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Monou PK, Andriotis E, Tzetzis D, Tzimtzimis E, Panteris E, Andreadis D, Demiri E, Vizirianakis IS, Fatouros DG. Evaluation of 3D-Printed Solid Microneedles Coated with Electrosprayed Polymeric Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Delivery of Rivastigmine and N-Acetyl Cysteine. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2710-2724. [PMID: 38591866 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In the current study, coated microneedle arrays were fabricated by means of digital light processing (DLP) printing. Three different shapes were designed, printed, and coated with PLGA particles containing two different actives. Rivastigmine (RIV) and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) were coformulated via electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), and they were incorporated into the PLGA particles. The two actives are administered as a combined therapy for Alzheimer's disease. The printed arrays were evaluated regarding their ability to penetrate skin and their mechanical properties. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to further characterize the microneedle structure. Confocal laser microscopy studies were conducted to construct 3D imaging of the coating and to simulate the diffusion of the particles through artificial skin samples. Permeation studies were performed to investigate the transport of the drugs across human skin ex vivo. Subsequently, a series of tape strippings were performed in an attempt to examine the deposition of the APIs on and within the skin. Light microscopy and histological studies revealed no drastic effects on the membrane integrity of the stratum corneum. Finally, the cytocompatibility of the microneedles and their precursors was evaluated by measuring cell viability (MTT assay and live/dead staining) and membrane damages followed by LDH release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Kyriaki Monou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Andriotis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tzetzis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Tzimtzimis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Andreadis
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efterpi Demiri
- Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vizirianakis
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Fatouros
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Simon K, Oberender G, Roloff A. Continuous Removal of Single Cell Layers by Tape Stripping the Stratum Corneum - a Histological Study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00110-8. [PMID: 37149231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the penetration of toxicologically or pharmaceutically relevant substances through the skin and, more specifically, through the stratum corneum (s.c.) often rely on the well-established method of tape stripping. Tape stripping involves the removal of skin layers by means of adhesive tape, which is usually followed by quantification of dermally applied substances in these layers. However, the amount of s.c. removed by each individual tape strip is still a matter of scientific debate. While some studies imply that the amount of s.c. adhering to each tape strip decreases with increasing depth into the s.c., others observed a constant removal rate. All these studies rely on the quantification of the amount of s.c. captured on individual or pooled tape strips. Here, we present an approach whereby we measured the amount of s.c. remaining on excised porcine skin in the process of tape stripping. Staining and bloating of the s.c. allowed to measure its thickness and to count individual s.c. layers, respectively. Histologically, we show that the s.c. remaining on the skin decreased linearly as a function of strips taken. We found that each tape strip removes about 0.4µm of s.c., which corresponds to approximately one cellular layer. With a high coefficient of determination (r2>0.95), we were able to linearly correlate the thickness of the remaining s.c., the number of remaining cell layers and the number of tape strips applied. Furthermore, we elaborate on possible reasons for the discrepancies reported in the scientific literature regarding the amount of s.c. removed by each tape strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Simon
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gila Oberender
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Roloff
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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Schoenfelder H, Liu Y, Jasmin Lunter D. Systematic investigation of factors, such as the impact of emulsifiers, which influence the measurement of skin barrier integrity by in-vitro trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL). Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122930. [PMID: 37028576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) has been the most widely used method to assess the integrity of the skin barrier and evaluate the irritation potential or the protective properties of topical products for many years. It detects the amount of water that diffuses across the stratum corneum (SC) to the external environment. As one of the most important functions of the skin is to keep water inside the body, an increase in TEWL is used to indicate the skin's impaired barrier function. So far, a variety of commercial instruments are available to measure the TEWL. Their applications mainly focus on the in-vivo TEWL measurements for dermatological examinations or formulation development. Recently, an in-vitro TEWL probe has also been commercially released enabling preliminary tests with excised skin samples. In our study, we first aimed to optimize the experimental procedures for detecting the in-vitro TEWL of porcine skin. Secondly, different kinds of emulsifiers were applied to the skin, including polyethylene glycol-containing emulsifiers (PEG-ylated emulsifiers), sorbitan esters, cholesterol, and lecithin. