1
|
Leonardsen EH, Persson K, Grødem E, Dinsdale N, Schellhorn T, Roe JM, Vidal-Piñeiro D, Sørensen Ø, Kaufmann T, Westman E, Marquand A, Selbæk G, Andreassen OA, Wolfers T, Westlye LT, Wang Y. Constructing personalized characterizations of structural brain aberrations in patients with dementia using explainable artificial intelligence. NPJ Digit Med 2024; 7:110. [PMID: 38698139 PMCID: PMC11066104 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-024-01123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep learning approaches for clinical predictions based on magnetic resonance imaging data have shown great promise as a translational technology for diagnosis and prognosis in neurological disorders, but its clinical impact has been limited. This is partially attributed to the opaqueness of deep learning models, causing insufficient understanding of what underlies their decisions. To overcome this, we trained convolutional neural networks on structural brain scans to differentiate dementia patients from healthy controls, and applied layerwise relevance propagation to procure individual-level explanations of the model predictions. Through extensive validations we demonstrate that deviations recognized by the model corroborate existing knowledge of structural brain aberrations in dementia. By employing the explainable dementia classifier in a longitudinal dataset of patients with mild cognitive impairment, we show that the spatially rich explanations complement the model prediction when forecasting transition to dementia and help characterize the biological manifestation of disease in the individual brain. Overall, our work exemplifies the clinical potential of explainable artificial intelligence in precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esten H Leonardsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Karin Persson
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Edvard Grødem
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence (CRAI) Unit, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicola Dinsdale
- Oxford Machine Learning in NeuroImaging (OMNI) Lab, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Till Schellhorn
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - James M Roe
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Tobias Kaufmann
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Geir Selbæk
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barkema P, Rutherford S, Lee HC, Kia SM, Savage H, Beckmann C, Marquand A. Predictive Clinical Neuroscience Portal (PCNportal): instant online access to research-grade normative models for clinical neuroscientists. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:326. [PMID: 37663797 PMCID: PMC10474337 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19591.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neurobiology of mental disorders remains poorly understood despite substantial scientific efforts, due to large clinical heterogeneity and to a lack of tools suitable to map individual variability. Normative modeling is one recently successful framework that can address these problems by comparing individuals to a reference population. The methodological underpinnings of normative modelling are, however, relatively complex and computationally expensive. Our research group has developed the python-based normative modelling package Predictive Clinical Neuroscience toolkit (PCNtoolkit) which provides access to many validated algorithms for normative modelling. PCNtoolkit has since proven to be a strong foundation for large scale normative modelling, but still requires significant computation power, time and technical expertise to develop. Methods To address these problems, we introduce PCNportal. PCNportal is an online platform integrated with PCNtoolkit that offers access to pre-trained research-grade normative models estimated on tens of thousands of participants, without the need for computation power or programming abilities. PCNportal is an easy-to-use web interface that is highly scalable to large user bases as necessary. Finally, we demonstrate how the resulting normalized deviation scores can be used in a clinical application through a schizophrenia classification task applied to cortical thickness and volumetric data from the longitudinal Northwestern University Schizophrenia Data and Software Tool (NUSDAST) dataset. Results At each longitudinal timepoint, the transferred normative models achieved a mean[std. dev.] explained variance of 9.4[8.8]%, 9.2[9.2]%, 5.6[7.4]% respectively in the control group and 4.7[5.5]%, 6.0[6.2]%, 4.2[6.9]% in the schizophrenia group. Diagnostic classifiers achieved AUC of 0.78, 0.76 and 0.71 respectively. Conclusions This replicates the utility of normative models for diagnostic classification of schizophrenia and showcases the use of PCNportal for clinical neuroimaging. By facilitating and speeding up research with high-quality normative models, this work contributes to research in inter-individual variability, clinical heterogeneity and precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Barkema
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saige Rutherford
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Hurng-Chun Lee
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Seyed Mostafa Kia
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Savage
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Beckmann
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Andre Marquand
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu J, Liu N, Polemiti E, Garcia-Mondragon L, Tang J, Liu X, Lett T, Yu L, Nöthen MM, Feng J, Yu C, Marquand A, Schumann G. Effects of urban living environments on mental health in adults. Nat Med 2023; 29:1456-1467. [PMID: 37322117 PMCID: PMC10287556 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Urban-living individuals are exposed to many environmental factors that may combine and interact to influence mental health. While individual factors of an urban environment have been investigated in isolation, no attempt has been made to model how complex, real-life exposure to living in the city relates to brain and mental health, and how this is moderated by genetic factors. Using the data of 156,075 participants from the UK Biobank, we carried out sparse canonical correlation analyses to investigate the relationships between urban environments and psychiatric symptoms. We found an environmental profile of social deprivation, air pollution, street network and urban land-use density that was positively correlated with an affective symptom group (r = 0.22, Pperm < 0.001), mediated by brain volume differences consistent with reward processing, and moderated by genes enriched for stress response, including CRHR1, explaining 2.01% of the variance in brain volume differences. Protective factors such as greenness and generous destination accessibility were negatively correlated with an anxiety symptom group (r = 0.10, Pperm < 0.001), mediated by brain regions necessary for emotion regulation and moderated by EXD3, explaining 1.65% of the variance. The third urban environmental profile was correlated with an emotional instability symptom group (r = 0.03, Pperm < 0.001). Our findings suggest that different environmental profiles of urban living may influence specific psychiatric symptom groups through distinct neurobiological pathways.
Collapse
Grants
- R01 DA049238 NIDA NIH HHS
- European Union-funded Horizon Europe project ‘environMENTAL’ (101057429 to G.S.), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant ‘STRATIFY’ (695313 to G.S.), the Human Brain Project (HBP SGA3, 945539 to G.S.), the National Institute of Health (NIH) (R01DA049238 to G.S.), the German Research Foundation (DFG) (COPE; 675346 to G.S.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82150710554 to G.S.),the Chinese National High-end Foreign Expert Recruitment Plan to G.S. and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to G.S.
- the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82001797 to J.X.),Tianjin Applied Basic Research Diversified Investment Foundation (21JCYBJC01360 to J.X.), Tianjin Health Technology Project (TJWJ2021QN002 to J.X.), Science&Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education (2019KJ195 to J.X.)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82202093)
- National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFE0209400), Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (2021Z11GHX002), the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility” (EarthLab)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82030053);National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1314301)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nana Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Elli Polemiti
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Charite Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jie Tang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tristram Lett
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Charite Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Andre Marquand
- Predictive Clinical Neuroscience Group at the Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Charite Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu B, Dallâ Aglio L, Flournoy J, Bortsova G, Tervo-Clemmens B, Collins P, de Bruijne M, Luciana M, Marquand A, Wang H, Tiemeier H, Muetzel RL. Multivariate brain-based dimensions of child psychiatric problems: degrees of generalizability. medRxiv 2023:2023.03.12.23287158. [PMID: 36993191 PMCID: PMC10055441 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.12.23287158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Multivariate machine learning techniques are a promising set of tools for identifying complex brain-behavior associations. However, failure to replicate results from these methods across samples has hampered their clinical relevance. This study aimed to delineate dimensions of brain functional connectivity that are associated with child psychiatric symptoms in two large and independent cohorts: the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study and the Generation R Study (total n =8,605). Using sparse canonical correlations analysis, we identified three brain-behavior dimensions in ABCD: attention problems, aggression and rule-breaking behaviors, and withdrawn behaviors. Importantly, out-of-sample generalizability of these dimensions was consistently observed in ABCD, suggesting robust multivariate brain-behavior associations. Despite this, out-of-study generalizability in Generation R was limited. These results highlight that the degree of generalizability can vary depending on the external validation methods employed as well as the datasets used, emphasizing that biomarkers will remain elusive until models generalize better in true external settings.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bast N, Mason L, Ecker C, Baumeister S, Banaschewski T, Jones EJH, Murphy DGM, Buitelaar JK, Loth E, Pandina G, Freitag CM, Auyeung B, Banaschewski T, Baron-Cohen S, Bast N, Baumeister S, Beckmann CF, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Bours C, Brammer M, Brandeis D, Brogna C, de Bruijn Y, Buitelaar JK, Chakrabarti B, Charman T, Cornelissen I, Crawley D, Dell’Acqua F, Dumas G, Durston S, Ecker C, Faulkner J, Frouin V, Garcés P, Goyard D, Ham L, Hayward H, Hipp J, Holt R, Johnson M, Jones EJH, Kundu P, Lai MC, D’ardhuy XL, Lombardo MV, Loth E, Lythgoe DJ, Mandl R, Marquand A, Mason L, Mennes M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Murphy DGM, Oakley B, O’Dwyer L, Oldehinkel M, Oranje B, Pandina G, Persico AM, Ruggeri B, Ruigrok A, Sabet J, Sacco R, Cáceres ASJ, Simonoff E, Spooren W, Tillmann J, Toro R, Tost H, Waldman J, Williams SCR, Wooldridge C, Zwiers MP, Freitag CM. Sensory salience processing moderates attenuated gazes on faces in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study. Mol Autism 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 36759875 PMCID: PMC9912590 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attenuated social attention is a key marker of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent neuroimaging findings also emphasize an altered processing of sensory salience in ASD. The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC-NE) has been established as a modulator of this sensory salience processing (SSP). We tested the hypothesis that altered LC-NE functioning contributes to different SSP and results in diverging social attention in ASD. METHODS We analyzed the baseline eye-tracking data of the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) for subgroups of autistic participants (n = 166, age = 6-30 years, IQ = 61-138, gender [female/male] = 41/125) or neurotypical development (TD; n = 166, age = 6-30 years, IQ = 63-138, gender [female/male] = 49/117) that were matched for demographic variables and data quality. Participants watched brief movie scenes (k = 85) depicting humans in social situations (human) or without humans (non-human). SSP was estimated by gazes on physical and motion salience and a corresponding pupillary response that indexes phasic activity of the LC-NE. Social attention is estimated by gazes on faces via manual areas of interest definition. SSP is compared between groups and related to social attention by linear mixed models that consider temporal dynamics within scenes. Models are controlled for comorbid psychopathology, gaze behavior, and luminance. RESULTS We found no group differences in gazes on salience, whereas pupillary responses were associated with altered gazes on physical and motion salience. In ASD compared to TD, we observed pupillary responses that were higher for non-human scenes and lower for human scenes. In ASD, we observed lower gazes on faces across the duration of the scenes. Crucially, this different social attention was influenced by gazes on physical salience and moderated by pupillary responses. LIMITATIONS The naturalistic study design precluded experimental manipulations and stimulus control, while effect sizes were small to moderate. Covariate effects of age and IQ indicate that the findings differ between age and developmental subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Pupillary responses as a proxy of LC-NE phasic activity during visual attention are suggested to modulate sensory salience processing and contribute to attenuated social attention in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
| | - Luke Mason
- grid.4464.20000 0001 2161 2573Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Emily J. H. Jones
- grid.4464.20000 0001 2161 2573Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK
| | - Declan G. M. Murphy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, London, UK
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Loth
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, London, UK
| | - Gahan Pandina
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, 1125 Trenton Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | | | - Christine M. Freitag
