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Sun R, Fietz J, Erhart M, Poehlchen D, Henco L, Brückl TM, Czisch M, Saemann PG, Spoormaker VI. Free-viewing gaze patterns reveal a mood-congruency bias in MDD during an affective fMRI/eye-tracking task. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:559-571. [PMID: 37087709 PMCID: PMC10995059 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been related to abnormal amygdala activity during emotional face processing. However, a recent large-scale study (n = 28,638) found no such correlation, which is probably due to the low precision of fMRI measurements. To address this issue, we used simultaneous fMRI and eye-tracking measurements during a commonly employed emotional face recognition task. Eye-tracking provide high-precision data, which can be used to enrich and potentially stabilize fMRI readouts. With the behavioral response, we additionally divided the active task period into a task-related and a free-viewing phase to explore the gaze patterns of MDD patients and healthy controls (HC) and compare their respective neural correlates. Our analysis showed that a mood-congruency attentional bias could be detected in MDD compared to healthy controls during the free-viewing phase but without parallel amygdala disruption. Moreover, the neural correlates of gaze patterns reflected more prefrontal fMRI activity in the free-viewing than the task-related phase. Taken together, spontaneous emotional processing in free viewing might lead to a more pronounced mood-congruency bias in MDD, which indicates that combined fMRI with eye-tracking measurement could be beneficial for our understanding of the underlying psychopathology of MDD in different emotional processing phases.Trial Registration: The BeCOME study is registered on ClinicalTrials (gov: NCT03984084) by the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Behavioral and Psychological Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julia Fietz
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Mira Erhart
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Poehlchen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara Henco
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja M Brückl
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Victor I Spoormaker
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Brendler A, Schneider M, Elbau IG, Sun R, Nantawisarakul T, Pöhlchen D, Brückl T, Czisch M, Sämann PG, Lee MD, Spoormaker VI. Assessing hypo-arousal during reward anticipation with pupillometry in patients with major depressive disorder: replication and correlations with anhedonia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:344. [PMID: 38172509 PMCID: PMC10764729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a devastating and heterogenous disorder for which there are no approved biomarkers in clinical practice. We recently identified anticipatory hypo-arousal indexed by pupil responses as a candidate mechanism subserving depression symptomatology. Here, we conducted a replication and extension study of these findings. We analyzed a replication sample of 40 unmedicated patients with a diagnosis of depression and 30 healthy control participants, who performed a reward anticipation task while pupil responses were measured. Using a Bayesian modelling approach taking measurement uncertainty into account, we could show that the negative correlation between pupil dilation and symptom load during reward anticipation is replicable within MDD patients, albeit with a lower effect size. Furthermore, with the combined sample of 136 participants (81 unmedicated depressed and 55 healthy control participants), we further showed that reduced pupil dilation in anticipation of reward is inversely associated with anhedonia items of the Beck Depression Inventory in particular. Moreover, using simultaneous fMRI, particularly the right anterior insula as part of the salience network was negatively correlated with depressive symptom load in general and anhedonia items specifically. The present study supports the utility of pupillometry in assessing noradrenergically mediated hypo-arousal during reward anticipation in MDD, a physiological process that appears to subserve anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Brendler
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Schneider
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Immanuel G Elbau
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Taechawidd Nantawisarakul
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Brückl
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael D Lee
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Victor I Spoormaker
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
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Kühnel A, Hagenberg J, Knauer-Arloth J, Ködel M, Czisch M, Sämann PG, Binder EB, Kroemer NB. Stress-induced brain responses are associated with BMI in women. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1031. [PMID: 37821711 PMCID: PMC10567923 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are associated with altered stress reactivity and increased inflammation. However, it is not known whether stress-induced changes in brain function scale with BMI and if such associations are driven by peripheral cytokines. Here, we investigate multimodal stress responses in a large transdiagnostic sample using predictive modeling based on spatio-temporal profiles of stress-induced changes in activation and functional connectivity. BMI is associated with increased brain responses as well as greater negative affect after stress and individual response profiles are associated with BMI in females (pperm < 0.001), but not males. Although stress-induced changes reflecting BMI are associated with baseline cortisol, there is no robust association with peripheral cytokines. To conclude, alterations in body weight and energy metabolism might scale acute brain responses to stress more strongly in females compared to males, echoing observational studies. Our findings highlight sex-dependent associations of stress with differences in endocrine markers, largely independent of peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kühnel
- Section of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany.
| | - Jonas Hagenberg
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janine Knauer-Arloth
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maik Ködel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Section of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Fietz J, Pöhlchen D, Brückl TM, Brem AK, Padberg F, Czisch M, Sämann PG, Spoormaker VI. Data-Driven Pupil Response Profiles as Transdiagnostic Readouts for the Detection of Neurocognitive Functioning in Affective and Anxiety Disorders. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2023:S2451-9022(23)00149-0. [PMID: 37348604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive functioning is a relevant transdiagnostic dimension in psychiatry. As pupil size dynamics track cognitive load during a working memory task, we aimed to explore if this parameter allows identification of psychophysiological subtypes in healthy participants and patients with affective and anxiety disorders. METHODS Our sample consisted of 226 participants who completed the n-back task during simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and pupillometry measurements. We used latent class growth modeling to identify clusters based on pupil size in response to cognitive load. In a second step, these clusters were compared on affective and anxiety symptom levels, performance in neurocognitive tests, and functional magnetic resonance imaging activity. RESULTS The clustering analysis resulted in two distinct pupil response profiles: one with a stepwise increasing pupil size with increasing cognitive load (reactive group) and one with a constant pupil size across conditions (nonreactive group). A larger increase in pupil size was significantly associated with better performance in neurocognitive tests in executive functioning and sustained attention. Statistical maps of parametric modulation of pupil size during the n-back task showed the frontoparietal network in the positive contrast and the default mode network in the negative contrast. The pupil response profile of the reactive group was associated with more thalamic activity, likely reflecting better arousal upregulation and less deactivation of the limbic system. CONCLUSIONS Pupil measurements have the potential to serve as a highly sensitive psychophysiological readout for detection of neurocognitive deficits in the core domain of executive functioning, adding to the development of valid transdiagnostic constructs in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fietz
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja M Brückl
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharine Brem
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Victor I Spoormaker
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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van Doeselaar L, Stark T, Mitra S, Yang H, Bordes J, Stolwijk L, Engelhardt C, Kovarova V, Narayan S, Brix LM, Springer M, Deussing JM, Lopez JP, Czisch M, Schmidt MV. Sex-specific and opposed effects of FKBP51 in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons: Implications for stress susceptibility and resilience. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300722120. [PMID: 37252963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300722120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health disorders often arise as a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The FKBP5 gene, encoding the GR co-chaperone FKBP51, has been uncovered as a key genetic risk factor for stress-related illness. However, the exact cell type and region-specific mechanisms by which FKBP51 contributes to stress resilience or susceptibility processes remain to be unravelled. FKBP51 functionality is known to interact with the environmental risk factors age and sex, but so far data on behavioral, structural, and molecular consequences of these interactions are still largely unknown. Here we report the cell type- and sex-specific contribution of FKBP51 to stress susceptibility and resilience mechanisms under the high-risk environmental conditions of an older age, by using two conditional knockout models within glutamatergic (Fkbp5Nex) and GABAergic (Fkbp5Dlx) neurons of the forebrain. Specific manipulation of Fkbp51 in these two cell types led to opposing effects on behavior, brain structure and gene expression profiles in a highly sex-dependent fashion. The results emphasize the role of FKBP51 as a key player in stress-related illness and the need for more targeted and sex-specific treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte van Doeselaar
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Tibor Stark
- Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Shiladitya Mitra
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Huanqing Yang
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Joeri Bordes
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Stolwijk
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Clara Engelhardt
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Kovarova
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Sowmya Narayan
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Lea M Brix
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Margherita Springer
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Research Group Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna 171 77, Sweden
| | - Michael Czisch
- Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80807 Munich, Germany
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Bovy L, Weber FD, Tendolkar I, Fernández G, Czisch M, Steiger A, Zeising M, Dresler M. Non-REM sleep in major depressive disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103275. [PMID: 36451376 PMCID: PMC9723407 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed sleep is a key symptom in major depressive disorder (MDD). REM sleep alterations are well described in the current literature, but little is known about non-REM sleep alterations. Additionally, sleep disturbances relate to a variety of cognitive symptoms in MDD, but which features of non-REM sleep EEG contribute to this, remains unknown. We comprehensively analyzed non-REM sleep EEG features in two central channels in three independently collected datasets (N = 284 recordings of 216 participants). This exploratory and descriptive study included MDD patients with a broad age range, varying duration and severity of depression, unmedicated or medicated, age- and gender-matched to healthy controls. We explored changes in sleep architecture including sleep stages and cycles, spectral power, sleep spindles, slow waves (SW), and SW-spindle coupling. Next, we analyzed the association of these sleep features with acute measures of depression severity and overnight consolidation of procedural memory. Overall, no major systematic alterations in non-REM sleep architecture were found in patients compared to controls. For the microstructure of non-REM sleep, we observed a higher spindle amplitude in unmedicated patients compared to controls, and after the start of antidepressant medication longer SWs with lower amplitude and a more dispersed SW-spindle coupling. In addition, long-term, but not short-term medication seemed to lower spindle density. Overnight procedural memory consolidation was impaired in medicated patients and associated with lower sleep spindle density. Our results suggest that alterations of non-REM sleep EEG in MDD might be more subtle than previously reported. We discuss these findings in the context of antidepressant medication intake and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Bovy
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Frederik D. Weber
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center,Corresponding author.
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center
| | | | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Zeising
- Klinikum Ingolstadt, Centre of Mental Health, Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center
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Kühnel A, Czisch M, Sämann PG, Binder EB, Kroemer NB. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Stress-Induced Network Reconfigurations Reflect Negative Affectivity. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:158-169. [PMID: 35260225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maladaptive stress responses are important risk factors in the etiology of mood and anxiety disorders, but exact pathomechanisms remain to be understood. Mapping individual differences of acute stress-induced neurophysiological changes, especially on the level of neural activation and functional connectivity (FC), could provide important insights in how variation in the individual stress response is linked to disease risk. METHODS Using an established psychosocial stress task flanked by two resting states, we measured subjective, physiological, and brain responses to acute stress and recovery in 217 participants with and without mood and anxiety disorders. To estimate blockwise changes in stress-induced activation and FC, we used hierarchical mixed-effects models based on denoised time series within predefined stress-related regions. We predicted inter- and intraindividual differences in stress phases (anticipation vs. stress vs. recovery) and transdiagnostic dimensions of stress reactivity using elastic net and support vector machines. RESULTS We identified four subnetworks showing distinct changes in FC over time. FC but not activation trajectories predicted the stress phase (accuracy = 70%, pperm < .001) and increases in heart rate (R2 = 0.075, pperm < .001). Critically, individual spatiotemporal trajectories of changes across networks also predicted negative affectivity (ΔR2 = 0.075, pperm = .030) but not the presence or absence of a mood and anxiety disorder. CONCLUSIONS Spatiotemporal dynamics of brain network reconfiguration induced by stress reflect individual differences in the psychopathology dimension of negative affectivity. These results support the idea that vulnerability for mood and anxiety disorders can be conceptualized best at the level of network dynamics, which may pave the way for improved prediction of individual risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kühnel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Ruat J, Genewsky AJ, Heinz DE, Kaltwasser SF, Canteras NS, Czisch M, Chen A, Wotjak CT. Why do mice squeak? Towards a better understanding of defensive vocalization. iScience 2022; 25:104657. [PMID: 35845167 PMCID: PMC9283514 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mice mostly communicate in the ultrasonic range, they also emit audible calls. We demonstrate that mice selectively bred for high anxiety-related behavior (HAB) have a high disposition for emitting sonic calls when caught by the tail. The vocalization was unrelated to pain but sensitive to anxiolytics. As revealed by manganese-enhanced MRI, HAB mice displayed an increased tonic activity of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Selective inhibition of the dorsolateral PAG not only reduced anxiety-like behavior but also completely abolished sonic vocalization. Calls were emitted at a fundamental frequency of 3.8 kHz, which falls into the hearing range of numerous predators. Indeed, playback of sonic vocalization attracted rats if associated with a stimulus mouse. If played back to HAB mice, sonic calls were repellent in the absence of a conspecific but attractive in their presence. Our data demonstrate that sonic vocalization attracts both predators and conspecifics depending on the context. Sonic vocalization in threatening situations is prominent in highly anxious mice It coincides with increased neuronal activity within the periaqueductal gray (PAG) Pharmacological inhibition of the PAG attenuates sonic vocalization Sonic calls attract both rats and mice in the presence of a stimulus mouse
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9
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Pöhlchen D, Fietz J, Czisch M, Sämann PG, Spoormaker VI, Binder E, Brückl T, Erhardt A, Grandi N, Lucae S, von Muecke-Heim I, Ziebula J. Startle Latency as a Potential Marker for Amygdala-Mediated Hyperarousal. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 2022; 8:406-416. [PMID: 35577304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fear-related disorders are characterized by hyperexcitability in reflexive circuits and maladaptive associative learning mechanisms. The startle reflex is suited to investigate both processes, either by probing it under baseline conditions or by deriving it in fear conditioning studies. In anxiety research, the amplitude of the fear-potentiated startle has been shown to be influenced by amygdalar circuits and has typically been the readout of interest. In schizophrenia research, prolonged startle peak latency under neutral conditions is an established readout, thought to reflect impaired processing speed. We therefore explored whether startle latency is an informative readout for human anxiety research. METHODS We investigated potential similarities and differences of startle peak latency and amplitude derived from a classical fear conditioning task in a sample of 206 participants with varying severity levels of anxiety disorders and healthy control subjects. We first reduced startle response to stable components and regressed individual amygdala gray matter volumes onto the resulting startle measures. We then probed time, stimulus, and group effects of startle latency. RESULTS We showed that startle latency and startle amplitude were 2 largely uncorrelated measures; startle latency, but not amplitude, showed a sex-specific association with gray matter volume of the amygdala; startle latencies showed a fear-dependent task modulation; and patients with fear-related disorders displayed shorter startle latencies throughout the fear learning task. CONCLUSIONS These data provide support for the notion that probing startle latencies under threat may engage amygdala-modulated threat processing, making them a complementary marker for human anxiety research.