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was used as a positive control, and water as a negative control. Based on the findings, we established a protocol for accurately measuring the in-vitro TEWL values, emphasizing that the temperature of the skin sample should be constantly maintained at 32℃. Subsequently, the influences of emulsifiers on the in-vitro TEWL were analyzed. They indicated a significant skin barrier impairment of PEG-20 cetyl ether, PEG-20 stearyl ether, and SLS on in-vitro skin. Furthermore, we interestingly found that there consistently was an alteration of the TEWL values, even after the application of water to the skin. Our findings are of special interest, as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommends the use of in-vitro TEWL to determine skin barrier intactness during Franz cell experiments. Thus, this study provides a validated protocol for measuring the in-vitro TEWL and elucidates the impact of emulsifiers on the skin barrier. It also improves the understanding of tolerable variations of in-vitro TEWL and offers recommendations for its use in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Schoenfelder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dominique Jasmin Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Sadozai SK, Khan SA, Baseer A, Ullah R, Zeb A, Schneider M. In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evaluation of Nanoparticle-Based Topical Formulation Against Candida albicans Infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:909851. [PMID: 35873577 PMCID: PMC9304580 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketoconazole is commonly used in the treatment of topical fungal infections. The therapy requires frequent application for several weeks. Systemic side effects, allergic reactions, and prolonged treatment are often associated with non-compliance and therapy failure. Hence, we developed an optimized topical antifungal gel that can prolong the release of drug, reduce systemic absorption, enhance its therapeutic effect, and improve patient compliance. Ketoconazole-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by the emulsion/solvent evaporation method and were characterized with respect to colloidal properties, surface morphology, and drug entrapment efficiency. The optimized ketoconazole-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and commercially available silver nanoparticles were incorporated into a Carbopol 934P-NF gel base. This arrangement was characterized and compared with commercially available 2% ketoconazole cream to assess physical characteristics of the gel, in vitro drug release, ex vivo skin permeation and retention, and in vivo studies on Wister male albino rats. The results showed that polymeric PLGA nanoparticles were very effective in extending the release of ketoconazole in our optimized formulation. Nanoparticles were smooth, spherical in shape, and below 200 nm in size which is consistent with the data obtained from light scattering and SEM images. The ex vivo data showed that our gel formulation could strongly reduce drug permeation through the skin, and more than 60% of the drug was retained on the upper surface of the skin in contrast to 38.42% of the commercial cream. The in vivo studies showed that gel formulation could effectively treat the infection. This study demonstrates that our topical gel could be effective in sustaining the release of drug and suggests its potential use as a possible strategy to combat antifungal-resistant Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Khan Sadozai
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Saeed Ahmad Khan, ; Marc Schneider,
| | - Abdul Baseer
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Rooh Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Alam Zeb
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- *Correspondence: Saeed Ahmad Khan, ; Marc Schneider,
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Angellotti G, Murgia D, Presentato A, D’Oca MC, Scarpaci AG, Alduina R, Raimondi MV, De Caro V. Antibacterial PEGylated Solid Lipid Microparticles for Cosmeceutical Purpose: Formulation, Characterization, and Efficacy Evaluation. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092073. [PMID: 32365956 PMCID: PMC7254386 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficacious means of delivering antioxidant polyphenols from natural sources for the treatment of skin diseases is of great interest for many cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies. Resveratrol (RSV) and Limonene (LIM) have been shown to possess good anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus infections responsible for many skin disorders, such as acne vulgaris. In this study, solid lipid microparticles are designed as composite vehicles capable of encapsulating a high amount of trans-RSV and enhancing its absorption through the stratum corneum. A microparticulate system based on mixture of PEGylate lipids, long-chain alcohols and LIM is able to entrap RSV in an amorphous state, increasing its half-life and avoiding inactivation due to isomerization phenomena, which represents the main drawback in topical formulations. Particles have been characterized in term of shape, size distribution and drug loading. Antimicrobial tests against S. aureus have highlighted that empty microspheres possess per se antimicrobial activity, which is enhanced by the presence of LIM, demonstrating that they can represent an interesting bactericide vehicle for RSV administration on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Angellotti
