1
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Johnson BP, Iturrate I, Fakhreddine RY, Bönstrup M, Buch ER, Robertson EM, Cohen LG. Generalization of procedural motor sequence learning after a single practice trial. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:45. [PMID: 37803003 PMCID: PMC10558563 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-023-00194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
When humans begin learning new motor skills, they typically display early rapid performance improvements. It is not well understood how knowledge acquired during this early skill learning period generalizes to new, related skills. Here, we addressed this question by investigating factors influencing generalization of early learning from a skill A to a different, but related skill B. Early skill generalization was tested over four experiments (N = 2095). Subjects successively learned two related motor sequence skills (skills A and B) over different practice schedules. Skill A and B sequences shared ordinal (i.e., matching keypress locations), transitional (i.e., ordered keypress pairs), parsing rule (i.e., distinct sequence events like repeated keypresses that can be used as a breakpoint for segmenting the sequence into smaller units) structures, or possessed no structure similarities. Results showed generalization for shared parsing rule structure between skills A and B after only a single 10-second practice trial of skill A. Manipulating the initial practice exposure to skill A (1 to 12 trials) and inter-practice rest interval (0-30 s) between skills A and B had no impact on parsing rule structure generalization. Furthermore, this generalization was not explained by stronger sensorimotor mapping between individual keypress actions and their symbolic representations. In contrast, learning from skill A did not generalize to skill B during early learning when the sequences shared only ordinal or transitional structure features. These results document sequence structure that can be very rapidly generalized during initial learning to facilitate generalization of skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Johnson
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - I Iturrate
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- Amazon EU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Y Fakhreddine
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- UT Austin, Austin, USA
| | | | - E R Buch
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
| | - E M Robertson
- Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - L G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
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2
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Abeles D, Herszage J, Shahar M, Censor N. Initial motor skill performance predicts future performance, but not learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11359. [PMID: 37443195 PMCID: PMC10344907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
People show vast variability in skill performance and learning. What determines a person's individual performance and learning ability? In this study we explored the possibility to predict participants' future performance and learning, based on their behavior during initial skill acquisition. We recruited a large online multi-session sample of participants performing a sequential tapping skill learning task. We used machine learning to predict future performance and learning from raw data acquired during initial skill acquisition, and from engineered features calculated from the raw data. Strong correlations were observed between initial and final performance, and individual learning was not predicted. While canonical experimental tasks developed and selected to detect average effects may constrain insights regarding individual variability, development of novel tasks may shed light on the underlying mechanism of individual skill learning, relevant for real-life scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekel Abeles
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jasmine Herszage
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moni Shahar
- AI and Data Science Center of Tel Aviv University (TAD), 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitzan Censor
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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3
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Sousa FYM, Silva YDMRE, Santos AKDS, Palma GCDS, Lemos RLF, Bonuzzi GMG. The role of nocturnal sleep on the retention, adaptability, and relearning rate of a motor skill. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220017221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Freitas E, Saimpont A, Blache Y, Debarnot U. Acquisition and consolidation of sequential footstep movements with physical and motor imagery practice. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2477-2484. [PMID: 32777113 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep-dependent performance enhancement has been consistently reported after explicit sequential finger learning, even using motor imagery practice (MIP), but whether similar sleep benefits occur after explicit sequential gross motor learning with the lower limbs has been addressed less often. Here, we investigated both acquisition and consolidation processes in an innovative sequential footstep task performed either physically or mentally. Forty-eight healthy young participants were tested before and after physical practice (PP) or MIP on the footstep task, following either a night of sleep (PPsleep and MIPsleep groups) or an equivalent daytime period (PPday and MIPday groups). Results showed that all groups improved motor performance following the acquisition session, albeit the magnitude of enhancement in the MIP groups remained lower relative to the PP groups. Importantly, only the MIPsleep group further improved performance after a night of sleep, while the other groups stabilized their performance after consolidation. Together, these findings demonstrate a sleep-dependent gain in performance after MIP in a sequential motor task with the lower limbs but not after PP. Overall, the present study is of particular importance in the context of motor learning and functional rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Freitas
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University Claude Bernard-Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Arnaud Saimpont
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University Claude Bernard-Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yoann Blache
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University Claude Bernard-Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ursula Debarnot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University Claude Bernard-Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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5
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Sleep-dependent motor memory consolidation in healthy adults: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:270-281. [PMID: 32730847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that sleep better facilitates the consolidation of motor memories than does a corresponding wake interval (King et al., 2017). However, no in-depth analysis of the various motor tasks and their relative sleep gain has been conducted so far. Therefore, the present meta-analysis considered 48 studies with a total of 53 sleep (n = 829) and 53 wake (n = 825) groups. An overall comparison between all sleep and wake groups resulted in a small effect for the relative sleep gain in motor memory consolidation (g = 0.43). While no subgroup differences were identified for differing designs, a small effect for the finger tapping task (g = 0.47) and a medium effect for the mirror tracing task (g = 0.62) were found. In summary, the meta-analysis substantiates that sleep generally benefits the consolidation of motor memories. However, to further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this effect, examining certain task dimensions and their relative sleep gain would be a promising direction for future research.
