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Baksh RA, MacPherson SE, Auyeung B, Pal S, Abrahams S. The relationship between social cognitive processes and behavior changes in people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or dementia using the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT). Neuropsychology 2024; 38:223-238. [PMID: 38095938 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or dementia often exhibit a decline in their social abilities, but few tests of social cognition exist that are suitable for clinical use. Moreover, the relationship between changes in behavior and impairments in social cognition is poorly understood. We examined the utility of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT) in people with aMCI/dementia and explored associations between social cognition performance and behavior changes. METHOD We administered the ESCoT and two established social cognition tests (the Reading the Mind in the Eyes and the Social Norms Questionnaire) to 28 people with aMCI or dementia and 28 age and sex matched cognitively healthy controls. Behavior change was measured using a semistructured interview which assesses behavioral abnormalities found in frontotemporal dementia. RESULTS People with aMCI/dementia were impaired on the ESCoT affective theory of mind, ESCoT total score and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes. Behavior changes in the domains of apathy, loss of sympathy/empathy, perseveration, and psychotic symptoms were associated with poorer affective theory of mind scores. Disinhibition, loss of sympathy/empathy and hyperorality or altered food preferences were associated with cognitive theory of mind. All behaviors were significantly associated with poorer performance on ESCoT total score, but were not associated with performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes or the Social Norms Questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS The ESCoT was sensitive to social cognition impairments in people with aMCI/dementia and it relates to behavior change in aMCI/dementia unlike established tests. Different subtests of the ESCoT were related to different behavior changes. These findings suggest that the ESCoT may be a clinically valuable tool when examining social cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Asaad Baksh
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London
| | - Sarah E MacPherson
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | - Suvankar Pal
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | - Sharon Abrahams
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
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Yang Y, Zhu X, Auyeung B, Obsuth I, Murray A. Associations Between Reward and Future-Related Orientations and General and Specific Mental Health Issues in Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:385-397. [PMID: 37804397 PMCID: PMC10896876 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterised by a peak in sensation seeking accompanied by gradually developing self-control skills. Adolescents typically show steeper delay discounting performance than other age groups; a feature that is transdiagnostically related to a variety of mental health disorders. However, delay discounting performance is not a singular mental process but involves both risk/reward and future orientation elements, usually operationalised as probability/risk and time discounting tasks, respectively. To clarify the specific relations between the risk/reward and future orientation elements of delay discounting and different types of mental health problems, two bi-factor models and a series of structural equation models (SEMs) were fitted to multi-informant (parent and adolescent self-reported) mental health data from a large UK study. A transdiagnostic promotive role of future orientation was found using bi-factor modelling to separate general and dimension-specific mental health variation; however, this was limited to parent reports. In addition, future orientation was negatively associated with conduct problems and ADHD symptoms, but positively associated with emotional problems. Risk aversion was negatively associated with conduct problems, but positively associated with emotional and peer problems. The findings highlight that risk/reward and future orientation elements of delay discounting play partly distinct roles in different mental health problems and can serve both promotive and risk roles during adolescence. Findings also illuminate which elements of delay discounting should be intervention targets for different mental health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Clinical Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aja Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Okelo K, Murray AL, King J, Kitsao-Wekulo P, Onyango S, Nampijja M, Auyeung B. Parental stress and child stimulation practices: examining associations with child developmental outcomes over time in Kenya and Zambia. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:50. [PMID: 38279153 PMCID: PMC10811884 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental stress often arises when parenting demands exceed the expected and actual resources available for parents to succeed in the parenting role. Parental stress is an important contributor to parent-child relationships. This, in turn, affects opportunities to engage their children in stimulating activities which could improve their development outcomes. However, limited evidence exists from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) on the association between parental stress, caregiving practices, and child developmental outcomes. METHODS The findings reported in this paper were derived from data collected through previous longitudinal work on nurturing care evaluation studies in Kisumu and Nairobi Counties in Kenya, and Chisamba District in Zambia. A total of 341 caregivers and their children who participated in the three rounds of data collection were included in this study. The children's mean age was 9.3 (SD = 8.2) months pre-intervention, 25.5 (SD = 8.6) months in mid-intervention, and 36 (SD = 10.0) months post-intervention. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Parental Stress Scale (PSS), and caregiving tools were used to assess children's developmental outcomes, parental stress, and stimulation practices, respectively. A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel model (RI-CLPM) was used to determine the association between caregivers' parenting stress, child stimulation practices, and child developmental outcomes. RESULTS The findings showed that caregiver stimulation practices were positively associated with developmental outcomes. Findings on the associations between parental stress and caregivers' stimulation practices and children's developmental outcomes were not universally supported. CONCLUSION The findings show that improved caregiver stimulation practices are likely to improve children's developmental outcomes. The policy implications of the findings from this study focus on improving parenting practices by addressing the predictors of parental stress. This includes subsidising childcare services to reduce costs. TRIAL REGISTRATION Pan African Clinical Trials Registry ( https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/ ) database (ID number: PACTR20180774832663 Date: 26/July/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Okelo