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (D.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Denise Murgia
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (D.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Alessandro Presentato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Maria Cristina D’Oca
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Amalia Giulia Scarpaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Maria Valeria Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
| | - Viviana De Caro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.P.); (A.G.S.); (R.A.); (M.V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-2389-1926
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6
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Biosynthesis of size-controlled gold nanoparticles using M. lucida leaf extract and their penetration studies on human skin for plastic surgery applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 199:111591. [PMID: 31514102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, majority of the studies were focusing on the nanoparticles (NPs) and their abilities of penetrating Stratum Corneum (SC), as they can be prominently utilized in the plastic surgeries. In the current work, we demonstrated the penetrating abilities of gold NPs (AuNPs) through anthropological skin with diameters of 10 and 15 nm, varying in sizes, with the help of Multiphoton Microscopy. In addition, we also demonstrated a rapid facile environment friendly process of synthesizing AuNPs of adjustable sizes with the help of aqueous M. lucida leaf extract. Surface plasmon resonance was performed to confirm the synthesis of AuNPs at 530 nm with the help of UV-vis spectrophotometer. By differentiating the quantities of M. lucida leaf aqueous extracts, we studied the reduction time, morphological differences and size of the AuNPs. By performing Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), we characterized the fabricated AuNPs. The further aggregation and growth of AuNPs was protected by the polyphenols in the oxidised form by having a coordination with the surface of AuNPs. Moreover, the experiments of skin penetration showed an effort to deeply examine the factors leading to the penetration of particles into the human skin. These responses indicate that NPs at the determined size ranges penetrate the SC in the same pattern of the drug molecules, mostly by the intercellular paths. These responses attained were essential for developing a unique transdermal transporter as well as for understanding the basic interaction of skin-NPs for the application of plastic surgeries.
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Goh CF, Moffat JG, Craig DQM, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Monitoring Drug Crystallization in Percutaneous Penetration Using Localized Nanothermal Analysis and Photothermal Microspectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:359-370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan G. Moffat
- Asylum Research, Oxford Instruments Company, Halifax Road, HP12 3SE High Wycombe, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Q. M. Craig
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E. Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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Clausen ML, Slotved HC, Krogfelt KA, Agner T. Measurements of AMPs in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis and healthy skin-tape stripping technique. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1666. [PMID: 29374283 PMCID: PMC5786105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in atopic dermatitis (AD) have previously been reported and have been linked to the increased susceptibility to skin infections found in AD patients. This study intents to identify AMPs: hBD-2, hBD-3, RNase7, psoriasin and LL-37 in AD patients and healthy controls, and determine concentrations in consecutive depths of the outer most skin layers. Tape stripping was used on lesional and non-lesional skin. From each skin site, 35 consecutive tape strips were collected and pooled in groups of 5. Commercially available ELISA kits were used to determine AMP concentration in stratum corneum samples. hBD-2, hBD-3, RNase7 and psoriasin were identified in stratum corneum samples. hBD-3-level was markedly higher in AD non-lesional skin compared to healthy controls, and a similar trend was observed for RNase7. Most AMPs were distributed evenly through 35 tape strips, implying a homogeneous distribution of antimicrobial defense in the outer most skin layers. The findings indicate that AD patients may not suffer from a general baseline deficiency in AMPs, and that the innate immune defense is present throughout the stratum corneum, both insights of importance for understanding the role of AMPs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja-Lisa Clausen
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - H-C Slotved
- Department of Bacteria, parasites and fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, parasites and fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tove Agner
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Pyo SM, Hespeler D, Keck CM, Müller RH. Dermal miconazole nitrate nanocrystals – formulation development, increased antifungal efficacy & skin penetration. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:350-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Jacques-Jamin C, Jeanjean-Miquel C, Domergue A, Bessou-Touya S, Duplan H. Standardization of an in vitro Model for Evaluating the Bioavailability of Topically Applied Compounds on Damaged Skin: Application to Sunscreen Analysis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 30:55-65. [DOI: 10.1159/000455196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Cadavona JJP, Zhu H, Hui X, Jung EC, Maibach HI. Depth-dependent stratum corneum permeability in human skinin vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1207-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanjiang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; San Francisco CA 94143-0989 USA