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6
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King BR, Dolfen N, Gann MA, Renard Z, Swinnen SP, Albouy G. Schema and Motor-Memory Consolidation. Psychol Sci 2019; 30:963-978. [PMID: 31173532 DOI: 10.1177/0956797619847164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that memory-consolidation processes can be accelerated if newly learned information is consistent with preexisting knowledge. Until now, investigations of this fast integration of new information into memory have focused on the declarative and perceptual systems. We employed a unique manipulation of a motor-sequence-learning paradigm to examine the effect of experimentally acquired memory on the learning of new motor information. Results demonstrate that new information is rapidly integrated into memory when practice occurs in a framework that is compatible with the previously acquired memory. This framework consists of the ordinal representation of the motor sequence. This enhanced integration cannot be explained by differences in the explicit awareness of the sequence and is observed only if the previously acquired motor memory was consolidated overnight. Results are consistent with the schema model of memory consolidation and offer insights into how previous motor experience can accelerate learning and consolidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R King
- 1 Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven.,2 Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven
| | - Nina Dolfen
- 1 Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven.,2 Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven
| | - Mareike A Gann
- 1 Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven.,2 Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven
| | - Zenzi Renard
- 1 Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven.,2 Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- 1 Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven.,2 Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven
| | - Genevieve Albouy
- 1 Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven.,2 Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven
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7
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Adult Gross Motor Learning and Sleep: Is There a Mutual Benefit? Neural Plast 2018; 2018:3076986. [PMID: 30186317 PMCID: PMC6110005 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3076986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraining consolidation, also known as offline learning, refers to neuroplastic processes and systemic reorganization by which newly acquired skills are converted from an initially transient state into a more permanent state. An extensive amount of research on cognitive and fine motor tasks has shown that sleep is able to enhance these processes, resulting in more stable declarative and procedural memory traces. On the other hand, limited evidence exists concerning the relationship between sleep and learning of gross motor skills. We are particularly interested in this relationship with the learning of gross motor skills in adulthood, such as in the case of sports, performing arts, devised experimental tasks, and rehabilitation practice. Thus, the present review focuses on sleep and gross motor learning (GML) in adults. The literature on the impact of sleep on GML, the consequences of sleep deprivation, and the influence of GML on sleep architecture were evaluated for this review. While sleep has proven to be beneficial for most gross motor tasks, sleep deprivation in turn has not always resulted in performance decay. Furthermore, correlations between motor performance and sleep parameters have been found. These results are of potential importance for integrating sleep in physiotherapeutic interventions, especially for patients with impaired gross motor functions.