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josiah King
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Silas Onyango
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, UK
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Kubota M, Hadley LV, Schaeffner S, Könen T, Meaney JA, Morey CC, Auyeung B, Moriguchi Y, Karbach J, Chevalier N. The effect of metacognitive executive function training on children's executive function, proactive control, and academic skills. Dev Psychol 2023; 59:2002-2020. [PMID: 37824229 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of metacognitive and executive function (EF) training on childhood EF (inhibition, working memory [WM], cognitive flexibility, and proactive/reactive control) and academic skills (reading, reasoning, and math) among children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Children (N = 134, Mage = 8.70 years) were assigned randomly to the three training groups: (a) metacognitive training of basic EF processes (meta-EF), (b) training of basic EF processes (basic-EF), and (c) active controls (active control). They underwent 16 training sessions over the course of 2 months. No effects of EF and/or metacognitive training were found for academic outcomes. However, both meta-EF and basic-EF groups demonstrated greater gains than the active control group on proactive control engagement and WM, suggesting that EF training promotes a shift to more mature ways of engaging EF. Our findings suggest minimal near- and far-transfer effects of metacognitive training but highlight that proactive engagement of EF can be promoted through EF training in children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kubota
- Department of Languages and Culture, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
| | - Lauren V Hadley
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Hearing Sciences-Scottish Section, University of Nottingham
| | | | - Tanja Könen
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau
| | | | - Candice C Morey
- School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University
| | | | | | - Julia Karbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau
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Kwok J, Khanolainen DP, Speyer LG, Murray AL, Torppa MP, Auyeung B. Examining Maternal Cardiometabolic Markers in Pregnancy on Child Emotional and Behavior Trajectories: Using Growth Curve Models on a Cohort Study. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2023; 3:614-622. [PMID: 37881536 PMCID: PMC10593919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poor maternal cardiometabolic health in pregnancy is associated with negative effects on child health outcomes, but there is limited literature on child and adolescent socioemotional outcomes. The study aimed to investigate associations between maternal cardiometabolic markers during pregnancy with child and adolescent socioemotional trajectories. Methods Growth curve models were run to examine how maternal cardiometabolic markers in pregnancy affected child socioemotional trajectories from ages 4 to 16. Models were adjusted for all pregnancy trimesters and maternal, child, and socioeconomic covariates. This study used the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (United Kingdom) cohort. Participants consisted of mother-child pairs (N = 15,133). Maternal predictors of fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and body mass index were taken from each pregnancy trimester (T1, T2, T3). Child outcomes included emotional problems, conduct problems, and hyperactivity problems from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results Fully adjusted models showed significant associations between elevated T1 fasting glucose and increased conduct problems, higher T1 body mass index and increased hyperactivity problems, lowered T1 high-density lipoprotein and decreased hyperactivity problems, and elevated T2 triglycerides and increased hyperactivity problems. Conclusions Maternal cardiometabolic risk is associated with conduct and hyperactivity outcomes from ages 4 to 16. This study suggests that maternal markers of fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides during pregnancy could be added as supplements for clinical measures of risk when predicting child and adolescent socioemotional trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janell Kwok
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lydia G. Speyer
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Aja L. Murray
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Minna P. Torppa
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Goulding A, McQuaid F, Lindsay L, Agrawal U, Auyeung B, Calvert C, Carruthers J, Denny C, Donaghy J, Hillman S, Hopcroft L, Hopkins L, McCowan C, McLaughlin T, Moore E, Ritchie L, Simpson CR, Taylor B, Fenton L, Pollock L, Gale C, Kurinczuk JJ, Robertson C, Sheikh A, Stock S, Wood R. Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Scottish neonates 2020-2022: a national, population-based cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2023; 108:367-372. [PMID: 36609412 PMCID: PMC10313998 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine neonates in Scotland aged 0-27 days with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by viral testing; the risk of confirmed neonatal infection by maternal and infant characteristics; and hospital admissions associated with confirmed neonatal infections. DESIGN Population-based cohort study. SETTING AND POPULATION All live births in Scotland, 1 March 2020-31 January 2022. RESULTS There were 141 neonates with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection over the study period, giving an overall infection rate of 153 per 100 000 live births (141/92 009, 0.15%). Among infants born to women with confirmed infection around the time of birth, the confirmed neonatal infection rate was 1812 per 100 000 live births (15/828, 1.8%). Two-thirds (92/141, 65.2%) of neonates with confirmed infection had an associated admission to neonatal or (more commonly) paediatric care. Six of these babies (6/92, 6.5%) were admitted to neonatal and/or paediatric intensive care; however, none of these six had COVID-19 recorded as their main diagnosis. There were no neonatal deaths among babies with confirmed infection. IMPLICATIONS AND RELEVANCE Confirmed neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection was uncommon over the first 23 months of the pandemic in Scotland. Secular trends in the neonatal confirmed infection rate broadly followed those seen in the general population, although at a lower level. Maternal confirmed infection at birth was associated with an increased risk of neonatal confirmed infection. Two-thirds of neonates with confirmed infection had an associated admission to hospital, with resulting implications for the baby, family and services, although their outcomes were generally good. Ascertainment of confirmed infection depends on the extent of testing, and this is likely to have varied over time and between groups: the extent of unconfirmed infection is inevitably unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona McQuaid