| | - Xiaoying Hui
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; San Francisco CA 94143-0989 USA
| | - Eui-Chang Jung
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; San Francisco CA 94143-0989 USA
| | - Howard I. Maibach
- Department of Dermatology; University of California; San Francisco CA 94143-0989 USA
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12
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Raj N, Voegeli R, Rawlings AV, Gibbons S, Munday MR, Summers B, Lane ME. Variation in stratum corneum protein content as a function of anatomical site and ethnic group. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 38:224-31. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Raj
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - R. Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd.; Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - A. V. Rawlings
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - S. Gibbons
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - M. R. Munday
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - B. Summers
- Photobiology Laboratory; Sefako Makgatho University; Mednusa South Africa
| | - M. E. Lane
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
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13
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Mahrhauser DS, Nagelreiter C, Gehrig S, Geyer A, Ogris M, Kwizda K, Valenta C. Assessment of Raman spectroscopy as a fast and non-invasive method for total stratum corneum thickness determination of pig skin. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:482-484. [PMID: 26383843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Determination of total stratum corneum (SC) thickness is necessary to construct accurate SC drug concentration depth profiles that are used to evaluate the skin absorption of locally acting active components. Currently, different established methods such as the microscopic or gravimetric approach, estimation via transepidermal water loss or NIR densitometry are used. However, some of them represent time consuming strategies. In the present study, Raman spectroscopy was assessed as a non-invasive and fast method for total SC thickness estimation. All techniques employed in this study yielded comparable results with SC values of 11.15 ± 1.52 μm derived from Raman experiments, 10.22 ± 2.64 μm from NIR densitometry measurements and 10.91 ± 2.03 μm from light microscopy studies suggesting Raman spectroscopy as an appropriate and rapid method for total SC thickness determination. As a further objective of the study, the storage conditions of the skin samples during Raman measurements and the impact of keeping the skin on the cartilage during NIR densitometry measurements were investigated. Skin samples can be stored dry during Raman measurements, if immediate measurement is not feasible. Furthermore, skin samples for NIR densitometry studies should be kept on the cartilage during the stripping procedure to avoid SC thickness underestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise-Silvia Mahrhauser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Corinna Nagelreiter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sebastian Gehrig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Antonia Geyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Manfred Ogris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Kristina Kwizda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Claudia Valenta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria; Research Platform "Characterisation of Drug Delivery Systems on Skin and Investigations of Involved Mechanisms", University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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14
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Importance of a suitable working protocol for tape stripping experiments on porcine ear skin: Influence of lipophilic formulations and strip adhesion impairment. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Percutaneous penetration of silver from a silver containing garment in healthy volunteers and patients with atopic dermatitis. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Franzen L, Anderski J, Windbergs M. Quantitative detection of caffeine in human skin by confocal Raman spectroscopy--A systematic in vitro validation study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:110-6. [PMID: 25828208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For rational development and evaluation of dermal drug delivery, the knowledge of rate and extent of substance penetration into the human skin is essential. However, current analytical procedures are destructive, labor intense and lack a defined spatial resolution. In this context, confocal Raman microscopy bares the potential to overcome current limitations in drug depth profiling. Confocal Raman microscopy already proved its suitability for the acquisition of qualitative penetration profiles, but a comprehensive investigation regarding its suitability for quantitative measurements inside the human skin is still missing. In this work, we present a systematic validation study to deploy confocal Raman microscopy for quantitative drug depth profiling in human skin. After we validated our Raman microscopic setup, we successfully established an experimental procedure that allows correlating the Raman signal of a model drug with its controlled concentration in human skin. To overcome current drawbacks in drug depth profiling, we evaluated different modes of peak correlation for quantitative Raman measurements and offer a suitable operating procedure for quantitative drug depth profiling in human skin. In conclusion, we successfully demonstrate the potential of confocal Raman microscopy for quantitative drug depth profiling in human skin as valuable alternative to destructive state-of-the-art techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Franzen