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8
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Lugassy D, Herszage J, Pilo R, Brosh T, Censor N. Consolidation of complex motor skill learning: evidence for a delayed offline process. Sleep 2018; 41:5042787. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diva Lugassy
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, , Israel
| | - Jasmine Herszage
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Raphael Pilo
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, , Israel
| | - Tamar Brosh
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nitzan Censor
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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9
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Selective improvements in balancing associated with offline periods of spaced training. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7836. [PMID: 29777133 PMCID: PMC5959909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits from post-training memory processing have been observed in learning many procedural skills. Here, we show that appropriate offline periods produce a performance gain during learning to stand on a multiaxial balance board. The tilt angle and the area of sway motion of the board were much more reduced in participants performing a training spaced by an interval of one day with respect to participants executing the same amount of practice over a concentrated period. In particular, offline memory encoding was specifically associated with the motion along the anterior-posterior direction, the spatio-temporal dynamics, and the frequency contents of the board sway. Overall, quantification of spaced learning in a whole-body postural task reveals that offline memory processes enhance the performance by encoding single movement components. From a practical perspective, we believe that the amount of practice and the length of inter-session interval, adopted in this study, may provide objective insights to develop appropriate programs of postural training.
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10
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King BR, Hoedlmoser K, Hirschauer F, Dolfen N, Albouy G. Sleeping on the motor engram: The multifaceted nature of sleep-related motor memory consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Blischke K, Malangré A. Task Complexity Modulates Sleep-Related Offline Learning in Sequential Motor Skills. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:374. [PMID: 28790905 PMCID: PMC5525265 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a number of authors have advocated the introduction of gross motor tasks into research on sleep-related motor offline learning. Such tasks are often designed to be more complex than traditional key-pressing tasks. However, until now, little effort has been undertaken to scrutinize the role of task complexity in any systematic way. Therefore, the effect of task complexity on the consolidation of gross motor sequence memory was examined by our group in a series of three experiments. Criterion tasks always required participants to produce unrestrained arm movement sequences by successively fitting a small peg into target holes on a pegboard. The sequences always followed a certain spatial pattern in the horizontal plane. The targets were visualized prior to each transport movement on a computer screen. The tasks differed with respect to sequence length and structural complexity. In each experiment, half of the participants initially learned the task in the morning and were retested 12 h later following a wake retention interval. The other half of the subjects underwent practice in the evening and was retested 12 h later following a night of sleep. The dependent variables were the error rate and total sequence execution time (inverse to the sequence execution speed). Performance generally improved during acquisition. The error rate was always low and remained stable during retention. The sequence execution time significantly decreased again following sleep but not after waking when the sequence length was long and structural complexity was high. However, sleep-related offline improvements were absent when the sequence length was short or when subjects performed a highly regular movement pattern. It is assumed that the occurrence of sleep-related offline performance improvements in sequential motor tasks is associated with a sufficient amount of motor task complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Blischke
- Laboratory of Training Science, Department of Sport Science, Training Science, Saarland UniversitySaarbrüecken, Germany
| | - Andreas Malangré
- Laboratory of Training Science, Department of Sport Science, Training Science, Saarland UniversitySaarbrüecken, Germany
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12
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The Effect of Sleep on Multiple Memory Systems. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Scriba MF, Gasparini J, Jacquin L, Mettke-Hofmann C, Rattenborg NC, Roulin A. The effect of food quality during growth on spatial memory consolidation in adult pigeons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:573-581. [PMID: 27913599 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.152454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Poor environmental conditions experienced during early development can have negative long-term consequences on fitness. Animals can compensate for negative developmental effects through phenotypic plasticity by diverting resources from non-vital to vital traits such as spatial memory to enhance foraging efficiency. We tested in young feral pigeons (Columba livia) how diets of different nutritional value during development affect the capacity to retrieve food hidden in a spatially complex environment, a process we refer to as 'spatial memory'. Parents were fed with either high- or low-quality food from egg laying until young fledged, after which all young pigeons received the same high-quality diet until memory performance was tested at 6 months of age. The pigeons were trained to learn a food location out of 18 possible locations in one session, and then their memory of this location was tested 24 h later. Birds reared with the low-quality diet made fewer errors in the memory test. These results demonstrate that food quality during development has long-lasting effects on memory, with a moderate nutritional deficit improving spatial memory performance in a foraging context. It might be that under poor feeding conditions resources are redirected from non-vital to vital traits, or pigeons raised with low-quality food might be better in using environmental cues such as the position of the sun to find where food was hidden.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Scriba
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-str.5, Seewiesen 82319, Germany .,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - J Gasparini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Paris F-75005, France
| | - L Jacquin
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS; CNRS; ENFA, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - C Mettke-Hofmann
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - N C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-str.5, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - A Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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14
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Procedural performance following sleep deprivation remains impaired despite extended practice and an afternoon nap. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36001. [PMID: 27782172 PMCID: PMC5080542 DOI: 10.1038/srep36001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of sleep loss on procedural memory is well established, yet it remains unclear how extended practice opportunities or daytime naps can modulate the effect of a night of sleep deprivation. Here, participants underwent three training and test conditions on a sequential finger tapping task (SFTT) separated by at least one week. In the first condition they were trained in the evening followed by a night of sleep. Two further conditions took place where evening training was followed by a night of total sleep deprivation (TSD). One of the TSD conditions included a one-hour nap opportunity (15:00). Compared to the condition in which sleep was permitted, a night of TSD resulted in poorer performance across 4 practices the following day (10:00-19:00). The deleterious effect of a single night of TSD on procedural performance, was neither clearly alleviated by an afternoon nap nor by multiple practice opportunities. Interestingly, significant gains in performance were observed in all conditions after a one-week delay. Recovery sleep on subsequent nights thus appeared to nullify the effect of a single night of sleep deprivation, underscoring the importance of offline consolidation on the acquisition of procedural skill.