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Utkarsh Agrawal
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clara Calvert
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sam Hillman
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa Hopcroft
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Colin McCowan
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | | | - Lewis Ritchie
- Academic Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Colin R Simpson
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Louisa Pollock
- Child Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Gale
- Academic Neonatal Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Robertson
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Stock
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachael Wood
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Kwok J, Speyer LG, Soursou G, Murray AL, Fanti KA, Auyeung B. Maternal metabolic syndrome in pregnancy and child development at age 5: exploring mediating mechanisms using cord blood markers. BMC Med 2023; 21:124. [PMID: 37013575 PMCID: PMC10071709 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence on how the classification of maternal metabolic syndrome during pregnancy affects children's developmental outcomes and the possible mediators of this association. This study uses a cohort sample of 12,644 to 13,832 mother-child pairs from the UK Born in Bradford Study to examine the associations between maternal metabolic syndrome classification (MetS) and child development outcomes at age 5, using cord blood markers as candidate mediators. METHODS Maternal cardiometabolic markers included diabetes, obesity, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, hypertension, and fasting glucose during pregnancy. Cord blood markers of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, leptin, and adiponectin were used as child mediators. Child outcomes included two starting school variables: British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS) and the Letter Identification Assessment (LID), and five developmental milestone domains from a national UK framework: (1) communication and language (COM); (2) personal, social, and emotional (PSE); (3) physical development (PHY); (4) literacy (LIT); and (5) mathematics (MAT). Mediation models were used to examine the associations between the classification of maternal metabolic syndrome and child developmental milestones. Models were adjusted for potential maternal, socioeconomic, and child confounders such as maternal education, deprivation, and gestational age. RESULTS In mediation models, significant total effects were found for MetS associations with children's development in the LIT domain at age 5. MetS predicted individual cord blood mediators of lower HDL and increased leptin levels in both adjusted and unadjusted models. Total indirect effects (effects of all mediators combined) for MetS on a child's COM and PSE domain were significant, through all child cord blood mediators of LDL, HDL, triglycerides, adiponectin, and leptin for adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that maternal metabolic syndrome classification during pregnancy is associated with some child developmental outcomes at age 5. After adjusting for maternal, child, and environmental covariates, maternal metabolic syndrome classification during pregnancy was associated with children's LIT domain through direct effects of maternal metabolic health and indirect effects of cord blood markers (total effects), and COM and PSE domains via changes only in a child's cord blood markers (total indirect effects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janell Kwok
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Georgia Soursou
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kostas A Fanti
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Bast N, Mason L, Ecker C, Baumeister S, Banaschewski T, Jones EJH, Murphy DGM, Buitelaar JK, Loth E, Pandina G, Freitag CM, Auyeung B, Banaschewski T, Baron-Cohen S, Bast N, Baumeister S, Beckmann CF, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Bours C, Brammer M, Brandeis D, Brogna C, de Bruijn Y, Buitelaar JK, Chakrabarti B, Charman T, Cornelissen I, Crawley D, Dell’Acqua F, Dumas G, Durston S, Ecker C, Faulkner J, Frouin V, Garcés P, Goyard D, Ham L, Hayward H, Hipp J, Holt R, Johnson M, Jones EJH, Kundu P, Lai MC, D’ardhuy XL, Lombardo MV, Loth E, Lythgoe DJ, Mandl R, Marquand A, Mason L, Mennes M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Murphy DGM, Oakley B, O’Dwyer L, Oldehinkel M, Oranje B, Pandina G, Persico AM, Ruggeri B, Ruigrok A, Sabet J, Sacco R, Cáceres ASJ, Simonoff E, Spooren W, Tillmann J, Toro R, Tost H, Waldman J, Williams SCR, Wooldridge C, Zwiers MP, Freitag CM. Sensory salience processing moderates attenuated gazes on faces in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study. Mol Autism 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 36759875 PMCID: PMC9912590 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attenuated social attention is a key marker of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent neuroimaging findings also emphasize an altered processing of sensory salience in ASD. The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC-NE) has been established as a modulator of this sensory salience processing (SSP). We tested the hypothesis that altered LC-NE functioning contributes to different SSP and results in diverging social attention in ASD. METHODS We analyzed the baseline eye-tracking data of the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) for subgroups of autistic participants (n = 166, age = 6-30 years, IQ = 61-138, gender [female/male] = 41/125) or neurotypical development (TD; n = 166, age = 6-30 years, IQ = 63-138, gender [female/male] = 49/117) that were matched for demographic variables and data quality. Participants watched brief movie scenes (k = 85) depicting humans in social situations (human) or without humans (non-human). SSP was estimated by gazes on physical and motion salience and a corresponding pupillary response that indexes phasic activity of the LC-NE. Social attention is estimated by gazes on faces via manual areas of interest definition. SSP is compared between groups and related to social attention by linear mixed models that consider temporal dynamics within scenes. Models are controlled for comorbid psychopathology, gaze behavior, and luminance. RESULTS We found no group differences in gazes on salience, whereas pupillary responses were associated with altered gazes on physical and motion salience. In ASD compared to TD, we observed pupillary responses that were higher for non-human scenes and lower for human scenes. In ASD, we observed lower gazes on faces across the duration of the scenes. Crucially, this different social attention was influenced by gazes on physical salience and moderated by pupillary responses. LIMITATIONS The naturalistic study design precluded experimental manipulations and stimulus control, while effect sizes were small to moderate. Covariate effects of age and IQ indicate that the findings differ between age and developmental subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Pupillary responses as a proxy of LC-NE phasic activity during visual attention are suggested to modulate sensory salience processing and contribute to attenuated social attention in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
