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Guo J, He C, Song H, Gao H, Yao S, Dong SS, Yang TL. Unveiling Promising Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Schizophrenia Through Clinical and Genetic Perspectives. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01214-1. [PMID: 38703276 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and serious brain disorder. Neuroscientists have become increasingly interested in using magnetic resonance-based brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) to investigate the etiology of psychiatric disorders. IDPs capture valuable clinical advantages and hold biological significance in identifying brain abnormalities. In this review, we aim to discuss current and prospective approaches to identify potential biomarkers for schizophrenia using clinical multimodal neuroimaging and imaging genetics. We first described IDPs through their phenotypic classification and neuroimaging genomics. Secondly, we discussed the applications of multimodal neuroimaging by clinical evidence in observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Thirdly, considering the genetic evidence of IDPs, we discussed how can utilize neuroimaging data as an intermediate phenotype to make association inferences by polygenic risk scores and Mendelian randomization. Finally, we discussed machine learning as an optimum approach for validating biomarkers. Together, future research efforts focused on neuroimaging biomarkers aim to enhance our understanding of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Changyi He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huimiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huiwu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shi Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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2
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Knol MJ, Poot RA, Evans TE, Satizabal CL, Mishra A, Sargurupremraj M, van der Auwera S, Duperron MG, Jian X, Hostettler IC, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Lamballais S, Pawlak MA, Lewis CE, Carrion-Castillo A, van Erp TGM, Reinbold CS, Shin J, Scholz M, Håberg AK, Kämpe A, Li GHY, Avinun R, Atkins JR, Hsu FC, Amod AR, Lam M, Tsuchida A, Teunissen MWA, Aygün N, Patel Y, Liang D, Beiser AS, Beyer F, Bis JC, Bos D, Bryan RN, Bülow R, Caspers S, Catheline G, Cecil CAM, Dalvie S, Dartigues JF, DeCarli C, Enlund-Cerullo M, Ford JM, Franke B, Freedman BI, Friedrich N, Green MJ, Haworth S, Helmer C, Hoffmann P, Homuth G, Ikram MK, Jack CR, Jahanshad N, Jockwitz C, Kamatani Y, Knodt AR, Li S, Lim K, Longstreth WT, Macciardi F, Mäkitie O, Mazoyer B, Medland SE, Miyamoto S, Moebus S, Mosley TH, Muetzel R, Mühleisen TW, Nagata M, Nakahara S, Palmer ND, Pausova Z, Preda A, Quidé Y, Reay WR, Roshchupkin GV, Schmidt R, Schreiner PJ, Setoh K, Shapland CY, Sidney S, St Pourcain B, Stein JL, Tabara Y, Teumer A, Uhlmann A, van der Lugt A, Vernooij MW, Werring DJ, Windham BG, Witte AV, Wittfeld K, Yang Q, Yoshida K, Brunner HG, Le Grand Q, Sim K, Stein DJ, Bowden DW, Cairns MJ, Hariri AR, Cheung CL, Andersson S, Villringer A, Paus T, Cichon S, Calhoun VD, Crivello F, Launer LJ, White T, Koudstaal PJ, Houlden H, Fornage M, Matsuda F, Grabe HJ, Ikram MA, Debette S, Thompson PM, Seshadri S, Adams HHH. Genetic variants for head size share genes and pathways with cancer. Cell Rep Med 2024:101529. [PMID: 38703765 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The size of the human head is highly heritable, but genetic drivers of its variation within the general population remain unmapped. We perform a genome-wide association study on head size (N = 80,890) and identify 67 genetic loci, of which 50 are novel. Neuroimaging studies show that 17 variants affect specific brain areas, but most have widespread effects. Gene set enrichment is observed for various cancers and the p53, Wnt, and ErbB signaling pathways. Genes harboring lead variants are enriched for macrocephaly syndrome genes (37-fold) and high-fidelity cancer genes (9-fold), which is not seen for human height variants. Head size variants are also near genes preferentially expressed in intermediate progenitor cells, neural cells linked to evolutionary brain expansion. Our results indicate that genes regulating early brain and cranial growth incline to neoplasia later in life, irrespective of height. This warrants investigation of clinical implications of the link between head size and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tavia E Evans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aniket Mishra
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sandra van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Duperron
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xueqiu Jian
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isabel C Hostettler
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neurosurgical Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Lamballais
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mikolaj A Pawlak
- Department of Neurology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amaia Carrion-Castillo
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Computational Life Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE Research Center for Civilization Disease, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Asta K Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Kämpe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gloria H Y Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Reut Avinun
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alyssa R Amod
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Max Lam
- North Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Population and Global Health, LKC Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ami Tsuchida
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mariël W A Teunissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nil Aygün
- Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yash Patel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frauke Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Nick Bryan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gwenaëlle Catheline
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, team NeuroImagerie et Cognition Humaine, Bordeaux, France; EPHE-PSL University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charlotte A M Cecil
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team SEPIA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maria Enlund-Cerullo
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judith M Ford
- San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keane Lim
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Urban Public Health, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ryan Muetzel
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manabu Nagata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nakahara
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Unit 2, Candidate Discovery Science Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Kazuya Setoh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chin Yang Shapland
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - B Gwen Windham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazumichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics MUMC+, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, and MHeNs School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Quentin Le Grand
- Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS) {Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory}, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Houlden
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
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Ge YJ, Fu Y, Gong W, Cheng W, Yu JT. Genetic architecture of brain morphology and overlap with neuropsychiatric traits. Trends Genet 2024:S0168-9525(24)00079-9. [PMID: 38702264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic architectures of brain morphology offers valuable insights into brain development and disease. Genetic association studies of brain morphological phenotypes have discovered thousands of loci. However, interpretation of these loci presents a significant challenge. One potential solution is exploring the genetic overlap between brain morphology and disorders, which can improve our understanding of their complex relationships, ultimately aiding in clinical applications. In this review, we examine current evidence on the genetic associations between brain morphology and neuropsychiatric traits. We discuss the impact of these associations on the diagnosis, prediction, and treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, along with suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Ge
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Weikang Gong
- School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Pan Y, Wang X, Sun J, Liu C, Peng J, Li Q. Multimodal joint deconvolution and integrative signature selection in proteomics. Commun Biol 2024; 7:493. [PMID: 38658803 PMCID: PMC11043077 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Deconvolution is an efficient approach for detecting cell-type-specific (cs) transcriptomic signals without cellular segmentation. However, this type of methods may require a reference profile from the same molecular source and tissue type. Here, we present a method to dissect bulk proteome by leveraging tissue-matched transcriptome and proteome without using a proteomics reference panel. Our method also selects the proteins contributing to the cellular heterogeneity shared between bulk transcriptome and proteome. The deconvoluted result enables downstream analyses such as cs-protein Quantitative Trait Loci (cspQTL) mapping. We benchmarked the performance of this multimodal deconvolution approach through CITE-seq pseudo bulk data, a simulation study, and the bulk multi-omics data from human brain normal tissues and breast cancer tumors, individually, showing robust and accurate cell abundance quantification across different datasets. This algorithm is implemented in a tool MICSQTL that also provides cspQTL and multi-omics integrative visualization, available at https://bioconductor.org/packages/MICSQTL .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Genetics, Genomics & Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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5
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Patel K, Xie Z, Yuan H, Islam SMS, Xie Y, He W, Zhang W, Gottlieb A, Chen H, Giancardo L, Knaack A, Fletcher E, Fornage M, Ji S, Zhi D. Unsupervised deep representation learning enables phenotype discovery for genetic association studies of brain imaging. Commun Biol 2024; 7:414. [PMID: 38580839 PMCID: PMC10997628 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of brain structure is challenging, partly due to difficulties in designing robust, non-biased descriptors of brain morphology. Until recently, brain measures for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) consisted of traditionally expert-defined or software-derived image-derived phenotypes (IDPs) that are often based on theoretical preconceptions or computed from limited amounts of data. Here, we present an approach to derive brain imaging phenotypes using unsupervised deep representation learning. We train a 3-D convolutional autoencoder model with reconstruction loss on 6130 UK Biobank (UKBB) participants' T1 or T2-FLAIR (T2) brain MRIs to create a 128-dimensional representation known as Unsupervised Deep learning derived Imaging Phenotypes (UDIPs). GWAS of these UDIPs in held-out UKBB subjects (n = 22,880 discovery and n = 12,359/11,265 replication cohorts for T1/T2) identified 9457 significant SNPs organized into 97 independent genetic loci of which 60 loci were replicated. Twenty-six loci were not reported in earlier T1 and T2 IDP-based UK Biobank GWAS. We developed a perturbation-based decoder interpretation approach to show that these loci are associated with UDIPs mapped to multiple relevant brain regions. Our results established unsupervised deep learning can derive robust, unbiased, heritable, and interpretable brain imaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khush Patel
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ziqian Xie
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hao Yuan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Yaochen Xie
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wei He
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wanheng Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Assaf Gottlieb
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Han Chen
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Luca Giancardo
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Knaack
- Department of Neurology and Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Evan Fletcher
- Department of Neurology and Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shuiwang Ji
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Degui Zhi
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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6
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Fujita M, Gao Z, Zeng L, McCabe C, White CC, Ng B, Green GS, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Phillips D, Amir-Zilberstein L, Lee H, Pearse RV, Khan A, Vardarajan BN, Kiryluk K, Ye CJ, Klein HU, Wang G, Regev A, Habib N, Schneider JA, Wang Y, Young-Pearse T, Mostafavi S, Bennett DA, Menon V, De Jager PL. Cell subtype-specific effects of genetic variation in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Nat Genet 2024; 56:605-614. [PMID: 38514782 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between genetic variation and gene expression in brain cell types and subtypes remains understudied. Here, we generated single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from the neocortex of 424 individuals of advanced age; we assessed the effect of genetic variants on RNA expression in cis (cis-expression quantitative trait loci) for seven cell types and 64 cell subtypes using 1.5 million transcriptomes. This effort identified 10,004 eGenes at the cell type level and 8,099 eGenes at the cell subtype level. Many eGenes are only detected within cell subtypes. A new variant influences APOE expression only in microglia and is associated with greater cerebral amyloid angiopathy but not Alzheimer's disease pathology, after adjusting for APOEε4, providing mechanistic insights into both pathologies. Furthermore, only a TMEM106B variant affects the proportion of cell subtypes. Integration of these results with genome-wide association studies highlighted the targeted cell type and probable causal gene within Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, educational attainment and Parkinson's disease loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fujita
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zongmei Gao
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lu Zeng
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristin McCabe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles C White
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bernard Ng
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gilad Sahar Green
- Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Devan Phillips
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard V Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Atlas Khan
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hans-Ulrich Klein
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gao Wang
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Naomi Habib
- Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tracy Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Department of Statistics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Ching CRK, Kang MJY, Thompson PM. Large-Scale Neuroimaging of Mental Illness. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38554248 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuroimaging has provided important insights into the brain variations related to mental illness. Inconsistencies in prior studies, however, call for methods that lead to more replicable and generalizable brain markers that can reliably predict illness severity, treatment course, and prognosis. A paradigm shift is underway with large-scale international research teams actively pooling data and resources to drive consensus findings and test emerging methods aimed at achieving the goals of precision psychiatry. In parallel with large-scale psychiatric genomics studies, international consortia combining neuroimaging data are mapping the transdiagnostic brain signatures of mental illness on an unprecedented scale. This chapter discusses the major challenges, recent findings, and a roadmap for developing better neuroimaging-based tools and markers for mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Melody J Y Kang