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15
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Blischke K, Malangré A. Chunk concatenation evolves with practice and sleep-related enhancement consolidation in a complex arm movement sequence. J Hum Kinet 2016; 51:5-17. [PMID: 28149363 PMCID: PMC5260543 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses the notion of chunk concatenation being associated with sleep-related enhancement consolidation of motor sequence memory, thereby essentially contributing to improvements in sequence execution speed. To this end, element movement times of a multi-joint arm movement sequence incorporated in a recent study by Malangré et al. (2014) were reanalyzed. As sequence elements differed with respect to movement distance, element movement times had to be purged from differences solely due to varying trajectory lengths. This was done by dividing each element movement time per subject and trial block by the respective "reference movement time" collected from subjects who had extensively practiced each sequence element in isolation. Any differences in these "relative element movement times" were supposed to reflect element-specific "production costs" imposed solely by the sequence context. Across all subjects non-idiosyncratic, lasting sequence segmentation was shown, and four possible concatenation points (i.e. transition points between successive chunks) within the original arm movement sequence were identified. Based on theoretical suppositions derived from previous work with the discrete sequence production task and the dual processor model (Abrahamse et al., 2013), significantly larger improvements in transition speed occurring at these four concatenation points as compared to the five fastest transition positions within the sequence (associated with mere element execution) were assumed to indicate increased chunk concatenation. As a result, chunk concatenation was shown to proceed during acquisition with physical practice, and, most importantly, to significantly progress some more during retention following a night of sleep, but not during a waking interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Blischke
- Institute of Sport Science, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Andreas Malangré
- Institute of Sport Science, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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16
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Malangré A, Blischke K. Sleep-Related Offline Improvements in Gross Motor Task Performance Occur Under Free Recall Requirements. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:134. [PMID: 27065834 PMCID: PMC4809884 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocturnal sleep effects on memory consolidation following gross motor sequence learning were examined using a complex arm movement task. This task required participants to produce non-regular spatial patterns in the horizontal plane by successively fitting a small peg into different target-holes on an electronic pegboard. The respective reaching movements typically differed in amplitude and direction. Targets were visualized prior to each transport movement on a computer screen. With this task we tested 18 subjects (22.6 ± 1.9 years; 8 female) using a between-subjects design. Participants initially learned a 10-element arm movement sequence either in the morning or in the evening. Performance was retested under free recall requirements 15 min post training, as well as 12 and 24 h later. Thus, each group was provided with one sleep-filled and one wake retention interval. Dependent variables were error rate (number of Erroneous Sequences, ES) and average sequence execution time (correct sequences only). Performance improved during acquisition. Error rate remained stable across retention. Sequence execution time (inverse to execution speed) significantly decreased again during the sleep-filled retention intervals, but remained stable during the respective wake intervals. These results corroborate recent findings on sleep-related enhancement consolidation in ecological valid, complex gross motor tasks. At the same time, they suggest this effect to be truly memory-based and independent from repeated access to extrinsic sequence information during retests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Malangré
- Sport Science, Training Science, Saarland University Saarbruecken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Klaus Blischke
- Sport Science, Training Science, Saarland University Saarbruecken, Saarland, Germany
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17
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Valle MS, Casabona A, Cavallaro C, Castorina G, Cioni M. Learning Upright Standing on a Multiaxial Balance Board. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142423. [PMID: 26544694 PMCID: PMC4636294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upright stance on a balance board is a skill requiring complex rearrangement of the postural control. Despite the large use of these boards in training the standing posture, a comprehensive analysis of the learning process underlying the control of these devices is lacking. In this paper learning to maintain a stable stance on a multiaxial oscillating board was studied by analyzing performance changes over short and long periods. Healthy participants were asked to keep the board orientation as horizontal as possible for 20 sec, performing two sessions of 8 trials separated by 15-min pause. Memory consolidation was tested one week later. Amplitude and variability of the oscillations around horizontal plane and area and sway path of the board