| | - Luke Mason
- grid.4464.20000 0001 2161 2573Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Emily J. H. Jones
- grid.4464.20000 0001 2161 2573Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK
| | - Declan G. M. Murphy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, London, UK
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Loth
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, London, UK
| | - Gahan Pandina
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, 1125 Trenton Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | | | - Christine M. Freitag
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
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Calvert C, Carruthers J, Denny C, Donaghy J, Hopcroft LEM, Hopkins L, Goulding A, Lindsay L, McLaughlin T, Moore E, Taylor B, Loane M, Dolk H, Morris J, Auyeung B, Bhaskaran K, Gibbons CL, Katikireddi SV, O'Leary M, McAllister D, Shi T, Simpson CR, Robertson C, Sheikh A, Stock SJ, Wood R. A population-based matched cohort study of major congenital anomalies following COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:107. [PMID: 36609574 PMCID: PMC9821346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence on associations between COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection and the risk of congenital anomalies is limited. Here we report a national, population-based, matched cohort study using linked electronic health records from Scotland (May 2020-April 2022) to estimate the association between COVID-19 vaccination and, separately, SARS-CoV-2 infection between six weeks pre-conception and 19 weeks and six days gestation and the risk of [1] any major congenital anomaly and [2] any non-genetic major congenital anomaly. Mothers vaccinated in this pregnancy exposure period mostly received an mRNA vaccine (73.7% Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and 7.9% Moderna mRNA-1273). Of the 6731 babies whose mothers were vaccinated in the pregnancy exposure period, 153 had any anomaly and 120 had a non-genetic anomaly. Primary analyses find no association between any vaccination and any anomaly (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 1.01, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.83-1.24) or non-genetic anomalies (aOR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.81-1.22). Primary analyses also find no association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and any anomaly (aOR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.66-1.60) or non-genetic anomalies (aOR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.57-1.54). Findings are robust to sensitivity analyses. These data provide reassurance on the safety of vaccination, in particular mRNA vaccines, just before or in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Calvert
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Lisa E M Hopcroft
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anna Goulding
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucestershire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bob Taylor
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Maria Loane
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Helen Dolk
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Joan Morris
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Krishnan Bhaskaran
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - David McAllister
- School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ting Shi
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin R Simpson
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chris Robertson
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah J Stock
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rachael Wood
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland.
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10
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Looden T, Floris DL, Llera A, Chauvin RJ, Charman T, Banaschewski T, Murphy D, Marquand AF, Buitelaar JK, Beckmann CF, Ambrosino S, Auyeung B, Banaschewski T, Baron-Cohen S, Baumeister S, Beckmann CF, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Bours C, Brammer M, Brandeis D, Brogna C, de Bruijn Y, Buitelaar JK, Chakrabarti B, Charman T, Cornelissen I, Crawley D, Acqua FD, Dumas G, Durston S, Ecker C, Faulkner J, Frouin V, Garcés P, Goyard D, Ham L, Hayward H, Hipp J, Holt R, Johnson MH, Jones EJH, Kundu P, Lai MC, D’ardhuy XL, Lombardo MV, Loth E, Lythgoe DJ, Mandl R, Marquand A, Mason L, Mennes M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Mueller N, Murphy DGM, Oakley B, O’Dwyer L, Oldehinkel M, Oranje B, Pandina G, Persico AM, Rausch A, Ruggeri B, Ruigrok A, Sabet J, Sacco R, Cáceres ASJ, Simonoff E, Spooren W, Tillmann J, Toro R, Tost H, Waldman J, Williams SCR, Wooldridge C, Ilioska I, Mei T, Zwiers MP. Patterns of connectome variability in autism across five functional activation tasks: findings from the LEAP project. Mol Autism 2022; 13:53. [PMID: 36575450 PMCID: PMC9793684 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (autism) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with pronounced behavioral, cognitive, and neural heterogeneities across individuals. Here, our goal was to characterize heterogeneity in autism by identifying patterns of neural diversity as reflected in BOLD fMRI in the way individuals with autism engage with a varied array of cognitive tasks. METHODS All analyses were based on the EU-AIMS/AIMS-2-TRIALS multisite Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) with participants with autism (n = 282) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 221) between 6 and 30 years of age. We employed a novel task potency approach which combines the unique aspects of both resting state fMRI and task-fMRI to quantify task-induced variations in the functional connectome. Normative modelling was used to map atypicality of features on an individual basis with respect to their distribution in neurotypical control participants. We applied robust out-of-sample canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to relate connectome data to behavioral data. RESULTS Deviation from the normative ranges of global functional connectivity was greater for individuals with autism compared to TD in each fMRI task paradigm (all tasks p < 0.001). The similarity across individuals of the deviation pattern was significantly increased in autistic relative to TD individuals (p < 0.002). The CCA identified significant and robust brain-behavior covariation between functional connectivity atypicality and autism-related behavioral features. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with autism engage with tasks in a globally atypical way, but the particular spatial pattern of this atypicality is nevertheless similar across tasks. Atypicalities in the tasks originate mostly from prefrontal cortex and default mode network regions, but also speech and auditory networks. We show how sophisticated modeling methods such as task potency and normative modeling can be used toward unravelling complex heterogeneous conditions like autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Looden
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Llera