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10
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Ruat J, Heinz DE, Binder FP, Stark T, Neuner R, Hartmann A, Kaplick PM, Chen A, Czisch M, Wotjak CT. Structural correlates of trauma-induced hyperarousal in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110404. [PMID: 34303744 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic disease caused by traumatic incidents. Numerous studies have revealed grey matter volume differences in affected individuals. The nature of the disease renders it difficult to distinguish between a priori versus a posteriori changes. To overcome this difficulty, we studied the consequences of a traumatic event on brain morphology in mice before and 4 weeks after exposure to brief foot shocks (or sham treatment), and correlated morphology with symptoms of hyperarousal. In the latter context, we assessed hyperarousal upon confrontation with acoustic, visual, or composite (acoustic/visual/tactile) threats and integrated the individual readouts into a single Hyperarousal Score using logistic regression analysis. MRI scans with subsequent whole-brain deformation-based morphometry (DBM) analysis revealed a volume decrease of the dorsal hippocampus and an increase of the reticular nucleus in shocked mice when compared to non-shocked controls. Using the Hyperarousal Score as regressor for the post-exposure MRI measurement, we observed negative correlations with several brain structures including the dorsal hippocampus. If the development of changes with respect to the basal MRI was considered, reduction in globus pallidus volume reflected hyperarousal severity. Our findings demonstrate that a brief traumatic incident can cause volume changes in defined brain structures and suggest the globus pallidus as an important hub for the control of fear responses to threatening stimuli of different sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ruat
- Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel E Heinz
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; Max Planck School of Cognition, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian P Binder
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), 80804 Munich, Germany; Department Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Tibor Stark
- Scientific Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czechia
| | - Robert Neuner
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Alice Hartmann
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul M Kaplick
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Czisch
- Scientific Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; Max Planck School of Cognition, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Central Nervous System Diseases Research (CNSDR), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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11
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Ebert T, Heinz DE, Almeida-Corrêa S, Cruz R, Dethloff F, Stark T, Bajaj T, Maurel OM, Ribeiro FM, Calcagnini S, Hafner K, Gassen NC, Turck CW, Boulat B, Czisch M, Wotjak CT. Myo-Inositol Levels in the Dorsal Hippocampus Serve as Glial Prognostic Marker of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:731603. [PMID: 34867270 PMCID: PMC8633395 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.731603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a devastating age-related disorder. Its therapy would largely benefit from the identification of susceptible subjects at early, prodromal stages of the disease. To search for such prognostic markers of cognitive impairment, we studied spatial navigation in male BALBc vs. B6N mice in combination with in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). BALBc mice consistently showed higher escape latencies than B6N mice, both in the Water Cross Maze (WCM) and the Morris water maze (MWM). These performance deficits coincided with higher levels of myo-inositol (mIns) in the dorsal hippocampus before and after training. Subsequent biochemical analyses of hippocampal specimens by capillary immunodetection and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based (LC/MS) metabolomics revealed a higher abundance of glial markers (IBA-1, S100B, and GFAP) as well as distinct alterations in metabolites including a decrease in vitamins (pantothenic acid and nicotinamide), neurotransmitters (acetylcholine), their metabolites (glutamine), and acetyl-L-carnitine. Supplementation of low abundant acetyl-L-carnitine via the drinking water, however, failed to revert the behavioral deficits shown by BALBc mice. Based on our data we suggest (i) BALBc mice as an animal model and (ii) hippocampal mIns levels as a prognostic marker of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), due to (iii) local changes in microglia and astrocyte activity, which may (iv) result in decreased concentrations of promnesic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ebert
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Research Group Neurohomeostasis, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel E. Heinz
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Renata Cruz
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Frederik Dethloff
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Tibor Stark
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Scientific Core Unit “Neuroimaging”, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bajaj
- Research Group Neurohomeostasis, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oriana M. Maurel
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiola M. Ribeiro
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Hafner
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils C. Gassen
- Research Group Neurohomeostasis, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph W. Turck
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Benoit Boulat
- Scientific Core Unit “Neuroimaging”, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Czisch
- Scientific Core Unit “Neuroimaging”, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten T. Wotjak
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research (CNSDR), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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12
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Fietz J, Pöhlchen D, Binder FP, Czisch M, Sämann PG, Spoormaker VI. Pupillometry tracks cognitive load and salience network activity in a working memory functional magnetic resonance imaging task. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 43:665-680. [PMID: 34622518 PMCID: PMC8720183 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The diameter of the human pupil tracks working memory processing and is associated with activity in the frontoparietal network. At the same time, recent neuroimaging research has linked human pupil fluctuations to activity in the salience network. In this combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)/pupillometry study, we recorded the pupil size of healthy human participants while they performed a blockwise organized working memory task (N‐back) inside an MRI scanner in order to monitor the pupil fluctuations associated neural activity during working memory processing. We first confirmed that mean pupil size closely followed working memory load. Combining this with fMRI data, we focused on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) correlates of mean pupil size modeled onto the task blocks as a parametric modulation. Interrogating this modulated task regressor, we were able to retrieve the frontoparietal network. Next, to fully exploit the within‐block dynamics, we divided the blocks into 1 s time bins and filled these with corresponding pupil change values (first‐order derivative of pupil size). We found that pupil change within N‐back blocks was positively correlated with BOLD amplitudes in the areas of the salience network (namely bilateral insula, and anterior cingulate cortex). Taken together, fMRI with simultaneous measurement of pupil parameters constitutes a valuable tool to dissect working memory subprocesses related to both working memory load and salience of the presented stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fietz
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian P Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Victor I Spoormaker
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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13
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Wagner IC, Konrad BN, Schuster P, Weisig S, Repantis D, Ohla K, Kühn S, Fernández G, Steiger A, Lamm C, Czisch M, Dresler M. Durable memories and efficient neural coding through mnemonic training using the method of loci. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/10/eabc7606. [PMID: 33658191 PMCID: PMC7929507 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mnemonic techniques, such as the method of loci, can powerfully boost memory. We compared memory athletes ranked among the world's top 50 in memory sports to mnemonics-naïve controls. In a second study, participants completed a 6-week memory training, working memory training, or no intervention. Behaviorally, memory training enhanced durable, longer-lasting memories. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during encoding and recognition revealed task-based activation decreases in lateral prefrontal, as well as in parahippocampal and retrosplenial cortices in both memory athletes and participants after memory training, partly associated with better performance after 4 months. This was complemented by hippocampal-neocortical coupling during consolidation, which was stronger the more durable memories participants formed. Our findings advance knowledge on how mnemonic training boosts durable memory formation through decreased task-based activation and increased consolidation thereafter. This is in line with conceptual accounts of neural efficiency and highlights a complex interplay of neural processes critical for extraordinary memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Wagner
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, Netherlands.
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - B N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - P Schuster
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - S Weisig
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - D Repantis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Ohla
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S Kühn
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, Netherlands
| | - A Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - C Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - M Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
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14
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Schneider M, Elbau IG, Nantawisarakul T, Pöhlchen D, Brückl T, BeCOME Working Group, Czisch M, Saemann PG, Lee MD, Binder EB, Spoormaker VI. Pupil Dilation during Reward Anticipation Is Correlated to Depressive Symptom Load in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E906. [PMID: 33255604 PMCID: PMC7760331 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a debilitating disorder with high prevalence and socioeconomic cost, but the brain-physiological processes that are altered during depressive states are not well understood. Here, we build on recent findings in macaques that indicate a direct causal relationship between pupil dilation and anterior cingulate cortex mediated arousal during anticipation of reward. We translated these findings to human subjects with concomitant pupillometry/fMRI in a sample of unmedicated participants diagnosed with major depression and healthy controls. We could show that the upregulation and maintenance of arousal in anticipation of reward was disrupted in patients in a symptom-load dependent manner. We could further show that the failure to maintain reward anticipatory arousal showed state-marker properties, as it tracked the load and impact of depressive symptoms independent of prior diagnosis status. Further, group differences of anticipatory arousal and continuous correlations with symptom load were not traceable only at the level of pupillometric responses, but were mirrored also at the neural level within salience network hubs. The upregulation and maintenance of arousal during reward anticipation is a novel translational and well-traceable process that could prove a promising gateway to a physiologically informed patient stratification and targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schneider
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
| | - Immanuel G. Elbau
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
| | - Teachawidd Nantawisarakul
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
| | - Tanja Brückl
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
| | - BeCOME Working Group
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
| | - Michael Czisch
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
| | - Philipp G. Saemann
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
| | - Michael D. Lee
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-5100, USA;
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
| | - Victor I. Spoormaker
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (I.G.E.); (T.N.); (D.P.); (T.B.); (BeCOME Working Group); (M.C.); (P.G.S.); (E.B.B.)