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Looden T, Floris DL, Llera A, Chauvin RJ, Charman T, Banaschewski T, Murphy D, Marquand AF, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF, Ambrosino S, Auyeung B, Banaschewski T, Baron-Cohen S, Baumeister S, Beckmann CF, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Bours C, Brammer M, Brandeis D, Brogna C, de Bruijn Y, Buitelaar JK, Chakrabarti B, Charman T, Cornelissen I, Crawley D, Acqua FD, Dumas G, Durston S, Ecker C, Faulkner J, Frouin V, Garcés P, Goyard D, Ham L, Hayward H, Hipp J, Holt R, Johnson MH, Jones EJH, Kundu P, Lai MC, D’ardhuy XL, Lombardo MV, Loth E, Lythgoe DJ, Mandl R, Marquand A, Mason L, Mennes M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Mueller N, Murphy DGM, Oakley B, O’Dwyer L, Oldehinkel M, Oranje B, Pandina G, Persico AM, Rausch A, Ruggeri B, Ruigrok A, Sabet J, Sacco R, Cáceres ASJ, Simonoff E, Spooren W, Tillmann J, Toro R, Tost H, Waldman J, Williams SCR, Wooldridge C, Ilioska I, Mei T, Zwiers MP. Patterns of connectome variability in autism across five functional activation tasks: findings from the LEAP project. Mol Autism 2022; 13:53. [PMID: 36575450 PMCID: PMC9793684 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (autism) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with pronounced behavioral, cognitive, and neural heterogeneities across individuals. Here, our goal was to characterize heterogeneity in autism by identifying patterns of neural diversity as reflected in BOLD fMRI in the way individuals with autism engage with a varied array of cognitive tasks. METHODS All analyses were based on the EU-AIMS/AIMS-2-TRIALS multisite Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) with participants with autism (n = 282) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 221) between 6 and 30 years of age. We employed a novel task potency approach which combines the unique aspects of both resting state fMRI and task-fMRI to quantify task-induced variations in the functional connectome. Normative modelling was used to map atypicality of features on an individual basis with respect to their distribution in neurotypical control participants. We applied robust out-of-sample canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to relate connectome data to behavioral data. RESULTS Deviation from the normative ranges of global functional connectivity was greater for individuals with autism compared to TD in each fMRI task paradigm (all tasks p < 0.001). The similarity across individuals of the deviation pattern was significantly increased in autistic relative to TD individuals (p < 0.002). The CCA identified significant and robust brain-behavior covariation between functional connectivity atypicality and autism-related behavioral features. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with autism engage with tasks in a globally atypical way, but the particular spatial pattern of this atypicality is nevertheless similar across tasks. Atypicalities in the tasks originate mostly from prefrontal cortex and default mode network regions, but also speech and auditory networks. We show how sophisticated modeling methods such as task potency and normative modeling can be used toward unravelling complex heterogeneous conditions like autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Looden
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Llera
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roselyne J Chauvin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andre F Marquand
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bayer JMM, Dinga R, Kia SM, Kottaram AR, Wolfers T, Lv J, Zalesky A, Schmaal L, Marquand A. Accommodating site variation in neuroimaging data using normative and hierarchical Bayesian models. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119699. [PMID: 36272672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of normative modeling to make individualized predictions from neuroimaging data has enabled inferences that go beyond the case-control approach. However, site effects are often confounded with variables of interest in a complex manner and can bias estimates of normative models, which has impeded the application of normative models to large multi-site neuroimaging data sets. In this study, we suggest accommodating for these site effects by including them as random effects in a hierarchical Bayesian model. We compared the performance of a linear and a non-linear hierarchical Bayesian model in modeling the effect of age on cortical thickness. We used data of 570 healthy individuals from the ABIDE (autism brain imaging data exchange) data set in our experiments. In addition, we used data from individuals with autism to test whether our models are able to retain clinically useful information while removing site effects. We compared the proposed single stage hierarchical Bayesian method to several harmonization techniques commonly used to deal with additive and multiplicative site effects using a two stage regression, including regressing out site and harmonizing for site with ComBat, both with and without explicitly preserving variance caused by age and sex as biological variation of interest, and with a non-linear version of ComBat. In addition, we made predictions from raw data, in which site has not been accommodated for. The proposed hierarchical Bayesian method showed the best predictive performance according to multiple metrics. Beyond that, the resulting z-scores showed little to no residual site effects, yet still retained clinically useful information. In contrast, performance was particularly poor for the regression model and the ComBat model in which age and sex were not explicitly modeled. In all two stage harmonization models, predictions were poorly scaled, suffering from a loss of more than 90% of the original variance. Our results show the value of hierarchical Bayesian regression methods for accommodating site variation in neuroimaging data, which provides an alternative to harmonization techniques. While the approach we propose may have broad utility, our approach is particularly well suited to normative modeling where the primary interest is in accurate modeling of inter-subject variation and statistical quantification of deviations from a reference model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M M Bayer
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Richard Dinga
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Seyed Mostafa Kia
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Akhil R Kottaram
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jinglei Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andre Marquand
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bayer JMM, Dinga R, Kia SM, Kottaram AR, Wolfers T, Lv J, Zalesky A, Schmaal L, Marquand A. Accommodating site variation in neuroimaging data using normative and hierarchical Bayesian models. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119699. [PMID: 36272672 PMCID: PMC7614761 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.09.430363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of normative modeling to make individualized predictions from neuroimaging data has enabled inferences that go beyond the case-control approach. However, site effects are often confounded with variables of interest in a complex manner and can bias estimates of normative models, which has impeded the application of normative models to large multi-site neuroimaging data sets. In this study, we suggest accommodating for these site effects by including them as random effects in a hierarchical Bayesian model. We compared the performance of a linear and a non-linear hierarchical Bayesian model in modeling the effect of age on cortical thickness. We used data of 570 healthy individuals from the ABIDE (autism brain imaging data exchange) data set in our experiments. In addition, we used data from individuals with autism to test whether our models are able to retain clinically useful information while removing site effects. We compared the proposed single stage hierarchical Bayesian method to several harmonization techniques commonly used to deal with additive and multiplicative site effects using a two stage regression, including regressing out site and harmonizing for site with ComBat, both with and without explicitly preserving variance caused by age and sex as biological variation of interest, and with a non-linear version of ComBat. In addition, we made predictions from raw data, in which site has not been accommodated for. The proposed hierarchical Bayesian method showed the best predictive performance according to multiple metrics. Beyond that, the resulting z-scores showed little to no residual site effects, yet still retained clinically useful information. In contrast, performance was particularly poor for the regression model and the ComBat model in which age and sex were not explicitly modeled. In all two stage harmonization models, predictions were poorly scaled, suffering from a loss of more than 90% of the original variance. Our results show the value of hierarchical Bayesian regression methods for accommodating site variation in neuroimaging data, which provides an alternative to harmonization techniques. While the approach we propose may have broad utility, our approach is particularly well suited to normative modeling where the primary interest is in accurate modeling of inter-subject variation and statistical quantification of deviations from a reference model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M M Bayer
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Richard Dinga
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Seyed Mostafa Kia
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Akhil R Kottaram
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jinglei Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andre Marquand
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bayer JMM, Thompson PM, Ching CRK, Liu M, Chen A, Panzenhagen AC, Jahanshad N, Marquand A, Schmaal L, Sämann PG. Site effects how-to and when: An overview of retrospective techniques to accommodate site effects in multi-site neuroimaging analyses. Front Neurol 2022; 13:923988. [PMID: 36388214 PMCID: PMC9661923 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.923988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Site differences, or systematic differences in feature distributions across multiple data-acquisition sites, are a known source of heterogeneity that may adversely affect large-scale meta- and mega-analyses of independently collected neuroimaging data. They influence nearly all multi-site imaging modalities and biomarkers, and methods to compensate for them can improve reliability and generalizability in the analysis of genetics, omics, and clinical data. The origins of statistical site effects are complex and involve both technical differences (scanner vendor, head coil, acquisition parameters, imaging processing) and differences in sample characteristics (inclusion/exclusion criteria, sample size, ancestry) between sites. In an age of expanding international consortium research, there is a growing need to disentangle technical site effects from sample characteristics of interest. Numerous statistical and machine learning methods have been developed to control for, model, or attenuate site effects - yet to date, no comprehensive review has discussed the benefits and drawbacks of each for different use cases. Here, we provide an overview of the different existing statistical and machine learning methods developed to remove unwanted site effects from independently collected neuroimaging samples. We focus on linear mixed effect models, the ComBat technique and its variants, adjustments based on image quality metrics, normative modeling, and deep learning approaches such as generative adversarial networks. For each method, we outline the statistical foundation and summarize strengths and weaknesses, including their assumptions and conditions of use. We provide information on software availability and comment on the ease of use and the applicability of these methods to different types of data. We discuss validation and comparative reports, mention caveats and provide guidance on when to use each method, depending on context and specific research questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. M. Bayer
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Mengting Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Andrew Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alana C. Panzenhagen
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Laboratory of Brain eScience, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, United States
| | - Andre Marquand
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ecker C, Pretzsch CM, Bletsch A, Mann C, Schaefer T, Ambrosino S, Tillmann J, Yousaf A, Chiocchetti A, Lombardo MV, Warrier V, Bast N, Moessnang C, Baumeister S, Dell'Acqua F, Floris DL, Zabihi M, Marquand A, Cliquet F, Leblond C, Moreau C, Puts N, Banaschewski T, Jones EJH, Mason L, Bölte S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Persico AM, Durston S, Baron-Cohen S, Spooren W, Loth E, Freitag CM, Charman T, Dumas G, Bourgeron T, Beckmann CF, Buitelaar JK, Murphy DGM. Interindividual Differences in Cortical Thickness and Their Genomic Underpinnings in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:242-254. [PMID: 34503340 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is accompanied by highly individualized neuroanatomical deviations that potentially map onto distinct genotypes and clinical phenotypes. This study aimed to link differences in brain anatomy to specific biological pathways to pave the way toward targeted therapeutic interventions. METHODS The authors examined neurodevelopmental differences in cortical thickness and their genomic underpinnings in a large and clinically diverse sample of 360 individuals with ASD and 279 typically developing control subjects (ages 6-30 years) within the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP). The authors also examined neurodevelopmental differences and their potential pathophysiological mechanisms between clinical ASD subgroups that differed in the severity and pattern of sensory features. RESULTS In addition to significant between-group differences in "core" ASD brain regions (i.e., fronto-temporal and cingulate regions), individuals with ASD manifested as neuroanatomical outliers within the neurotypical cortical thickness range in a wider neural system, which was enriched for genes known to be implicated in ASD on the genetic and/or transcriptomic level. Within these regions, the individuals' total (i.e., accumulated) degree of neuroanatomical atypicality was significantly correlated with higher polygenic scores for ASD and other psychiatric conditions, and it scaled with measures of symptom severity. Differences in cortical thickness deviations were also associated with distinct sensory subgroups, especially in brain regions expressing genes involved in excitatory rather than inhibitory neurotransmission. CONCLUSIONS The study findings corroborate the link between macroscopic differences in brain anatomy and the molecular mechanisms underpinning heterogeneity in ASD, and provide future targets for stratification and subtyping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Charlotte M Pretzsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Anke Bletsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Caroline Mann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Tim Schaefer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Afsheen Yousaf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Andreas Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Flavio Dell'Acqua