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roselyne J Chauvin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andre F Marquand
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Stock SJ, Moore E, Calvert C, Carruthers J, Denny C, Donaghy J, Hillman S, Hopcroft LEM, Hopkins L, Goulding A, Lindsay L, McLaughlin T, Taylor B, Auyeung B, Katikireddi SV, McCowan C, Ritchie LD, Rudan I, Simpson CR, Robertson C, Sheikh A, Wood R. Pregnancy outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in periods dominated by delta and omicron variants in Scotland: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2022; 10:1129-1136. [PMID: 36216011 PMCID: PMC9708088 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1·1.529) is associated with lower risks of adverse outcomes than the delta (B.1.617.2) variant among the general population. However, little is known about outcomes after omicron infection in pregnancy. We aimed to assess and compare short-term pregnancy outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron infection in pregnancy. METHODS We did a national population-based cohort study of women who had SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy between May 17, 2021, and Jan 31, 2022. The primary maternal outcome was admission to critical care within 21 days of infection or death within 28 days of date of infection. Pregnancy outcomes were preterm birth and stillbirth within 28 days of infection. Neonatal outcomes were death within 28 days of birth, and low Apgar score (<7 of 10, for babies born at term) or neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection in births occurring within 28 days of maternal infection. We used periods when variants were dominant in the general Scottish population, based on 50% or more of cases being S-gene positive (delta variant, from May 17 to Dec 14, 2021) or S-gene negative (omicron variant, from Dec 15, 2021, to Jan 31, 2022) as surrogates for variant infections. Analyses used logistic regression, adjusting for maternal age, deprivation quintile, ethnicity, weeks of gestation, and vaccination status. Sensitivity analyses included restricting the analysis to those with first confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and using periods when delta or omicron had 90% or more predominance. FINDINGS Between May 17, 2021, and Jan 31, 2022, there were 9923 SARS-CoV-2 infections in 9823 pregnancies, in 9817 women in Scotland. Compared with infections in the delta-dominant period, SARS-CoV-2 infections in pregnancy in the omicron-dominant period were associated with lower maternal critical care admission risk (0·3% [13 of 4968] vs 1·8% [89 of 4955]; adjusted odds ratio 0·25, 95% CI 0·14-0·44) and lower preterm birth within 28 days of infection (1·8% [37 of 2048] vs 4·2% [98 of 2338]; 0·57, 95% CI 0·38-0·87). There were no maternal deaths within 28 days of infection. Estimates of low Apgar scores were imprecise due to low numbers (5 [1·2%] of 423 with omicron vs 11 [2·1%] of 528 with delta, adjusted odds ratio 0·72, 0·23-2·32). There were fewer stillbirths in the omicron-dominant period than in the delta-dominant period (4·3 [2 of 462] per 1000 births vs 20·3 [13 of 639] per 1000) and no neonatal deaths during the omicron-dominant period (0 [0 of 460] per 1000 births vs 6·3 [4 of 626] per 1000 births), thus numbers were too small to support adjusted analyses. Rates of neonatal infection were low in births within 28 days of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 11 cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 in the delta-dominant period, and 1 case in the omicron-dominant period. Of the 15 stillbirths, 12 occurred in women who had not received two or more doses of COVID-19 vaccination at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy. All 12 cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in women who had not received two or more doses of vaccine at the time of maternal infection. Findings in sensitivity analyses were similar to those in the main analyses. INTERPRETATION Pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 were substantially less likely to have a preterm birth or maternal critical care admission during the omicron-dominant period than during the delta-dominant period. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, Tommy's charity, Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation, Health Data Research UK, National Core Studies-Data and Connectivity, Public Health Scotland, Scottish Government Health and Social Care, Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office, National Research Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Stock
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.
| | | | - Clara Calvert
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sam Hillman
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Lisa E M Hopcroft
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK; Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK; MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin McCowan
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Colin R Simpson
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK; School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chris Robertson
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Rachael Wood
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Kwok J, Hall HA, Murray AL, Lombardo MV, Auyeung B. Maternal infections during pregnancy and child cognitive outcomes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:848. [PMCID: PMC9670450 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Maternal prenatal infections have been linked to children’s neurodevelopment and cognitive outcomes. It remains unclear, however, whether infections occurring during specific vulnerable gestational periods can affect children’s cognitive outcomes. The study aimed to examine maternal infections in each trimester of pregnancy and associations with children’s developmental and intelligence quotients. The ALSPAC birth cohort was used to investigate associations between maternal infections in pregnancy and child cognitive outcomes.
Methods
Infection data from mothers and cognition data from children were included with the final study sample size comprising 7,410 mother-child participants. Regression analysis was used to examine links between maternal infections occurring at each trimester of pregnancy and children’s cognition at 18 months, 4 years, and 8 years.
Results
Infections in the third trimester were significantly associated with decreased verbal IQ at age 4 (p < .05, adjusted R2 = 0.004); decreased verbal IQ (p < .01, adjusted R2 = 0.001), performance IQ (p < .01, adjusted R2 = 0.0008), and total IQ at age 8 (p < .01, adjusted R2 = 0.001).
Conclusion
Results suggest that maternal infections in the third trimester could have a latent effect on cognitive development, only emerging when cognitive load increases over time, though magnitude of effect appears to be small. Performance IQ may be more vulnerable to trimester-specific exposure to maternal infection as compared to verbal IQ. Future research could include examining potential mediating mechanisms on childhood cognition, such as possible moderating effects of early childhood environmental factors, and if effects persist in future cognitive outcomes.