- Saarland University, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Juliane Anderski
- Saarland University, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Saarland University, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarbruecken, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Drug Delivery, Saarbruecken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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17
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Nagelreiter C, Kratochvilova E, Valenta C. Dilution of semi-solid creams: Influence of various production parameters on rheological properties and skin penetration. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:429-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Melero A, Ferreira Ourique A, Stanisçuaski Guterres S, Raffin Pohlmann A, Lehr CM, Ruver Beck RC, Schaefer U. Nanoencapsulation in Lipid-Core Nanocapsules Controls Mometasone Furoate Skin Permeability Rate and Its Penetration to the Deeper Skin Layers. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:217. [DOI: 10.1159/000354921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Lu N, Chandar P, Tempesta D, Vincent C, Bajor J, McGuiness H. Characteristic differences in barrier and hygroscopic properties between normal and cosmetic dry skin. I. Enhanced barrier analysis with sequential tape-stripping. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:167-74. [PMID: 24397786 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cosmetic dry skin often has a lower hydration level but a similar apparent barrier function, as measured by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), than that of the normal skin. To investigate the intrinsic difference in barrier property and moisture-holding ability between the cosmetic dry and normal skin, we developed a new clinical and data analysis procedure based on sequential tape-stripping with TEWL measurement, coupled with chemical analysis for protein and natural moisturizing factors (NMF) in the stratum corneum. METHODS A clinical study consisting of 64 healthy Caucasian female subjects with normal and cosmetic dry skin was conducted according to our clinical and data collection protocols. After the baseline visual dryness assessment, 20 tape-strips were placed and removed on each test site using D-Squame tapes. TEWL was measured at baseline and after the 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th tape-strips. All tapes were analysed for protein mass via chemical extraction and the Pierce BCA protein assay, as well as using an infrared densitometry device SquameScan 850A. The stratum corneum thickness and barrier quality (water transport resistance per thickness of the stratum corneum) were decoupled from the apparent barrier function using the TEWL and protein data. RESULTS A linear relationship between 1/TEWL and cumulative protein removal was observed for both normal and cosmetic dry skin. However, the slope of the linear relation was significantly steeper for normal skin, and significantly more protein was removed from cosmetic dry skin. The results showed that on average, the barrier quality of the stratum corneum of the normal skin is about 40% higher than that of the dry skin, whereas the stratum corneum of the dry skin is about 30% thicker than that of the normal skin. In addition, the amount of SC removal in sequential tape-stripping is generally non-uniform. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that there are characteristic differences in the barrier property between normal and cosmetic dry skin. In comparison to the normal skin, the stratum corneum of the cosmetic dry skin is considerably thicker, however, with a lower barrier quality. The results also showed that the amount of the SC removal in sequential tape-stripping is generally non-uniform. Therefore, the number of tape strips is not a good indicator for the tape-stripping depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lu
- Unilever Research and Development Trumbull, 40 Merritt Boulevard, Trumbull, CT, 06611, U.S.A
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20
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Dapic I, Jakasa I, Yau NLH, Kezic S, Kammeyer A. Evaluation of an HPLC Method for the Determination of Natural Moisturizing Factors in the Human Stratum Corneum. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.789881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Nagelreiter C, Raffeiner S, Geyerhofer C, Klang V, Valenta C. Influence of drug content, type of semi-solid vehicle and rheological properties on the skin penetration of the model drug fludrocortisone acetate. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Selzer D, Abdel-Mottaleb MMA, Hahn T, Schaefer UF, Neumann D. Finite and infinite dosing: difficulties in measurements, evaluations and predictions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:278-94. [PMID: 22750806 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increased demand for reliable data regarding penetration into and permeation across human skin, assessment of the absorption of xenobiotics has been gaining in importance steadily. In vitro experiments allow for determining these data faster and more easily than in vivo experiments. However, the experiments described in literature and the subsequent evaluation procedures differ considerably. Here we will give an overview on typical finite and infinite dose experiments performed in fundamental research and on the evaluation of the data. We will point out possible difficulties that may arise and give a short overview on attempts at predicting skin absorption in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Selzer