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
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8
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Wainberg M, Forde NJ, Mansour S, Kerrebijn I, Medland SE, Hawco C, Tripathy SJ. Genetic architecture of the structural connectome. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1962. [PMID: 38438384 PMCID: PMC10912129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelinated axons form long-range connections that enable rapid communication between distant brain regions, but how genetics governs the strength and organization of these connections remains unclear. We perform genome-wide association studies of 206 structural connectivity measures derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography of 26,333 UK Biobank participants, each representing the density of myelinated connections within or between a pair of cortical networks, subcortical structures or cortical hemispheres. We identify 30 independent genome-wide significant variants after Bonferroni correction for the number of measures studied (126 variants at nominal genome-wide significance) implicating genes involved in myelination (SEMA3A), neurite elongation and guidance (NUAK1, STRN, DPYSL2, EPHA3, SEMA3A, HGF, SHTN1), neural cell proliferation and differentiation (GMNC, CELF4, HGF), neuronal migration (CCDC88C), cytoskeletal organization (CTTNBP2, MAPT, DAAM1, MYO16, PLEC), and brain metal transport (SLC39A8). These variants have four broad patterns of spatial association with structural connectivity: some have disproportionately strong associations with corticothalamic connectivity, interhemispheric connectivity, or both, while others are more spatially diffuse. Structural connectivity measures are highly polygenic, with a median of 9.1 percent of common variants estimated to have non-zero effects on each measure, and exhibited signatures of negative selection. Structural connectivity measures have significant genetic correlations with a variety of neuropsychiatric and cognitive traits, indicating that connectivity-altering variants tend to influence brain health and cognitive function. Heritability is enriched in regions with increased chromatin accessibility in adult oligodendrocytes (as well as microglia, inhibitory neurons and astrocytes) and multiple fetal cell types, suggesting that genetic control of structural connectivity is partially mediated by effects on myelination and early brain development. Our results indicate pervasive, pleiotropic, and spatially structured genetic control of white-matter structural connectivity via diverse neurodevelopmental pathways, and support the relevance of this genetic control to healthy brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wainberg
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Natalie J Forde
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Salim Mansour
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabel Kerrebijn
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Colin Hawco
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shreejoy J Tripathy
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Lin S, Jiang L, Wei K, Yang J, Cao X, Li C. Sex-Specific Association of Body Mass Index with Hippocampal Subfield Volume and Cognitive Function in Non-Demented Chinese Older Adults. Brain Sci 2024; 14:170. [PMID: 38391744 PMCID: PMC10887390 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests a possible association between midlife obesity and an increased risk of dementia in later life. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Little is known about the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and hippocampal subfield atrophy. In this study, we aimed to explore the associations between BMI and hippocampal subfield volumes and cognitive function in non-demented Chinese older adults. Hippocampal volumes were assessed using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). A total of 66 participants were included in the final analysis, with 35 females and 31 males. We observed a significant correlation between BMI and the hippocampal fissure volume in older females. In addition, there was a negative association between BMI and the RBANS total scale score, the coding score, and the story recall score, whereas no significant correlations were observed in older males. In conclusion, our findings revealed sex-specific associations between BMI and hippocampal subfield volumes and cognitive performance, providing valuable insights into the development of effective interventions for the early prevention of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201108, China
- Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Mental Health, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Clinical Neurocognitive Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
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10
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Oblong LM, Soheili‐Nezhad S, Trevisan N, Shi Y, Beckmann CF, Sprooten E. Principal and independent genomic components of brain structure and function. Genes Brain Behav 2024; 23:e12876. [PMID: 38225802 PMCID: PMC10797248 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The highly polygenic and pleiotropic nature of behavioural traits, psychiatric disorders and structural and functional brain phenotypes complicate mechanistic interpretation of related genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals, thereby obscuring underlying causal biological processes. We propose genomic principal and independent component analysis (PCA, ICA) to decompose a large set of univariate GWAS statistics of multimodal brain traits into more interpretable latent genomic components. Here we introduce and evaluate this novel methods various analytic parameters and reproducibility across independent samples. Two UK Biobank GWAS summary statistic releases of 2240 imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) were retrieved. Genome-wide beta-values and their corresponding standard-error scaled z-values were decomposed using genomic PCA/ICA. We evaluated variance explained at multiple dimensions up to 200. We tested the inter-sample reproducibility of output of dimensions 5, 10, 25 and 50. Reproducibility statistics of the respective univariate GWAS served as benchmarks. Reproducibility of 10-dimensional PCs and ICs showed the best trade-off between model complexity and robustness and variance explained (PCs: |rz - max| = 0.33, |rraw - max| = 0.30; ICs: |rz - max| = 0.23, |rraw - max| = 0.19). Genomic PC and IC reproducibility improved substantially relative to mean univariate GWAS reproducibility up to dimension 10. Genomic components clustered along neuroimaging modalities. Our results indicate that genomic PCA and ICA decompose genetic effects on IDPs from GWAS statistics with high reproducibility by taking advantage of the inherent pleiotropic patterns. These findings encourage further applications of genomic PCA and ICA as fully data-driven methods to effectively reduce the dimensionality, enhance the signal to noise ratio and improve interpretability of high-dimensional multitrait genome-wide analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart M. Oblong
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Sourena Soheili‐Nezhad
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Nicolò Trevisan
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Yingjie Shi
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Christian F. Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Cognitive NeuroimagingDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
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11
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Chen SD, You J, Zhang W, Wu BS, Ge YJ, Xiang ST, Du J, Kuo K, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Lemaitre H, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Baeuchl C, Smolka MN, Vaidya N, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Feng JF, Dong Q, Cheng W, Yu JT. The genetic architecture of the human hypothalamus and its involvement in neuropsychiatric behaviours and disorders. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-023-01792-6. [PMID: 38182882 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite its crucial role in the regulation of vital metabolic and neurological functions, the genetic architecture of the hypothalamus remains unknown. Here we conducted multivariate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using hypothalamic imaging data from 32,956 individuals to uncover the genetic underpinnings of the hypothalamus and its involvement in neuropsychiatric traits. There were 23 significant loci associated with the whole hypothalamus and its subunits, with functional enrichment for genes involved in intracellular trafficking systems and metabolic processes of steroid-related compounds. The hypothalamus exhibited substantial genetic associations with limbic system structures and neuropsychiatric traits including chronotype, risky behaviour, cognition, satiety and sympathetic-parasympathetic activity. The strongest signal in the primary GWAS, the ADAMTS8 locus, was replicated in three independent datasets (N = 1,685-4,321) and was strengthened after meta-analysis. Exome-wide association analyses added evidence to the association for ADAMTS8, and Mendelian randomization showed lower ADAMTS8 expression with larger hypothalamic volumes. The current study advances our understanding of complex structure-function relationships of the hypothalamus and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie hypothalamic formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia You
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bang-Sheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jun Ge
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Tong Xiang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin Kuo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic, Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1299 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie", University Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Herve Lemaitre
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hosptalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Baeuchl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Feng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
- Shanghai Medical College and Zhongshan Hospital Immunotherapy Technology Transfer Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.
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12
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van Dijk MT, Talati A, Kashyap P, Desai K, Kelsall NC, Gameroff MJ, Aw N, Abraham E, Cullen B, Cha J, Anacker C, Weissman MM, Posner J. Dentate Gyrus Microstructure Is Associated With Resilience After Exposure to Maternal Stress Across Two Human Cohorts. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:27-36. [PMID: 37393047 PMCID: PMC10755082 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal stress (MS) is a well-documented risk factor for impaired emotional development in offspring. Rodent models implicate the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in the effects of MS on offspring depressive-like behaviors, but mechanisms in humans remain unclear. Here, we tested whether MS was associated with depressive symptoms and DG micro- and macrostructural alterations in offspring across 2 independent cohorts. METHODS We analyzed DG diffusion tensor imaging-derived mean diffusivity (DG-MD) and volume in a three-generation family risk for depression study (TGS; n = 69, mean age = 35.0 years) and in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (n = 5196, mean age = 9.9 years) using generalized estimating equation models and mediation analysis. MS was assessed by the Parenting Stress Index (TGS) and a measure compiled from the Adult Response Survey from the ABCD Study. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and rumination scales (TGS) and the Child Behavior Checklist (ABCD Study) measured offspring depressive symptoms at follow-up. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime interview was used to assign depression diagnoses. RESULTS Across cohorts, MS was associated with future symptoms and higher DG-MD (indicating disrupted microstructure) in offspring. Higher DG-MD was associated with higher symptom scores measured 5 years (in the TGS) and 1 year (in the ABCD Study) after magnetic resonance imaging. In the ABCD Study, DG-MD was increased in high-MS offspring who had depressive symptoms at follow-up, but not in offspring who remained resilient or whose mother had low MS. CONCLUSIONS Converging results across 2 independent samples extend previous rodent studies and suggest a role for the DG in exposure to MS and offspring depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milenna T van Dijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Pratik Kashyap
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Karan Desai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nora C Kelsall
- Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Marc J Gameroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Natalie Aw
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eyal Abraham
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Breda Cullen
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jiook Cha
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christoph Anacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Columbia University Institute for Developmental Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Columbia University Institute for Developmental Sciences, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Jonathan Posner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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13
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Lobos P, Vega-Vásquez I, Bruna B, Gleitze S, Toledo J, Härtel S, Hidalgo C, Paula-Lima A. Amyloid β-Oligomers Inhibit the Nuclear Ca 2+ Signals and the Neuroprotective Gene Expression Induced by Gabazine in Hippocampal Neurons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1972. [PMID: 38001825 PMCID: PMC10669355 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neuronal activity generates dendritic and somatic Ca2+ signals, which, depending on stimulus intensity, rapidly propagate to the nucleus and induce the expression of transcription factors and genes with crucial roles in cognitive functions. Soluble amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs), the main synaptotoxins engaged in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, generate aberrant Ca2+ signals in primary hippocampal neurons, increase their oxidative tone and disrupt structural plasticity. Here, we explored the effects of sub-lethal AβOs concentrations on activity-generated nuclear Ca2+ signals and on the Ca2+-dependent expression of neuroprotective genes. To induce neuronal activity, neuron-enriched primary hippocampal cultures were treated with the GABAA receptor blocker gabazine (GBZ), and nuclear Ca2+ signals were measured in AβOs-treated or control neurons transfected with a genetically encoded nuclear Ca2+ sensor. Incubation (6 h) with AβOs significantly reduced the nuclear Ca2+ signals and the enhanced phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) induced by GBZ. Likewise, incubation (6 h) with AβOs significantly reduced the GBZ-induced increases in the mRNA levels of neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim domain protein 4 (Npas4), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ryanodine receptor type-2 (RyR2), and the antioxidant enzyme NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1). Based on these findings we propose that AβOs, by inhibiting the generation of activity-induced nuclear Ca2+ signals, disrupt key neuroprotective gene expression pathways required for hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lobos
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (B.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Ignacio Vega-Vásquez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Advanced Scientific Equipment Network (REDECA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Barbara Bruna
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (B.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Silvia Gleitze
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (B.B.); (J.T.)