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15
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Engelhardt C, Boulat B, Czisch M, Schmidt MV. Lack of FKBP51 Shapes Brain Structure and Connectivity in Male Mice. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 53:1358-1365. [PMID: 33184939 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress exposure as well as psychiatric disorders are often associated with abnormalities in brain structure or connectivity. The co-chaperone FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is a regulator of the stress system and is associated with a risk to develop stress-related mental illnesses. PURPOSE To assess the effect of a general FKBP51 knockout on brain structure and connectivity in male mice. STUDY TYPE Animal study. ANIMAL MODEL Two cohorts of FKBP51 knockout (51KO) and wildtype (WT) mice. The first cohort was comprised of n = 18 WT and n = 17 51KOs; second cohort n = 10 WT and n = 9 51KOs. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 9.4T/3D gradient echo (VBM), DTI-EPI (DTI). ASSESSMENT Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). For VBM, all procedures were executed in SPM12. DTI: FMRIB Software Library (FSL) Tract Based Statistics (TBSS) were integrated within DTI-TK, allowing the creation of a mean FA skeleton. A voxelwise statistical analysis was applied between WT and 51KO mice. STATISTICAL TEST Volumetric differences were collected at a threshold of P < 0.005, and only clusters surviving a familywise error correction on the cluster level (pFWE, cluster <0.05) were further considered. VBM data were analyzed using a two-sample t-test. The Threshold Free Cluster Enhancement (TFCE) method was used to derive uncorrected-P statistical results at a P-level of 0.01. RESULTS The structural analysis revealed two clusters of significantly larger volumes in the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and dorsal raphe region of WT animals. DTI measurements, however, demonstrated statistically higher fractional anisotropy (FA) values for 51KO animals in locations including the anterior commissure, fornix, and posterior commissure/superior colliculus commissure region. DATA CONCLUSION This study used in vivo structural MRI and DTI to demonstrate that a lack of FKBP51 leads to alterations in brain architecture and connectivity in male mice. These findings are of particular translational relevance for our understanding of the neuroanatomy underlying the interaction of FKBP5 genetic status, stress susceptibility, and psychiatric disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Engelhardt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V
| | | | | | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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16
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Kühnel A, Kroemer NB, Elbau IG, Czisch M, Sämann PG, Walter M, Binder EB. Psychosocial stress reactivity habituates following acute physiological stress. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4010-4023. [PMID: 32597537 PMCID: PMC7469805 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic stress are important factors in the development of mental disorders. Reliable measurement of stress reactivity is therefore pivotal. Critically, experimental induction of stress often involves multiple “hits” and it is an open question whether individual differences in responses to an earlier stressor lead to habituation, sensitization, or simple additive effects on following events. Here, we investigated the effect of the individual cortisol response to intravenous catheter placement (IVP) on subsequent neural, psychological, endocrine, and autonomous stress reactivity. We used an established psychosocial stress paradigm to measure the acute stress response (Stress) and recovery (PostStress) in 65 participants. Higher IVP‐induced cortisol responses were associated with lower pulse rate increases during stress recovery (b = −4.8 bpm, p = .0008) and lower increases in negative affect after the task (b = −4.2, p = .040). While the cortisol response to IVP was not associated with subsequent specific stress‐induced neural activation patterns, the similarity of brain responses Pre‐ and PostStress was higher IVP‐cortisol responders (t[64] = 2.35, p = .022) indicating faster recovery. In conclusion, preparatory stress induced by IVP reduced reactivity in a subsequent stress task by modulating the latency of stress recovery. Thus, an individually stronger preceding release of cortisol may attenuate a second physiological response and perceived stress suggesting that relative changes, not absolute levels are crucial for stress attribution. Our study highlights that considering the entire trajectory of stress induction during an experiment is important to develop reliable individual biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kühnel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Immanuel G Elbau
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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17
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Pöhlchen D, Leuchs L, Binder FP, Blaskovich B, Nantawisarakul T, Topalidis P, Brückl TM, Norrholm SD, Jovanovic T, Spoormaker VI, Binder EB, Czisch M, Erhardt A, Grandi NC, Ilic-Cocic S, Lucae S, Sämann P, Tontsch A. No robust differences in fear conditioning between patients with fear-related disorders and healthy controls. Behav Res Ther 2020; 129:103610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Brückl TM, Spoormaker VI, Sämann PG, Brem AK, Henco L, Czamara D, Elbau I, Grandi NC, Jollans L, Kühnel A, Leuchs L, Pöhlchen D, Schneider M, Tontsch A, Keck ME, Schilbach L, Czisch M, Lucae S, Erhardt A, Binder EB. The biological classification of mental disorders (BeCOME) study: a protocol for an observational deep-phenotyping study for the identification of biological subtypes. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:213. [PMID: 32393358 PMCID: PMC7216390 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major research finding in the field of Biological Psychiatry is that symptom-based categories of mental disorders map poorly onto dysfunctions in brain circuits or neurobiological pathways. Many of the identified (neuro) biological dysfunctions are "transdiagnostic", meaning that they do not reflect diagnostic boundaries but are shared by different ICD/DSM diagnoses. The compromised biological validity of the current classification system for mental disorders impedes rather than supports the development of treatments that not only target symptoms but also the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The Biological Classification of Mental Disorders (BeCOME) study aims to identify biology-based classes of mental disorders that improve the translation of novel biomedical findings into tailored clinical applications. METHODS BeCOME intends to include at least 1000 individuals with a broad spectrum of affective, anxiety and stress-related mental disorders as well as 500 individuals unaffected by mental disorders. After a screening visit, all participants undergo in-depth phenotyping procedures and omics assessments on two consecutive days. Several validated paradigms (e.g., fear conditioning, reward anticipation, imaging stress test, social reward learning task) are applied to stimulate a response in a basic system of human functioning (e.g., acute threat response, reward processing, stress response or social reward learning) that plays a key role in the development of affective, anxiety and stress-related mental disorders. The response to this stimulation is then read out across multiple levels. Assessments comprise genetic, molecular, cellular, physiological, neuroimaging, neurocognitive, psychophysiological and psychometric measurements. The multilevel information collected in BeCOME will be used to identify data-driven biologically-informed categories of mental disorders using cluster analytical techniques. DISCUSSION The novelty of BeCOME lies in the dynamic in-depth phenotyping and omics characterization of individuals with mental disorders from the depression and anxiety spectrum of varying severity. We believe that such biology-based subclasses of mental disorders will serve as better treatment targets than purely symptom-based disease entities, and help in tailoring the right treatment to the individual patient suffering from a mental disorder. BeCOME has the potential to contribute to a novel taxonomy of mental disorders that integrates the underlying pathomechanisms into diagnoses. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered on June 12, 2019 on ClinicalTrials.gov (TRN: NCT03984084).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja M. Brückl
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Victor I. Spoormaker
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp G. Sämann
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharine Brem
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XBerenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lara Henco
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Immanuel Elbau
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Norma C. Grandi
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Lee Jollans
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Kühnel
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany ,grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095International Max Planck Research School – Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Leuchs
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany ,grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095International Max Planck Research School – Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schneider
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Tontsch
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin E. Keck
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonhard Schilbach
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Czisch
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Lucae
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Erhardt
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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19
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Dionisio‐Parra B, Wiesinger F, Sämann PG, Czisch M, Solana AB. Looping Star fMRI in Cognitive Tasks and Resting State. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:739-751. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dionisio‐Parra
- Department of Computer ScienceTechnical University of Munich Garching Germany
- ASL Europe, GE Healthcare Munich Germany
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20
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Almeida-Corrêa S, Czisch M, Wotjak CT. In Vivo Visualization of Active Polysynaptic Circuits With Longitudinal Manganese-Enhanced MRI (MEMRI). Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:42. [PMID: 29887796 PMCID: PMC5981681 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) is a powerful tool for in vivo non-invasive whole-brain mapping of neuronal activity. Mn2+ enters active neurons via voltage-gated calcium channels and increases local contrast in T1-weighted images. Given the property of Mn2+ of axonal transport, this technique can also be used for tract tracing after local administration of the contrast agent. However, MEMRI is still not widely employed in basic research due to the lack of a complete description of the Mn2+ dynamics in the brain. Here, we sought to investigate how the activity state of neurons modulates interneuronal Mn2+ transport. To this end, we injected mice with low dose MnCl2 2. (i.p., 20 mg/kg; repeatedly for 8 days) followed by two MEMRI scans at an interval of 1 week without further MnCl2 injections. We assessed changes in T1 contrast intensity before (scan 1) and after (scan 2) partial sensory deprivation (unilateral whisker trimming), while keeping the animals in a sensory enriched environment. After correcting for the general decay in Mn2+ content, whole brain analysis revealed a single cluster with higher signal in scan 1 compared to scan 2: the left barrel cortex corresponding to the right untrimmed whiskers. In the inverse contrast (scan 2 > scan 1), a number of brain structures, including many efferents of the left barrel cortex were observed. These results suggest that continuous neuronal activity elicited by ongoing sensory stimulation accelerates Mn2+ transport from the uptake site to its projection terminals, while the blockage of sensory-input and the resulting decrease in neuronal activity attenuates Mn2+ transport. The description of this critical property of Mn2+ dynamics in the brain allows a better understanding of MEMRI functional mechanisms, which will lead to more carefully designed experiments and clearer interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen Almeida-Corrêa
- Department of Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Czisch
- Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Department of Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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21
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Müller N, Campbell S, Nonaka M, Rost TM, Pipa G, Konrad BN, Steiger A, Czisch M, Fernández G, Dresler M, Genzel L. 2D:4D and spatial abilities: From rats to humans. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 151:85-87. [PMID: 29689300 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Variance in spatial abilities are thought to be determined by in utero levels of testosterone and oestrogen, measurable in adults by the length ratio of the 2nd and 4th digit (2D:4D). We confirmed the relationship between 2D:4D and spatial performance using rats in two different tasks (paired-associate task and watermaze) and replicated this in humans. We further clarified anatomical and functional brain correlates of the association between 2D:4D and spatial performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - S Campbell
- CCNS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Nonaka
- CCNS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T M Rost
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - G Pipa
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - B N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - G Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - L Genzel
- CCNS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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22
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Müller NCJ, Konrad BN, Kohn N, Muñoz-López M, Czisch M, Fernández G, Dresler M. Hippocampal-caudate nucleus interactions support exceptional memory performance. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1379-1389. [PMID: 29138923 PMCID: PMC5869896 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Participants of the annual World Memory Championships regularly demonstrate extraordinary memory feats, such as memorising the order of 52 playing cards in 20 s or 1000 binary digits in 5 min. On a cognitive level, memory athletes use well-known mnemonic strategies, such as the method of loci. However, whether these feats are enabled solely through the use of mnemonic strategies or whether they benefit additionally from optimised neural circuits is still not fully clarified. Investigating 23 leading memory athletes, we found volumes of their right hippocampus and caudate nucleus were stronger correlated with each other compared to matched controls; both these volumes positively correlated with their position in the memory sports world ranking. Furthermore, we observed larger volumes of the right anterior hippocampus in athletes. Complementing these structural findings, on a functional level, fMRI resting state connectivity of the anterior hippocampus to both the posterior hippocampus and caudate nucleus predicted the athletes rank. While a competitive interaction between hippocampus and caudate nucleus is often observed in normal memory function, our findings suggest that a hippocampal-caudate nucleus cooperation may enable exceptional memory performance. We speculate that this cooperation reflects an integration of the two memory systems at issue-enabling optimal combination of stimulus-response learning and map-based learning when using mnemonic strategies as for example the method of loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils C J Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Kohn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Muñoz-López
- Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, School of Medicine and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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23
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Molina-Romero M, Gómez PA, Sperl JI, Czisch M, Sämann PG, Jones DK, Menzel MI, Menze BH. A diffusion model-free framework with echo time dependence for free-water elimination and brain tissue microstructure characterization. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2155-2172. [PMID: 29573009 PMCID: PMC6790970 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The compartmental nature of brain tissue microstructure is typically studied by diffusion MRI, MR relaxometry or their correlation. Diffusion MRI relies on signal representations or biophysical models, while MR relaxometry and correlation studies are based on regularized inverse Laplace transforms (ILTs). Here we introduce a general framework for characterizing microstructure that does not depend on diffusion modeling and replaces ill‐posed ILTs with blind source separation (BSS). This framework yields proton density, relaxation times, volume fractions, and signal disentanglement, allowing for separation of the free‐water component. Theory and Methods Diffusion experiments repeated for several different echo times, contain entangled diffusion and relaxation compartmental information. These can be disentangled by BSS using a physically constrained nonnegative matrix factorization. Results Computer simulations, phantom studies, together with repeatability and reproducibility experiments demonstrated that BSS is capable of estimating proton density, compartmental volume fractions and transversal relaxations. In vivo results proved its potential to correct for free‐water contamination and to estimate tissue parameters. Conclusion Formulation of the diffusion‐relaxation dependence as a BSS problem introduces a new framework for studying microstructure compartmentalization, and a novel tool for free‐water elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Molina-Romero