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Mariam Zabihi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Andre Marquand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Freddy Cliquet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Claire Leblond
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Clara Moreau
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Nick Puts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Emily J H Jones
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Luke Mason
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Will Spooren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Eva Loth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu J, Liu X, Li Q, Goldblatt R, Qin W, Liu F, Chu C, Luo Q, Ing A, Guo L, Liu N, Liu H, Huang C, Cheng J, Wang M, Geng Z, Zhu W, Zhang B, Liao W, Qiu S, Zhang H, Xu X, Yu Y, Gao B, Han T, Cui G, Chen F, Xian J, Li J, Zhang J, Zuo XN, Wang D, Shen W, Miao Y, Yuan F, Lui S, Zhang X, Xu K, Zhang L, Ye Z, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Lemaitre H, Paus T, Poustka L, Robinson L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Winterer J, Patrick K, Calhoun V, Li MJ, Liang M, Gong P, Barker ED, Clinton N, Marquand A, Yu L, Yu C, Schumann G. Global urbanicity is associated with brain and behaviour in young people. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:279-293. [PMID: 34711977 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urbanicity is a growing environmental challenge for mental health. Here, we investigate correlations of urbanicity with brain structure and function, neuropsychology and mental illness symptoms in young people from China and Europe (total n = 3,867). We developed a remote-sensing satellite measure (UrbanSat) to quantify population density at any point on Earth. UrbanSat estimates of urbanicity were correlated with brain volume, cortical surface area and brain network connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. UrbanSat was also associated with perspective-taking and depression symptoms, and this was mediated by neural variables. Urbanicity effects were greatest when urban exposure occurred in childhood for the cerebellum, and from childhood to adolescence for the prefrontal cortex. As UrbanSat can be generalized to different geographies, it may enable assessments of correlations of urbanicity with mental illness and resilience globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiaojun Li
- College of Information Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | | | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Congying Chu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Qiang Luo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alex Ing
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lining Guo
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Nana Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Huaigui Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Conghong Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meiyun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital and Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zuojun Geng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Radiology, Affliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province and Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Military Medical University of PLA Airforce (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiance Li
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanwei Miao
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Ye
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, INSERM U1299 "Trajectoires Développementales & Psychiatrie", Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 992 INSERM, CEA, Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay NeuroSpin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lauren Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeanne Winterer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Patrick
- Center for Wireless and Population Health Systems, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and Calit2's Qualcomm Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vince Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mulin Jun Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Peng Gong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Geography and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward D Barker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andre Marquand
- Predictive Clinical Neuroscience Group at the Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Le Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-Inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Charite Mental Health, Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CCM, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tavares V, Vassos E, Marquand A, Stone J, Valli I, Barker GJ, Ferreira H, Prata D. Prediction of transition to psychosis from an at-risk mental state using structural neuroimaging, genetic, and environmental data. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1086038. [PMID: 36741573 PMCID: PMC9892839 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1086038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychosis is usually preceded by a prodromal phase in which patients are clinically identified as being at in an "At Risk Mental State" (ARMS). A few studies have demonstrated the feasibility of predicting psychosis transition from an ARMS using structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data and machine learning (ML) methods. However, the reliability of these findings is unclear due to possible sampling bias. Moreover, the value of genetic and environmental data in predicting transition to psychosis from an ARMS is yet to be explored. METHODS In this study we aimed to predict transition to psychosis from an ARMS using a combination of ML, sMRI, genome-wide genotypes, and environmental risk factors as predictors, in a sample drawn from a pool of 246 ARMS subjects (60 of whom later transitioned to psychosis). First, the modality-specific values in predicting transition to psychosis were evaluated using several: (a) feature types; (b) feature manipulation strategies; (c) ML algorithms; (d) cross-validation strategies, as well as sample balancing and bootstrapping. Subsequently, the modalities whose at least 60% of the classification models showed an balanced accuracy (BAC) statistically better than chance level were included in a multimodal classification model. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results showed that none of the modalities alone, i.e., neuroimaging, genetic or environmental data, could predict psychosis from an ARMS statistically better than chance and, as such, no multimodal classification model was trained/tested. These results suggest that the value of structural MRI data and genome-wide genotypes in predicting psychosis from an ARMS, which has been fostered by previous evidence, should be reconsidered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Tavares
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health System Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - James Stone
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Valli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Ferreira
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana Prata
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Floris DL, Wolfers T, Zabihi M, Holz NE, Zwiers MP, Charman T, Tillmann J, Ecker C, Dell'Acqua F, Banaschewski T, Moessnang C, Baron-Cohen S, Holt R, Durston S, Loth E, Murphy DGM, Marquand A, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF. Atypical Brain Asymmetry in Autism-A Candidate for Clinically Meaningful Stratification. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2021; 6:802-812. [PMID: 33097470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder ("autism") is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with few effective treatments for core and associated features. To make progress we need to both identify and validate neural markers that help to parse heterogeneity to tailor therapies to specific neurobiological profiles. Atypical hemispheric lateralization is a stable feature across studies in autism, but its potential as a neural stratification marker has not been widely examined. METHODS In order to dissect heterogeneity in lateralization in autism, we used the large EU-AIMS (European Autism Interventions-A Multicentre Study for Developing New Medications) Longitudinal European Autism Project dataset comprising 352 individuals with autism and 233 neurotypical control subjects as well as a replication dataset from ABIDE (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange) (513 individuals with autism, 691 neurotypical subjects) using a promising approach that moves beyond mean group comparisons. We derived gray matter voxelwise laterality values for each subject and modeled individual deviations from the normative pattern of brain laterality across age using normative modeling. RESULTS Individuals with autism had highly individualized patterns of both extreme right- and leftward deviations, particularly in language, motor, and visuospatial regions, associated with symptom severity. Language delay explained most variance in extreme rightward patterns, whereas core autism symptom severity explained most variance in extreme leftward patterns. Follow-up analyses showed that a stepwise pattern emerged, with individuals with autism with language delay showing more pronounced rightward deviations than individuals with autism without language delay. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses corroborate the need for novel (dimensional) approaches to delineate the heterogeneous neuroanatomy in autism and indicate that atypical lateralization may constitute a neurophenotype for clinically meaningful stratification in autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea L Floris
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo Hospital and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mariam Zabihi
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie E Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Flavio Dell'Acqua
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Loth
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zabihi M, Floris DL, Kia SM, Wolfers T, Tillmann J, Arenas AL, Moessnang C, Banaschewski T, Holt R, Baron-Cohen S, Loth E, Charman T, Bourgeron T, Murphy D, Ecker C, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF, Marquand A. Fractionating autism based on neuroanatomical normative modeling. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:384. [PMID: 33159037 PMCID: PMC7648836 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with substantial phenotypic, biological, and etiologic heterogeneity. It remains a challenge to identify biomarkers to stratify autism into replicable cognitive or biological subtypes. Here, we aim to introduce a novel methodological framework for parsing neuroanatomical subtypes within a large cohort of individuals with autism. We used cortical thickness (CT) in a large and well-characterized sample of 316 participants with autism (88 female, age mean: 17.2 ± 5.7) and 206 with neurotypical development (79 female, age mean: 17.5 ± 6.1) aged 6-31 years across six sites from the EU-AIMS multi-center Longitudinal European Autism Project. Five biologically based putative subtypes were derived using normative modeling of CT and spectral clustering. Three of these clusters showed relatively widespread decreased CT and two showed relatively increased CT. These subtypes showed morphometric differences from one another, providing a potential explanation for inconsistent case-control findings in autism, and loaded differentially and more strongly onto symptoms and polygenic risk, indicating a dilution of clinical effects across heterogeneous cohorts. Our results provide an important step towards parsing the heterogeneous neurobiology of autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Zabihi
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dorothea L. Floris
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Seyed Mostafa Kia
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julian Tillmann
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Llera Arenas
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rosemary Holt
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva Loth
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Declan Murphy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.461871.d0000 0004 0624 8031Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F. Beckmann
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andre Marquand
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
O'Muircheartaigh J, Robinson EC, Pietsch M, Wolfers T, Aljabar P, Grande LC, Teixeira RPAG, Bozek J, Schuh A, Makropoulos A, Batalle D, Hutter J, Vecchiato K, Steinweg JK, Fitzgibbon S, Hughes E, Price AN, Marquand A, Reuckert D, Rutherford M, Hajnal JV, Counsell SJ, Edwards AD. Modelling brain development to detect white matter injury in term and preterm born neonates. Brain 2020; 143:467-479. [PMID: 31942938 PMCID: PMC7009541 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature birth occurs during a period of rapid brain growth. In this context, interpreting clinical neuroimaging can be complicated by the typical changes in brain contrast, size and gyrification occurring in the background to any pathology. To model and describe this evolving background in brain shape and contrast, we used a Bayesian regression technique, Gaussian process regression, adapted to multiple correlated outputs. Using MRI, we simultaneously estimated brain tissue intensity on T1- and T2-weighted scans as well as local tissue shape in a large cohort of 408 neonates scanned cross-sectionally across the perinatal period. The resulting model provided a continuous estimate of brain shape and intensity, appropriate to age at scan, degree of prematurity and sex. Next, we investigated the clinical utility of this model to detect focal white matter injury. In individual neonates, we calculated deviations of a neonate's observed MRI from that predicted by the model to detect punctate white matter lesions with very good accuracy (area under the curve > 0.95). To investigate longitudinal consistency of the model, we calculated model deviations in 46 neonates who were scanned on a second occasion. These infants' voxelwise deviations from the model could be used to identify them from the other 408 images in 83% (T2-weighted) and 76% (T1-weighted) of cases, indicating an anatomical fingerprint. Our approach provides accurate estimates of non-linear changes in brain tissue intensity and shape with clear potential for radiological use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Emma C Robinson
