sled JG, Yoo SJ, Manlhiot C, Porayette P, Grosse-Wortmann L, Jaeggi E, McCrindle BW, Kingdom J, Hickey E, Miller S, Seed M. Reduced fetal cerebral oxygen consumption is associated with smaller brain size in fetuses with congenital heart disease. Circulation 2015; 131:1313-23. [PMID: 25762062 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal hypoxia has been implicated in the abnormal brain development seen in newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD). New magnetic resonance imaging technology now offers the potential to investigate the relationship between fetal hemodynamics and brain dysmaturation. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured fetal brain size, oxygen saturation, and blood flow in the major vessels of the fetal circulation in 30 late-gestation fetuses with CHD and 30 normal controls using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging and T2 mapping. Fetal hemodynamic parameters were calculated from a combination of magnetic resonance imaging flow and oximetry data and fetal hemoglobin concentrations estimated from population averages. In fetuses with CHD, reductions in umbilical vein oxygen content (P<0.001) and failure of the normal streaming of oxygenated blood from the placenta to the ascending aorta were associated with a mean reduction in ascending aortic saturation of 10% (P<0.001), whereas cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen extraction were no different from those in controls. This accounted for the mean 15% reduction in cerebral oxygen delivery (P=0.08) and 32% reduction cerebral Vo2 in CHD fetuses (P<0.001), which were associated with a 13% reduction in fetal brain volume (P<0.001). Fetal brain size correlated with ascending aortic oxygen saturation and cerebral Vo2 (r=0.37, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS This study supports a direct link between reduced cerebral oxygenation and impaired brain growth in fetuses with CHD and raises the possibility that in utero brain development could be improved with maternal oxygen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Sun
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Christopher K Macgowan
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - John G Sled
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Cedric Manlhiot
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Prashob Porayette
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Lars Grosse-Wortmann
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Edgar Jaeggi
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - John Kingdom
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Edward Hickey
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Steven Miller
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.)
| | - Mike Seed
- From Department of Ultrasound, International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (L.S.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (L.S., S.-J.Y., C.M., P.P., L.G.-W., E.J., B.W.M., M.S.), Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine (C.K.M., J.G.S.), Department of Diagnostic Imaging (S.-J.Y., L.G.-W., M.S.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (E.H.), and Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.M.), University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada (J.K.).
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7
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Al Nafisi B, van Amerom JFP, Forsey J, Jaeggi E, Grosse-Wortmann L, Yoo SJ, Macgowan CK, Seed M. Fetal circulation in left-sided congenital heart disease measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a case-control study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:65. [PMID: 23890187 PMCID: PMC3735489 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distribution of blood flow in fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD) is likely to influence fetal growth, organ development, and postnatal outcome, but has previously been difficult to study. We present the first measurements of the distribution of the fetal circulation in left-sided CHD made using phase contrast cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). METHODS Twenty-two fetuses with suspected left-sided CHD and twelve normal controls underwent fetal CMR and echocardiography at a mean of 35 weeks gestation (range 30-39 weeks). RESULTS Fetuses with left-sided CHD had a mean combined ventricular output 19% lower than normal controls (p < 0.01). In fetuses with left-sided CHD with pulmonary venous obstruction, pulmonary blood flow was significantly lower than in those with left-sided CHD without pulmonary venous obstruction (p < 0.01). All three fetuses with pulmonary venous obstruction had pulmonary lymphangectasia by fetal CMR and postnatal histology. Fetuses with small but apex forming left ventricles with left ventricular outflow tract or aortic arch obstruction had reduced ascending aortic and foramen ovale flow compared with normals (p < 0.01). Fetuses with left-sided CHD had more variable superior vena caval flows than normal controls (p < 0.05). Six fetuses with CHD had brain weights at or below the 5th centile for gestational age, while none of the fetuses in the normal control group had brain weights below the 25th centile. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of the distribution of the fetal circulation in late gestation left-sided CHD is feasible with CMR. We demonstrated links between fetal blood flow distribution and postnatal course, and examined the relationship between fetal hemodynamics and lung and brain development. CMR enhances our understanding of pathophysiology of the fetal circulation and, with more experience, may help with the planning of perinatal management and fetal counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahiyah Al Nafisi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joshua FP van Amerom
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan Forsey
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edgar Jaeggi
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lars Grosse-Wortmann
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christopher K Macgowan
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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