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,GE Global Research Europe, Garching, Germany
| | - Pedro A Gómez
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,GE Global Research Europe, Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Derek K Jones
- CUBRIC, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Bjoern H Menze
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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24
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Leonhardt M, Kopczak A, Schäpers B, Limbrock J, Sämann PG, Czisch M, von Steinbuechel N, Jordan M, Schneider HJ, Schneider M, Sievers C, Stalla GK. Low Prevalence of Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency in Patients After Brain Injury: Results From a Phase II Pilot Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:723. [PMID: 30619080 PMCID: PMC6305071 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) results in an impaired health-related quality of life (HrQoL) and cognitive impairment in the attention and memory domain. GHD is assumed to be a frequent finding after brain injury due to traumatic brain injury (TBI), aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or ischemic stroke. Hence, we set out to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in patients with isolated GHD after brain injury on HrQoL, cognition, and abdominal fat composition. In total, 1,408 patients with TBI, SAH or ischemic stroke were screened for inclusion. Of those, 54 patients (age 18-65 years) were eligible, and 51 could be tested for GHD with GHRH-L-arginine. In 6 patients (12%), GHD was detected. All patients with isolated GHD (n = 4 [8%], male, mean age ± SD: 49.0 ± 9.8 years) received GH replacement therapy for 6 months at a daily dose of 0.2-0.5 mg recombinant GH depending on age. Results were compared with an untreated control group of patients without hormonal insufficiencies after brain injury (n = 6, male, mean age ± SD: 49.5 ± 13.6 years). HrQoL as well as mood and sleep quality assessed by self-rating questionnaires (Beck Depression Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) did not differ between baseline and 6 months within each group or between the two groups. Similarly, cognitive performance as assessed by standardized memory and attention tests did not show significant differences within or between groups. Body mass index was higher in the control vs. the GH replacement group at baseline (p = 0.038), yet not different at 6 months and within groups. Visceral-fat-by-total-fat-ratio measurements obtained from magnetic resonance imaging in 2 patients and 5 control subjects exhibited no consistent pattern. In conclusion, this single center study revealed a prevalence of GHD of about 12% (8% with isolated GHD) in brain injury patients which was lower compared with most of the previously reported cohorts. As a consequence, the sample size was insufficient to conclude on a benefit or no benefit of GH replacement in patients with isolated GHD after brain injury. A higher number of patients will be necessary to draw conclusions in future studies. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01397500.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kopczak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole von Steinbuechel
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Sievers
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Institute of General Medicine, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter K. Stalla
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Günter K. Stalla
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25
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Bedenk BT, Almeida-Corrêa S, Jurik A, Dedic N, Grünecker B, Genewsky AJ, Kaltwasser SF, Riebe CJ, Deussing JM, Czisch M, Wotjak CT. Mn 2+ dynamics in manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI): Ca v1.2 channel-mediated uptake and preferential accumulation in projection terminals. Neuroimage 2017; 169:374-382. [PMID: 29277401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) exploits the biophysical similarity of Ca2+ and Mn2+ to map the brain's activity in vivo. However, to what extent different Ca2+ channels contribute to the enhanced signal that MEMRI provides and how Mn2+ dynamics influence Mn2+ brain accumulation after systemic administration of MnCl2 are not yet fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking the L-type Ca2+ channel 1.2 (Cav1.2) in the CNS show approximately 50% less increase in MEMRI contrast after repeated systemic MnCl2 injections, as compared to control mice. In contrast, genetic deletion of L-type Ca2+ channel 1.3 (Cav1.3) did not reduce signal. Brain structure- or cell type-specific deletion of Cav1.2 in combination with voxel-wise MEMRI analysis revealed a preferential accumulation of Mn2+ in projection terminals, which was confirmed by local MnCl2 administration to defined brain areas. Taken together, we provide unequivocal evidence that Cav1.2 represents an important channel for neuronal Mn2+ influx after systemic injections. We also show that after neuronal uptake, Mn2+ preferentially accumulates in projection terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt T Bedenk
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Core Unit Neuroimaging, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Suellen Almeida-Corrêa
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Jurik
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Dedic
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Grünecker
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Core Unit Neuroimaging, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas J Genewsky
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian F Kaltwasser
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Caitlin J Riebe
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Core Unit Neuroimaging, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Dept. Stress Neurobiology & Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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26
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Dresler M, Shirer WR, Konrad BN, Müller NCJ, Wagner IC, Fernández G, Czisch M, Greicius MD. Mnemonic Training Reshapes Brain Networks to Support Superior Memory. Neuron 2017; 93:1227-1235.e6. [PMID: 28279356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Memory skills strongly differ across the general population; however, little is known about the brain characteristics supporting superior memory performance. Here we assess functional brain network organization of 23 of the world's most successful memory athletes and matched controls with fMRI during both task-free resting state baseline and active memory encoding. We demonstrate that, in a group of naive controls, functional connectivity changes induced by 6 weeks of mnemonic training were correlated with the network organization that distinguishes athletes from controls. During rest, this effect was mainly driven by connections between rather than within the visual, medial temporal lobe and default mode networks, whereas during task it was driven by connectivity within these networks. Similarity with memory athlete connectivity patterns predicted memory improvements up to 4 months after training. In conclusion, mnemonic training drives distributed rather than regional changes, reorganizing the brain's functional network organization to enable superior memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dresler
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - William R Shirer
- Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FIND) Lab, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nils C J Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Isabella C Wagner
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FIND) Lab, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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27
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Schmaal L, Hibar DP, Sämann PG, Hall GB, Baune BT, Jahanshad N, Cheung JW, van Erp TGM, Bos D, Ikram MA, Vernooij MW, Niessen WJ, Tiemeier H, Hofman A, Wittfeld K, Grabe HJ, Janowitz D, Bülow R, Selonke M, Völzke H, Grotegerd D, Dannlowski U, Arolt V, Opel N, Heindel W, Kugel H, Hoehn D, Czisch M, Couvy-Duchesne B, Rentería ME, Strike LT, Wright MJ, Mills NT, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Goya-Maldonado R, Gruber O, Krämer B, Hatton SN, Lagopoulos J, Hickie IB, Frodl T, Carballedo A, Frey EM, van Velzen LS, Penninx BWJH, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, Davey CG, Harrison BJ, Mwangi B, Cao B, Soares JC, Veer IM, Walter H, Schoepf D, Zurowski B, Konrad C, Schramm E, Normann C, Schnell K, Sacchet MD, Gotlib IH, MacQueen GM, Godlewska BR, Nickson T, McIntosh AM, Papmeyer M, Whalley HC, Hall J, Sussmann JE, Li M, Walter M, Aftanas L, Brack I, Bokhan NA, Thompson PM, Veltman DJ. Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:900-909. [PMID: 27137745 PMCID: PMC5444023 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuro-anatomical substrates of major depressive disorder (MDD) are still not well understood, despite many neuroimaging studies over the past few decades. Here we present the largest ever worldwide study by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Major Depressive Disorder Working Group on cortical structural alterations in MDD. Structural T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 2148 MDD patients and 7957 healthy controls were analysed with harmonized protocols at 20 sites around the world. To detect consistent effects of MDD and its modulators on cortical thickness and surface area estimates derived from MRI, statistical effects from sites were meta-analysed separately for adults and adolescents. Adults with MDD had thinner cortical gray matter than controls in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior and posterior cingulate, insula and temporal lobes (Cohen's d effect sizes: -0.10 to -0.14). These effects were most pronounced in first episode and adult-onset patients (>21 years). Compared to matched controls, adolescents with MDD had lower total surface area (but no differences in cortical thickness) and regional reductions in frontal regions (medial OFC and superior frontal gyrus) and primary and higher-order visual, somatosensory and motor areas (d: -0.26 to -0.57). The strongest effects were found in recurrent adolescent patients. This highly powered global effort to identify consistent brain abnormalities showed widespread cortical alterations in MDD patients as compared to controls and suggests that MDD may impact brain structure in a highly dynamic way, with different patterns of alterations at different stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - P G Sämann
- Neuroimaging Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - G B Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - N Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - J W Cheung
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - T G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - D Bos
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A Ikram
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M W Vernooij
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J Niessen
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - H J Grabe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Bülow
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Selonke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Griefswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), partner site Griefswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Grotegerd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - U Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - V Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - N Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - W Heindel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - H Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - D Hoehn
- Neuroimaging Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Neuroimaging Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - B Couvy-Duchesne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M E Rentería
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - L T Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N T Mills
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G I de Zubicaray
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - K L McMahon
- Center for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S E Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N A Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - R Goya-Maldonado
- Centre for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - O Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S N Hatton
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - J Lagopoulos
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - I B Hickie
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - T Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Carballedo
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E M Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - L S van Velzen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M-J van Tol
- Neuroimaging Center, Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N J van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C G Davey
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disoders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Cao
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disoders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J C Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disoders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - I M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Schoepf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - B Zurowski
- Center for Integrative Psychiatry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum Rotenburg, Rotenburg, Germany
| | - E Schramm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Schnell
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M D Sacchet
- Neurosciences Program and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - I H Gotlib
- Neurosciences Program and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - G M MacQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - B R Godlewska
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - T Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cogntive Ageing and Cogntive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg, UK
| | - M Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Hall
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J E Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, NHS Borders, Melrose, UK
| | - M Li
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Walter
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Aftanas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I Brack
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russia
- Faculty of Psychology, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of General Medicine, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - D J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fernandez B, Leuchs L, Sämann PG, Czisch M, Spoormaker VI. Multi-echo EPI of human fear conditioning reveals improved BOLD detection in ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 2017; 156:65-77. [PMID: 28483719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard T2* weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) performed with echo-planar imaging (EPI) suffers from signal loss in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) due to macroscopic field inhomogeneity. However, this region is of special interest to affective neuroscience and psychiatry. The Multi-echo EPI (MEPI) approach has several advantages over EPI but its performance against EPI in the vmPFC has not yet been examined in a study with sufficient statistical power using a task specifically eliciting activity in this region. We used a fear conditioning task with MEPI to compare the performance of MEPI and EPI in vmPFC and control regions in 32 healthy young subjects. We analyzed activity associated with short (12ms), standard (29ms) and long (46ms) echo times, and a voxel-wise combination of these three echo times. Behavioral data revealed successful differentiation of the conditioned versus safety stimulus; activity in the vmPFC was shown by the contrast "safety stimulus > conditioned stimulus" as in previous research and proved significantly stronger with the combined MEPI than standard single-echo EPI. Then, we aimed to demonstrate that the additional cluster extent (ventral extension) detected in the vmPFC with MEPI reflects activation in a relevant cluster (i.e., not just non-neuronal noise). To do this, we used resting state data from the same subjects to show that the time-course of this region was both connected to bilateral amygdala and the default mode network. Overall, we demonstrate that MEPI (by means of the weighted sum combination approach) outperforms standard EPI in vmPFC; MEPI performs always at least as good as the best echo time for a given brain region but provides all necessary echo times for an optimal BOLD sensitivity for the whole brain. This is relevant for affective neuroscience and psychiatry given the critical role of the vmPFC in emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Fernandez
- Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Oskar-Schlemmer-Str. 11, 80807 Munich, Germany.