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maximillian Pietsch
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Aljabar
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lucilio Cordero Grande
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rui P A G Teixeira
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jelena Bozek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreas Schuh
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonios Makropoulos
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dafnis Batalle
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jana Hutter
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katy Vecchiato
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Johannes K Steinweg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sean Fitzgibbon
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emer Hughes
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anthony N Price
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Reuckert
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mary Rutherford
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Serena J Counsell
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - A David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ing A, Sämann PG, Chu C, Tay N, Biondo F, Robert G, Jia T, Wolfers T, Desrivières S, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod P, Fadai T, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Spechler PA, Gowland P, Grimmer Y, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Kappel V, Martinot JL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Millenet S, Nees F, van Noort B, Orfanos DP, Martinot MLP, Penttilä J, Poustka L, Quinlan EB, Smolka MN, Stringaris A, Struve M, Veer IM, Walter H, Whelan R, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Lemaitre H, Barker ED, Ashburner J, Binder E, Buitelaar J, Marquand A, Robbins TW, Schumann G. Identification of neurobehavioural symptom groups based on shared brain mechanisms. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:1306-1318. [PMID: 31591521 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most psychopathological disorders develop in adolescence. The biological basis for this development is poorly understood. To enhance diagnostic characterization and develop improved targeted interventions, it is critical to identify behavioural symptom groups that share neural substrates. We ran analyses to find relationships between behavioural symptoms and neuroimaging measures of brain structure and function in adolescence. We found two symptom groups, consisting of anxiety/depression and executive dysfunction symptoms, respectively, that correlated with distinct sets of brain regions and inter-regional connections, measured by structural and functional neuroimaging modalities. We found that the neural correlates of these symptom groups were present before behavioural symptoms had developed. These neural correlates showed case-control differences in corresponding psychiatric disorders, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in independent clinical samples. By characterizing behavioural symptom groups based on shared neural mechanisms, our results provide a framework for developing a classification system for psychiatric illness that is based on quantitative neurobehavioural measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ing
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Congying Chu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Biondo
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Robert
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Behaviour and Basal Ganglia Research Unit, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Philip A Spechler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Betteke van Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 Neuroimaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIgiteo-Labs, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Mood Brain and Development Unit, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 992 INSERM, CEA, Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edward D Barker
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Ashburner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Binder
- Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Njmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
- PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
- PONS Research Group, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- PONS Research Group, Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
- PONS Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Andrews DS, Avino TA, Gudbrandsen M, Daly E, Marquand A, Murphy CM, Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Ruigrok ANV, Williams SC, Bullmore ET, The Mrc Aims Consortium, Suckling J, Baron-Cohen S, Craig MC, Murphy DGM, Ecker C. In Vivo Evidence of Reduced Integrity of the Gray-White Matter Boundary in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:877-887. [PMID: 28057721 PMCID: PMC6093436 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical cortical organization and reduced integrity of the gray–white matter boundary have been reported by postmortem studies in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there are no in vivo studies that examine these particular features of cortical organization in ASD. Hence, we used structural magnetic resonance imaging to examine differences in tissue contrast between gray and white matter in 98 adults with ASD and 98 typically developing controls, to test the hypothesis that individuals with ASD have significantly reduced tissue contrast. More specifically, we examined contrast as a percentage between gray and white matter tissue signal intensities (GWPC) sampled at the gray–white matter boundary, and across different cortical layers. We found that individuals with ASD had significantly reduced GWPC in several clusters throughout the cortex (cluster, P < 0.05). As expected, these reductions were greatest when tissue intensities were sampled close to gray–white matter interface, which indicates a less distinct gray–white matter boundary in ASD. Our in vivo findings of reduced GWPC in ASD are therefore consistent with prior postmortem findings of a less well-defined gray–white matter boundary in ASD. Taken together, these results indicate that GWPC might be utilized as an in vivo proxy measure of atypical cortical microstructural organization in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Sayre Andrews
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Thomas A Avino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Eileen Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology & Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Amber N V Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven C Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - The Mrc Aims Consortium
- The Medical Research Council Autism Imaging Multicentre Study Consortium (MRC AIMS Consortium) is a UK collaboration between the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College, London, the Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, and the Autism Research Group, University of Oxford. The Consortium members in alphabetical order are as follows: Anthony J. Bailey (Oxford), Simon Baron-Cohen (Cambridge), Patrick F. Bolton (IoP), Edward T. Bullmore (Cambridge), Sarah Carrington (Oxford), Marco Catani (IoPPN), Bhismadev Chakrabarti (Cambridge), Michael C. Craig (IoPPN), Eileen M. Daly (IoPPN), Sean C.L. Deoni (IoPPN), Christine Ecker (IoPPN), Francesca Happé (IoPPN), Julian Henty (Cambridge), Peter Jezzard (Oxford), Patrick Johnston (IoPPN), Derek K. Jones (IoPPN), Meng-Chuan Lai (Cambridge), Michael V. Lombardo (Cambridge), Anya Madden (IoPPN), Diane Mullins (IoPPN), Clodagh M. Murphy (IoPPN), Declan G.M. Murphy (IoPPN), Greg Pasco (Cambridge), Amber N.V. Ruigrok (Cambridge), Susan A. Sadek (Cambridge), Debbie Spain (IoPPN), Rose Stewart (Oxford), John Suckling (Cambridge), Sally J. Wheelwright (Cambridge), Steven C. Williams (IoPPN), and C. Ellie Wilson (IoPPN)
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael C Craig
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Andrews DS, Marquand A, Ecker C, McAlonan G. Using Pattern Classification to Identify Brain Imaging Markers in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 40:413-436. [PMID: 29626339 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, as well as repetitive and restrictive behaviours. The etiological and phenotypic complexity of ASD has so far hindered the development of clinically useful biomarkers for the condition. Neuroimaging studies have been valuable in establishing a biological basis for ASD. Increasingly, neuroimaging has been combined with 'machine learning'-based pattern classification methods to make individual diagnostic predictions. Moving forward, the hope is that these techniques may not only facilitate the diagnostic process but may also aid in fractionating the ASD phenotype into more biologically homogeneous sub-groups, with defined pathophysiology, predictable outcomes and/or responses to targeted treatments and/or interventions. This review chapter will first introduce 'machine learning' and pattern recognition methods in general, with a focus on their application to diagnostic classification. It will highlight why such approaches to biomarker discovery may have advantages over more conventional analytical methods. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of atypical brain structure, function and connectivity in ASD will be briefly reviewed before we describe how pattern recognition has been applied to generate predictive models for ASD. Last, we will discuss some limitations and pitfalls of pattern recognition analyses in ASD and consider how the field can advance beyond the prediction of binary outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Sayre Andrews
- The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Grainne McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, The Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. .,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Adams HHH, Hibar DP, Chouraki V, Stein JL, Nyquist PA, Rentería ME, Trompet S, Arias-Vasquez A, Seshadri S, Desrivières S, Beecham AH, Jahanshad N, Wittfeld K, Van der Lee SJ, Abramovic L, Alhusaini S, Amin N, Andersson M, Arfanakis K, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Athanasiu L, Axelsson T, Beiser A, Bernard M, Bis JC, Blanken LME, Blanton SH, Bohlken MM, Boks MP, Bralten J, Brickman AM, Carmichael O, Chakravarty MM, Chauhan G, Chen Q, Ching CRK, Cuellar-Partida G, Braber AD, Doan NT, Ehrlich S, Filippi I, Ge T, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Gottesman RF, Greven CU, Grimm O, Griswold ME, Guadalupe T, Hass J, Haukvik UK, Hilal S, Hofer E, Hoehn D, Holmes AJ, Hoogman M, Janowitz D, Jia T, Kasperaviciute D, Kim S, Klein M, Kraemer B, Lee PH, Liao J, Liewald DCM, Lopez LM, Luciano M, Macare C, Marquand A, Matarin M, Mather KA, Mattheisen M, Mazoyer B, McKay DR, McWhirter R, Milaneschi Y, Mirza-Schreiber N, Muetzel RL, Maniega SM, Nho K, Nugent AC, Loohuis LMO, Oosterlaan J, Papmeyer M, Pappa I, Pirpamer L, Pudas S, Pütz B, Rajan KB, Ramasamy A, Richards JS, Risacher SL, Roiz-Santiañez R, Rommelse N, Rose EJ, Royle NA, Rundek T, Sämann PG, Satizabal CL, Schmaal L, Schork AJ, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Smith AV, Sprooten E, Strike LT, Teumer A, Thomson R, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Toro R, Trabzuni D, Vaidya D, Van der Grond J, Van der Meer D, Van Donkelaar MMJ, Van Eijk KR, Van Erp TGM, Van Rooij D, Walton E, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Windham BG, Winkler AM, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Xu B, Yanek LR, Yang J, Zijdenbos A, Zwiers MP, Agartz I, Aggarwal NT, Almasy L, Ames D, Amouyel P, Andreassen OA, Arepalli S, Assareh AA, Barral S, Bastin ME, Becker DM, Becker JT, Bennett DA, Blangero J, van Bokhoven H, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bulayeva KB, Cahn W, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cavalleri GL, Chen C, Cheng CY, Cichon S, Cookson MR, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Curran JE, Czisch M, Dale AM, Davies GE, De Geus EJC, De Jager PL, de Zubicaray GI, Delanty N, Depondt C, DeStefano AL, Dillman A, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drevets WC, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Espeseth T, Evans DA, Fedko IO, Fernández G, Ferrucci L, Fisher SE, Fleischman DA, Ford I, Foroud TM, Fox PT, Francks C, Fukunaga M, Gibbs JR, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Göring HHH, Grabe HJ, Green RC, Gruber O, Gudnason V, Guelfi S, Hansell NK, Hardy J, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Le Hellard S, Hernandez DG, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho BC, Hoekstra PJ, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Hottenga JJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Ikeda M, Ikram MK, Jack CR, Jenkinson M, Johnson R, Jönsson EG, Jukema JW, Kahn RS, Kanai R, Kloszewska I, Knopman DS, Kochunov P, Kwok JB, Lawrie SM, Lemaître H, Liu X, Longo DL, Longstreth WT, Lopez OL, Lovestone S, Martinez O, Martinot JL, Mattay VS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon KL, McMahon FJ, Mecocci P, Melle I, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mohnke S, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mosley TH, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nalls MA, Nauck M, Nichols TE, Niessen WJ, Nöthen MM, Nyberg L, Ohi K, Olvera RL, Ophoff RA, Pandolfo M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BWJH, Pike GB, Potkin SG, Psaty BM, Reppermund S, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Rotter JI, Ryten M, Sacco RL, Sachdev PS, Saykin AJ, Schmidt R, Schofield PR, Sigurdsson S, Simmons A, Singleton A, Sisodiya SM, Smith C, Smoller JW, Soininen H, Srikanth V, Steen VM, Stott DJ, Sussmann JE, Thalamuthu A, Tiemeier H, Toga AW, Traynor BJ, Troncoso J, Turner JA, Tzourio C, Uitterlinden AG, Hernández MCV, Van der Brug M, Van der Lugt A, Van der Wee NJA, Van Duijn CM, Van Haren NEM, Van T Ent D, Van Tol MJ, Vardarajan BN, Veltman DJ, Vernooij MW, Völzke H, Walter H, Wardlaw JM, Wassink TH, Weale ME, Weinberger DR, Weiner MW, Wen W, Westman E, White T, Wong TY, Wright CB, Zielke HR, Zonderman AB, Deary IJ, DeCarli C, Schmidt H, Martin NG, De Craen AJM, Wright MJ, Launer LJ, Schumann G, Fornage M, Franke B, Debette S, Medland SE, Ikram MA, Thompson PM. Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1569-1582. [PMID: 27694991 PMCID: PMC5227112 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial volume reflects the maximally attained brain size during development, and remains stable with loss of tissue in late life. It is highly heritable, but the underlying genes remain largely undetermined. In a genome-wide association study of 32,438 adults, we discovered five previously unknown loci for intracranial volume and confirmed two known signals. Four of the loci were also associated with adult human stature, but these remained associated with intracranial volume after adjusting for height. We found a high genetic correlation with child head circumference (ρgenetic = 0.748), which indicates a similar genetic background and allowed us to identify four additional loci through meta-analysis (Ncombined = 37,345). Variants for intracranial volume were also related to childhood and adult cognitive function, and Parkinson's disease, and were enriched near genes involved in growth pathways, including PI3K-AKT signaling. These findings identify the biological underpinnings of intracranial volume and their link to physiological and pathological traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Genetics and UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul A Nyquist