- Advanced Scientific Equipment Network (REDECA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis, Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Anatomy and Biology of Development Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Andrea Paula-Lima
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging (CIES), Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
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14
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Paolini M, Fortaner-Uyà L, Lorenzi C, Spadini S, Maccario M, Zanardi R, Colombo C, Poletti S, Benedetti F. Association between NTRK2 Polymorphisms, Hippocampal Volumes and Treatment Resistance in Major Depressive Disorder. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2037. [PMID: 38002980 PMCID: PMC10671548 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing availability of antidepressant drugs, a high rate of patients with major depression (MDD) does not respond to pharmacological treatments. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling is thought to influence antidepressant efficacy and hippocampal volumes, robust predictors of treatment resistance. We therefore hypothesized the possible role of BDNF and neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (NTRK2)-related polymorphisms in affecting both hippocampal volumes and treatment resistance in MDD. A total of 121 MDD inpatients underwent 3T structural MRI scanning and blood sampling to obtain genotype information. General linear models and binary logistic regressions were employed to test the effect of genetic variations related to BDNF and NTRK2 on bilateral hippocampal volumes and treatment resistance, respectively. Finally, the possible mediating role of hippocampal volumes on the relationship between genetic markers and treatment response was investigated. A significant association between one NTRK2 polymorphism with hippocampal volumes and antidepressant response was found, with significant indirect effects. Our results highlight a possible mechanistic explanation of antidepressant action, possibly contributing to the understanding of MDD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Paolini
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Fortaner-Uyà
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lorenzi
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Spadini
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Melania Maccario
- Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Zanardi
- Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Poletti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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15
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Xue H, Xu X, Yan Z, Cheng J, Zhang L, Zhu W, Cui G, Zhang Q, Qiu S, Yao Z, Qin W, Liu F, Liang M, Fu J, Xu Q, Xu J, Xie Y, Zhang P, Li W, Wang C, Shen W, Zhang X, Xu K, Zuo XN, Ye Z, Yu Y, Xian J, Yu C. Genome-wide association study of hippocampal blood-oxygen-level-dependent-cerebral blood flow correlation in Chinese Han population. iScience 2023; 26:108005. [PMID: 37822511 PMCID: PMC10562876 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlation between blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been used as an index of neurovascular coupling. Hippocampal BOLD-CBF correlation is associated with neurocognition, and the reduced correlation is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. We conducted the first genome-wide association study of the hippocampal BOLD-CBF correlation in 4,832 Chinese Han subjects. The hippocampal BOLD-CBF correlation had an estimated heritability of 16.2-23.9% and showed reliable genome-wide significant association with a locus at 3q28, in which many variants have been linked to neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid markers of Alzheimer's disease. Gene-based association analyses showed four significant genes (GMNC, CRTC2, DENND4B, and GATAD2B) and revealed enrichment for mast cell calcium mobilization, microglial cell proliferation, and ubiquitin-related proteolysis pathways that regulate different cellular components of the neurovascular unit. This is the first unbiased identification of the association of hippocampal BOLD-CBF correlation, providing fresh insights into the genetic architecture of hippocampal neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xue
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhihan Yan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province & Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Jilian Fu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jiayuan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center at IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Ye
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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16
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Garrido-Martín D, Calvo M, Reverter F, Guigó R. A fast non-parametric test of association for multiple traits. Genome Biol 2023; 24:230. [PMID: 37828616 PMCID: PMC10571397 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of multidimensional phenotypic data in large cohorts of genotyped individuals requires efficient methods to identify genetic effects on multiple traits. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) offers a powerful non-parametric approach. However, it relies on permutations to assess significance, which hinders the analysis of large datasets. Here, we derive the limiting null distribution of the PERMANOVA test statistic, providing a framework for the fast computation of asymptotic p values. Our asymptotic test presents controlled type I error and high power, often outperforming parametric approaches. We illustrate its applicability in the context of QTL mapping and GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Garrido-Martín
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Miquel Calvo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Ferran Reverter
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Roderic Guigó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Logue MW, Dasgupta S, Farrer LA. Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease in the African American Population. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5189. [PMID: 37629231 PMCID: PMC10455208 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Black/African American (AA) individuals have a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) than White non-Hispanic persons of European ancestry (EUR) for reasons that may include economic disparities, cardiovascular health, quality of education, and biases in the methods used to diagnose AD. AD is also heritable, and some of the differences in risk may be due to genetics. Many AD-associated variants have been identified by candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genome-sequencing studies. However, most of these studies have been performed using EUR cohorts. In this paper, we review the genetics of AD and AD-related traits in AA individuals. Importantly, studies of genetic risk factors in AA cohorts can elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying AD risk in AA and other populations. In fact, such studies are essential to enable reliable precision medicine approaches in persons with considerable African ancestry. Furthermore, genetic studies of AA cohorts allow exploration of the ways the impact of genes can vary by ancestry, culture, and economic and environmental disparities. They have yielded important gains in our knowledge of AD genetics, and increasing AA individual representation within genetic studies should remain a priority for inclusive genetic study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Shoumita Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Medical Sciences and Education, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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18
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Dipietro L, Gonzalez-Mego P, Ramos-Estebanez C, Zukowski LH, Mikkilineni R, Rushmore RJ, Wagner T. The evolution of Big Data in neuroscience and neurology. J Big Data 2023; 10:116. [PMID: 37441339 PMCID: PMC10333390 DOI: 10.1186/s40537-023-00751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases are on the rise worldwide, leading to increased healthcare costs and diminished quality of life in patients. In recent years, Big Data has started to transform the fields of Neuroscience and Neurology. Scientists and clinicians are collaborating in global alliances, combining diverse datasets on a massive scale, and solving complex computational problems that demand the utilization of increasingly powerful computational resources. This Big Data revolution is opening new avenues for developing innovative treatments for neurological diseases. Our paper surveys Big Data's impact on neurological patient care, as exemplified through work done in a comprehensive selection of areas, including Connectomics, Alzheimer's Disease, Stroke, Depression, Parkinson's Disease, Pain, and Addiction (e.g., Opioid Use Disorder). We present an overview of research and the methodologies utilizing Big Data in each area, as well as their current limitations and technical challenges. Despite the potential benefits, the full potential of Big Data in these fields currently remains unrealized. We close with recommendations for future research aimed at optimizing the use of Big Data in Neuroscience and Neurology for improved patient outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40537-023-00751-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Gonzalez-Mego
- Spaulding Rehabilitation/Neuromodulation Lab, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy Wagner
- Highland Instruments, Cambridge, MA USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
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19
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Roe JM, Vidal-Pineiro D, Amlien IK, Pan M, Sneve MH, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Friedrich P, Sha Z, Francks C, Eilertsen EM, Wang Y, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM, Westerhausen R. Tracing the development and lifespan change of population-level structural asymmetry in the cerebral cortex. eLife 2023; 12:e84685. [PMID: 37335613 PMCID: PMC10368427 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical asymmetry is a ubiquitous feature of brain organization that is subtly altered in some neurodevelopmental disorders, yet we lack knowledge of how its development proceeds across life in health. Achieving consensus on the precise cortical asymmetries in humans is necessary to uncover the developmental timing of asymmetry and the extent to which it arises through genetic and later influences in childhood. Here, we delineate population-level asymmetry in cortical thickness and surface area vertex-wise in seven datasets and chart asymmetry trajectories longitudinally across life (4-89 years; observations = 3937; 70% longitudinal). We find replicable asymmetry interrelationships, heritability maps, and test asymmetry associations in large-scale data. Cortical asymmetry was robust across datasets. Whereas areal asymmetry is predominantly stable across life, thickness asymmetry grows in childhood and peaks in early adulthood. Areal asymmetry is low-moderately heritable (max h2SNP ~19%) and correlates phenotypically and genetically in specific regions, indicating coordinated development of asymmetries partly through genes. In contrast, thickness asymmetry is globally interrelated across the cortex in a pattern suggesting highly left-lateralized individuals tend towards left-lateralization also in population-level right-asymmetric regions (and vice versa), and exhibits low or absent heritability. We find less areal asymmetry in the most consistently lateralized region in humans associates with subtly lower cognitive ability, and confirm small handedness and sex effects. Results suggest areal asymmetry is developmentally stable and arises early in life through genetic but mainly subject-specific stochastic effects, whereas childhood developmental growth shapes thickness asymmetry and may lead to directional variability of global thickness lateralization in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Roe
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Didac Vidal-Pineiro
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Inge K Amlien
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Mengyu Pan
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Markus H Sneve
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, University of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
- Brian Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
| | - Patrick Friedrich
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Zhiqiang Sha
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenNetherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud UniversityNijmegenNetherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Espen M Eilertsen
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - René Westerhausen
- Section for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
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20
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Liu N, Zhang L, Tian T, Cheng J, Zhang B, Qiu S, Geng Z, Cui G, Zhang Q, Liao W, Yu Y, Zhang H, Gao B, Xu X, Han T, Yao Z, Qin W, Liu F, Liang M, Xu Q, Fu J, Xu J, Zhu W, Zhang P, Li W, Shi D, Wang C, Lui S, Yan Z, Chen F, Li J, Zhang J, Wang D, Shen W, Miao Y, Xian J, Gao JH, Zhang X, Li MJ, Xu K, Zuo XN, Wang M, Ye Z, Yu C. Cross-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analyses of hippocampal and subfield volumes. Nat Genet 2023:10.1038/s41588-023-01425-8. [PMID: 37337106 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is critical for memory and cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders, and its subfields differ in architecture and function. Genome-wide association studies on hippocampal and subfield volumes are mainly conducted in European populations; however, other ancestral populations are under-represented. Here we conduct cross-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analyses in 65,791 individuals for hippocampal volume and 38,977 for subfield volumes, including 7,009 individuals of East Asian ancestry. We identify 339 variant-trait associations at P < 1.13 × 10-9 for 44 hippocampal traits, including 23 new associations. Common genetic variants have similar effects on hippocampal traits across ancestries, although ancestry-specific associations exist. Cross-ancestry analysis improves the fine-mapping precision and the prediction performance of polygenic scores in under-represented populations. These genetic variants are enriched for Wnt signaling and neuron differentiation and affect cognition, emotion and neuropsychiatric disorders. These findings may provide insight into the genetic architectures of hippocampal and subfield volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuojun Geng
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province & Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jilian Fu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayuan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Dapeng Shi
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital & Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular lmaging key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihan Yan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Jiance Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanwei Miao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mulin Jun Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center at IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital & Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Zhaoxiang Ye
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Wiggins KL, Kurniansyah N, Guo X, Rodrigue AL, Zhao W, Yanek LR, Ratliff SM, Pitsillides A, Aguirre Patiño JS, Sofer T, Arking DE, Austin TR, Beiser AS, Blangero J, Boerwinkle E, Bressler J, Curran JE, Hou L, Hughes TM, Kardia SLR, Launer LJ, Levy D, Mosley TH, Nasrallah IM, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Seshadri S, Tarraf W, González KA, Ramachandran V, Yaffe K, Nyquist PA, Psaty BM, DeCarli CS, Smith JA, Glahn DC, González HM, Bis JC, Fornage M, Heckbert SR, Fitzpatrick AL, Liu C, Satizabal CL. Association of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number With Brain MRI Markers and Cognitive Function: A Meta-analysis of Community-Based Cohorts. Neurology 2023; 100:e1930-e1943. [PMID: 36927883 PMCID: PMC10159770 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies suggest that lower mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (CN) is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether mtDNA CN in whole blood is related to endophenotypes of Alzheimer disease (AD) and AD-related dementia (AD/ADRD) needs further investigation. We assessed the association of mtDNA CN with cognitive function and MRI measures in community-based samples of middle-aged to older adults. METHODS We included dementia-free participants from 9 diverse community-based cohorts with whole-genome sequencing in the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. Circulating mtDNA CN was estimated as twice the ratio of the average coverage of mtDNA to nuclear DNA. Brain MRI markers included total brain, hippocampal, and white matter hyperintensity volumes. General cognitive function was derived from distinct cognitive domains. We performed cohort-specific association analyses of mtDNA CN with AD/ADRD endophenotypes assessed within ±5 years (i.e., cross-sectional analyses) or 5-20 years after blood draw (i.e., prospective analyses) adjusting for potential confounders. We further explored associations stratified by sex and age (<60 vs ≥60 years). Fixed-effects or sample size-weighted meta-analyses were performed to combine results. Finally, we performed mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess causality. RESULTS We included up to 19,152 participants (mean age 59 years, 57% women). Higher mtDNA CN was cross-sectionally associated with better general cognitive function (β = 0.04; 95% CI 0.02-0.06) independent of age, sex, batch effects, race/ethnicity, time between blood draw and cognitive evaluation, cohort-specific variables, and education. Additional adjustment for blood cell counts or cardiometabolic traits led to slightly attenuated results. We observed similar significant associations with cognition in prospective analyses, although of reduced magnitude. We found no significant associations between mtDNA CN and brain MRI measures in meta-analyses. MR analyses did not reveal a causal relation between mtDNA CN in blood and cognition. DISCUSSION Higher mtDNA CN in blood is associated with better current and future general cognitive function in large and diverse communities across the United States. Although MR analyses did not support a causal role, additional research is needed to assess causality. Circulating mtDNA CN could serve nevertheless as a biomarker of current and future cognitive function in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankai Zhang
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xue Liu
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Nuzulul Kurniansyah
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Amanda L Rodrigue
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wei Zhao
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Scott M Ratliff
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Achilleas Pitsillides
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Juan Sebastian Aguirre Patiño
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Tamar Sofer
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dan E Arking
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Thomas R Austin
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - John Blangero
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jan Bressler
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Joanne E Curran
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lifang Hou
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Timothy M Hughes
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lenore J Launer
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Daniel Levy
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ilya M Nasrallah
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stephen S Rich
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kevin A González
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Vasan Ramachandran
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Paul A Nyquist
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Charles S DeCarli
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - David C Glahn
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Hector M González
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Joshua C Bis
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Myriam Fornage
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Annette L Fitzpatrick
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Chunyu Liu
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- From the Department of Biostatistics (Y.Z., X.L., A.P., A.S.B., C.L.), School of Public Health, Boston University, MA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (K.L.W., J.C.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; Brigham and Women's Hospital (N.K., T.S.), Boston, MA; The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (X.G., J.I.R.), Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Psychiatry (A.L.R., D.C.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Epidemiology (W.Z., S.M.R., S.L.R.K., J.A.S.), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y.), Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; School of Medicine (J.S.A.P.), Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; Harvard Medical School (T.S.), Boston, MA; McKusick-Nathans Institute (D.E.A.), Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (T.R.A.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (A.S.B.), School of Medicine, Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study (A.S.B., D.L., S.S., V.R., C.L., C.L.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute (J. Blangero, J.E.C.), University of Texas Rio Grande, Brownsville; Human Genetics Center (E.B., J. Bressler), School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Human Genome Sequencing Center (E.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Preventive Medicine (L.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine (T.M.H.), Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Institute on Aging (L.J.L.), and Population Sciences Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center (T.H.M.), School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (I.M.N.), Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Public Health Genomics (S.S.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases (S.S., C.L.S.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences (W.T.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurosciences (K.A.G.) and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center (H.M.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (V.R.), School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, MA; University of California, San Francisco (K.Y.); Department of Neurology (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit (B.M.P.), Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis, CA; Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.), McGovern Medical School; and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; and Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Epidemiology (S.R.H.), and Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health (A.L.F.), University of Washington, Seattle.