| | - Laura Leuchs
- Neuroimaging Unit, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Neuroimaging Unit, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Czisch
- Neuroimaging Unit, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Victor I Spoormaker
- Neuroimaging Unit, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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29
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Hibar DP, Adams HHH, Jahanshad N, Chauhan G, Stein JL, Hofer E, Renteria ME, Bis JC, Arias-Vasquez A, Ikram MK, Desrivières S, Vernooij MW, Abramovic L, Alhusaini S, Amin N, Andersson M, Arfanakis K, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Athanasiu L, Axelsson T, Beecham AH, Beiser A, Bernard M, Blanton SH, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brickman AM, Carmichael O, Chakravarty MM, Chen Q, Ching CRK, Chouraki V, Cuellar-Partida G, Crivello F, Den Braber A, Doan NT, Ehrlich S, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Gottesman RF, Grimm O, Griswold ME, Guadalupe T, Gutman BA, Hass J, Haukvik UK, Hoehn D, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Jørgensen KN, Karbalai N, Kasperaviciute D, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Liewald DCM, Lopez LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Marquand AF, Matarin M, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, McKay DR, Milaneschi Y, Muñoz Maniega S, Nho K, Nugent AC, Nyquist P, Loohuis LMO, Oosterlaan J, Papmeyer M, Pirpamer L, Pütz B, Ramasamy A, Richards JS, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rommelse N, Ropele S, Rose EJ, Royle NA, Rundek T, Sämann PG, Saremi A, Satizabal CL, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Smith AV, Sprooten E, Strike LT, Teumer A, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Toro R, Trabzuni D, Trompet S, Vaidya D, Van der Grond J, Van der Lee SJ, Van der Meer D, Van Donkelaar MMJ, Van Eijk KR, Van Erp TGM, Van Rooij D, Walton E, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Windham BG, Winkler AM, Wittfeld K, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Yanek LR, Yang J, Zijdenbos A, Zwiers MP, Agartz I, Almasy L, Ames D, Amouyel P, Andreassen OA, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Barral S, Bastin ME, Becker DM, Becker JT, Bennett DA, Blangero J, van Bokhoven H, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bulayeva KB, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cavalleri GL, Cheng CY, Cichon S, Cookson MR, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Czisch M, Dale AM, Davies GE, De Craen AJM, De Geus EJC, De Jager PL, De Zubicaray GI, Deary IJ, Debette S, DeCarli C, Delanty N, Depondt C, DeStefano A, Dillman A, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drevets WC, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Enzinger C, Erk S, Espeseth T, Fedko IO, Fernández G, Ferrucci L, Fisher SE, Fleischman DA, Ford I, Fornage M, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Francks C, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Göring HHH, Green RC, Gruber O, Gudnason V, Guelfi S, Håberg AK, Hansell NK, Hardy J, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Le Hellard S, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho BC, Hoekstra PJ, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Hottenga JJ, Huentelman M, Pol HEH, Ikeda M, Jack Jr CR, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Jönsson EG, Jukema JW, Kahn RS, Kanai R, Kloszewska I, Knopman DS, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Lemaître H, Liu X, Longo DL, Lopez OL, Lovestone S, Martinez O, Martinot JL, Mattay VS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, McMahon KL, Mecocci P, Melle I, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mosley TH, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nalls MA, Nauck M, Nichols TE, Niessen WJ, Nöthen MM, Nyberg L, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BWJH, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Psaty BM, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rotter JI, Ryten M, Sacco RL, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Schofield PR, Sigursson S, Simmons A, Singleton A, Sisodiya SM, Smith C, Smoller JW, Soininen H, Steen VM, Stott DJ, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Tsolaki M, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden AG, Hernández MCV, Van der Brug M, van der Lugt A, van der Wee NJA, Van Haren NEM, van 't Ent D, Van Tol MJ, Vardarajan BN, Vellas B, Veltman DJ, Völzke H, Walter H, Wardlaw JM, Wassink TH, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Weiner MW, Wen W, Westman E, White T, Wong TY, Wright CB, Zielke RH, Zonderman AB, Martin NG, Van Duijn CM, Wright MJ, Longstreth WT, Schumann G, Grabe HJ, Franke B, Launer LJ, Medland SE, Seshadri S, Thompson PM, Ikram MA. Novel genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13624. [PMID: 28098162 PMCID: PMC5253632 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is a brain structure integrally involved in episodic memory, spatial navigation, cognition and stress responsiveness. Structural abnormalities in hippocampal volume and shape are found in several common neuropsychiatric disorders. To identify the genetic underpinnings of hippocampal structure here we perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 33,536 individuals and discover six independent loci significantly associated with hippocampal volume, four of them novel. Of the novel loci, three lie within genes (ASTN2, DPP4 and MAST4) and one is found 200 kb upstream of SHH. A hippocampal subfield analysis shows that a locus within the MSRB3 gene shows evidence of a localized effect along the dentate gyrus, subiculum, CA1 and fissure. Further, we show that genetic variants associated with decreased hippocampal volume are also associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (rg=-0.155). Our findings suggest novel biological pathways through which human genetic variation influences hippocampal volume and risk for neuropsychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrek P. Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Hieab H. H. Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- INSERM Unit U1219, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jason L. Stein
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
- Department of Genetics & UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Miguel E. Renteria
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Avenue/Suite 1360. Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Meike W. Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucija Abramovic
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Aribisala
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, P.M.B. 01 LASU, Nigeria
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nicola J. Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Axelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 1432, SE-751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ashley H. Beecham
- Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
| | - Manon Bernard
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Susan H. Blanton
- Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Marc M. Bohlken
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco P. Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; G.H. Sergievsky Center; Department of Neurology. Columbia University Medical Center, 639 West 1168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
- Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167—RID-AGE—Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Fabrice Crivello
- IMN UMR5293, GIN, CNRS, CEA, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anouk Den Braber
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aaron L. Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael E. Griswold
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Unn K. Haukvik
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Kjetil N. Jørgensen
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, 0319 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, SL9 0RJ, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Phil H. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA
- Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Lexington, Massachusetts, 02421, USA
| | - David C. M. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lorna M. Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andre F. Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Matarin
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, SL9 0RJ, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Karen A. Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for integrated Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David R. McKay
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06114, USA
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Allison C. Nugent
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
| | - Paul Nyquist
- Department of Neurology, Department of Anesthesia/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins, USA600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Loes M. Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, 3060, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jennifer S. Richards
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GC, The Netherlands
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39008 Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GC, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Emma J. Rose
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry & Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | | | - Arvin Saremi
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3502, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3502, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Schork
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Lachlan T. Strike
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, 39011, Spain
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities. Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, 39011, Spain
| | | | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St Suite 8028, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Jeroen Van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Sven J. Van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Van der Meer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M. J. Van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel R. Van Eijk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Human Neurogenetics Unit, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. M. Van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Daan Van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Christopher D. Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Beverly G. Windham
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anderson M. Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Girma Woldehawariat
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
| | - Christiane Wolf
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa R. Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St Suite 8028, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wuerzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Alex Zijdenbos
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 EN, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, 0319 Oslo, Norway
- Biospective Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, 78250, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - David Ames
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 29104, USA
- National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167—RID-AGE—Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Amelia A. Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; G.H. Sergievsky Center; Department of Neurology. Columbia University Medical Center, 639 West 1168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Diane M. Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St Suite 8028, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - James T. Becker
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wuerzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Ave., Suite 830, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Rachel M. Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre—Assessment and Better Care, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Clinical Genetics and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GC, The Netherlands
| | - Kazima B. Bulayeva
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Department of Evolution and Genetics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala 367000, Dagestan, Russia
- The Mind Research Network & LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Dara M. Cannon
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
- Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry & Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, 39008 Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Gareth E. Davies
- Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Eco J. C. De Geus
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | | | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- INSERM Unit U1219, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Norman Delanty
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3700, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | | | - Anita DeStefano
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
| | - Allissa Dillman
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0420 Oslo, Norway
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG) & NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Wayne C. Drevets
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ravi Duggirala
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas D. Dyer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Erk
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | - Iryna O. Fedko
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Debra A. Fleischman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Department of Neurological Sciences & Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G41 4DQ, UK
| | - Tatiana M. Foroud
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Clyde Francks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06114, USA
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Harald H. H. Göring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert C. Green
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Asta K. Håberg
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Narelle K. Hansell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Radiology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, 7030, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Clifford R. Jack Jr
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Neurogenomics Division, 445N Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA
| | - Robert Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Biospective Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - René S. Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Iwona Kloszewska
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - David S. Knopman
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya Brain Imaging, Tokyo, 102-0093, Japan
| | | | - John B. Kwok
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21228, USA
| | - Stephen M. Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Dan L. Longo
- INSERM UMR 1000 “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot; University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Maison de Solenn, Paris, 91400, France
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Ave., Suite 830, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Oliver Martinez
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Colm McDonald
- Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 35 Convent Drive, Rm 1A202, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3719, USA
| | - Katie L. McMahon
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Derek W. Morris
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0420 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Matthias Nauck
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas E. Nichols
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Wiro J. Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Statistics & WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Medical Informatics Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Radiology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, 7030, Norway
| | - Rene L. Olvera
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - Tomas Paus
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
- Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, 10022, USA
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. Bruce Pike
- Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, 1730 Minor Avenue/Suite 1360, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mina Ryten
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ralph L. Sacco
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21228, USA
| | | | - Andrew Simmons
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- NORMENT—KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - David J. Stott
- Neurocentre Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jessika E. Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G4 0SF, UK
| | - Bryan J. Traynor
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- INSERM Unit U1219, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- 3rd Department of Neurology, "G. Papanicolaou", Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 57010, Greece
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Maria C. Valdés Hernández
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marcel Van der Brug
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Neeltje E. M. Van Haren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Van Tol
- Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Badri N. Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; G.H. Sergievsky Center; Department of Neurology. Columbia University Medical Center, 639 West 1168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bruno Vellas
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, 9713 AW Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Thomas H. Wassink
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, INSERM U1027, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, 31024, France
| | - Michael E. Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Eric Westman
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tien Y. Wong
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Clinton B. Wright
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Ronald H. Zielke
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Cornelia M. Van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - W. T. Longstreth
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98104-2420, USA