- Department of Neurology, Department of Anesthesia/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ashley H Beecham
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Lucija Abramovic
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Axelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manon Bernard
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura M E Blanken
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan H Blanton
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marc M Bohlken
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- G.H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Anouk Den Braber
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, North Carolina, USA
| | - Irina Filippi
- NSERM Unit 1000 ″Neuroimaging and Psychiatry″, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine Department, APHP Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Tian Ge
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, North Carolina, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aaron L Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Corina U Greven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- King's College London, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciene, London, UK
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael E Griswold
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Hass
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Unn K Haukvik
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Phil H Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiemin Liao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christine Macare
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andre Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Matarin
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for integrated Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - David R McKay
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rebekah McWhirter
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Allison C Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Papmeyer
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Systems Neuroscience of Psychopathology, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Pappa
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Pudas
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kumar B Rajan
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer S Richards
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Emma J Rose
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Natalie A Royle
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Russell Thomson
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain
- Neuroimaging Unit,Technological Facilities. Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | | | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeroen Van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Van der Meer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M J Van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kristel R Van Eijk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Human Neurogenetics Unit, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G M Van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daan Van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Beverly G Windham
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Girma Woldehawariat
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christiane Wolf
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bing Xu
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alex Zijdenbos
- Biospective Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neelum T Aggarwal
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelia A Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James T Becker
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre - Assessment and Better Care, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kazima B Bulayeva
- Department of Evolution and Genetics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network and LBERI, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of ECE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sven Cichon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Psychosis Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Santander, Spain
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eco J C De Geus
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Norman Delanty
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Neurology Division, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anita L DeStefano
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Allissa Dillman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics Centre (NICOG) and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ravi Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas D Dyer
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Denis A Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Debra A Fleischman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Clyde Francks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Randy L Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, North Carolina, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harald H H Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine Brownsville/Edinburg/San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert C Green
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Narelle K Hansell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Department of Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- HMNC Brain Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Robert Johnson
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ryota Kanai
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya Brain Imaging, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John B Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hervé Lemaître
- NSERM Unit 1000 ″Neuroimaging and Psychiatry″, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine Department, APHP Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dan L Longo
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Dementia Biomedical Research Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Martinez
- Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- NSERM Unit 1000 ″Neuroimaging and Psychiatry″, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Maison de Solenn, Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine Department, APHP Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Derek W Morris
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics Centre (NICOG) and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics and Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Informatics Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rene L Olvera
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
- Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, Australia
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Austria, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Andy Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurocentre Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Department of Medicine, Peninsula Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jessika E Sussmann
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Brain Resource Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Christophe Tzourio
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, UMR 5293, CEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Valdés Hernández
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Aad Van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nic J A Van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Neeltje E M Van Haren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Van T Ent
- Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit University and Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Van Tol
- Neuroimaging Centre, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael E Weale
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tien Y Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Evolution and Genetics, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clinton B Wright
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - H Ronald Zielke
- NICHD Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Anton J M De Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
O'Muircheartaigh J, Marquand A, Hodkinson DJ, Krause K, Khawaja N, Renton TF, Huggins JP, Vennart W, Williams SCR, Howard MA. Multivariate decoding of cerebral blood flow measures in a clinical model of on-going postsurgical pain. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:633-42. [PMID: 25307488 PMCID: PMC4322468 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports of multivariate machine learning (ML) techniques have highlighted their potential use to detect prognostic and diagnostic markers of pain. However, applications to date have focussed on acute experimental nociceptive stimuli rather than clinically relevant pain states. These reports have coincided with others describing the application of arterial spin labeling (ASL) to detect changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in patients with on-going clinical pain. We combined these acquisition and analysis methodologies in a well-characterized postsurgical pain model. The principal aims were (1) to assess the classification accuracy of rCBF indices acquired prior to and following surgical intervention and (2) to optimise the amount of data required to maintain accurate classification. Twenty male volunteers, requiring bilateral, lower jaw third molar extraction (TME), underwent ASL examination prior to and following individual left and right TME, representing presurgical and postsurgical states, respectively. Six ASL time points were acquired at each exam. Each ASL image was preceded by visual analogue scale assessments of alertness and subjective pain experiences. Using all data from all sessions, an independent Gaussian Process binary classifier successfully discriminated postsurgical from presurgical states with 94.73% accuracy; over 80% accuracy could be achieved using half of the data (equivalent to 15 min scan time). This work demonstrates the concept and feasibility of time-efficient, probabilistic prediction of clinically relevant pain at the individual level. We discuss the potential of ML techniques to impact on the search for novel approaches to diagnosis, management, and treatment to complement conventional patient self-reporting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Almeida JRC, Mourao-Miranda J, Aizenstein HJ, Versace A, Kozel FA, Lu H, Marquand A, LaBarbara EJ, Brammer M, Trivedi M, Kupfer DJ, Phillips ML. Pattern recognition analysis of anterior cingulate cortex blood flow to classify depression polarity. Br J Psychiatry 2013; 203:310-1. [PMID: 23969484 PMCID: PMC3787302 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.122838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Differentiating bipolar from recurrent unipolar depression is a major clinical challenge. In 18 healthy females and 36 females in a depressive episode--18 with bipolar disorder type I, 18 with recurrent unipolar depression--we applied pattern recognition analysis using subdivisions of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) blood flow at rest, measured with arterial spin labelling. Subgenual ACC blood flow classified unipolar v. bipolar depression with 81% accuracy (83% sensitivity, 78% specificity).
Collapse
|
22
|
Mourão-Miranda J, Oliveira L, Ladouceur CD, Marquand A, Brammer M, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Phillips ML. Pattern recognition and functional neuroimaging help to discriminate healthy adolescents at risk for mood disorders from low risk adolescents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29482. [PMID: 22355302 PMCID: PMC3280237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are no known biological measures that accurately predict future development of psychiatric disorders in individual at-risk adolescents. We investigated whether machine learning and fMRI could help to: 1. differentiate healthy adolescents genetically at-risk for bipolar disorder and other Axis I psychiatric disorders from healthy adolescents at low risk of developing these disorders; 2. identify those healthy genetically at-risk adolescents who were most likely to develop future Axis I disorders. Methods 16 healthy offspring genetically at risk for bipolar disorder and other Axis I disorders by virtue of having a parent with bipolar disorder and 16 healthy, age- and gender-matched low-risk offspring of healthy parents with no history of psychiatric disorders (12–17 year-olds) performed two emotional face gender-labeling tasks (happy/neutral; fearful/neutral) during fMRI. We used Gaussian Process Classifiers (GPC), a machine learning approach that assigns a predictive probability of group membership to an individual person, to differentiate groups and to identify those at-risk adolescents most likely to develop future Axis I disorders. Results Using GPC, activity to neutral faces presented during the happy experiment accurately and significantly differentiated groups, achieving 75% accuracy (sensitivity = 75%, specificity = 75%). Furthermore, predictive probabilities were significantly higher for those at-risk adolescents who subsequently developed an Axis I disorder than for those at-risk adolescents remaining healthy at follow-up. Conclusions We show that a combination of two promising techniques, machine learning and neuroimaging, not only discriminates healthy low-risk from healthy adolescents genetically at-risk for Axis I disorders, but may ultimately help to predict which at-risk adolescents subsequently develop these disorders.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cole J, Toga AW, Hojatkashani C, Thompson P, Costafreda SG, Cleare AJ, Williams SC, Bullmore ET, Scott JL, Mitterschiffthaler MT, Walsh ND, Donaldson C, Mirza M, Marquand A, Nosarti C, McGuffin P, Fu CH. Subregional hippocampal deformations in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2010; 126:272-7. [PMID: 20392498 PMCID: PMC3197834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampal atrophy is a well reported feature of major depressive disorder, although the evidence has been mixed. The present study sought to examine hippocampal volume and subregional morphology in patients with major depressive disorder, who were all medication-free and in an acute depressive episode of moderate severity. METHODS Structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired in 37 patients (mean age 42 years) and 37 age, gender and IQ-matched healthy individuals. Hippocampal volume and subregional structural differences were measured by manual tracings and identification of homologous surface points to the central core of each hippocampus. RESULTS Both right (P=0.001) and left (P=0.005) hippocampal volumes were reduced in patients relative to healthy controls (n=37 patients and n=37 controls), while only the right hippocampus (P=0.016) showed a reduced volume in a subgroup of first-episode depression patients (n=13) relative to healthy controls. Shape analysis localised the subregional deformations to the subiculum and CA1 subfield extending into the CA2-3 subfields predominantly in the tail regions in the right (P=0.017) and left (P=0.011) hippocampi. LIMITATIONS As all patients were in an acute depressive episode, effects associated with depressive state cannot be distinguished from trait effects. CONCLUSIONS Subregional hippocampal deficits are present early in the course of major depression. The deformations may reflect structural correlates underlying functional memory impairments and distinguish depression from other psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Cole