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13
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Zaki JK, Lago SG, Rustogi N, Gangadin SS, Benacek J, van Rees GF, Haenisch F, Broek JA, Suarez-Pinilla P, Ruland T, Auyeung B, Mikova O, Kabacs N, Arolt V, Baron-Cohen S, Crespo-Facorro B, Drexhage HA, de Witte LD, Kahn RS, Sommer IE, Bahn S, Tomasik J. Diagnostic model development for schizophrenia based on peripheral blood mononuclear cell subtype-specific expression of metabolic markers. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:457. [PMID: 36310155 PMCID: PMC9618570 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of the personal and economic burden of schizophrenia can be attributed to the late diagnosis or misdiagnosis of the disorder. A novel, objective diagnostic approaches could facilitate the early detection and treatment of schizophrenia and improve patient outcomes. In the present study, we aimed to identify robust schizophrenia-specific blood biomarkers, with the goal of developing an accurate diagnostic model. The levels of selected serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) markers relevant to metabolic and immune function were measured in healthy controls (n = 26) and recent-onset schizophrenia patients (n = 36) using multiplexed immunoassays and flow cytometry. Analysis of covariance revealed significant upregulation of insulin receptor (IR) and fatty acid translocase (CD36) levels in T helper cells (F = 10.75, P = 0.002, Q = 0.024 and F = 21.58, P = 2.8 × 10-5, Q = 0.0004, respectively), as well as downregulation of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression in monocytes (F = 21.46, P = 2.9 × 10-5, Q = 0.0004). The most robust predictors, monocyte GLUT1 and T helper cell CD36, were used to develop a diagnostic model, which showed a leave-one-out cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.66-0.92). The diagnostic model was validated in two independent datasets. The model was able to distinguish first-onset, drug-naïve schizophrenia patients (n = 34) from healthy controls (n = 39) with an AUC of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.64-0.86), and also differentiated schizophrenia patients (n = 22) from patients with other neuropsychiatric conditions, including bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder (n = 68), with an AUC of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.75-0.92). These findings indicate that PBMC-derived biomarkers have the potential to support an accurate and objective differential diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan K. Zaki
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Santiago G. Lago
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nitin Rustogi
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shiral S. Gangadin
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiri Benacek
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geertje F. van Rees
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frieder Haenisch
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jantine A. Broek
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula Suarez-Pinilla
- grid.7821.c0000 0004 1770 272XDepartment of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
| | - Tillmann Ruland
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Olya Mikova
- Foundation Biological Psychiatry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolett Kabacs
- grid.450563.10000 0004 0412 9303Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Arolt
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- grid.7821.c0000 0004 1770 272XDepartment of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain ,grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, IBiS, Sevilla, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lot D. de Witte
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - René S. Kahn
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris E. Sommer
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jakub Tomasik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Speyer LG, Auyeung B, Murray AL. Longitudinal Invariance of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Across Ages 4 to 16 in the ALSPAC Sample. Assessment 2022:10731911221128948. [PMID: 36254666 PMCID: PMC10363935 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221128948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) has been widely used to study children's psychosocial development longitudinally; however, such analyses assume longitudinal measurement invariance, that is, they presuppose that symptom manifestations are measured comparably across different ages. Violations of this assumption could bias longitudinal analyses and should therefore be empirically tested. This study tested longitudinal measurement invariance within a confirmatory factor analysis framework in the U.K.-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 13,988). Results indicated that SDQ scores showed configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across ages 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 16, supporting its use for comparing variances, covariances, and means over time within a latent variable model as well as using observed scores. At age 4, configural invariance was not supported, indicating that mental health symptoms as measured by the SDQ manifest differently at this age, thus necessitating caution when comparing symptoms as measured by SDQ scores at this age to later ages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- University of Cambridge, UK.,The University of Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Stock SJ, Carruthers J, Denny C, Donaghy J, Goulding A, Hopcroft LEM, Hopkins L, Mulholland R, Agrawal U, Auyeung B, Katikireddi SV, McCowan C, Murray J, Robertson C, Sheikh A, Shi T, Simpson CR, Vasileiou E, Wood R. Cohort Profile: The COVID-19 in Pregnancy in Scotland (COPS) dynamic cohort of pregnant women to assess effects of viral and vaccine exposures on pregnancy. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:e245-e255. [PMID: 34977922 PMCID: PMC9557859 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Stock
- Corresponding author. Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, NINE Edinburgh BioQuarter, 9 Little France Road, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Utkarsh Agrawal
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin McCowan
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Chris Robertson
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ting Shi
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin R Simpson
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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16
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Speyer LG, Eisner M, Ribeaud D, Luciano M, Auyeung B, Murray AL. A symptom level perspective on reactive and proactive aggressive behaviours and ADHD symptoms in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1017-1026. [PMID: 34874058 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, affecting around 3.4% of children worldwide. A common and impairing correlate of ADHD is aggressive behaviour. ADHD symptoms and aggression are both heterogeneous and it has been speculated that certain symptoms of ADHD might be more important in aggressive behaviours of different types than others. This study uses a symptom-level analysis to investigate the concurrent and temporal links between ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviours. METHODS Using Gaussian Graphical Models and Graphical Vector Autoregression Models, longitudinal and cross-sectional networks of ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviours, measured using parent-reported Social Behaviour Questionnaires, were estimated. Participants included 1,246 children taking part in the longitudinal Swiss z-proso cohort study at ages 7, 9 and 11. RESULTS The longitudinal network highlighted that ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviours share a multitude of reciprocal temporal relations, with inattentive ADHD symptoms preceding both reactive and proactive aggression. Cross-sectional networks suggested that hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were predominantly connected to reactive aggressive behaviours but also to a form of proactive aggression, namely dominating other children. CONCLUSION Findings provide preliminary evidence which specific symptoms are the most promising targets for reducing aggressive behaviours in children with ADHD. They also highlight the potential importance of targeting feedback loops resulting from aggressive behaviours. Future research is needed to better understand the mechanisms through which ADHD and aggressive behaviours become linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Marryat L, Auyeung B, Speyer L. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on birth, neonatal and child health and developmental outcomes in Scotland. Int J Popul Data Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v7i3.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesThis presentation will detail results from an initial study using linked administrative health data to explore the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on birth and neonatal outcomes in Scotland. It will further outline a funded longer-term follow-up study of child health and developmental outcomes using administrative health data.