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, 17 Mount Wayte Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01703 USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Intramural Research Program, NIA, NIH, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Suite 3C-309, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Adams HHH, Hibar DP, Chouraki V, Stein JL, Nyquist PA, Rentería ME, Trompet S, Arias-Vasquez A, Seshadri S, Desrivières S, Beecham AH, Jahanshad N, Wittfeld K, Van der Lee SJ, Abramovic L, Alhusaini S, Amin N, Andersson M, Arfanakis K, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Athanasiu L, Axelsson T, Beiser A, Bernard M, Bis JC, Blanken LME, Blanton SH, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brickman AM, Carmichael O, Chakravarty MM, Chauhan G, Chen Q, Ching CRK, Cuellar-Partida G, Braber AD, Doan NT, Ehrlich S, Filippi I, Ge T, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Gottesman RF, Greven CU, Grimm O, Griswold ME, Guadalupe T, Hass J, Haukvik UK, Hilal S, Hofer E, Hoehn D, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Kasperaviciute D, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Liao J, Liewald DCM, Lopez LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Marquand A, Matarin M, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, Mazoyer B, McKay DR, McWhirter R, Milaneschi Y, Mirza-Schreiber N, Muetzel RL, Maniega SM, Nho K, Nugent AC, Loohuis LMO, Oosterlaan J, Papmeyer M, Pappa I, Pirpamer L, Pudas S, Pütz B, Rajan KB, Ramasamy A, Richards JS, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rommelse N, Rose EJ, Royle NA, Rundek T, Sämann PG, Satizabal CL, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Smith AV, Sprooten E, Strike LT, Teumer A, Thomson R, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Toro R, Trabzuni D, Vaidya D, Van der Grond J, Van der Meer D, Van Donkelaar MMJ, Van Eijk KR, Van Erp TGM, Van Rooij D, Walton E, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Windham BG, Winkler AM, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Xu B, Yanek LR, Yang J, Zijdenbos A, Zwiers MP, Agartz I, Aggarwal NT, Almasy L, Ames D, Amouyel P, Andreassen OA, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Barral S, Bastin ME, Becker DM, Becker JT, Bennett DA, Blangero J, van Bokhoven H, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bulayeva KB, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cavalleri GL, Chen C, Cheng CY, Cichon S, Cookson MR, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Czisch M, Dale AM, Davies GE, De Geus EJC, De Jager PL, de Zubicaray GI, Delanty N, Depondt C, DeStefano AL, Dillman A, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drevets WC, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Espeseth T, Evans DA, Fedko IO, Fernández G, Ferrucci L, Fisher SE, Fleischman DA, Ford I, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Francks C, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Göring HHH, Grabe HJ, Green RC, Gruber O, Gudnason V, Guelfi S, Hansell NK, Hardy J, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Le Hellard S, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho BC, Hoekstra PJ, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Ikeda M, Ikram MK, Jack CR, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Jönsson EG, Jukema JW, Kahn RS, Kanai R, Kloszewska I, Knopman DS, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Lemaître H, Liu X, Longo DL, Longstreth WT, Lopez OL, Lovestone S, Martinez O, Martinot JL, Mattay VS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon KL, McMahon FJ, Mecocci P, Melle I, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mosley TH, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nalls MA, Nauck M, Nichols TE, Niessen WJ, Nöthen MM, Nyberg L, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BWJH, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Psaty BM, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rotter JI, Ryten M, Sacco RL, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Schmidt R, Schofield PR, Sigurdsson S, Simmons A, Singleton A, Sisodiya SM, Smith C, Smoller JW, Soininen H, Srikanth V, Steen VM, Stott DJ, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Tiemeier H, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Turner JA, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden AG, Hernández MCV, Van der Brug M, Van der Lugt A, Van der Wee NJA, Van Duijn CM, Van Haren NEM, Van T Ent D, Van Tol MJ, Vardarajan BN, Veltman DJ, Vernooij MW, Völzke H, Walter H, Wardlaw JM, Wassink TH, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Weiner MW, Wen W, Westman E, White T, Wong TY, Wright CB, Zielke HR, Zonderman AB, Deary IJ, DeCarli C, Schmidt H, Martin NG, De Craen AJM, Wright MJ, Launer LJ, Schumann G, Fornage M, Franke B, Debette S, Medland SE, Ikram MA, Thompson PM. Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1569-1582. [PMID: 27694991 PMCID: PMC5227112 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial volume reflects the maximally attained brain size during development, and remains stable with loss of tissue in late life. It is highly heritable, but the underlying genes remain largely undetermined. In a genome-wide association study of 32,438 adults, we discovered five previously unknown loci for intracranial volume and confirmed two known signals. Four of the loci were also associated with adult human stature, but these remained associated with intracranial volume after adjusting for height. We found a high genetic correlation with child head circumference (ρgenetic = 0.748), which indicates a similar genetic background and allowed us to identify four additional loci through meta-analysis (Ncombined = 37,345). Variants for intracranial volume were also related to childhood and adult cognitive function, and Parkinson's disease, and were enriched near genes involved in growth pathways, including PI3K-AKT signaling. These findings identify the biological underpinnings of intracranial volume and their link to physiological and pathological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Genetics and UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul A Nyquist
- Department of Neurology, Department of Anesthesia/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ashley H Beecham
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Lucija Abramovic
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Axelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manon Bernard
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura M E Blanken
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan H Blanton
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marc M Bohlken
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Anouk Den Braber
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, North Carolina, USA
| | - Irina Filippi
- NSERM Unit 1000 ″Neuroimaging and Psychiatry″, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine Department, APHP Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Tian Ge
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, North Carolina, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aaron L Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Corina U Greven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciene, London, UK
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael E Griswold
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Unn K Haukvik
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Phil H Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiemin Liao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Matarin
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for integrated Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - David R McKay
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rebekah McWhirter
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Allison C Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Pappa
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Pudas
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kumar B Rajan
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer S Richards
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Emma J Rose
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Natalie A Royle
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Russell Thomson
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain
- Neuroimaging Unit,Technological Facilities. Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | | | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeroen Van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Van der Meer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M J Van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kristel R Van Eijk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Human Neurogenetics Unit, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G M Van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daan Van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Beverly G Windham
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Girma Woldehawariat
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christiane Wolf
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bing Xu
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alex Zijdenbos
- Biospective Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neelum T Aggarwal
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelia A Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James T Becker
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre - Assessment and Better Care, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kazima B Bulayeva
- Department of Evolution and Genetics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network and LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sven Cichon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eco J C De Geus
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Norman Delanty
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Neurology Division, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anita L DeStefano
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Allissa Dillman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics Centre (NICOG) and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ravi Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas D Dyer
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Denis A Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Debra A Fleischman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Clyde Francks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Randy L Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, North Carolina, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harald H H Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert C Green
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Narelle K Hansell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Department of Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- HMNC Brain Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Robert Johnson
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ryota Kanai
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya Brain Imaging, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John B Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- NSERM Unit 1000 ″Neuroimaging and Psychiatry″, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine Department, APHP Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dan L Longo
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Dementia Biomedical Research Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Martinez
- Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- NSERM Unit 1000 ″Neuroimaging and Psychiatry″, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine Department, APHP Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Derek W Morris
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics Centre (NICOG) and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics and Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Informatics Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rene L Olvera
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
- Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, Australia
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Andy Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurocentre Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Department of Medicine, Peninsula Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jessika E Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Brain Resource Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Christophe Tzourio
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, UMR 5293, CEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Valdés Hernández
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Aad Van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nic J A Van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Neeltje E M Van Haren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Van T Ent
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Van Tol
- Neuroimaging Centre, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tien Y Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Evolution and Genetics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clinton B Wright
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - H Ronald Zielke
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Anton J M De Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Leuchs L, Schneider M, Czisch M, Spoormaker VI. Neural correlates of pupil dilation during human fear learning. Neuroimage 2016; 147:186-197. [PMID: 27915119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fear conditioning and extinction are prevailing experimental and etiological models for normal and pathological anxiety. Pupil dilations in response to conditioned stimuli are increasingly used as a robust psychophysiological readout of fear learning, but their neural correlates remain unknown. We aimed at identifying the neural correlates of pupil responses to threat and safety cues during a fear learning task. METHODS Thirty-four healthy subjects underwent a fear conditioning and extinction paradigm with simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and pupillometry. After a stringent preprocessing and artifact rejection procedure, trial-wise pupil responses to threat and safety cues were entered as parametric modulations to the fMRI general linear models. RESULTS Trial-wise magnitude of pupil responses to both conditioned and safety stimuli correlated positively with activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), thalamus, supramarginal gyrus and insula for the entire fear learning task, and with activity in the dACC during the fear conditioning phase in particular. Phasic pupil responses did not show habituation, but were negatively correlated with tonic baseline pupil diameter, which decreased during the task. Correcting phasic pupil responses for the tonic baseline pupil diameter revealed thalamic activity, which was also observed in an analysis employing a linear (declining) time modulation. CONCLUSION Pupil dilations during fear conditioning and extinction provide useful readouts to track fear learning on a trial-by-trial level, particularly with simultaneous fMRI. Whereas phasic pupil responses reflect activity in brain regions involved in fear learning and threat appraisal, most prominently in dACC, tonic changes in pupil diameter may reflect changes in general arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Leuchs
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Max Schneider
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
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32
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Reichel JM, Bedenk BT, Czisch M, Wotjak CT. Age-related cognitive decline coincides with accelerated volume loss of the dorsal but not ventral hippocampus in mice. Hippocampus 2016; 27:28-35. [PMID: 27699923 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even in the absence of neurodegenerative diseases, progressing age often coincides with cognitive decline and morphological changes. However, longitudinal studies that directly link these two processes are missing. In this proof-of-concept study we therefore performed repeated within-subject testing of healthy male R26R mice in a spatial learning task in combination with manganese-enhanced volumetric MRI analyses at the ages of 8, 16, and 24 months. We grouped the mice into good and poor performers (n = 6, each), based on their spatial learning abilities at the age of 24 months. Using this stratification, we failed to detect a priori volume differences, but observed a significant decrease in total hippocampal volume over time for both groups. Interestingly, this volume decrease was specific for the dorsal hippocampus and significantly accelerated in poor performers between 16 and 24 months of age. This is the first time that individual changes in hippocampal volume were traced alongside cognitive performance within the same subjects over 1½ years. Our study points to a causal link between volume loss of the dorsal hippocampus and cognitive impairments. In addition, it suggests accelerated degenerative processes rather than a priori volume differences as determining trajectories of age-related cognitive decline. Despite the relatively small sample sizes, the strong behavioral and moderate morphological alterations demonstrate the general feasibility of longitudinal studies of age-related decline in cognition and hippocampus integrity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Reichel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - B T Bedenk
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - C T Wotjak
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Schneider M, Hathway P, Leuchs L, Sämann PG, Czisch M, Spoormaker VI. Spontaneous pupil dilations during the resting state are associated with activation of the salience network. Neuroimage 2016; 139:189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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34
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Kunath N, Müller NCJ, Tonon M, Konrad BN, Pawlowski M, Kopczak A, Elbau I, Uhr M, Kühn S, Repantis D, Ohla K, Müller TD, Fernández G, Tschöp M, Czisch M, Steiger A, Dresler M. Ghrelin modulates encoding-related brain function without enhancing memory formation in humans. Neuroimage 2016; 142:465-473. [PMID: 27402596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin regulates energy homeostasis in various species and enhances memory in rodent models. In humans, the role of ghrelin in cognitive processes has yet to be characterized. Here we show in a double-blind randomized crossover design that acute administration of ghrelin alters encoding-related brain activity, however does not enhance memory formation in humans. Twenty-one healthy young male participants had to memorize food- and non-food-related words presented on a background of a virtual navigational route while undergoing fMRI recordings. After acute ghrelin administration, we observed decreased post-encoding resting state fMRI connectivity between the caudate nucleus and the insula, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, brain activity related to subsequent memory performance was modulated by ghrelin. On the next day, however, no differences were found in free word recall or cued location-word association recall between conditions; and ghrelin's effects on brain activity or functional connectivity were unrelated to memory performance. Further, ghrelin had no effect on a cognitive test battery comprising tests for working memory, fluid reasoning, creativity, mental speed, and attention. In conclusion, in contrast to studies with animal models, we did not find any evidence for the potential of ghrelin acting as a short-term cognitive enhancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kunath
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - N C J Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Tonon
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - B N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Pawlowski
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A Kopczak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - I Elbau
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Repantis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Ohla
- German Institute for Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - G Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Dresler
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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35
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Schmaal L, Veltman DJ, van Erp TGM, Sämann PG, Frodl T, Jahanshad N, Loehrer E, Tiemeier H, Hofman A, Niessen WJ, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Wittfeld K, Grabe HJ, Block A, Hegenscheid K, Völzke H, Hoehn D, Czisch M, Lagopoulos J, Hatton SN, Hickie IB, Goya-Maldonado R, Krämer B, Gruber O, Couvy-Duchesne B, Rentería ME, Strike LT, Mills NT, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Wright MJ, Hall GB, MacQueen GM, Frey EM, Carballedo A, van Velzen LS, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, Veer IM, Walter H, Schnell K, Schramm E, Normann C, Schoepf D, Konrad C, Zurowski B, Nickson T, McIntosh AM, Papmeyer M, Whalley HC, Sussmann JE, Godlewska BR, Cowen PJ, Fischer FH, Rose M, Penninx BWJH, Thompson PM, Hibar DP. Subcortical brain alterations in major depressive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder working group. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:806-12. [PMID: 26122586 PMCID: PMC4879183 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of structural brain alterations associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unresolved. This is in part due to small sample sizes of neuroimaging studies resulting in limited statistical power, disease heterogeneity and the complex interactions between clinical characteristics and brain morphology. To address this, we meta-analyzed three-dimensional brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 1728 MDD patients and 7199 controls from 15 research samples worldwide, to identify subcortical brain volumes that robustly discriminate MDD patients from healthy controls. Relative to controls, patients had significantly lower hippocampal volumes (Cohen's d=-0.14, % difference=-1.24). This effect was driven by patients with recurrent MDD (Cohen's d=-0.17, % difference=-1.44), and we detected no differences between first episode patients and controls. Age of onset ⩽21 was associated with a smaller hippocampus (Cohen's d=-0.20, % difference=-1.85) and a trend toward smaller amygdala (Cohen's d=-0.11, % difference=-1.23) and larger lateral ventricles (Cohen's d=0.12, % difference=5.11). Symptom severity at study inclusion was not associated with any regional brain volumes. Sample characteristics such as mean age, proportion of antidepressant users and proportion of remitted patients, and methodological characteristics did not significantly moderate alterations in brain volumes in MDD. Samples with a higher proportion of antipsychotic medication users showed larger caudate volumes in MDD patients compared with controls. This currently largest worldwide effort to identify subcortical brain alterations showed robust smaller hippocampal volumes in MDD patients, moderated by age of onset and first episode versus recurrent episode status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 74077, Amsterdam 1070 BB, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - D J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P G Sämann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - T Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - E Loehrer
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J Niessen
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - H J Grabe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany,Helios Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - A Block
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Hegenscheid
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - J Lagopoulos
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - S N Hatton
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - I B Hickie
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - R Goya-Maldonado
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - B Krämer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - O Gruber
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - B Couvy-Duchesne
- NeuroImaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M E Rentería
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - L T Strike
- NeuroImaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N T Mills
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G I de Zubicaray
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - K L McMahon
- Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M J Wright
- NeuroImaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G B Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - G M MacQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - E M Frey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Carballedo
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L S van Velzen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J van Tol
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NeuroImaging Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N J van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Schnell
- Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Schramm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - C Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - D Schoepf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - B Zurowski
- Center for Integrative Psychiatry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - T Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J E Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B R Godlewska
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - P J Cowen
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - F H Fischer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany,Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemology and Health Economics, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rose
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany,Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - B W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
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36
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Schmaal L, Veltman DJ, van Erp TGM, Sämann PG, Frodl T, Jahanshad N, Loehrer E, Vernooij MW, Niessen WJ, Ikram MA, Wittfeld K, Grabe HJ, Block A, Hegenscheid K, Hoehn D, Czisch M, Lagopoulos J, Hatton SN, Hickie IB, Goya-Maldonado R, Krämer B, Gruber O, Couvy-Duchesne B, Rentería ME, Strike LT, Wright MJ, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Gillespie NA, Hall GB, van Velzen LS, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ, Veer IM, Walter H, Schramm E, Normann C, Schoepf D, Konrad C, Zurowski B, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC, Sussmann JE, Godlewska BR, Fischer FH, Penninx BWJH, Thompson PM, Hibar DP. Response to Dr Fried & Dr Kievit, and Dr Malhi et al. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:726-8. [PMID: 26903270 PMCID: PMC4876636 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P G Sämann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Research Group, Munich, Germany
| | - T Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - E Loehrer
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MS, USA
| | - M W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J Niessen
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - H J Grabe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Helios Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - A Block
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Hegenscheid
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Research Group, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Research Group, Munich, Germany
| | - J Lagopoulos
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - S N Hatton
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - I B Hickie
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - R Goya-Maldonado
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Gerog-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - B Krämer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Gerog-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - O Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Couvy-Duchesne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M E Rentería
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - L T Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G I de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health, The Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - K L McMahon
- Center for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S E Medland
- Department of Quantitative Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - G B Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L S van Velzen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M-J van Tol
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N J van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I M Veer
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Schramm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Psychiatric University Clinic, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Schoepf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Agaplesion Diakoniklinikum, Rotenburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - B Zurowski
- Center for Integrative Psychiatry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - J E Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - B R Godlewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - F H Fischer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemology and Health Economics, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
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Reichel JM, Bedenk BT, Gassen NC, Hafner K, Bura SA, Almeida-Correa S, Genewsky A, Dedic N, Giesert F, Agarwal A, Nave KA, Rein T, Czisch M, Deussing JM, Wotjak CT. Beware of your Cre-Ation: lacZ expression impairs neuronal integrity and hippocampus-dependent memory. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1250-64. [PMID: 27101945 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the lacZ-sequence is a widely used reporter-tool to assess the transgenic and/or transfection efficacy of a target gene in mice. Once activated, lacZ is permanently expressed. However, protein accumulation is one of the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the protein product of the bacterial lacZ gene is ß-galactosidase, an analog to the mammalian senescence-associated ß-galactosidase, a molecular marker for aging. Therefore we studied the behavioral, structural and molecular consequences of lacZ expression in distinct neuronal sub-populations. lacZ expression in cortical glutamatergic neurons resulted in severe impairments in hippocampus-dependent memory accompanied by marked structural alterations throughout the CNS. In contrast, GFP expression or the expression of the ChR2/YFP fusion product in the same cell populations did not result in either cognitive or structural deficits. GABAergic lacZ expression caused significantly decreased hyper-arousal and mild cognitive deficits. Attenuated structural and behavioral consequences of lacZ expression could also be induced in adulthood, and lacZ transfection in neuronal cell cultures significantly decreased their viability. Our findings provide a strong caveat against the use of lacZ reporter mice for phenotyping studies and point to a particular sensitivity of the hippocampus formation to detrimental consequences of lacZ expression. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Reichel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461, Bronx, New York
| | - B T Bedenk
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - N C Gassen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - K Hafner
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - S A Bura
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - S Almeida-Correa
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - A Genewsky
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - N Dedic
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - F Giesert
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - A Agarwal
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - K-A Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, 37075, Germany
| | - T Rein
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - J M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - C T Wotjak
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.
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38
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Golkov V, Dosovitskiy A, Sperl JI, Menzel MI, Czisch M, Samann P, Brox T, Cremers D. q-Space Deep Learning: Twelve-Fold Shorter and Model-Free Diffusion MRI Scans. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2016; 35:1344-1351. [PMID: 27071165 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2016.2551324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous scientific fields rely on elaborate but partly suboptimal data processing pipelines. An example is diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (diffusion MRI), a non-invasive microstructure assessment method with a prominent application in neuroimaging. Advanced diffusion models providing accurate microstructural characterization so far have required long acquisition times and thus have been inapplicable for children and adults who are uncooperative, uncomfortable, or unwell. We show that the long scan time requirements are mainly due to disadvantages of classical data processing. We demonstrate how deep learning, a group of algorithms based on recent advances in the field of artificial neural networks, can be applied to reduce diffusion MRI data processing to a single optimized step. This modification allows obtaining scalar measures from advanced models at twelve-fold reduced scan time and detecting abnormalities without using diffusion models. We set a new state of the art by estimating diffusion kurtosis measures from only 12 data points and neurite orientation dispersion and density measures from only 8 data points. This allows unprecedentedly fast and robust protocols facilitating clinical routine and demonstrates how classical data processing can be streamlined by means of deep learning.
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39
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Sprenger T, Sperl JI, Fernandez B, Golkov V, Eidner I, Sämann PG, Czisch M, Tan ET, Hardy CJ, Marinelli L, Haase A, Menzel MI. Bias and precision analysis of diffusional kurtosis imaging for different acquisition schemes. Magn Reson Med 2016; 76:1684-1696. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sprenger
- Technische Universität München; Institute of Medical Engineering; Munich Germany
- GE Global Research; Munich Germany
| | | | | | - Vladimir Golkov
- Technische Universität München; Institute of Medical Engineering; Munich Germany
- Technische Universität München; Computer Vision Group; Munich Germany
| | - Ines Eidner
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
| | | | | | - Ek T. Tan
- GE Global Research; Niskayuna New York USA
| | | | | | - Axel Haase
- Technische Universität München; Institute of Medical Engineering; Munich Germany
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40
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Altmann A, Schröter MS, Spoormaker VI, Kiem SA, Jordan D, Ilg R, Bullmore ET, Greicius MD, Czisch M, Sämann PG. Validation of non-REM sleep stage decoding from resting state fMRI using linear support vector machines. Neuroimage 2015; 125:544-555. [PMID: 26596551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature suggests that changes in consciousness are reflected in specific connectivity patterns of the brain as obtained from resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI). As simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) is often unavailable, decoding of potentially confounding sleep patterns from rs-fMRI itself might be useful and improve data interpretation. Linear support vector machine classifiers were trained on combined rs-fMRI/EEG recordings from 25 subjects to separate wakefulness (S0) from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stages 1 (S1), 2 (S2), slow wave sleep (SW) and all three sleep stages combined (SX). Classifier performance was quantified by a leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (LOSO-CV) and on an independent validation dataset comprising 19 subjects. Results demonstrated excellent performance with areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUCs) close to 1.0 for the discrimination of sleep from wakefulness (S0|SX), S0|S1, S0|S2 and S0|SW, and good to excellent performance for the classification between sleep stages (S1|S2:~0.9; S1|SW:~1.0; S2|SW:~0.8). Application windows of fMRI data from about 70 s were found as minimum to provide reliable classifications. Discrimination patterns pointed to subcortical-cortical connectivity and within-occipital lobe reorganization of connectivity as strongest carriers of discriminative information. In conclusion, we report that functional connectivity analysis allows valid classification of NREM sleep stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Altmann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Neuroimaging, Munich, Germany; Stanford Center for Memory Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - M S Schröter
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Neuroimaging, Munich, Germany; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - V I Spoormaker
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Neuroimaging, Munich, Germany
| | - S A Kiem
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Neuroimaging, Munich, Germany
| | - D Jordan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - R Ilg
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Asklepios Stadtklinik, Bad Tölz, Germany
| | - E T Bullmore
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M D Greicius
- Stanford Center for Memory Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Neuroimaging, Munich, Germany
| | - P G Sämann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Neuroimaging, Munich, Germany
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Elbau I, Brücklmeier B, Spoormaker V, Binder E, Czisch M, Sämann P. Acute psychosocial stress investigated by an imaging stress test: concept and preliminary results. Pharmacopsychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1557947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Sämann P, Elbau I, Höhn D, Schmaal L, Czisch M. Hippocampal subfield analysis to compare the depression and neurodegeneration spectrum. Pharmacopsychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1558031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Sämann P, Gruber O, Czisch M. Impact of vigilance fluctuations on resting state fMRI functional connectivity analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1557992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Sämann P, Gruber O, Czisch M. Impact of vigilance fluctuations on resting state fMRI functional connectivity analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1558032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Sämann P, Elbau I, Höhn D, Schmaal L, Czisch M. Hippocampal subfield analysis to compare the depression and neurodegeneration spectrum. Pharmacopsychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1557991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Santarelli S, Namendorf C, Anderzhanova E, Gerlach T, Bedenk B, Kaltwasser S, Wagner K, Labermaier C, Reichel J, Drgonova J, Czisch M, Uhr M, Schmidt MV. The amino acid transporter SLC6A15 is a regulator of hippocampal neurochemistry and behavior. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 68:261-9. [PMID: 26228428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although mental disorders as major depression are highly prevalent worldwide their underlying causes remain elusive. Despite the high heritability of depression and a clear genetic contribution to the disease, the identification of genetic risk factors for depression has been very difficult. The first published candidate to reach genome-wide significance in depression was SLC6A15, a neuronal amino acid transporter. With a reported 1,42 fold increased risk of suffering from depression associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a regulatory region of SLC6A15, the polymorphism was also found to affect hippocampal morphology, integrity, and hippocampus-dependent memory. However, the function of SLC6A15 in the brain is so far largely unknown. To address this question, we investigated if alterations in SLC6A15 expression, either using a full knockout or a targeted hippocampal overexpression, affect hippocampal neurochemistry and consequently behavior. We could show that a lack of SLC6A15 reduced hippocampal tissue levels of proline and other neutral amino acids. In parallel, we observed a decreased overall availability of tissue glutamate and glutamine, while at the same time the basal tone of extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus was increased. By contrast, SLC6A15 overexpression increased glutamate/glutamine tissue concentrations. These neurochemical alterations could be linked to behavioral abnormalities in sensorimotor gating, a key translational endophenotype relevant for many psychiatric disorders. Overall, our data supports SLC6A15 as a crucial factor controlling amino acid content in the hippocampus, thereby likely interfering with glutamatergic transmission and behavior. These findings emphasize SLC6A15 as pivotal risk factor for vulnerability to psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santarelli
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Namendorf
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Elmira Anderzhanova
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Gerlach
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bedenk
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kaltwasser
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Wagner
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Christiana Labermaier
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Reichel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Czisch
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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47
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Sotiropoulos I, Lopes S, Vaz-Silva J, Silva J, Rodrigues S, Pinto V, Dalla C, Kokras N, Bedenk BT, Mack N, Czisch M, Almeida OF, Sousa N. O2‐12‐06: Microtubule‐associated protein tau is important for stress‐driven depressive pathology and cognitive deficits. Alzheimers Dement 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.07.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- ICVS Institute, Health and Life Sciences SchoolUniversity of MinhoBragaPortugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/GuimaraesPortugal
| | - Sofia Lopes
- ICVS Institute, Health and Life Sciences SchoolUniversity of MinhoBragaPortugal
| | - Joao Vaz-Silva
- ICVS Institute, Health and Life Sciences SchoolUniversity of MinhoBragaPortugal
| | - Joana Silva
- ICVS Institute, Health and Life Sciences SchoolUniversity of MinhoBragaPortugal
| | - Sara Rodrigues
- ICVS Institute, Health and Life Sciences SchoolUniversity of MinhoBragaPortugal
| | - Vitor Pinto
- ICVS Institute, Health and Life Sciences SchoolUniversity of MinhoBragaPortugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nuno Sousa
- ICVS Institute, Health and Life Sciences SchoolUniversity of MinhoBragaPortugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga/GuimaraesPortugal
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Hibar DP, Stein JL, Renteria ME, Arias-Vasquez A, Desrivières S, Jahanshad N, Toro R, Wittfeld K, Abramovic L, Andersson M, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Bernard M, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brown AA, Chakravarty MM, Chen Q, Ching CRK, Cuellar-Partida G, den Braber A, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Grimm O, Guadalupe T, Hass J, Woldehawariat G, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Olde Loohuis LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, Milaneschi Y, Nho K, Papmeyer M, Ramasamy A, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rose EJ, Salami A, Sämann PG, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shin J, Strike LT, Teumer A, van Donkelaar MMJ, van Eijk KR, Walters RK, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Winkler AM, Zwiers MP, Alhusaini S, Athanasiu L, Ehrlich S, Hakobjan MMH, Hartberg CB, Haukvik UK, Heister AJGAM, Hoehn D, Kasperaviciute D, Liewald DCM, Lopez LM, Makkinje RRR, Matarin M, Naber MAM, McKay DR, Needham M, Nugent AC, Pütz B, Royle NA, Shen L, Sprooten E, Trabzuni D, van der Marel SSL, van Hulzen KJE, Walton E, Wolf C, Almasy L, Ames D, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Bastin ME, Brodaty H, Bulayeva KB, Carless MA, Cichon S, Corvin A, Curran JE, Czisch M, de Zubicaray GI, Dillman A, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Fedko IO, Ferrucci L, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Göring HHH, Green RC, Guelfi S, Hansell NK, Hartman CA, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Hoekstra PJ, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Ikeda M, Jack CR, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Kanai R, Keil M, Kent JW, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Liu X, Longo DL, McMahon KL, Meisenzahl E, Melle I, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Mostert JC, Mühleisen TW, Nalls MA, Nichols TE, Nilsson LG, Nöthen MM, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Perez-Iglesias R, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Reinvang I, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rosen GD, Rujescu D, Schnell K, Schofield PR, Smith C, Steen VM, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Turner JA, Valdés Hernández MC, van 't Ent D, van der Brug M, van der Wee NJA, van Tol MJ, Veltman DJ, Wassink TH, Westman E, Zielke RH, Zonderman AB, Ashbrook DG, Hager R, Lu L, McMahon FJ, Morris DW, Williams RW, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cavalleri GL, Crespo-Facorro B, Dale AM, Davies GE, Delanty N, Depondt C, Djurovic S, Drevets WC, Espeseth T, Gollub RL, Ho BC, Hoffmann W, Hosten N, Kahn RS, Le Hellard S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Müller-Myhsok B, Nauck M, Nyberg L, Pandolfo M, Penninx BWJH, Roffman JL, Sisodiya SM, Smoller JW, van Bokhoven H, van Haren NEM, Völzke H, Walter H, Weiner MW, Wen W, White T, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brouwer RM, Cannon DM, Cookson MR, de Geus EJC, Deary IJ, Donohoe G, Fernández G, Fisher SE, Francks C, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Gruber O, Hardy J, Hashimoto R, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jönsson EG, Kloszewska I, Lovestone S, Mattay VS, Mecocci P, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Ophoff RA, Paus T, Pausova Z, Ryten M, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Simmons A, Singleton A, Soininen H, Wardlaw JM, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Adams HHH, Launer LJ, Seiler S, Schmidt R, Chauhan G, Satizabal CL, Becker JT, Yanek L, van der Lee SJ, Ebling M, Fischl B, Longstreth WT, Greve D, Schmidt H, Nyquist P, Vinke LN, van Duijn CM, Xue L, Mazoyer B, Bis JC, Gudnason V, Seshadri S, Ikram MA, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Schumann G, Franke B, Thompson PM, Medland SE. Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures. Nature 2015; 520:224-9. [PMID: 25607358 DOI: 10.1038/nature14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The highly complex structure of the human brain is strongly shaped by genetic influences. Subcortical brain regions form circuits with cortical areas to coordinate movement, learning, memory and motivation, and altered circuits can lead to abnormal behaviour and disease. To investigate how common genetic variants affect the structure of these brain regions, here we conduct genome-wide association studies of the volumes of seven subcortical regions and the intracranial volume derived from magnetic resonance images of 30,717 individuals from 50 cohorts. We identify five novel genetic variants influencing the volumes of the putamen and caudate nucleus. We also find stronger evidence for three loci with previously established influences on hippocampal volume and intracranial volume. These variants show specific volumetric effects on brain structures rather than global effects across structures. The strongest effects were found for the putamen, where a novel intergenic locus with replicable influence on volume (rs945270; P = 1.08 × 10(-33); 0.52% variance explained) showed evidence of altering the expression of the KTN1 gene in both brain and blood tissue. Variants influencing putamen volume clustered near developmental genes that regulate apoptosis, axon guidance and vesicle transport. Identification of these genetic variants provides insight into the causes of variability in human brain development, and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- 1] Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA. [2] Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [3] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [4] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Roberto Toro