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of NeuroImaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Paul Thompson
- Laboratory of NeuroImaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sergi G. Costafreda
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Anthony J. Cleare
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | | | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan L. Scott
- University Department of Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Nicholas D. Walsh
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catherine Donaldson
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Mubeena Mirza
- Laboratory of NeuroImaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Andre Marquand
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Chiara Nosarti
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Peter McGuffin
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Cynthia H.Y. Fu
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Marquand A, Howard M, Brammer M, Chu C, Coen S, Mourão-Miranda J. Quantitative prediction of subjective pain intensity from whole-brain fMRI data using Gaussian processes. Neuroimage 2009; 49:2178-89. [PMID: 19879364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly popular tools for fMRI decoding due to their predictive capability and their ability to capture information encoded by spatially correlated voxels. In addition, an important secondary outcome is a multivariate representation of the pattern underlying the prediction. Despite an impressive array of applications, most fMRI applications are framed as classification problems and predictions are limited to categorical class decisions. For many applications, quantitative predictions are desirable that more accurately represent variability within subject groups and that can be correlated with behavioural variables. We evaluate the predictive capability of Gaussian process (GP) models for two types of quantitative prediction (multivariate regression and probabilistic classification) using whole-brain fMRI volumes. As a proof of concept, we apply GP models to an fMRI experiment investigating subjective responses to thermal pain and show GP models predict subjective pain ratings without requiring anatomical hypotheses about functional localisation of relevant brain processes. Even in the case of pain perception, where strong hypotheses do exist, GP predictions were more accurate than any region previously demonstrated to encode pain intensity. We demonstrate two brain mapping methods suitable for GP models and we show that GP regression models outperform state of the art support vector- and relevance vector regression. For classification, GP models perform categorical prediction as accurately as a support vector machine classifier and furnish probabilistic class predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Marquand
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ecker C, Rocha-Rego V, Johnston P, Mourao-Miranda J, Marquand A, Daly EM, Brammer MJ, Murphy C, Murphy DG. Investigating the predictive value of whole-brain structural MR scans in autism: a pattern classification approach. Neuroimage 2009; 49:44-56. [PMID: 19683584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is accompanied by subtle and spatially distributed differences in brain anatomy that are difficult to detect using conventional mass-univariate methods (e.g., VBM). These require correction for multiple comparisons and hence need relatively large samples to attain sufficient statistical power. Reports of neuroanatomical differences from relatively small studies are thus highly variable. Also, VBM does not provide predictive value, limiting its diagnostic value. Here, we examined neuroanatomical networks implicated in ASD using a whole-brain classification approach employing a support vector machine (SVM) and investigated the predictive value of structural MRI scans in adults with ASD. Subsequently, results were compared between SVM and VBM. We included 44 male adults; 22 diagnosed with ASD using "gold-standard" research interviews and 22 healthy matched controls. SVM identified spatially distributed networks discriminating between ASD and controls. These included the limbic, frontal-striatal, fronto-temporal, fronto-parietal and cerebellar systems. SVM applied to gray matter scans correctly classified ASD individuals at a specificity of 86.0% and a sensitivity of 88.0%. Cases (68.0%) were correctly classified using white matter anatomy. The distance from the separating hyperplane (i.e., the test margin) was significantly related to current symptom severity. In contrast, VBM revealed few significant between-group differences at conventional levels of statistical stringency. We therefore suggest that SVM can detect subtle and spatially distributed differences in brain networks between adults with ASD and controls. Also, these differences provide significant predictive power for group membership, which is related to symptom severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ecker
- Section of Brain Maturation, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Girerd X, Fourcade J, Fauvel JP, Villeneuve F, Denolle T, Marquand A, Dourmap C, Hanon O. [Home blood pressure monitoring in addition to office blood pressure determination is useful in patients with systolic hypertension before their inclusion into a drug trial]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2006; 99:732-5. [PMID: 17061454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In patients with uncontrolled systolic hypertension, to estimate the value of home blood pressure monitoring in addition to office blood pressure for inclusion in a trial. METHODS 80 patients with systolic hypertension, defined as SBP > or =140 mmHg and pulse pressure > or =60 mmHg, were treated for 4 weeks with a thiazide diuretic at usual dose (25 mg HCTZ or 1.5 mg indapamide or methyclothiazide 5 mg). Blood pressure was measured using an automatic monitor (Omron M6) at office and at home in the 3 days prior the visit. Subjects with an uncontrolled hypertension were included in the second part of the trial only if there fulfilled inclusion criteria: office SBP > or =140 mmHg and home SBP > or =135 mmHg (mean of 18 measurements obtained on 3 consecutive days) and office pulse pressure > or =60 mmHg. RESULTS After 4 weeks with diuretic treatment, 62% of patients fulfilled 3 criteria and were included in the second part of the trial. It was observed 76% of patients with office SBP > or =140 mmHg, 72% with office pulse pressure > or =60 mmHg and 70% with both office SBP and PP criteria. However, only 67% of patients had home SBP > or =135 mmHg. Discrepancy between office and home SBP was observed and subjects with a white coat hypertension was noticed in 14% and masked hypertension in 5%. CONCLUSION If patients with systolic hypertension have to be included into a drug trial because there are uncontrolled, home blood pressure monitoring in addition to office blood pressure is a very useful criteria for inclusion because misclassifications due to white coat or masked hypertension is frequent in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Girerd
- Service d'endocrinologie-métabolisme, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dourmap-Collas C, Girerd X, Begasse F, Marquand A, Asplanato M, Jaboureck O, Fourcade J, Pierre Justin E, Hottelard C, Hanon O. [Systolic blood pressures are not comparable when home blood pressure is measured with a wrist or an arm validated monitor]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2005; 98:774-8. [PMID: 16220746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare home blood pressure values obtained with two validated OMRON (wrist or arm) monitors used sequentially in the same subject. METHODS In 265 hypertensive subjects referred to hypertension specialists, a self measurement of blood pressure was performed sequentially with an OMRON M4-I (arm cuff, A/A, BHS validation) or OMRON RX-I (wrist cuff, B/B, BHS validation). Each patient recorded home blood pressure during two periods of 4 days with 3 measures in the morning and 3 in the evening. Order for use of each monitor was randomised. With wrist devices, subjects were advised to keep the arm at heart level during measurements. BP values were reported on a standardized document. Patients were asked by a questionnaire about the tolerance and feasibility of the 2 methods. RESULTS In this population, aged 59 +/- 14 years, with 60% of men and a mean blood pressure of 152 +/- 21 / 86 +/- 14 mmHg, the home blood pressure values were 143 +/- 20/81 +/- 11 mmHg with the arm monitor and 135 +/- 10 / 80 +/- 11 mmHg with the wrist monitor. Mean SBP adjusted on age, initial blood pressure level and period order was significantly lower when home blood pressure monitoring has been recorded with a wrist monitor as compared to an arm monitor (p < 0.001). Self measurement of blood pressure was felt as easy in 92% with the arm monitor and in 96% with the wrist monitor (p < 0.05). Self measurement of blood pressure was felt as constraining in 14% with the arm monitor and in 7% with the wrist monitor (p < 0.01). The feasibility between the two devices was good with none of the value missing in 86% with the arm monitor and in 85% with the wrist monitor. The missing values were in 56% the fourth day. CONCLUSION Despite the use of two validated monitors, mean SBP is significantly lower when home blood pressure monitoring is recorded with a wrist monitor as compared to an arm monitor. Uncertainty in the arm position with the use of wrist device could explain these results. When advising home blood pressure monitoring, care should be taken to recommend only the use of validated devices and to prefer the use of arm devices in order to avoid the uncertainty of an inadequate utilisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Dourmap-Collas
- Service d'endocrinologie-Métabolisme, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ducher M, Cerutti C, Marquand A, Mounier-Vehier C, Hanon O, Girerd X, Ader C, Juillard L, Fauvel JP. How to limit screening of patients for atheromatous renal artery stenosis in two-drug resistant hypertension? J Nephrol 2005; 18:161-5. [PMID: 15944997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DRASTIC model based on nine variables (age, gender, recent onset of hypertension, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), abdominal bruit, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia and creatininemia) has been proposed to predict renal artery stenosis (RAS) occurrence. METHODS In a prospective multicenter study, the clinical usefulness of the DRASTIC model was checked in 336 patients with two-drug resistant hypertension. RAS was excluded using at least color Doppler sonography. RAS was diagnosed using at least renal angiography. The statistical dependence (Z(Rho)) analysis was applied to investigate further the relationships between each variable and presence of RAS. RESULTS The prevalence of RAS (n=51) was 15%. The goodness-of-fit test that compared observed RAS to predicted RAS using the DRASTIC model was not significant. Accordingly, the multivariate logistic regression indicated that only three parameters (abdominal bruit, atherosclerotic vascular disease and BMI <25 kg/m2) were significantly linked to RAS. The Z(Rho) methodology revealed that calculated renal function <60 ml/min and age >58 yrs (median) were also significantly linked to RAS. No variable or combination of variables offered satisfactory positive predictive values for the RAS diagnosis. The combination of the five significantly linked variables had a negative predictive value of 98%, and allowed RAS detection with a sensitivity of 96%. In our population, RAS screening could have been avoided in 30% of our patients screened. CONCLUSIONS The DRASTIC model was unsuitable for clinical use in our sample population. In our population, renal arteries were considered stenosis free with a probability of 98% in refractory hypertensive overweight patients, aged < or = 58 yrs, with satisfactory renal function and without both abdominal bruit and atherosclerotic vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ducher