displacement decreased rapidly over the first session. The performance was stable during the second session, and retained after 1 week. A similar behavior was observed in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions for amplitude and variability parameters, with less stable balance in the anterior-posterior direction. Approximate entropy and mean power frequency, assessing temporal dynamics and frequency content of oscillations, changed only in the anterior-posterior direction during the retention test. Overall, the ability to stand on a balance board is rapidly acquired, and retained for long time. The asymmetric stability between anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions replicates a structure observed in other standing stances, suggesting a possible transfer from previous postural experiences. Conversely, changes in the temporal dynamics and the frequency content could be associated with new postural strategies developed later during memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stella Valle
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Casabona
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Program, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavallaro
- Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Program, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriele Castorina
- Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Matteo Cioni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Gait and Posture Analysis Laboratory, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Program, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Genzel L, Dresler M, Cornu M, Jäger E, Konrad B, Adamczyk M, Friess E, Steiger A, Czisch M, Goya-Maldonado R. Medial prefrontal-hippocampal connectivity and motor memory consolidation in depression and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:177-86. [PMID: 25037555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overnight memory consolidation is disturbed in both depression and schizophrenia, creating an ideal situation to investigate the mechanisms underlying sleep-related consolidation and to distinguish disease-specific processes from common elements in their pathophysiology. METHODS We investigated patients with depression and schizophrenia, as well as healthy control subjects (each n = 16), under a motor memory consolidation protocol with functional magnetic resonance imaging and polysomnography. RESULTS In a sequential finger-tapping task associated with the degree of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity during the task, significantly less overnight improvement was identified as a common deficit in both patient groups. A task-related overnight decrease in activation of the basal ganglia was observed in control subjects and schizophrenia patients; in contrast, patients with depression showed an increase. During the task, schizophrenia patients, in comparison with control subjects, additionally recruited adjacent cortical areas, which showed a decrease in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation overnight and were related to disease severity. Effective connectivity analyses revealed that the hippocampus was functionally connected to the motor task network, and the cerebellum decoupled from this network overnight. CONCLUSIONS While both patient groups showed similar deficits in consolidation associated with hippocampal-prefrontal cortex connectivity, other activity patterns more specific for disease pathology differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Genzel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Marion Cornu
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Eugen Jäger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris Konrad
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Goya-Maldonado
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Centre for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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Offline consolidation in implicit sequence learning. Cortex 2014; 57:156-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Neuroscience-driven discovery and development of sleep therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 141:300-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "sleep and memory" research by providing a historical perspective on concepts and a discussion of more recent key findings. Whereas initial theories posed a passive role for sleep enhancing memories by protecting them from interfering stimuli, current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep. Whereas older research concentrated on the role of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation and also enlightened some of the underlying electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms, as well as developmental aspects in these processes. Specifically, newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories. Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory. Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories. While elaborated with respect to hippocampus-dependent memories, the concept of an active redistribution of memory representations from networks serving as temporary store into long-term stores might hold also for non-hippocampus-dependent memory, and even for nonneuronal, i.e., immunological memories, giving rise to the idea that the offline consolidation of memory during sleep represents a principle of long-term memory formation established in quite different physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rasch
- Division of Biopsychology, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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