ApproachTo combat the wide-spread transmission of COVID-19 Scotland imposed a nationwide lockdown. Little is known about how lockdown measures affected pregnant mothers and their offspring. Using routinely collected health data on pregnancy and birth in Scotland, the initial study compares births (N = 11220) between March and May 2020 to births in the same period in 2018 (N = 12428) to investigate the effects of lockdown measures, using descriptive statistics (Mann-Whitney U tests/Chi-squared tests). A 5-year follow-up study will track child health and developmental outcomes for the 99,000 children born in Scotland during the pandemic up to age five.
ResultsResults of the initial study indicated that mothers giving birth during the pandemic demonstrated significant differences in feeding methods on discharge (χ2(3) = 19.09, p <.001), and analgesia during labour and delivery (χ2(6) = 104.68, p <.001), and stayed in hospital for fewer days (Z = -10.90, p <.001) compared with women who gave birth in 2018. Post-hoc tests revealed that women were more likely to combine breastfeeding with formula-feeding than to exclusively breastfeed (P <.001) or exclusively formula-feed (P <.001). They were also more likely to require spinal anaesthetics compared to using no pain relief air (P =.035), gas and air (P <.001) or opioids (P < .001).
ConclusionFindings of the current study suggest that lockdown measures implemented in Scotland as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic had limited effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes. The CHILDS study will provide robust evidence on the longer-term impacts of the pandemic on child development, which may have long-lasting consequences for this generation.
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18
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Speyer LG, Neaves S, Hall HA, Hemani G, Lombardo MV, Murray AL, Auyeung B, Luciano M. Polygenic risks for joint developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems: findings from the ALSPAC cohort. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:948-956. [PMID: 34856637 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems show considerable heterogeneity; however, this can be parsed into a small number of meaningful subgroups. Doing so offered insights into risk factors that lead to different patterns of internalizing/externalizing trajectories. However, despite both domains of problems showing strong heritability, no study has yet considered genetic risks as predictors of joint internalizing/externalizing problem trajectories. METHODS Using parallel process latent class growth analysis, we estimated joint developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing difficulties assessed across ages 4 to 16 using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate a range of demographic, perinatal, maternal mental health, and child and maternal polygenic predictors of group membership. Participants included 11,049 children taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Polygenic data were available for 7,127 children and 6,836 mothers. RESULTS A 5-class model was judged optimal: Unaffected, Moderate Externalizing Symptoms, High Externalizing Symptoms, Moderate Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms and High Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms. Male sex, lower maternal age, maternal mental health problems, maternal smoking during pregnancy, higher child polygenic risk scores for ADHD and lower polygenic scores for IQ distinguished affected classes from the unaffected class. CONCLUSIONS While affected classes could be relatively well separated from the unaffected class, phenotypic and polygenic predictors were limited in their ability to distinguish between different affected classes. Results thus add to existing evidence that internalizing and externalizing problems have mostly shared risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Neaves
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Gibran Hemani
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Vincent Lombardo
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Pan N, Auyeung B, Wang X, Lin LZ, Li HL, Zhan XL, Jin CK, Jing J, Li XH. Empathizing, systemizing, empathizing-systemizing difference and their association with autistic traits in children with autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability. Autism Res 2022; 15:1348-1357. [PMID: 35719032 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference can be linked to autistic traits in the general adult population and those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but these profiles and associations remain unclear in children with ASD, with and without intellectual disability (ASD + ID; ASD-noID). We recruited three groups including 160 boys with ASD (73 ASD + ID; 87 ASD-noID) and 99 typically developing (TD) boys (6-12 years). We measured empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference using the parent-reported child Empathy and Systemizing Quotient (EQ-C/SQ-C). We measured autistic traits using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Among the three groups, children with ASD + ID and ASD-noID scored lower on the EQ-C and SQ-C than TD children (all p < 0.001). There was no difference in the EQ-C between children with ASD + ID and ASD-noID (16.59 ± 5.53 vs. 16.23 ± 5.85, p = 0.973), and the difference in the SQ-C attenuated to null when adjusting for intelligence between children with ASD-noID and TD children (18.89 ± 7.80 vs. 24.15 ± 6.73, p = 0.089). Children with ASD + ID scored higher on empathizing-systemizing difference than TD children but lower than children with ASD-noID (all p < 0.05). Negative associations between EQ-C and all autistic traits, null associations between SQ-C and all autistic traits, and positive associations between empathizing-systemizing difference and all autistic traits were found in all groups. We observed differences in empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference and the consistency of their associations with autistic traits among the three groups. Our findings provide implication that behavioral interventions of ASD should consider the balance of empathizing and systemizing. LAY SUMMARY: We examined the profiles of empathizing, systemizing, and empathizing-systemizing difference in children with autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability (ASD + ID; ASD-noID), and typically developing (TD) children aged 6-12 years. We observed differences in these profiles and the consistency of their associations with autistic traits among the three groups. Empathizing and empathizing-systemizing difference, rather than systemizing, were associated with autistic traits within the three groups. Our findings provide implication that behavioral interventions of ASD should consider these imbalance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Pan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-Lin Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng-Kai Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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20