- E. Herriot Hospital, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hanon O, Marquand A, Fauvel JP, Mounier-Vehier C, Hottelart C, Fourcade J, Dimitrov Y, Girerd X. [Association between blood pressure level and the follow up of the guidelines concerning the use of self blood pressure measurement]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2004; 97:762-6. [PMID: 15506062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the characteristics of hypertensive subjects who practise self measurement of blood pressure (SMBP) and their conditions of use, and to identify the properties of subjects using SMBP according the usual guidelines. METHODS In 531 consecutive hypertensive subjects, referred to hypertension specialists, possessing a SMBP a questionnaire evaluating the condition of use of SMBP was given. Subjects following the guidelines about the use of SMBP have been compared to those using SMBP without specific design of supervision. RESULTS In this population, aged 62 +/- 14 years, with 57% of men and a mean blood pressure of 147 +/- 23/82 +/- 12 mmHg, the SMBP devices have been bought without medical advice in 50% of cases (265/531). In 45% of cases (239/531), SMBP were made at the wrist. SMBP device was used every days in 26% of cases, every weeks in 27% of cases, every month or more in 22% of cases and only in case of uneasiness in 25% of cases. Blood pressure was measured only in the morning in 25% of cases, in the morning and evening in 31%, only the evening in 8% and at any time of the day in 36% of cases. More frequently 2 BP measurements were realized (47%) and in 19% of cases 3 measurements have been performed. In 15% of cases, the measurements were performed on 3 or 4 days consecutively, more frequently (85%) the measurements were realized without specific design ("once in awhile"). The data of SMBP were noted and showed to the doctor in 34% of cases. Only 12% (64/531) of subjects followed the usual guidelines concerning the use of SMBP (2 or 3 measurements, in the morning and the evening, during 3 or 4 consecutive days). Subjects following the guidelines for SMBP use have a higher SBP at the office than those using SMBP without specific design of supervision (155 +/- 25 mmHg vs 146 +/- 22 mmHg; p<0.01). CONCLUSION Among hypertensives referred to hypertension specialists most of subjects use SMBP device without a specific design of supervision. Subjects with the most severe hypertension are those who have the best formation for SMBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Hanon
- Service de gériatrie, hôpital Broca, Paris
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Girerd X, Mounier-Vehier C, Fauvel JP, Marquand A, Babici D, Hanon O. [Medical management of libido disturbances in treated hypertensive patients: differences between men and women]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2003; 96:758-62. [PMID: 12945218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Decrease in sexual desire is a disturbance affecting treated hypertensive subjects of both sexes. In contrast with erection problems, this abnormality has rarely been studied in hypertensives treated with antihypertensive drugs. OBJECTIVES To evaluate, using a self-administered questionnaire, the prevalence of sexual disturbance (decrease in sexual desire) in treated hypertensive subjects and to determine the management of these troubles. METHODS In 428 hypertensive subjects, living in France and referred to hypertension specialists, a self-administered questionnaire evaluating the quality of sexual activity was given before the consultation. Nine specific questions focused on the quality of sexual function for the last 6 months in men or women (interest for sexuality, sexual desire, sexual pleasure). Secondly, the doctors were questioned about their management of these sexual disturbances. RESULTS In this population of treated hypertensives, including 270 men and 158 women, with a blood pressure level of 139 +/- 20/84 +/- 13 mmHg, a decrease in sexual desire was reported by 47% of men (127/270) and 48% of women (76/158). Sexual disturbance was related to antihypertensive drugs in 46% of cases (93/203), more often in men (59% [75/127]) than in women (24%, [18/76]), p < 0.001). In subjects with sexual disturbance, a specific medical management has been proposed in 35% of cases (71/203), especially in men (in 46% of cases [58/127], and consisted in a specialized consultation for 34% (43/127) and/or the prescription of Sildenafil for 20% (26/127). In women, the lack of management of these troubles was more often observed than in men (82% vs 54%; p < 0.01). Modifications of antihypertensive treatments were rarely observed in 15% of cases (30/203) comparatively in men and women. CONCLUSIONS Men and women with treated hypertension are at "high risk" of sexual disturbance. Management of sexual dysfunction in these subjects concerns only 35% of cases, especially men, including specific treatments and/or consultations, but changing in antihypertensive drugs still remains rare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Girerd
- Service d'endocrinologie métabolisme, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83, bd de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hanon O, Mounier-Vehier C, Fauvel JP, Marquand A, Jaboureck O, Justin EP, Kearney-Schwartz A, Girerd X. [Sexual dysfunction in treated hypertensive patients. Results of a national survey]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2002; 95:673-7. [PMID: 12365078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate, using an self-administered questionnaire, the characteristics of sexual function in treated hypertensives. METHODS In 459 hypertensive subjects, aged of 59 +/- 12 years, living in France and referred to hypertension specialists, a self-administered questionnaire evaluating quality of life and antihypertensive treatment was given before the consultation. Several questions focused on the quality of sexual function since the last 12 months (interest for sexuality, sexual pleasure, quality of erection). Details on antihypertensive treatments and cardiovascular characteristics were obtained from medical records. Antihypertensive treatments were prescribed since more than 10 years for 39% of subjects, since 5-10 years for 25%, since 1-5 years for 26%, and since less than 1 year for 10%. RESULTS In this population of treated hypertensives, blood pressure level was higher in men than in women (145 +/- 22/86 +/- 13 vs 135 +/- 25/76 +/- 15; p < 0.01). In the questionnaire, the section with sexual function questions was filled out extensively in 92% of men (248/268), but only in 74% of women (142/191). Sexual disturbance was declared by 38% of cases (148/390), but rate was significantly higher in men as compared to women (49% vs 18%; p < 0.01). In men, these modifications were characterised by an interest for sexuality decreased for 58%, unchanged for 41% and increased for 1%. Sexual pleasure was decreased for 49%, unchanged for 50%, and increased for 1%. Quality of erection was modified in 45%. The erections were less frequent for 31%, less durable for 19% and impossible for 11%. In women, interest for sexuality was decreased for 41% and unchanged for 59%, sexual pleasure was decreased for 34% and unchanged for 66%. Logistic regression analysis indicates that gender (p < 0.001), greater number of antihypertensive tablets (p < 0.01), prescription of diuretics (p = 0.03) and presence of coronaropathy (p = 0.01) were independent determinants for sexual disturbance in treated hypertensives. CONCLUSION This study indicates that sexual disturbance is declared by 38% of patients treated for hypertension. Because complaints are more frequent in men, treated with multiple medications including a diuretic, a specific interrogation should be proposed more regularly in these patients in order to detect and to deal with, if possible, sexual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Hanon
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Broussais, 96, rue Didot, 75014 Paris
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hanon O, Beauchef A, Braunstein C, Marquand A, Covillard J, Fourcade J, Iaria P, Mourad J, Girerd X. Effets secondaires lors des traitements antihypertenseurs :que font les patients et leurs médecins ? Rev Med Interne 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(01)80028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
33
|
Mathieu B, Le Gall P, Arab K, Mourani A, Mora M, Chevallier P, Pradines P, Marquand A. [Massive splenic infarction in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2001; 25:1036-9. [PMID: 11845063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
|
34
|
Hanon O, Mourad JJ, Mounier-Vehier C, Iaria P, Fauvel JP, Marquand A, Dimitrov Y, Girerd X. [Blood pressure self-monitoring contributes to improved patient education among hypertensive subjects]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2001; 94:879-83. [PMID: 11575223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Education of hypertensive subject must sensitize the patient to its pathway and to the prescribed treatment. Self-measurement of blood pressure, which directly implicates the patient, should ameliorate the education of hypertensive subject. OBJECTIVES To evaluate if the possession of a self-measurement blood pressure device improves patients' knowledge of hypertension. METHODS In 484 treated hypertensive subjects referred to hypertension specialists, a questionnaire evaluating patients knowledge of hypertension and its treatment was given before the consultation. During this consultation, the practitioner evaluated the concordance between antihypertensive treatments declared by the patient and those effectively prescribed. RESULTS In this population, aged 61 +/- 12 years, with 55% of men, a self-measurement blood pressure device was possessed by 165 subjects (34%). These devices have been bought without medical advice by 83 patients. For a minority of subjects (n = 41), self-measurements of blood pressure were made at the wrist. Blood pressure level was similar in subjects with (141 +/- 19/80 +/- 10 mmHg) or without (140 +/- 19/80 +/- 10 mmHg) self-measurement devices. Subjects possessing a self measurement device had a better knowledge of their usual blood pressure level and of the normal blood pressure values (< 140/90 mmHg), than subjects without self measurement device (93% vs 77%, p < 0.01, and 56% vs 33%, p < 0.01, respectively). Moreover, subjects in possession of self-measurement devices had a better knowledge of their antihypertensive treatment than those without device (83% vs 70%, p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis including age, sex, smoking, education level, blood pressure level and the number of antihypertensive tablets confirm the statistical differences observed. CONCLUSION Hypertensive subjects who possess a self-measurement blood pressure device have a better knowledge of their hypertension. These results indicate that the possession of a self-measurement device contributes to the education of hypertensive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Hanon
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Broussais, 96, rue Didot, 75014 Paris
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mathieu B, Le Gall P, Mourani A, Marquand A, Schaefer JP. [So-called spontaneous intramural dissection of the esophagus]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2000; 24:1117-21. [PMID: 11139681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
We report two cases of spontaneous esophageal intramural dissection in two women aged 65 and 79 years. Initial symptoms were a constrictive retrosternal thoracic pain during a meal. Minor hematemesis accompanied by dysphagia or odynophagia appeared during the following hours. After excluding a cardiovascular emergency, diagnosis was confirmed by upper GI endoscopy that found a large mucosal longitudinal dissection; the lesion extended from mid-esophagus until short above the gastro-esophageal junction. Intramural parietal dissection characteristically appeared on barium swallow as a "double-barrelled" esophagus related to a thin radiolucent mucosal membrane separating the false and true lumens. Medical treatment with total parenteral nutrition, intravenous gastric antisecretory drugs, antibiotics in 1 patient was continued until symptoms disappeared; oral feeding was then started without incident. Follow-up endoscopic examinations confirmed complete healing. Regardless of etiology which remains speculative, spontaneous intramural dissection of the esophagus probably results from an intramural hematoma in most cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Mathieu
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Intercommunal de Fréjus-Saint-Raphaël, Fréjus
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Marquand A, Hanon O, Fauvel JP, Mounier-Vehier C, Equine O, Girerd X. [Validity of the clinical prediction rule for the diagnosis of renal arterial stenosis in hypertensive patients resistant to treatment]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2000; 93:1041-5. [PMID: 10989754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform an external validation of the clinical prediction rule established by Krijnen et al. (Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 705-11) designed to identify renal artery stenoses (RAS) in hypertensive patients. METHODS We included 102 patients with a refractory hypertension treated with at least two antihypertensive drugs. All subjects had the research of RAS by renal angiography, or angio-computed tomography, or doppler ultrasound. Probability to detect RAS was calculated with Krijnen's algorithm (Pre-test probability) from the following parameters: age, smoking status, diffuse atherosclerosis, recent hypertension (< 2 y), obesity (BMI > 25), abdominal bruit, hypercholesterolemia (> 6.5 mmol/L), creatinine. ROC curves were plotted for each pre-test probability value. A "post-test probability" was obtained from the likelihood ratio calculated at each pre-test probability level. RESULTS RAS prevalence in this population was 49%. Area under the ROC curve was 0.79 and Youden index was maximal for a pre-test probability of 15%. Maximal likelihood ratio was obtained for a pre-test probability of 46%. Table shows post-test probability as a function of pre-test probability obtained with Krijnen's algorithm. [table: see text] CONCLUSION Krijnen's algorithm is valid in a population of resistant hypertensives treated with a bi-therapy. This external validation obtained on a population with a high prevalence of RAS should also be tested on a population with a lower prevalence of SAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Marquand
- Service de cardiologie, CHG de Fréjus-Saint-Raphaël
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Denolle T, Hanon O, Mounier-Vehier C, Marquand A, Fauvel JP, Laurent P, Tison E, Equine O, Ducloux D, Girerd X. [What tests should be conducted for secondary arterial hypertension in hypertensive patients resistant to treatment?]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2000; 93:1037-9. [PMID: 10989753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of secondary hypertension in a population of refractory hypertension without initial clinical or biological findings suggesting identifiable causes of hypertension. METHODS A survey included 200 consecutive hypertensive patients referred to hypertension specialists for refractory hypertension (BP > 140/90 mmHg on at least two antihypertensive drugs). Prior inclusion, the permanent elevation of blood pressure was confirmed by ambulatory monitoring. In each subject an extensive work-up was performed to detect a secondary cause for hypertension. RESULTS An essential hypertension was confirmed in 61% of this cohort. A secondary hypertension was detected in 20% of the patients; 8.5% with a primary hyperaldosteronism, 8% with a reno-vascular hypertension and 3% with a nephropathy. Moreover, 18.5% had a low renin hypertension. Thus, 27% of these patients had an abnormality of the renin-aldosterone axis. CONCLUSION Patients with refractory hypertension should be explored to detect secondary hypertension even without findings suggesting such causes. This additional diagnostic procedure must include at least renovascular investigations and plasma renin/aldosterone level determinations in appropriate conditions.