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Mäkinen E, Wikgren J, Pekkala S, Koch LG, Britton SL, Nokia MS, Lensu S. Genotype determining aerobic exercise capacity associates with behavioral plasticity in middle-aged rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 443:114331. [PMID: 36774999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Good aerobic fitness associates positively with cognitive performance and brain health and conversely, low aerobic fitness predisposes to neurodegenerative diseases. To study how genotype together with exercise, started at older age, affects brain and behavior, we utilized rats that differ in inherited aerobic fitness. Rats bred for Low Capacity for Running (LCR) are shown to display less synaptic plasticity and more inflammation in the hippocampus and perform worse than rats bred for a High Capacity for Running (HCR) in tasks requiring flexible cognition. Here we used middle-aged (∼ 16 months) HCR and LCR rats to study how genotype and sex associate with anxiety and neural information filtering, termed sensory gating. Further, we assessed how inherited aerobic capacity associates with hippocampus-dependent learning, measured with contextual fear conditioning task. In females, we also investigated the effects of voluntary wheel running (5 weeks) on these characteristics. Our results indicate that independent of sex or voluntary running, HCR rats were more anxious in open-field tasks, exhibited lower sensory gating and learned more efficiently in contextual fear conditioning task than LCR rats. Voluntary running did not markedly affect innate behavior but slightly decreased the differences between female LCR and HCR rats in fear learning. In conclusion, inherited fitness seems to determine cognitive and behavioral traits independent of sex. Although the traits proved to be rather resistant to change at adult age, learning was slightly improved following exercise in LCR females, prone to obesity and poor fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Mäkinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Jan Wikgren
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Satu Pekkala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Miriam S Nokia
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sanna Lensu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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23
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Moon SW, Zhao L, Matloff W, Hobel S, Berger R, Kwon D, Kim J, Toga AW, Dinov ID. Brain structure and allelic associations in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1034-1048. [PMID: 36575854 PMCID: PMC10018103 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, affects 6.5 million Americans and over 50 million people globally. Clinical, genetic, and phenotypic studies of dementia provide some insights of the observed progressive neurodegenerative processes, however, the mechanisms underlying AD onset remain enigmatic. AIMS This paper examines late-onset dementia-related cognitive impairment utilizing neuroimaging-genetics biomarker associations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The participants, ages 65-85, included 266 healthy controls (HC), 572 volunteers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 188 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Genotype dosage data for AD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were extracted from the imputed ADNI genetics archive using sample-major additive coding. Such 29 SNPs were selected, representing a subset of independent SNPs reported to be highly associated with AD in a recent AD meta-GWAS study by Jansen and colleagues. RESULTS We identified the significant correlations between the 29 genomic markers (GMs) and the 200 neuroimaging markers (NIMs). The odds ratios and relative risks for AD and MCI (relative to HC) were predicted using multinomial linear models. DISCUSSION In the HC and MCI cohorts, mainly cortical thickness measures were associated with GMs, whereas the AD cohort exhibited different GM-NIM relations. Network patterns within the HC and AD groups were distinct in cortical thickness, volume, and proportion of White to Gray Matter (pct), but not in the MCI cohort. Multinomial linear models of clinical diagnosis showed precisely the specific NIMs and GMs that were most impactful in discriminating between AD and HC, and between MCI and HC. CONCLUSION This study suggests that advanced analytics provide mechanisms for exploring the interrelations between morphometric indicators and GMs. The findings may facilitate further clinical investigations of phenotypic associations that support deep systematic understanding of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Woo Moon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Research Institute of Medical ScienceKonkuk University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Lu Zhao
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - William Matloff
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Sam Hobel
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Ryan Berger
- Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Daehong Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science and EngineeringKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jaebum Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and EngineeringKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Ivo D. Dinov
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR), Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS)University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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24
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Du L, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Shang M, Guo L, Han J. inMTSCCA: An Integrated Multi-task Sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis for Multi-omic Brain Imaging Genetics. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 2023; 21:396-413. [PMID: 37442417 PMCID: PMC10634656 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important research topic. To date, different endophenotypes, such as imaging-derived endophenotypes and proteomic expression-derived endophenotypes, have shown the great value in uncovering risk genes compared to case-control studies. Biologically, a co-varying pattern of different omics-derived endophenotypes could result from the shared genetic basis. However, existing methods mainly focus on the effect of endophenotypes alone; the effect of cross-endophenotype (CEP) associations remains largely unexploited. In this study, we used both endophenotypes and their CEP associations of multi-omic data to identify genetic risk factors, and proposed two integrated multi-task sparse canonical correlation analysis (inMTSCCA) methods, i.e., pairwise endophenotype correlation-guided MTSCCA (pcMTSCCA) and high-order endophenotype correlation-guided MTSCCA (hocMTSCCA). pcMTSCCA employed pairwise correlations between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived, plasma-derived, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived endophenotypes as an additional penalty. hocMTSCCA used high-order correlations among these multi-omic data for regularization. To figure out genetic risk factors at individual and group levels, as well as altered endophenotypic markers, we introduced sparsity-inducing penalties for both models. We compared pcMTSCCA and hocMTSCCA with three related methods on both simulation and real (consisting of neuroimaging data, proteomic analytes, and genetic data) datasets. The results showed that our methods obtained better or comparable canonical correlation coefficients (CCCs) and better feature subsets than benchmarks. Most importantly, the identified genetic loci and heterogeneous endophenotypic markers showed high relevance. Therefore, jointly using multi-omic endophenotypes and their CEP associations is promising to reveal genetic risk factors. The source code and manual of inMTSCCA are available at https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/biocode/tools/BT007330.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- Department of Intelligent Science and Technology, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Intelligent Science and Technology, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Intelligent Science and Technology, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Muheng Shang
- Department of Intelligent Science and Technology, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Intelligent Science and Technology, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Junwei Han
- Department of Intelligent Science and Technology, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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25
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Kauffman MA, Calderon VS. The emergence of genotypic divergence and future precision medicine applications. Handb Clin Neurol 2023; 192:87-99. [PMID: 36796950 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-85538-9.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Genotypic divergence is a term adapted from population genetics and intimately linked to evolution. We use divergence here to emphasize the differences that set individuals apart in any cohort. The history of genetics is filled with descriptions of genotypic differences, but causal inference of interindividual biological variation has been scarce. We suggest that the practice of precision medicine requires a divergent approach, an approach dependent on the causal interpretation of previous convergent (and preliminary) knowledge in the field. This knowledge has relied on convergent descriptive syndromology (lumping), which has overemphasized a reductionistic gene determinism on the quest of seeking associations without causal understanding. Regulatory variants with small effect and somatic mutations are some of the modifying factors that lead to incomplete penetrance and intrafamilial variable expressivity often observed in apparently monogenic clinical disorders. A truly divergent approach to precision medicine requires splitting, that is, the consideration of different layers of genetic phenomena that interact causally in a nonlinear fashion. This chapter reviews convergences and divergences in genetics and genomics, aiming to discuss what can be causally understood to approximate the as-yet utopian lands of Precision Medicine for patients with neurodegenerative disorders.
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26
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Shang MY, Zhang CY, Wu Y, Wang L, Wang C, Li M. Genetic associations between bipolar disorder and brain structural phenotypes. Cereb Cortex 2023:7024717. [PMID: 36734292 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and their first-degree relatives exhibit alterations in brain volume and cortical structure, whereas the underlying genetic mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, based on the published genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the extent of polygenic overlap between BD and 15 brain structural phenotypes was investigated using linkage disequilibrium score regression and MiXeR tool, and the shared genomic loci were discovered by conjunctional false discovery rate (conjFDR) and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses. MiXeR estimated the overall measure of polygenic overlap between BD and brain structural phenotypes as 4-53% on a 0-100% scale (as quantified by the Dice coefficient). Subsequent conjFDR analyses identified 54 independent loci (71 risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms) jointly associated with BD and brain structural phenotypes with a conjFDR < 0.05, among which 33 were novel that had not been reported in the previous BD GWAS. Follow-up eQTL analyses in respective brain regions both confirmed well-known risk genes (e.g. CACNA1C, NEK4, GNL3, MAPK3) and discovered novel risk genes (e.g. LIMK2 and CAMK2N2). This study indicates a substantial shared genetic basis between BD and brain structural phenotypes, and provides novel insights into the developmental origin of BD and related biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Shang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chu-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 17 Long-Xin Lu, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, No. 920 Jianshe Road, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 17 Long-Xin Lu, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 17 Long-Xin Lu, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
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27
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Jia Y, Cheng S, Liu L, Cheng B, Liang C, Ye J, Chu X, Yao Y, Wen Y, Kafle OP, Zhang F. Evaluating the Genetic Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Development of Neuroticism and General Happiness: A Polygenic Score Analysis and Interaction Study Using UK Biobank Data. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:156. [PMID: 36672898 PMCID: PMC9858947 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited efforts have been invested in exploring the interaction effects between genetic factors and gut microbiota on neuroticism and general happiness. The polygenic risk scores (PRS) of gut microbiota were calculated from individual-level genotype data of the UK Biobank cohort. Linear regression models were then used to assess the associations between individual PRS of gut microbiota and mental traits and interaction analysis was performed by PLINK2.0. KOBAS-i was used to conduct gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the identified genes. We observed suggestive significant associations between neuroticism and PRS for the genus Bifidobacterium (rank-normal transformation, RNT) (beta = -1.10, P = 4.16 × 10-3) and the genus Desulfovibrio (RNT) (beta = 0.54, P = 7.46 × 10-3). PRS for the genus Bifidobacterium (hurdle binary, HB) (beta = 1.99, P = 5.24 × 10-3) and the genus Clostridium (RNT) (beta = 1.26, P = 9.27 × 10-3) were found to be suggestive positively associated with general happiness. Interaction analysis identified several significant genes that interacted with gut microbiota, such as RORA (rs575949009, beta = -45.00, P = 1.82 × 10-9) for neuroticism and ASTN2 (rs36005728, beta = 19.15, P = 3.37 × 10-8) for general happiness. Our study results support the genetic effects of gut microbiota on the development of neuroticism and general happiness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
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28
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Kirchner K, Garvert L, Wittfeld K, Ameling S, Bülow R, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen H, Nauck M, Völzke H, Grabe HJ, Van der Auwera S. Deciphering the Effect of Different Genetic Variants on Hippocampal Subfield Volumes in the General Population. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36674637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to disentangle the effects of various genetic factors on hippocampal subfield volumes using three different approaches: a biologically driven candidate gene approach, a hypothesis-free GWAS approach, and a polygenic approach, where AD risk alleles are combined with a polygenic risk score (PRS). The impact of these genetic factors was investigated in a large dementia-free general population cohort from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP, n = 1806). Analyses were performed using linear regression models adjusted for biological and environmental risk factors. Hippocampus subfield volume alterations were found for APOE ε4, BDNF Val, and 5-HTTLPR L allele carriers. In addition, we were able to replicate GWAS findings, especially for rs17178139 (MSRB3), rs1861979 (DPP4), rs7873551 (ASTN2), and rs572246240 (MAST4). Interaction analyses between the significant SNPs as well as the PRS for AD revealed no significant results. Our results confirm that hippocampal volume reductions are influenced by genetic variation, and that different variants reveal different association patterns that can be linked to biological processes in neurodegeneration. Thus, this study underlines the importance of specific genetic analyses in the quest for acquiring deeper insights into the biology of hippocampal volume loss, memory impairment, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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29