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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23
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Windbergs M, Hansen S, Schroeter A, Schaefer U, Lehr CM, Bouwstra J. From the Structure of the Skin Barrier and Dermal Formulations to in vitro Transport Models for Skin Absorption: Skin Research in the Netherlands and in Germany. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:317-30. [DOI: 10.1159/000351936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Comparison of gravimetric and spectroscopic approaches to quantify stratum corneum removed by tape-stripping. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:171-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Franzen L, Windbergs M, Hansen S. Assessment of near-infrared densitometry for in situ determination of the total stratum corneum thickness on pig skin: influence of storage time. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:249-56. [PMID: 22832669 DOI: 10.1159/000339905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To perform accurate tape-stripping measurements and to control for site-specific and interindividual differences the amount of stratum corneum (SC) removed by each tape and the total SC thickness must be known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of near-infrared (NIR) densitometry at λ = 850 nm for in situ determination of the total SC thickness. Quantitative tape stripping was performed on pig ear skin. The amount of SC removed by each tape was measured by NIR densitometry and by microprotein assay. Derived from the linear correlation between both measurements, a conversion factor was calculated that relates the individual NIR densitometry readings to the thickness of the SC on the corresponding tape (l(SC-tape) [µm] = (abs.(850) - abs.(850)(blank))/23.9). The total SC thickness was determined based on the accumulated values of all tapes applied in quantitative tape stripping and compared to the values obtained from microscopic cross sections of biopsies. The total SC thickness was correctly determined by infrared densitometry independent of storage time and conditions (4°C up to 24 h; -21°C up to 3 months) in comparison with the standard histological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Franzen
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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26
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Schwarz J, Klang V, Hoppel M, Wolzt M, Valenta C. Corneocyte Quantification by NIR Densitometry and UV/Vis Spectroscopy for Human and Porcine Skin and the Role of Skin Cleaning Procedures. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:142-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000336787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Labouta HI, el-Khordagui LK, Kraus T, Schneider M. Mechanism and determinants of nanoparticle penetration through human skin. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4989-4999. [PMID: 22064944 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11109d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability of nanoparticles to penetrate the stratum corneum was the focus of several studies. Yet, there are controversial issues available for particle penetration due to different experimental setups. Meanwhile, there is little known about the mechanism and determinants of their penetration. In this paper the penetration of four model gold nanoparticles of diameter 6 and 15 nm, differing in surface polarity and the nature of the vehicle, through human skin was studied using multiphoton microscopy. This is in an attempt to profoundly investigate the parameters governing particle penetration through human skin. Our results imply that nanoparticles at this size range permeate the stratum corneum in a similar manner to drug molecules, mainly through the intercellular pathways. However, due to their particulate nature, permeation is also dependent on the complex microstructure of the stratum corneum with its tortuous aqueous and lipidic channels, as shown from our experiments performed using skin of different grades of barrier integrity. The vehicle (toluene-versus-water) had a minimal effect on skin penetration of gold nanoparticles. Other considerations in setting up a penetration experiment for nanoparticles were also studied. The results obtained are important for designing a new transdermal carrier and for a basic understanding of skin-nanoparticle interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar I Labouta
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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28