Collapse
|
38
|
Marquand A, Prost PL, Grippat JC. [Comparative study of bisoprolol and celiprolol in to moderate hypertension using casual as well as ambulatory blood pressure measurements]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 1994; 43:301-6. [PMID: 8074426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A randomised, parallel, double-blind trial was undertaken in 80 patients to compare the efficacy of bisoprolol with that of celiprolol, using causal (BPc) as well as ambulatory (AMBP) blood pressure measurement. After a two week wash-out and two week placebo run-in, patients in whom diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was between 95 and 114 mmHg were given either bisoprolol (10 mg/day) or celiprolol (200 mg/day) for 12 weeks. When efficacy was insufficient (DBP > 95 mmHg), the dose could be doubled after 4 weeks and a diuretic added after 8 weeks. BPc was measured at each visit and an AMBP obtained the day before the start of active treatment and at its end. Six patients dropped out of the trial because of adverse events. Clinical safety/acceptability of both drugs was good. Demographic data, and blood pressure and heart rate figures in both groups were comparable at the end of the placebo period. Mean fall in BPc in the bisoprolol group was 32.5/20.3 mmHg and 23/17.4 mmHg in the celiprolol group, with a significant difference between the two groups concerning systolic pressure (SBP). Ambulatory measurement showed evidence during the periods 24 hours (H), day and night, of a greater fall with bisoprolol (10.7/8.9 mmHg; 13.9/10.8 mmHg; 7.3/7.2 mmHg) than in the celiprolol group (4.9/21.6; 7.3/3.8; 2.9/2 mmHg), the difference being significant for diastolic blood pressure (DBP: p < 0.01; p < 0.05; p < 0.05. Thus bisoprolol was more effective than celiprolol in mild to moderate hypertension, but the difference was significant for SBP by casual measurement and for DBP by ambulatory measurement.
Collapse
|
39
|
Decoulx E, Millaire A, Jude B, Marquand A, Tison E, Bauters F, Ducloux G. [Arterial thromboses and essential thrombocythemia in young patients]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 1990; 39:347-50. [PMID: 2400197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The authors report two cases of essential thrombocythemia (ET) which occurred in young subjects (25 and 33 years) and revealed by arterial thromboses. The first case was one of myocardial infarction: in the second case, ischemic signs in the left leg led to cutaneous necrosis. Thrombotic signs are commonplace in ET and are generally considered to be attributable to an impaired underlying vascular territory. The cases reported by the authors conflict with these data and it would seem, therefore, that the onset of thrombosis in the absence of any associated cardiovascular risk can be envisaged. With regard to therapy, if thrombotic signs occur, myelosuppressive treatment must be undertaken; in asymptomatic patients, due to the potential and unpredictable risk of thrombosis, this treatment should be initiated if the platelet count rises above 800 x 10(9)/l. Hydroxyurea is generally prescribed (particularly in young patients) since it is generally considered to be devoid of any leukemogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Decoulx
- Service de Cardiologie C, Hôpital Cardiologique, CHU, Lille
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
de Groote P, Tison E, Millaire A, Marquand A, Ducloux G. [Heart valve involvement in lupus erythematosus disseminatus. Apropos of 2 cases. Review of the literature]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 1989; 38:539-44. [PMID: 2690725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regarding two cases of idiopathic lupus valvulopathy, the authors review the various mechanisms responsible for the endocardial lesions in disseminated lupus erythematosus. In addition to the classic Libman-Sachs endocarditis, there are sclerous forms, ruptures of the chords, thromboses and bacterial superinfections. The role of steroid therapy in the genesis of valvular stenosis is not always determined. A surgical treatment, effective and without major risk, must be advocated at an early stage in the presence of poorly tolerated forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P de Groote
- Service de Cardiologie C, Hôpital Cardiologique, Lille
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Millaire A, Ducloux G, Marquand A, Vaksmann G. [Nitroglycerin and angina with angiographically normal coronary vessels. Clinical effects and effects on esophageal motility]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1989; 82:63-8. [PMID: 2494972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine whether the presence of a retrosternal pain sensitive to nitroglycerin is predictive of the finding of esophageal dyskinesia in patients with normal coronary angiography and negative methylergonovine test, we administered 0.8 mg of a nitroglycerin spray during esophageal manometry and after a methylergonovine or edrophonium provocation test. The effects of nitroglycerin on esophageal motility were recorded and compared with clinical data. Forty patients (21 men, 19 women, mean age 54 +/- 8 years) entered the study. In 22 of them (55 p. 100) the retrosternal pain was relieved by nitroglycerin within less than 5 minutes; the provocation test was positive in 10 cases (25 p. 100). In all patients nitroglycerin produced a highly significant decrease in the duration and amplitude of esophageal contractions. Among the 10 patients with esophageal dyskinesia, the duration of contractions was significantly more reduced (p less than 0.005) in those with nitroglycerin-sensitive pain (6 patients) than in those with nitroglycerin-resistant pain. These 6 patients, therefore, could be regarded clinically and manometrically as "responders" to nitroglycerin. Two of them had gastro-esophageal reflux. In contrast, among patients without induced esophageal dyskinesia the effects of nitroglycerin on manometry were the same irrespective of whether or not pain was usually relieved by nitroglycerin. The fact that pain was nitroglycerin-sensitive had no predictive value concerning the finding of esophageal dyskinesia by the provocation test (non-significant X2 test). We conclude that the clinical and manometric effects of nitroglycerin were concordant only in patients with induced esophageal dyskinesia; patients who responded to nitroglycerin could have a gastro-esophageal reflux.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Millaire
- Service de cardiologie C, Hôpital cardiologique, CHR de Lille
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
de Groote P, Millaire A, Caron C, Tison E, Brullard B, Marquand A, Ducloux G. [Chronic aortic dissection disclosed by pericardial effusion. Apropos of 3 cases]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1988; 81:1235-40. [PMID: 3146960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Three exceptional cases of chronic aortic dissection revealed by a pericardial effusion are reported. The patients were two men and a woman admitted for thoracic pain or fever. Initial diagnoses were myocardial infarction, infective endocarditis and tuberculous pericarditis. The effusions were drained on two occasions. Because the pericardial fluid was a mixture of serum and blood, computerized tomography of the thorax and abdomen was performed. All three cases were then diagnosed as aortic dissection (type II in two cases and type III in one case, with retrograde extension to the ascending aorta). The authors underline the utility of drainage and the need for systematic CT scans in patients with sero-haematic pericardial effusion of uncertain origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P de Groote
- Service de cardiologie C, hôpital cardiologique, Lille
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Millaire A, Wurtz A, Brullard B, de Groote P, Marquand A, Tison E, Saudemont A, Ducloux G. [Value of pericardioscopy in pericardial effusion. Apropos of 20 patients]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1988; 81:1071-6. [PMID: 3143329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The value of pericardioscopy in pericardial effusion of uncertain origin was evaluated in 20 patients, aged from 18 to 77 years, whose pericardial effusion had been diagnosed by ultrasonography; 2 patients presented with clinical signs of tamponade. The cause of the pericarditis was unknown, but the clinical context suggested a malignant disease in 13 patients, tuberculosis in 5 patients and another cause in 2 patients. The pericardium was explored by means of a direct vision, cold-light endoscope, usually a mediastinoscope, introduced by the retroxiphoidal route under general of local anaesthesia. This method made it possible to study the pericardial fluid, examine the pericardial serous membrane, perform biopsies at a distance from the orifice of entry and cleanse the pericardium thoroughly in cases with blood or pus collection. Apart from 2 cases where the examination could not be completed because of an anterior mediastinal mass and a pericardial symphysis, valuable information could be obtained in purulent pericarditis (n = 1), chronic radiation induced lesions (n = 2), metastases (n = 2), haemopericardium (n = 2), and biopsies could be performed in tumoral or suspicious areas. These guided biopsies revealed a metastasis in 3 cases where the pericardial window was negative. No sign of tuberculosis was found in the 5 cases where the disease was suspected. The final diagnoses were: neoplastic pericarditis in 4 cases, radiation-induced pericarditis in 2 cases, purulent pericarditis in 2 cases, haemopericardium in 3 cases and idiopathic or reactive pericarditis in 9 cases. The post-operative period was uneventful, with no major complication ascribable to the procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Millaire
- Service de cardiologie C, hôpital cardiologique, CHR de Lille
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Traisnel G, Lablanche JM, Fourrier JL, Marquand A, Bertrand ME. [Reproducibility of the exercise test and coronary vasomotor tonus]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1988; 81:765-72. [PMID: 3144947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of coronary vasomotor tone on exercise test reproducibility was evaluated in two groups of patients. All had an apparently stable angina, a positive first exercise test and at least one significant stenosis at coronary arteriography. Group A patients (n = 30) had a positive ergonovine test (dynamic stenosis) whereas this test was negative (fixed stenosis) in group B patients (n = 29). Patients of both groups underwent two exercise tests without treatment, each of these tests being performed on a different day of the same week, at the same time and according to Bruce's procedure. The reproducibility of angina was poor in group A patients: 6/15 (40 p. 100) as against 18/20 (90 p. 100) in group B patients (p less than 0.05). Moreover, the initially positive exercise test subsequently become negative in 6 of the group A patients and in none of the group B patients (p less than 0.05). The time elapsed before ischaemia appeared was globally increased to the same extent in both groups, but individual variations were more pronounced in group A: a more than 1 minute variation was noted in 63 p. 100 of group A patients and in 18 p. 100 of group B patients (p less than 0.01). Similarly, the double product of ischaemia (-1 mm) varied by more than 20 p. 100 in 37 p. 100 of group A patients and in 14 p. 100 of group B patients. In contrast, the maximum stress parameters were increased to the same degree in both groups, including the double product duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Traisnel
- Service de cardiologie B et hémodynamique, hôpital cardiologique, CHR de Lille
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|