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Zhang X, Xiao N, Cao Y, Peng Y, Lian A, Chen Y, Wang P, Gu W, Xiao B, Yu J, Wang H, Shu L. De novo variants in MAST4 related to neurodevelopmental disorders with developmental delay and infantile spasms: Genotype-phenotype association. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1097553. [PMID: 36910266 PMCID: PMC9992645 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1097553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to prove that the de novo variants in MAST4 gene are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) with developmental delay (DD) and infantile spasm (IS) and to determine the genotype-phenotype correlations. Methods Trio-based exome sequencing (ES) was performed on the four families enrolled in this study. We collected and systematically reviewed the four probands' clinical data, magnetic resonance images (MRI), and electroencephalography (EEG). We also carried out bioinformatics analysis by integrating published exome/genome sequencing data and human brain transcriptomic data. Results We described four patients whose median age of seizure onset was 5 months. The primary manifestation was infantile spasms with typical hypsarrhythmia on EEG. Developmental delays or intellectual disabilities varied among the four individuals. Three de novo missense variants in MAST4 gene were identified from four families, including chr5:66438324 (c.2693T > C: p.Ile898Thr) z, chr5:66459419 (c.4412C > T: p.Thr1471Ile), and chr5:66462662 (c.7655C > G:p.Ser2552Trp). The missense variant p.Ile898Thr is mapped to the AGC-kinase C-terminal with phosphatase activity. The other variant p.Ser2552Trp is located in a phosphoserine-modified residue which may affect cell membrane stability and signal transduction. Besides, the variant p.Thr1471Ile is a recurrent site screened out in two unrelated patients. Compared to private mutations (found only in a single family or a small population) of MAST4 in the gnomAD non-neuro subset, all de novo variants were predicted to be damaging or probably damaging through different bioinformatic analyses. Significantly higher CADD scores of the variant p.Thr1471Ile indicate more deleteriousness of the recurrent site. And the affected amino acids are highly conserved across multiple species. According to the Brainspan Atlas database, MAST4 is expressed primarily in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and medial prefrontal cortex during the prenatal period, potentially contributing to embryonic brain development. Conclusion Our results revealed that the variants of MAST4 gene might lead to neurodevelopmental disorders with developmental delay and infantile spasm. Thus, MAST4 variants should be considered the potential candidate gene in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders clinically marked by infantile spasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Neng Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Radiology, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Ying Peng
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Birth Defect Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Aojie Lian
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Birth Defect Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Placental Medicine in Hunan Province, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanlu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Weiyue Gu
- Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Li Shu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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30
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Guo X, Wang D, Ying C, Hong Y. Association between brain structures and migraine: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1148458. [PMID: 36937660 PMCID: PMC10020331 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1148458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence of clinical and neuroimaging studies indicated that migraine is related to brain structural alterations. However, it is still not clear whether the associations of brain structural alterations with migraine are likely to be causal, or could be explained by reverse causality confounding. Methods We carried on a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis in order to identify the causal relationship between brain structures and migraine risk. Summary-level data and independent variants used as instruments came from large genome-wide association studies of total surface area and average thickness of cortex (33,992 participants), gray matter volume (8,428 participants), white matter hyperintensities (50,970 participants), hippocampal volume (33,536 participants), and migraine (102,084 cases and 771,257 controls). Results We identified suggestive associations of the decreased surface area (OR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75-0.96; P = 0.007), and decreased hippocampal volume (OR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55-1.00; P = 0.047) with higher migraine risk. We did not find any significant association of gray matter volume, cortical thickness, or white matter hyperintensities with migraine. No evidence supporting the significant association was found in the reverse MR analysis. Conclusion We provided suggestive evidence that surface area and hippocampal volume are causally associated with migraine risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dingkun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caidi Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Hong,
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31
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Bayrak Ş, de Wael RV, Schaare HL, Hettwer MD, Caldairou B, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N, Bernhardt BC, Valk SL. Heritability of hippocampal functional and microstructural organisation. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119656. [PMID: 36183945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a uniquely infolded allocortical structure in the medial temporal lobe that consists of the microstructurally and functionally distinct subregions: subiculum, cornu ammonis, and dentate gyrus. The hippocampus is a remarkably plastic region that is implicated in learning and memory. At the same time it has been shown that hippocampal subregion volumes are heritable, and that genetic expression varies along a posterior to anterior axis. Here, we studied how a heritable, stable, hippocampal organisation may support its flexible function in healthy adults. Leveraging the twin set-up of the Human Connectome Project with multimodal neuroimaging, we observed that the functional connectivity between hippocampus and cortex was heritable and that microstructure of the hippocampus genetically correlated with cortical microstructure. Moreover, both functional and microstructural organisation could be consistently captured by anterior-to-posterior and medial-to-lateral axes across individuals. However, heritability of functional, relative to microstructural, organisation was found reduced, suggesting individual variation in functional organisation may be explained by experience-driven factors. Last, we demonstrate that structure and function couple along an inherited macroscale organisation, suggesting an interplay of stability and plasticity within the hippocampus. Our study provides new insights on the heritability of the hippocampal of the structure and function within the hippocampal organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeyma Bayrak
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Reinder Vos de Wael
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - H Lina Schaare
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meike D Hettwer
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Max Planck School of Cognition, Max Planck Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benoit Caldairou
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Neda Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sofie L Valk
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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32
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Doust C, Fontanillas P, Eising E, Gordon SD, Wang Z, Alagöz G, Molz B, Pourcain BS, Francks C, Marioni RE, Zhao J, Paracchini S, Talcott JB, Monaco AP, Stein JF, Gruen JR, Olson RK, Willcutt EG, DeFries JC, Pennington BF, Smith SD, Wright MJ, Martin NG, Auton A, Bates TC, Fisher SE, Luciano M. Discovery of 42 genome-wide significant loci associated with dyslexia. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1621-1629. [PMID: 36266505 PMCID: PMC9649434 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reading and writing are crucial life skills but roughly one in ten children are affected by dyslexia, which can persist into adulthood. Family studies of dyslexia suggest heritability up to 70%, yet few convincing genetic markers have been found. Here we performed a genome-wide association study of 51,800 adults self-reporting a dyslexia diagnosis and 1,087,070 controls and identified 42 independent genome-wide significant loci: 15 in genes linked to cognitive ability/educational attainment, and 27 new and potentially more specific to dyslexia. We validated 23 loci (13 new) in independent cohorts of Chinese and European ancestry. Genetic etiology of dyslexia was similar between sexes, and genetic covariance with many traits was found, including ambidexterity, but not neuroanatomical measures of language-related circuitry. Dyslexia polygenic scores explained up to 6% of variance in reading traits, and might in future contribute to earlier identification and remediation of dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Doust
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Else Eising
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhengjun Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi'an, China
| | - Gökberk Alagöz
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Molz
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Joel B Talcott
- Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - John F Stein
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey R Gruen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard K Olson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erik G Willcutt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John C DeFries
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Shelley D Smith
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Timothy C Bates
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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33
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Lahti J, Tuominen S, Yang Q, Pergola G, Ahmad S, Amin N, Armstrong NJ, Beiser A, Bey K, Bis JC, Boerwinkle E, Bressler J, Campbell A, Campbell H, Chen Q, Corley J, Cox SR, Davies G, De Jager PL, Derks EM, Faul JD, Fitzpatrick AL, Fohner AE, Ford I, Fornage M, Gerring Z, Grabe HJ, Grodstein F, Gudnason V, Simonsick E, Holliday EG, Joshi PK, Kajantie E, Kaprio J, Karell P, Kleineidam L, Knol MJ, Kochan NA, Kwok JB, Leber M, Lam M, Lee T, Li S, Loukola A, Luck T, Marioni RE, Mather KA, Medland S, Mirza SS, Nalls MA, Nho K, O'Donnell A, Oldmeadow C, Painter J, Pattie A, Reppermund S, Risacher SL, Rose RJ, Sadashivaiah V, Scholz M, Satizabal CL, Schofield PW, Schraut KE, Scott RJ, Simino J, Smith AV, Smith JA, Stott DJ, Surakka I, Teumer A, Thalamuthu A, Trompet S, Turner ST, van der Lee SJ, Villringer A, Völker U, Wilson RS, Wittfeld K, Vuoksimaa E, Xia R, Yaffe K, Yu L, Zare H, Zhao W, Ames D, Attia J, Bennett DA, Brodaty H, Chasman DI, Goldman AL, Hayward C, Ikram MA, Jukema JW, Kardia SLR, Lencz T, Loeffler M, Mattay VS, Palotie A, Psaty BM, Ramirez A, Ridker PM, Riedel-Heller SG, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Scherer M, Schofield PR, Sidney S, Starr JM, Trollor J, Ulrich W, Wagner M, Weir DR, Wilson JF, Wright MJ, Weinberger DR, Debette S, Eriksson JG, Mosley TH, Launer LJ, van Duijn CM, Deary IJ, Seshadri S, Räikkönen K. Genome-wide meta-analyses reveal novel loci for verbal short-term memory and learning. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4419-4431. [PMID: 35974141 PMCID: PMC9734053 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genomic basis of memory processes may help in combating neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, we examined the associations of common genetic variants with verbal short-term memory and verbal learning in adults without dementia or stroke (N = 53,637). We identified novel loci in the intronic region of CDH18, and at 13q21 and 3p21.1, as well as an expected signal in the APOE/APOC1/TOMM40 region. These results replicated in an independent sample. Functional and bioinformatic analyses supported many of these loci and further implicated POC1. We showed that polygenic score for verbal learning associated with brain activation in right parieto-occipital region during working memory task. Finally, we showed genetic correlations of these memory traits with several neurocognitive and health outcomes. Our findings suggest a role of several genomic loci in verbal memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Turku Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Samuli Tuominen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Bey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janie Corley
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eske M Derks
- Translational Neurogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Annette L Fitzpatrick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alison E Fohner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- McGovern Medical School, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary Gerring
- Translational Neurogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Assocation, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eleanor Simonsick
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Karell
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Kleineidam
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John B Kwok
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus Leber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Lam
- Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Teresa Lee
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anu Loukola
- Helsinki Biobank, University of Helsinki Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tobias Luck
- Department of Economic and Social Sciences & Institute of Social Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences and Healthcare Research, University of Applied Sciences Nordhausen, Nordhausen, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Saira S Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adrienne O'Donnell
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Jodie Painter
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Vijay Sadashivaiah
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter W Schofield
- Neuropsychiatry Service, Hunter New England Local Health District, Charlestown, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeannette Simino
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Assocation, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ida Surakka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stella Trompet
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert S Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rui Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Habil Zare
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, NA, US
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St George's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron L Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Heath Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Martin Scherer
- Institute of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter R Schofield
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Julian Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William Ulrich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Debette
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU Bordeaux), Department of Neurology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Helsinki, Singapore
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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34
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Xu J, Guan X, Wen J, Zhang M, Xu X. Polygenic hazard score modified the relationship between hippocampal subfield atrophy and episodic memory in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:943702. [PMID: 36389062 PMCID: PMC9659745 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.943702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding genetic influences on Alzheimer's disease (AD) may improve early identification. Polygenic hazard score (PHS) is associated with the age of AD onset and cognitive decline. It interacts with other risk factors, but the nature of such combined effects remains poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the effect of genetic risk and hippocampal atrophy pattern on episodic memory in a sample of older adults ranging from cognitively normal to those diagnosed with AD using structural MRI. Participants included 51 memory unimpaired normal control (NC), 69 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 43 AD adults enrolled in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Hierarchical linear regression analyses examined the main and interaction effects of hippocampal subfield volumes and PHS, indicating genetic risk for AD, on a validated episodic memory composite score. Diagnosis-stratified models further assessed the role of PHS. RESULTS Polygenic hazard score moderated the relationship between right fimbria/hippocampus volume ratio and episodic memory, such that patients with high PHS and lower volume ratio had lower episodic memory composite scores [ΔF = 6.730, p = 0.011, ΔR 2 = 0.059]. This effect was also found among individuals with MCI [ΔF = 4.519, p = 0.038, ΔR 2 = 0.050]. In contrast, no interaction effects were present for those NC or AD individuals. A follow-up mediation analysis also indicated that the right fimbria/hippocampus volume ratio might mediate the link between PHS and episodic memory performance in the MCI group, whereas no mediation effects were present for those NC or AD individuals. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the interaction between AD genetic risk and hippocampal subfield volume ratio increases memory impairment among older adults. Also, the results highlighted a potential pathway in which genetic risk affects memory by degrading hippocampal subfield volume ratio in cognitive decline subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Li Z, Chen X. Comprehensive analysis of shared genetic loci between hippocampal volume and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2022; 316:114795. [PMID: 35987069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and hippocampal volume exhibit a genetic correlation, but the underlying genetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the shared genetic variants in schizophrenia and hippocampal volume using the largest genome-wide association studies (GWASs) data. We identified three genetic loci associated with both schizophrenia and hippocampal volume. Functional annotation analysis suggested that shared genetic variants play a major role via the regulatory effect on gene expression. Expression pattern analyses showed that candidate genes have a spatiotemporal and cell-specific expression pattern across human brain development. These findings provided deeper insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying hippocampus and schizophrenia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongchang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders & Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders & Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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36