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Klang V, Schwarz JC, Lenobel B, Nadj M, Auböck J, Wolzt M, Valenta C. In vitro vs. in vivo tape stripping: validation of the porcine ear model and penetration assessment of novel sucrose stearate emulsions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 80:604-14. [PMID: 22123494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine ear skin is frequently used as a substitute for human skin in dermatological research and is especially useful for tape stripping experiments where the penetration of active substances into the uppermost skin layers is investigated. However, certain differences between the surface properties of these skin types exist, and reports on the comparability of tape stripping data obtained in vitro using porcine ear skin and data obtained in vivo on human forearm skin are scarce. Thus, we performed comparative tape stripping experiments in which the skin penetration of curcumin and fluorescein sodium from conventional microemulsions and hydrogels was investigated. In this context, the skin penetration potential of novel semi-solid macroemulsions and fluid nanoemulsions based on sucrose stearate was evaluated as well. The removed corneocytes were quantified by NIR-densitometry using recent correlation data for human and porcine proteins. The trends observed for the skin penetration into porcine ear skin were highly representative for the in vivo situation on human skin, confirming that the porcine ear is an excellent in vitro model for tape stripping experiments. Moreover, the validity of the NIR-densitometric approach for the quantification of both human and porcine stratum corneum proteins was confirmed in this study for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Klang
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Weigmann HJ, Sainte Claire MS, Schanzer S, Patzelt A, Meinke M, Antoniou C, Sterry W, Lademann J. Determination of the protection efficacy and homogeneity of the distribution of sunscreens applied onto skin pre-treated with cosmetic products. Skin Res Technol 2011; 18:245-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jürgen Weigmann
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Maude Suisse Sainte Claire
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Sabine Schanzer
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Alexa Patzelt
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Martina Meinke
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Sterry
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Department of Dermatology; Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
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30
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Modification of the conformational skin structure by treatment with liposomal formulations and its correlation to the penetration depth of aciclovir. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Semi-solid Sucrose Stearate-Based Emulsions as Dermal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:275-306. [PMID: 24310496 PMCID: PMC3864235 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild non-ionic sucrose ester surfactants can be employed to produce lipid-based drug delivery systems for dermal application. Moreover, sucrose esters of intermediate lipophilicity such as sucrose stearate S-970 possess a peculiar rheological behavior which can be employed to create highly viscous semi-solid formulations without any further additives. Interestingly, it was possible to develop both viscous macroemulsions and fluid nanoemulsions with the same chemical composition merely by slight alteration of the production process. Optical light microscopy and cryo transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the sucrose ester led to the formation of an astonishing hydrophilic network at a concentration of only 5% w/w in the macroemulsion system. A small number of more finely structured aggregates composed of surplus surfactant were likewise detected in the nanoemulsions. These discoveries offer interesting possibilities to adapt the low viscosity of fluid O/W nanoemulsions for a more convenient application. Moreover, a simple and rapid production method for skin-friendly creamy O/W emulsions with excellent visual long-term stability is presented. It could be shown by franz-cell diffusion studies and in vitro tape stripping that the microviscosity within the semi-solid formulations was apparently not influenced by their increased macroviscosity: the release of three model drugs was not impaired by the complex network-like internal structure of the macroemulsions. These results indicate that the developed semi-solid emulsions with advantageous application properties are highly suitable for the unhindered delivery of lipophilic drugs despite their comparatively large particle size and high viscosity.
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32
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Melero A, Hahn T, Schaefer UF, Schneider M. In vitro human skin segmentation and drug concentration-skin depth profiles. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 763:33-50. [PMID: 21874442 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-191-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Highly optimized methods for skin segmentation are provided using tape stripping in combination with infrared absorption measurements for stratum corneum (SC) and cryosectioning for deeper skin layers. Furthermore, an example is calculated for demonstration of the respective procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Melero
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
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33
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Klang V, Schwarz J, Hartl A, Valenta C. Facilitating in vitro Tape Stripping: Application of Infrared Densitometry for Quantification of Porcine Stratum Corneum Proteins. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24:256-68. [DOI: 10.1159/000326072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Gillet A, Evrard B, Piel G. Liposomes and parameters affecting their skin penetration behaviour. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Csizmazia E, Erős G, Berkesi O, Berkó S, Szabó-Révész P, Csányi E. Ibuprofen penetration enhance by sucrose ester examined by ATR-FTIR in vivo. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 17:125-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.508076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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