- 1] Laboratory of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France. [2] Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité de Recherche Associée (URA) 2182 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France. [3] Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75015, France
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- 1] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Lucija Abramovic
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Micael Andersson
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria. [3] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- 1] Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. [2] School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Manon Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Marc M Bohlken
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [3] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew A Brown
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- 1] Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada. [2] Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- 1] Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA. [2] Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - Anouk den Braber
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway. [2] Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Aaron L Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- 1] Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands. [2] International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden 01307 Germany
| | - Girma Woldehawariat
- Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Avram J Holmes
- 1] Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sungeun Kim
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Phil H Lee
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA. [4] Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- 1] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark. [2] The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen DK-8000, Denmark. [3] Center for integrated Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Martina Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- 1] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK. [2] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain. [2] Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Emma J Rose
- 1] Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Center for Translational Research on Adversity, Neurodevelopment and Substance Abuse (C-TRANS), Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21045, USA
| | - Alireza Salami
- 1] Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden. [2] Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 11330 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lianne Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Schork
- 1] Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA. [2] Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- 1] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia. [2] School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. [3] Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Marjolein M J van Donkelaar
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel R van Eijk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond K Walters
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [2] Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Lars T Westlye
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway. [2] Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- 1] The Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- 1] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden 01307 Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Marina M H Hakobjan
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilie B Hartberg
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Psychiatric Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo 0319, Norway
| | - Unn K Haukvik
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway
| | - Angelien J G A M Heister
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- 1] UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Remco R R Makkinje
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Matarin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marlies A M Naber
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - D Reese McKay
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [2] Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Margaret Needham
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Allison C Nugent
- Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Natalie A Royle
- 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [3] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Li Shen
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Emma Sprooten
- 1] Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [3] Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saskia S L van der Marel
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Kimm J E van Hulzen
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden 01307 Germany
| | | | - Laura Almasy
- 1] Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA. [2] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - David Ames
- 1] National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia. [2] Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3101, Australia
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Amelia A Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Mark E Bastin
- 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [3] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [4] Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kazima B Bulayeva
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | | | - Sven Cichon
- 1] Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53127, Germany. [3] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, D-52425, Germany. [4] Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joanne E Curran
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | | | - Allissa Dillman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ravi Duggirala
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Thomas D Dyer
- 1] Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA. [2] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- 1] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- 1] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. [2] South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Biofunctional Imaging, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3101, Australia
| | | | - Robert C Green
- 1] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3101, Australia
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Departments of Cognitive and Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | | | | | - Robert Johnson
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ryota Kanai
- 1] School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK. [2] Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Maria Keil
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jack W Kent
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - John B Kwok
- 1] Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2031, Australia. [2] School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Xinmin Liu
- 1] Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA
| | - Dan L Longo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Ingrid Melle
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | | | - Jeanette C Mostert
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53127, Germany. [2] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, D-52425, Germany. [3] Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- 1] FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. [2] Department of Statistics &WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lars G Nilsson
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53127, Germany. [2] Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rene L Olvera
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Rocio Perez-Iglesias
- 1] Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid 28029, Spain. [2] Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - G Bruce Pike
- 1] Department of Neurology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada. [2] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Glenn D Rosen
- 1] Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Knut Schnell
- Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69115, Germany
| | - Peter R Schofield
- 1] Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2031, Australia. [2] School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Colin Smith
- Department of Neuropathology, MRC Sudden Death Brain Bank Project, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Vidar M Steen
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway. [2] Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Jessika E Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA
| | | | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose van Tol
- Neuroimaging Centre, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AW, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-141 83, Sweden
| | - Ronald H Zielke
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Behavioral Epidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David G Ashbrook
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lu Lu
- 1] Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. [3] Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Derek W Morris
- 1] Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology &Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert W Williams
- 1] Center for Integrative and Translational Genomics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Han G Brunner
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [3] Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Randy L Buckner
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- 1] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [3] Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- 1] The Mind Research Network &LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA. [2] Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Gianpiero L Cavalleri
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain. [2] Cibersam (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Anders M Dale
- 1] Center for Translational Imaging and Personalized Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA. [2] Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 57108, USA
| | - Norman Delanty
- 1] Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Neurology Division, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0450, Norway
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- 1] Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. [2] Janssen Research &Development, Johnson &Johnson, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, USA
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway. [2] Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Randy L Gollub
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [3] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- 1] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - René S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway. [2] Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- 1] Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany. [2] Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany. [3] University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA. [4] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald D-17475, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Tonya White
- 1] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3000 CB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Psychiatric Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo 0319, Norway. [3] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - John Blangero
- 1] Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA. [2] University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Dara M Cannon
- 1] Human Genetics Branch and Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. [2] Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam &EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University &VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Gary Donohoe
- 1] Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. [2] Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology &Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Guillén Fernández
- 1] Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- 1] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [2] Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Clyde Francks
- 1] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands. [2] Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - David C Glahn
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. [2] Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund 18435, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- 1] Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen 37075, Germany. [2] Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- 1] NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo N-0316, Norway. [2] Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | | | - Simon Lovestone
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK. [2] NIHR Dementia Biomedical Research Unit, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- 1] Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06156, Italy
| | - Colm McDonald
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- 1] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [2] Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- 1] Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands. [2] Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Tomas Paus
- 1] Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto M6A 2E1, Canada. [2] Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- 1] The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada. [2] Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Mina Ryten
- 1] Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [2] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- 1] Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. [2] Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- 1] Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Andy Simmons
- 1] Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. [2] Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. [3] Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland. [2] Neurocentre Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- 1] Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [2] Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. [3] Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. [4] Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- 1] Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. [2] Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- 1] Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stephan Seiler
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- INSERM U897, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- 1] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [2] Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - James T Becker
- 1] Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. [3] Department of Psychology, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Lisa Yanek
- General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Maritza Ebling
- 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [3] Computer Science and AI Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Douglas Greve
- 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Nyquist
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Louis N Vinke
- 1] The Athinoula A.Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, UMR5296 CNRS, CEA and University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- 1] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- 1] Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Margaret J Wright
- 1] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia. [2] School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Barbara Franke
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands. [3] Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging &Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90292, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
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Genzel L, Dresler M, Cornu M, Jäger E, Konrad B, Adamczyk M, Friess E, Steiger A, Czisch M, Goya-Maldonado R. Medial prefrontal-hippocampal connectivity and motor memory consolidation in depression and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:177-86. [PMID: 25037555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overnight memory consolidation is disturbed in both depression and schizophrenia, creating an ideal situation to investigate the mechanisms underlying sleep-related consolidation and to distinguish disease-specific processes from common elements in their pathophysiology. METHODS We investigated patients with depression and schizophrenia, as well as healthy control subjects (each n = 16), under a motor memory consolidation protocol with functional magnetic resonance imaging and polysomnography. RESULTS In a sequential finger-tapping task associated with the degree of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity during the task, significantly less overnight improvement was identified as a common deficit in both patient groups. A task-related overnight decrease in activation of the basal ganglia was observed in control subjects and schizophrenia patients; in contrast, patients with depression showed an increase. During the task, schizophrenia patients, in comparison with control subjects, additionally recruited adjacent cortical areas, which showed a decrease in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation overnight and were related to disease severity. Effective connectivity analyses revealed that the hippocampus was functionally connected to the motor task network, and the cerebellum decoupled from this network overnight. CONCLUSIONS While both patient groups showed similar deficits in consolidation associated with hippocampal-prefrontal cortex connectivity, other activity patterns more specific for disease pathology differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Genzel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Marion Cornu
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Eugen Jäger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Boris Konrad
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Axel Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Goya-Maldonado
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Centre for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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Golkov V, Dosovitskiy A, Sämann P, Sperl JI, Sprenger T, Czisch M, Menzel MI, Gómez PA, Haase A, Brox T, Cremers D. q-Space Deep Learning for Twelve-Fold Shorter and Model-Free Diffusion MRI Scans. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24553-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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