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Mai H, Bao J, Thompson PM, Kim D, Shen L. Identifying genes associated with brain volumetric differences through tissue specific transcriptomic inference from GWAS summary data. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:398. [PMID: 36171548 PMCID: PMC9520794 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain volume has been widely studied in the neuroimaging field, since it is an important and heritable trait associated with brain development, aging and various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified numerous associations between genetic variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms and complex traits like brain volume. However, it is unclear how these genetic variations influence regional gene expression levels, which may subsequently lead to phenotypic changes. S-PrediXcan is a tissue-specific transcriptomic data analysis method that can be applied to bridge this gap. In this work, we perform an S-PrediXcan analysis on GWAS summary data from two large imaging genetics initiatives, the UK Biobank and Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta Analysis, to identify tissue-specific transcriptomic effects on two closely related brain volume measures: total brain volume (TBV) and intracranial volume (ICV). RESULTS As a result of the analysis, we identified 10 genes that are highly associated with both TBV and ICV. Nine out of 10 genes were found to be associated with TBV in another study using a different gene-based association analysis. Moreover, most of our discovered genes were also found to be correlated with multiple cognitive and behavioral traits. Further analyses revealed the protein-protein interactions, associated molecular pathways and biological functions that offer insight into how these genes function and interact with others. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that S-PrediXcan can identify genes with tissue-specific transcriptomic effects on complex traits. The analysis also suggested novel genes whose expression levels are related to brain volumetric traits. This provides important insights into the genetic mechanisms of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Mai
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, B306 Richards Building, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jingxuan Bao
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, B306 Richards Building, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, B306 Richards Building, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, B306 Richards Building, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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37
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Liu M, Yu C, Zhang Z, Song M, Sun X, Piálek J, Jacob J, Lu J, Cong L, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li G, Feng Z, Du Z, Wang M, Wan X, Wang D, Wang YL, Li H, Wang Z, Zhang B, Zhang Z. Whole-genome sequencing reveals the genetic mechanisms of domestication in classical inbred mice. Genome Biol 2022; 23:203. [PMID: 36163035 PMCID: PMC9511766 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The laboratory mouse was domesticated from the wild house mouse. Understanding the genetics underlying domestication in laboratory mice, especially in the widely used classical inbred mice, is vital for studies using mouse models. However, the genetic mechanism of laboratory mouse domestication remains unknown due to lack of adequate genomic sequences of wild mice. Results We analyze the genetic relationships by whole-genome resequencing of 36 wild mice and 36 inbred strains. All classical inbred mice cluster together distinctly from wild and wild-derived inbred mice. Using nucleotide diversity analysis, Fst, and XP-CLR, we identify 339 positively selected genes that are closely associated with nervous system function. Approximately one third of these positively selected genes are highly expressed in brain tissues, and genetic mouse models of 125 genes in the positively selected genes exhibit abnormal behavioral or nervous system phenotypes. These positively selected genes show a higher ratio of differential expression between wild and classical inbred mice compared with all genes, especially in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. Using a mutant mouse model, we find that the SNP rs27900929 (T>C) in gene Astn2 significantly reduces the tameness of mice and modifies the ratio of the two Astn2 (a/b) isoforms. Conclusion Our study indicates that classical inbred mice experienced high selection pressure during domestication under laboratory conditions. The analysis shows the positively selected genes are closely associated with behavior and the nervous system in mice. Tameness may be related to the Astn2 mutation and regulated by the ratio of the two Astn2 (a/b) isoforms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-022-02772-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,International Society of Zoological Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Yu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.,National Genomics Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China.,Glbizzia Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjing Song
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuping Sun
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jaroslav Piálek
- House Mouse Group, Research Facility Studenec, Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jens Jacob
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests / Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Münster, Germany
| | - Jiqi Lu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongmao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Feng
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenglin Du
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.,National Genomics Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoxin Wang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,International Society of Zoological Sciences, Beijing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Tang B, Wang Y, Jiang X, Thambisetty M, Ferrucci L, Johnell K, Hägg S. Genetic Variation in Targets of Antidiabetic Drugs and Alzheimer Disease Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Neurology 2022; 99:e650-e659. [PMID: 35654594 PMCID: PMC9484609 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies have highlighted antidiabetic drugs as repurposing candidates for Alzheimer disease (AD), but the disease-modifying effects are still unclear. METHODS A 2-sample mendelian randomization study design was applied to examine the association between genetic variation in the targets of 4 antidiabetic drug classes and AD risk. Genetic summary statistics for blood glucose were analyzed using UK Biobank data of 326,885 participants, whereas summary statistics for AD were retrieved from previous genome-wide association studies comprising 24,087 clinically diagnosed AD cases and 55,058 controls. Positive control analysis on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and obesity-related traits was conducted to validate the selection of instrumental variables. RESULTS In the positive control analysis, genetic variation in sulfonylurea targets was associated with higher insulin secretion, a lower risk of T2DM, and an increment in body mass index, waist circumference, and hip circumference, consistent with drug mechanistic actions and previous trial evidence. In the primary analysis, genetic variation in sulfonylurea targets was associated with a lower risk of AD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.38 per 1 mmol/L decrement in blood glucose, 95% CI 0.19-0.72, p = 0.0034). These results for sulfonylureas were largely unchanged in the sensitivity analysis using a genetic variant, rs757110, that has been validated to modulate the target proteins of sulfonylureas (OR = 0.35 per 1 mmol/L decrement in blood glucose, 95% CI 0.15-0.82, p = 0.016). An association between genetic variations in the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue target and a lower risk of AD was also observed (OR = 0.32 per 1 mmol/L decrement in blood glucose, 95% CI 0.13-0.79, p = 0.014). However, this result should be interpreted with caution because the positive control analyses for GLP-1 analogues did not comply with a weight-loss effect as shown in previous clinical trials. Results regarding other drug classes were inconclusive. DISCUSSION Genetic variation in sulfonylurea targets was associated with a lower risk of AD, and future studies are warranted to clarify the underlying mechanistic pathways between sulfonylureas and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Tang
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (B.T., Y.W., K.J., S.H.); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (X.J.); Brain Aging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging (M.T.); and Longitudinal Studies Section (L.F.), National Institute on Aging
| | - Yunzhang Wang
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (B.T., Y.W., K.J., S.H.); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (X.J.); Brain Aging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging (M.T.); and Longitudinal Studies Section (L.F.), National Institute on Aging
| | - Xia Jiang
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (B.T., Y.W., K.J., S.H.); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (X.J.); Brain Aging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging (M.T.); and Longitudinal Studies Section (L.F.), National Institute on Aging
| | - Madhav Thambisetty
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (B.T., Y.W., K.J., S.H.); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (X.J.); Brain Aging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging (M.T.); and Longitudinal Studies Section (L.F.), National Institute on Aging
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (B.T., Y.W., K.J., S.H.); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (X.J.); Brain Aging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging (M.T.); and Longitudinal Studies Section (L.F.), National Institute on Aging
| | - Kristina Johnell
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (B.T., Y.W., K.J., S.H.); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (X.J.); Brain Aging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging (M.T.); and Longitudinal Studies Section (L.F.), National Institute on Aging
| | - Sara Hägg
- From the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (B.T., Y.W., K.J., S.H.); Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (X.J.); Brain Aging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging (M.T.); and Longitudinal Studies Section (L.F.), National Institute on Aging.
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Janahi M, Aksman L, Schott JM, Mokrab Y, Altmann A. Nomograms of human hippocampal volume shifted by polygenic scores. eLife 2022; 11:78232. [PMID: 35938915 PMCID: PMC9391046 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nomograms are important clinical tools applied widely in both developing and aging populations. They are generally constructed as normative models identifying cases as outliers to a distribution of healthy controls. Currently used normative models do not account for genetic heterogeneity. Hippocampal volume (HV) is a key endophenotype for many brain disorders. Here, we examine the impact of genetic adjustment on HV nomograms and the translational ability to detect dementia patients. Using imaging data from 35,686 healthy subjects aged 44–82 from the UK Biobank (UKB), we built HV nomograms using Gaussian process regression (GPR), which – compared to a previous method – extended the application age by 20 years, including dementia critical age ranges. Using HV polygenic scores (HV-PGS), we built genetically adjusted nomograms from participants stratified into the top and bottom 30% of HV-PGS. This shifted the nomograms in the expected directions by ~100 mm3 (2.3% of the average HV), which equates to 3 years of normal aging for a person aged ~65. Clinical impact of genetically adjusted nomograms was investigated by comparing 818 subjects from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database diagnosed as either cognitively normal (CN), having mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. While no significant change in the survival analysis was found for MCI-to-AD conversion, an average of 68% relative decrease was found in intra-diagnostic-group variance, highlighting the importance of genetic adjustment in untangling phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Janahi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Aksman
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Younes Mokrab
- Human Genetics Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Andre Altmann
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Mohammed NBB, Antonopoulos A, Dell A, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. The pleiotropic role of galectin-3 in melanoma progression: Unraveling the enigma. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 157:157-193. [PMID: 36725108 PMCID: PMC9895887 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer with poor outcomes associated with distant metastasis. Intrinsic properties of melanoma cells alongside the crosstalk between melanoma cells and surrounding microenvironment determine the tumor behavior. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a ß-galactoside-binding lectin, has emerged as a major effector in cancer progression, including melanoma behavior. Data from melanoma models and patient studies reveal that Gal-3 expression is dysregulated, both intracellularly and extracellularly, throughout the stages of melanoma progression. This review summarizes the most recent data and hypotheses on Gal-3 and its tumor-modulating functions, highlighting its role in driving melanoma growth, invasion, and metastatic colonization. It also provides insight into potential Gal-3-targeted strategies for melanoma diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan B B Mohammed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
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Wingo TS, Liu Y, Gerasimov ES, Vattathil SM, Wynne ME, Liu J, Lori A, Faundez V, Bennett DA, Seyfried NT, Levey AI, Wingo AP. Shared mechanisms across the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4314. [PMID: 35882878 PMCID: PMC9325708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several common psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases share epidemiologic risk; however, whether they share pathophysiology is unclear and is the focus of our investigation. Using 25 GWAS results and LD score regression, we find eight significant genetic correlations between psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. We integrate the GWAS results with human brain transcriptomes (n = 888) and proteomes (n = 722) to identify cis- and trans- transcripts and proteins that are consistent with a pleiotropic or causal role in each disease, referred to as causal proteins for brevity. Within each disease group, we find many distinct and shared causal proteins. Remarkably, 30% (13 of 42) of the neurodegenerative disease causal proteins are shared with psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, we find 2.6-fold more protein-protein interactions among the psychiatric and neurodegenerative causal proteins than expected by chance. Together, our findings suggest these psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases have shared genetic and molecular pathophysiology, which has important ramifications for early treatment and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Wingo
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Selina M Vattathil
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E Wynne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Atlanta Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA.
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Yang XZ, Wan MY, Zhang DD, Dai Y, Pan ZA, Zhai FF, Han F, Liu JY, Zhou LX, Ni J, Yao M, Jin ZY, Cui LY, Zhang SY, Zhu YC. Investigating the Genetic Characteristics of Hippocampal Volume and Plasma β-Amyloid in a Chinese Community-Dwelling Population. Neurology 2022; 99:e234-e244. [PMID: 35623891 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The genetic characteristics and correlations of hippocampal volume (HV) and plasma β-amyloid (Aβ), probable endophenotypes for dementia, remain to be explored in a Chinese community cohort. Using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array genotyping, we sought to identify rare and common variants and genes influencing these 2 endophenotypes and calculate their heritability and genetic correlation. METHODS Association analyses with both WES and SNP array genotyping data were performed for HV and plasma Aβ with mixed-effect linear regression model adjusted for sex, age, and total intracranial volume or APOE ε4 while considering familial relatedness. We also performed gene-level analysis for common and gene burden analysis for rare variants. Heritability and genetic correlation were examined further. RESULTS A total of 1,261 participants from a Chinese community cohort were included and we identified 1 gene, PTPRT, for HV, with the top significant SNPs by whole genome-wide association study (GWAS). rs6030076 (p = 5.48 × 10-8, β = -0.092, SE 0.017) from WES and rs6030088 (p = 8.24 × 10-9, β = -105.22, SE 18.09) from SNP array data were both located in this gene. Gene burden analysis based on rare mutations detected 6 genes to be significantly associated with Aβ. The SNP-based heritability was 0.43 ± 0.13 for HV and 0.2-0.3 for plasma Aβ. The SNP-based genetic correlation between HV and plasma Aβ was negative. DISCUSSION In this study, we identified several SNPs and 1 gene, PTPRT, which were not reported in previous GWAS, associated with HV. The heritability and the genetic correlation gave an overview of HV and plasma Aβ. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms behind the individual variances in these endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuang Yang
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wan
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ding-Ding Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Dai
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Ang Pan
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-Fei Zhai
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Han
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xin Zhou
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ni
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Yao
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jin
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ying Cui
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yang Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Zhu
- From the Department of Neurology (X.-Z.Y., M.-Y.W., D.-D.Z., Y.D., Z.-A.P., F.-F.Z., F.H., J.-Y.L., L.-X.Z., J.N., M.Y., L.-Y.C., Y.-C.Z.), Medical Research Center (X.-Z.Y., D.-D.Z.), and Departments of Radiology (Z.-Y.J.) and Cardiology (S.-Y.Z.), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Kim P, Park J, Lee DJ, Mizuno S, Shinohara M, Hong CP, Jeong Y, Yun R, Park H, Park S, Yang KM, Lee MJ, Jang SP, Kim HY, Lee SJ, Song SU, Park KS, Tanaka M, Ohshima H, Cho JW, Sugiyama F, Takahashi S, Jung HS, Kim SJ. Mast4 determines the cell fate of MSCs for bone and cartilage development. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3960. [PMID: 35803931 PMCID: PMC9270402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) differentiation into different lineages is precisely controlled by signaling pathways. Given that protein kinases play a crucial role in signal transduction, here we show that Microtubule Associated Serine/Threonine Kinase Family Member 4 (Mast4) serves as an important mediator of TGF-β and Wnt signal transduction in regulating chondro-osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Suppression of Mast4 by TGF-β1 led to increased Sox9 stability by blocking Mast4-induced Sox9 serine 494 phosphorylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation, ultimately enhancing chondrogenesis of MSCs. On the other hand, Mast4 protein, which stability was enhanced by Wnt-mediated inhibition of GSK-3β and subsequent Smurf1 recruitment, promoted β-catenin nuclear localization and Runx2 activity, increasing osteogenesis of MSCs. Consistently, Mast4-/- mice demonstrated excessive cartilage synthesis, while exhibiting osteoporotic phenotype. Interestingly, Mast4 depletion in MSCs facilitated cartilage formation and regeneration in vivo. Altogether, our findings uncover essential roles of Mast4 in determining the fate of MSC development into cartilage or bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyunggang Kim
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, 463-400, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Jinah Park
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
- Amoris Bio Inc, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinohara
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan
| | | | - Yealeen Jeong
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Rebecca Yun
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Hyeyeon Park
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Sujin Park
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | | | - Min-Jung Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | | | - Hyun-Yi Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- NGeneS Inc., Ansan-si, 15495, Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sun U Song
- Research Institute, SCM Lifescience Inc., Incheon, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, 463-400, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Mikako Tanaka
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
- Division of Dental Laboratory Technology, Meirin College, Niigata, 950-2086, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Systems Biology and Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea.
- Medpacto Inc., Seoul, 06668, Korea.
- TheragenEtex Co., Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
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Hansell NK, Strike LT, van Eijk L, O'Callaghan V, Martin NG, de Zubicaray GI, Thompson PM, McMahon KL, Wright MJ. Genetic Specificity of Hippocampal Subfield Volumes, Relative to Hippocampal Formation, Identified in 2148 Young Adult Twins and Siblings. Twin Res Hum Genet 2022;:1-11. [PMID: 35791873 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a complex brain structure with key roles in cognitive and emotional processing and with subregion abnormalities associated with a range of disorders and psychopathologies. Here we combine data from two large independent young adult twin/sibling cohorts to obtain the most accurate estimates to date of genetic covariation between hippocampal subfield volumes and the hippocampus as a single volume. The combined sample included 2148 individuals, comprising 1073 individuals from 627 families (mean age = 22.3 years) from the Queensland Twin IMaging (QTIM) Study, and 1075 individuals from 454 families (mean age = 28.8 years) from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). Hippocampal subfields were segmented using FreeSurfer version 6.0 (CA4 and dentate gyrus were phenotypically and genetically indistinguishable and were summed to a single volume). Multivariate twin modeling was conducted in OpenMx to decompose variance into genetic and environmental sources. Bivariate analyses of hippocampal formation and each subfield volume showed that 10%-72% of subfield genetic variance was independent of the hippocampal formation, with greatest specificity found for the smaller volumes; for example, CA2/3 with 42% of genetic variance being independent of the hippocampus; fissure (63%); fimbria (72%); hippocampus-amygdala transition area (41%); parasubiculum (62%). In terms of genetic influence, whole hippocampal volume is a good proxy for the largest hippocampal subfields, but a poor substitute for the smaller subfields. Additive genetic sources accounted for 49%-77% of total variance for each of the subfields in the combined sample multivariate analysis. In addition, the multivariate analyses were sufficiently powered to identify common environmental influences (replicated in QTIM and HCP for the molecular layer and CA4/dentate gyrus, and accounting for 7%-16% of total variance for 8 of 10 subfields in the combined sample). This provides the clearest indication yet from a twin study that factors such as home environment may influence hippocampal volumes (albeit, with caveats).
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Bahrami S, Nordengen K, Shadrin AA, Frei O, van der Meer D, Dale AM, Westlye LT, Andreassen OA, Kaufmann T. Distributed genetic architecture across the hippocampal formation implies common neuropathology across brain disorders. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3436. [PMID: 35705537 PMCID: PMC9200849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its major role in complex human functions across the lifespan, most notably navigation, learning and memory, much of the genetic architecture of the hippocampal formation is currently unexplored. Here, through multivariate genome-wide association analysis in volumetric data from 35,411 white British individuals, we reveal 177 unique genetic loci with distributed associations across the hippocampal formation. We identify genetic overlap with eight brain disorders with typical onset at different stages of life, where common genes suggest partly age- and disorder-independent mechanisms underlying hippocampal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Bahrami
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kaja Nordengen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexey A Shadrin
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Luo J, le Cessie S, Blauw GJ, Franceschi C, Noordam R, van Heemst D. Systemic inflammatory markers in relation to cognitive function and measures of brain atrophy: a Mendelian randomization study. GeroScience 2022. [PMID: 35689786 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have implied associations between multiple cytokines and cognitive decline, anti-inflammatory drugs however did not yield any protective effects on cognitive decline. We aimed to assess the associations of systemic inflammation, as measured by multiple cytokine and growth factor, with cognitive performance and brain atrophy using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Independent genetic instruments (p < 5e − 8 and p < 5e − 6) for 41 systemic inflammatory markers were retrieved from a genome-wide association study conducted in 8293 Finnish participants. Summary statistics for gene-outcome associations were obtained for cognitive performance (N = 257,841) and for brain atrophy measures of cerebral cortical surface area and thickness (N = 51,665) and hippocampal volume (N = 33,536). To rule out the heterogeneity in the cognitive performance, we additionally included three domains: the fluid intelligence score (N = 108,818), prospective memory result (N = 111,099), and reaction time (N = 330,069). Main results were computed by inverse-variance weighting; sensitivity analyses taking pleiotropy and invalid instruments into account were performed by using weighted-median estimator, MR-Egger, and MR PRESSO. After correcting for multiple testing using false discovery rate, only genetically predicted (with p < 5e − 6 threshold) per-SD (standard deviation) higher IL-8 was associated with − 0.103 (− 0.155, − 0.051, padjusted = 0.004) mm3 smaller hippocampal volume and higher intelligence fluid score [β: 0.103 SD (95% CI: 0.042, 0.165), padjusted = 0.041]. Sensitivity analyses generally showed similar results, and no pleiotropic effect, heterogeneity, or possible reverse causation was detected. Our results suggested a possible causal association of high IL-8 levels with better cognitive performance but smaller hippocampal volume among the general healthy population, highlighting the complex role of inflammation in dementia-related phenotypes. Further research is needed to elucidate mechanisms underlying these associations.
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47
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Wang G, Wu W, Xu Y, Yang Z, Xiao B, Long L. Imaging Genetics in Epilepsy: Current Knowledge and New Perspectives. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:891621. [PMID: 35706428 PMCID: PMC9189397 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.891621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological network disease with genetics playing a much greater role than was previously appreciated. Unfortunately, the relationship between genetic basis and imaging phenotype is by no means simple. Imaging genetics integrates multidimensional datasets within a unified framework, providing a unique opportunity to pursue a global vision for epilepsy. This review delineates the current knowledge of underlying genetic mechanisms for brain networks in different epilepsy syndromes, particularly from a neural developmental perspective. Further, endophenotypes and their potential value are discussed. Finally, we highlight current challenges and provide perspectives for the future development of imaging genetics in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuanyi Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Long
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De Stefano N, Battaglini M, Pareto D, Cortese R, Zhang J, Oesingmann N, Prados F, Rocca MA, Valsasina P, Vrenken H, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Filippi M, Barkhof F, Rovira À. MAGNIMS recommendations for harmonization of MRI data in MS multicenter studies. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:102972. [PMID: 35245791 PMCID: PMC8892169 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sharing data from cooperative studies is essential to develop new biomarkers in MS. Differences in MRI acquisition, analysis, storage represent a substantial constraint. We review the state of the art and developments in the harmonization of MRI. We provide recommendations to harmonize large MRI datasets in the MS field.
There is an increasing need of sharing harmonized data from large, cooperative studies as this is essential to develop new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In the field of multiple sclerosis (MS), the issue has become of paramount importance due to the need to translate into the clinical setting some of the most recent MRI achievements. However, differences in MRI acquisition parameters, image analysis and data storage across sites, with their potential bias, represent a substantial constraint. This review focuses on the state of the art, recent technical advances, and desirable future developments of the harmonization of acquisition, analysis and storage of large-scale multicentre MRI data of MS cohorts. Huge efforts are currently being made to achieve all the requirements needed to provide harmonized MRI datasets in the MS field, as proper management of large imaging datasets is one of our greatest opportunities and challenges in the coming years. Recommendations based on these achievements will be provided here. Despite the advances that have been made, the complexity of these tasks requires further research by specialized academical centres, with dedicated technical and human resources. Such collective efforts involving different professional figures are of crucial importance to offer to MS patients a personalised management while minimizing consumption of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Marco Battaglini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Cortese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Ferran Prados
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Center for Medical Imaging Computing, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom; e-Health Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Hugo Vrenken
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Brain MRI 3T Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, and Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit, and Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Center for Medical Imaging Computing, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom; Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Àlex Rovira
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Zavaliangos‐Petropulu A, Lo B, Donnelly MR, Schweighofer N, Lohse K, Jahanshad N, Barisano G, Banaj N, Borich MR, Boyd LA, Buetefisch CM, Byblow WD, Cassidy JM, Charalambous CC, Conforto AB, DiCarlo JA, Dula AN, Egorova‐Brumley N, Etherton MR, Feng W, Fercho KA, Geranmayeh F, Hanlon CA, Hayward KS, Hordacre B, Kautz SA, Khlif MS, Kim H, Kuceyeski A, Lin DJ, Liu J, Lotze M, MacIntosh BJ, Margetis JL, Mohamed FB, Piras F, Ramos‐Murguialday A, Revill KP, Roberts PS, Robertson AD, Schambra HM, Seo NJ, Shiroishi MS, Stinear CM, Soekadar SR, Spalletta G, Taga M, Tang WK, Thielman GT, Vecchio D, Ward NS, Westlye LT, Werden E, Winstein C, Wittenberg GF, Wolf SL, Wong KA, Yu C, Brodtmann A, Cramer SC, Thompson PM, Liew S. Chronic Stroke Sensorimotor Impairment Is Related to Smaller Hippocampal Volumes: An ENIGMA Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025109. [PMID: 35574963 PMCID: PMC9238563 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.025109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Persistent sensorimotor impairments after stroke can negatively impact quality of life. The hippocampus is vulnerable to poststroke secondary degeneration and is involved in sensorimotor behavior but has not been widely studied within the context of poststroke upper-limb sensorimotor impairment. We investigated associations between non-lesioned hippocampal volume and upper limb sensorimotor impairment in people with chronic stroke, hypothesizing that smaller ipsilesional hippocampal volumes would be associated with greater sensorimotor impairment. Methods and Results Cross-sectional T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of the brain were pooled from 357 participants with chronic stroke from 18 research cohorts of the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuoImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Stroke Recovery Working Group. Sensorimotor impairment was estimated from the FMA-UE (Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity). Robust mixed-effects linear models were used to test associations between poststroke sensorimotor impairment and hippocampal volumes (ipsilesional and contralesional separately; Bonferroni-corrected, P<0.025), controlling for age, sex, lesion volume, and lesioned hemisphere. In exploratory analyses, we tested for a sensorimotor impairment and sex interaction and relationships between lesion volume, sensorimotor damage, and hippocampal volume. Greater sensorimotor impairment was significantly associated with ipsilesional (P=0.005; β=0.16) but not contralesional (P=0.96; β=0.003) hippocampal volume, independent of lesion volume and other covariates (P=0.001; β=0.26). Women showed progressively worsening sensorimotor impairment with smaller ipsilesional (P=0.008; β=-0.26) and contralesional (P=0.006; β=-0.27) hippocampal volumes compared with men. Hippocampal volume was associated with lesion size (P<0.001; β=-0.21) and extent of sensorimotor damage (P=0.003; β=-0.15). Conclusions The present study identifies novel associations between chronic poststroke sensorimotor impairment and ipsilesional hippocampal volume that are not caused by lesion size and may be stronger in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Zavaliangos‐Petropulu
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Bethany Lo
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Miranda R. Donnelly
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Nicolas Schweighofer
- Biokinesiology and Physical TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Keith Lohse
- Physical Therapy and NeurologyWashington University School of Medicine in Saint LouisMO
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Giuseppe Barisano
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of NeuropsychiatryIRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRomeItaly
| | - Michael R. Borich
- Division of Physical TherapyDepartment of Rehabilitation MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Lara A. Boyd
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | | | - Winston D. Byblow
- Department of Exercise Sciences, and Centre for Brain ResearchUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jessica M. Cassidy
- Department of Allied Health SciencesUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillNC
| | - Charalambos C. Charalambous
- Department of Basic and Clinical SciencesUniversity of Nicosia Medical SchoolNicosiaCyprus
- Center for Neuroscience and Integrative Brain Research (CENIBRE)NicosiaCyprus
| | - Adriana B. Conforto
- Hospital das ClínicasSão Paulo UniversitySão PauloBrazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloBrazil
| | - Julie A. DiCarlo
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR)Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMA
| | - Adrienne N. Dula
- Department of NeurologyDell Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas at AustinTX
| | | | - Mark R. Etherton
- Department of NeurologyJ. Philip Kistler Stroke Research CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA
| | - Wuwei Feng
- Department of NeurologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC
| | - Kelene A. Fercho
- Basic Biomedical SciencesUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSD
- Federal Aviation AdministrationCivil Aerospace Medical InstituteOklahoma CityOK
| | | | | | - Kathryn S. Hayward
- Departments of Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of MelbourneHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Brenton Hordacre
- Innovation, Implementation and Clinical Translation (IIMPACT) in HealthAllied Health and Human PerformanceUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Steven A. Kautz
- Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCharlestonSC
- Department of Health Sciences & ResearchMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC
| | - Mohamed Salah Khlif
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hosung Kim
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of RadiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNY
| | - David J. Lin
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (CNTR)Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMA
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of RadiologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Martin Lotze
- Functional ImagingInstitute for Diagnostic Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGermany
| | - Bradley J. MacIntosh
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - John L. Margetis
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Feroze B. Mohamed
- Department of RadiologyJefferson Integrated MR CenterThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of NeuropsychiatryIRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRomeItaly
| | - Ander Ramos‐Murguialday
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral NeurobiologyUniversity of TübingenGermany
- Health DivisionTECNALIASan SebastianSpain
| | | | - Pamela S. Roberts
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationCedars‐SinaiLos AngelesCA
| | - Andrew D. Robertson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health SciencesUniversity of WaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Heidi M. Schambra
- Departments of Neurology & Rehabilitation MedicineNYU LangoneNew YorkNY
| | - Na Jin Seo
- Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCharlestonSC
- Department of Rehabilitation SciencesDepartment of Health Science and ResearchMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC
| | - Mark S. Shiroishi
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Department of RadiologyKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | | | - Surjo R. Soekadar
- Clinical Neurotechnology LaboratoryDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurosciences (CCM)Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Myriam Taga
- NYU Langone Department of NeurologyNew YorkNY
| | - Wai Kwong Tang
- Department of PsychiatryThe Chinese University of Hong KongChina
| | - Gregory T. Thielman
- Department of Physical Therapy and NeuroscienceUniversity of the SciencesPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Laboratory of NeuropsychiatryIRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRomeItaly
| | - Nick S. Ward
- University College London Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloNorway
- Department of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Emilio Werden
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
- Melbourne Dementia Research CenterUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Carolee Winstein
- Biokinesiology and Physical TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - George F. Wittenberg
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPA
- Department of Veterans AffairsGeriatrics Research Educational & Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System (VAPHS)PittsburghPA
| | - Steven L. Wolf
- Division of Physical TherapyDepartment of Rehabilitation MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
- Department of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Kristin A. Wong
- Department of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationDell Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas at AustinTX
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of RadiologyTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Steven C. Cramer
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California Los AngelesDavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
- California Rehabilitation HospitalLos AngelesCA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Sook‐Lei Liew
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Biokinesiology and Physical TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
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Brouwer RM, Klein M, Grasby KL, Schnack HG, Jahanshad N, Teeuw J, Thomopoulos SI, Sprooten E, Franz CE, Gogtay N, Kremen WS, Panizzon MS, Olde Loohuis LM, Whelan CD, Aghajani M, Alloza C, Alnæs D, Artiges E, Ayesa-Arriola R, Barker GJ, Bastin ME, Blok E, Bøen E, Breukelaar IA, Bright JK, Buimer EEL, Bülow R, Cannon DM, Ciufolini S, Crossley NA, Damatac CG, Dazzan P, de Mol CL, de Zwarte SMC, Desrivières S, Díaz-Caneja CM, Doan NT, Dohm K, Fröhner JH, Goltermann J, Grigis A, Grotegerd D, Han LKM, Harris MA, Hartman CA, Heany SJ, Heindel W, Heslenfeld DJ, Hohmann S, Ittermann B, Jansen PR, Janssen J, Jia T, Jiang J, Jockwitz C, Karali T, Keeser D, Koevoets MGJC, Lenroot RK, Malchow B, Mandl RCW, Medel V, Meinert S, Morgan CA, Mühleisen TW, Nabulsi L, Opel N, de la Foz VOG, Overs BJ, Paillère Martinot ML, Redlich R, Marques TR, Repple J, Roberts G, Roshchupkin GV, Setiaman N, Shumskaya E, Stein F, Sudre G, Takahashi S, Thalamuthu A, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, van der Lugt A, van Haren NEM, Wardlaw JM, Wen W, Westeneng HJ, Wittfeld K, Zhu AH, Zugman A, Armstrong NJ, Bonfiglio G, Bralten J, Dalvie S, Davies G, Di Forti M, Ding L, Donohoe G, Forstner AJ, Gonzalez-Peñas J, Guimaraes JPOFT, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Knol MJ, Kwok JBJ, Le Hellard S, Mather KA, Milaneschi Y, Morris DW, Nöthen MM, Papiol S, Rietschel M, Santoro ML, Steen VM, Stein JL, Streit F, Tankard RM, Teumer A, van 't Ent D, van der Meer D, van Eijk KR, Vassos E, Vázquez-Bourgon J, Witt SH, Adams HHH, Agartz I, Ames D, Amunts K, Andreassen OA, Arango C, Banaschewski T, Baune BT, Belangero SI, Bokde ALW, Boomsma DI, Bressan RA, Brodaty H, Buitelaar JK, Cahn W, Caspers S, Cichon S, Crespo-Facorro B, Cox SR, Dannlowski U, Elvsåshagen T, Espeseth T, Falkai PG, Fisher SE, Flor H, Fullerton JM, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Grabe HJ, Hahn T, Heinz A, Hillegers M, Hoare J, Hoekstra PJ, Ikram MA, Jackowski AP, Jansen A, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kircher T, Korgaonkar MS, Krug A, Lemaitre H, Malt UF, Martinot JL, McDonald C, Mitchell PB, Muetzel RL, Murray RM, Nees F, Nenadić I, Oosterlaan J, Ophoff RA, Pan PM, Penninx BWJH, Poustka L, Sachdev PS, Salum GA, Schofield PR, Schumann G, Shaw P, Sim K, Smolka MN, Stein DJ, Trollor JN, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Walter H, Westlye LT, Whelan R, White T, Wright MJ, Medland SE, Franke B, Thompson PM, Hulshoff Pol HE. Genetic variants associated with longitudinal changes in brain structure across the lifespan. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:421-432. [PMID: 35383335 PMCID: PMC10040206 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human brain structure changes throughout the lifespan. Altered brain growth or rates of decline are implicated in a vast range of psychiatric, developmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we identified common genetic variants that affect rates of brain growth or atrophy in what is, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of changes in brain morphology across the lifespan. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging data from 15,640 individuals were used to compute rates of change for 15 brain structures. The most robustly identified genes GPR139, DACH1 and APOE are associated with metabolic processes. We demonstrate global genetic overlap with depression, schizophrenia, cognitive functioning, insomnia, height, body mass index and smoking. Gene set findings implicate both early brain development and neurodegenerative processes in the rates of brain changes. Identifying variants involved in structural brain changes may help to determine biological pathways underlying optimal and dysfunctional brain development and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina L Grasby
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Jalmar Teeuw
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nitin Gogtay
- American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Moji Aghajani
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Education & Child Studies, Section Forensic Family & Youth Care, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Alloza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM U1299 Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 9010; Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elisabet Blok
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erlend Bøen
- Psychosomatic and CL Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabella A Breukelaar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanna K Bright
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E L Buimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicolas A Crossley
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christienne G Damatac
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Casper L de Mol
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja M C de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Katharina Dohm
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janik Goltermann
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura K M Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathew A Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Heany
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Walter Heindel
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Departments of Experimental and Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Philip R Jansen
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, VUmc, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence and MoE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Temmuz Karali
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Neurosciences (MCN) - Brain & Mind, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martijn G J C Koevoets
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rhoshel K Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - René C W Mandl
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vicente Medel
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catherine A Morgan
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leila Nabulsi
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nils Opel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM U1299 Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 9010; Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- APHP, Sorbonne Université, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Ronny Redlich
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikita Setiaman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shun Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Department of Radiology, IDIVAL, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
- Advanced Computing and e-Science, Instituto de Física de Cantabria (UC-CSIC), Santander, Spain
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Henk-Jan Westeneng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alyssa H Zhu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Andre Zugman
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gaia Bonfiglio
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gail Davies
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Linda Ding
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Peñas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joao P O F T Guimaraes
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B J Kwok
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergi Papiol
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcos L Santoro
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT Centre of Excellence, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics & UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rick M Tankard
- Mathematics and Statistics, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel R van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (HUMV), School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Ames
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sintia I Belangero
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Ame Sua Mente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht Science, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Seville, IBIS, Seville, Spain
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- NORMENT Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter G Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hans J Grabe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Manon Hillegers
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health, Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea P Jackowski
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core-Facility Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mayuresh S Korgaonkar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Unit for Psychosomatic Medicine and C-L Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM U1299 Trajectoires Développementales en Psychiatrie, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 9010; Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro M Pan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giovanni A Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- PONS Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, CCM, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Shaw
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dan J Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute for Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Whelan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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