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Speyer LG, Hall HA, Ushakova A, Luciano M, Auyeung B, Murray AL. Within-person Relations between Domains of Socio-emotional Development during Childhood and Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1261-1274. [PMID: 35670883 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period in the development of mental health with nearly 1 in 5 adolescents suffering from mental health problems and more than 40 percent of these experiencing at least one co-occurring mental health disorder. This study investigates whether there are differences in the relations between key dimensions of child and adolescent mental health in adolescence compared to childhood. Mental health and related socio-emotional traits were measured longitudinally at ages 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 16 in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 11279) using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires. Graphical Vector Autoregression models were used to analyse the temporal within-person relations between conduct problems, emotional problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer problems and prosociality across childhood (ages 4 to 9) and adolescence (11 to 16). Results suggest that adolescence is characterised by an increase in the number and strength of temporal relations between socio-emotional difficulties. In particular, in adolescence there were bidirectional connections between peer problems and emotional problems, between conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention and between prosociality and conduct problems as well as hyperactivity/inattention. In childhood, conduct problems and prosociality were reciprocally related. Results also suggested peer problems as a potential mediating factor between conduct and emotional problems in childhood. Overall, this study suggests that different domains of socio-emotional development influence each other over development. Adolescence is characterised by an increase in temporal connections, which may be one factor underlying the increased vulnerability to the onset of mental health problems during that period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | | | - Anastasia Ushakova
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Medical School, University of Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Wang X, Dai MX, Murray A, Liu SY, Chen JJ, Lin LZ, Jing J, Auyeung B. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the children's empathy quotient and systemizing quotient: 4-12 years. Autism Res 2022; 15:1675-1685. [PMID: 35611766 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to validate the Children's Empathy Quotient (EQ-C) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ-C) in Mainland China, which can reflect the profiles of empathizing and systemizing, and describing specific characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gender-typical behaviors in general population. A total of 800 typically developing (TD) children, aged 4-12 years was recruited initially with whose parents/guardians complete the measurements, and 782 TD children who met inclusion criteria were finally included. A 23-item three-factor EQ-C and a 22-item four-factor SQ-C was developed with good internal consistency (Omega total values of 0.87 and 0.86) and test-retest reliability (Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.82 and 0.69). In TD children, girls scored significantly higher on EQ-C (31.4 ± 7.8 vs. 28.2 ± 7.7) but there were no gender differences in SQ-C scores. TD children showed different cognitive styles (empathizing-dominant for girls with 42.6% identified as Type E; systemizing-dominant for boys with 40.7% identified as Type S). A further sample of 222 children with ASD indicated that they scored lower on EQ/SQ-C compared to TD children (13.2 ± 5.1 vs. 29.7 ± 7.9, 12.4 ± 5.8 vs. 23.5 ± 8.3) and were generally systemizing-dominant (Type S: 50.8% for boys and 64.0% for girls). Autistic children scored higher on the SQ-C in those without intellectual disability and with higher paternal education level and family income (14.2 ± 6.1 vs. 10.9 ± 5.0, 13.3 ± 6.2 vs. 11.5 ± 5.1, 13.7 ± 5.6 vs. 11.9 ± 5.8), while there were no differences in the EQ-C. This study indicated good reliability and validity of the Chinese version of EQ/SQ-C, which can be used in Chinese children with and without ASD. LAY SUMMARY: We developed the Chinese version of the Children's Empathy Quotient (EQ-C) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ-C) in 782 typically developing (TD) children aged 4-12 years in Mainland China, yielding a 23-item, 3-factor EQ-C and a 22-item, 4-factor SQ-C with good psychometric properties. In TD children, we found gender difference only in scores of EQ-C. Further analyses of 222 autistic children indicated that differences were found in scores of SQ-C when considering their gender, intelligence and socio-economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei-Xia Dai
- Department of Children's Healthcare and Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aja Murray
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Jie Chen
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Speyer LG, Obsuth I, Ribeaud D, Eisner M, Luciano M, Auyeung B, Murray AL. Mediating Factors in Within-Person Developmental Cascades of Externalising, Internalising and ADHD Symptoms in Childhood. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1011-1025. [PMID: 35488988 PMCID: PMC9395455 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have offered evidence for peer problems and academic achievement as mediators in developmental cascades from externalising to internalising problems, and from ADHD symptoms to both internalising and externalising problems. However, these mediators have not been found to fully account for these cascades, indicating that there may be additional mediators involved. This study investigated the role of harsh parenting and parental involvement alongside academic achievement and peer problems in mediating within-person developmental cascades from externalising to internalising problems and from ADHD symptoms to internalising and externalising problems using autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals. Models were fit for parent- and teacher-reports on children’s psychosocial development as measured by the Social Behaviour Questionnaire (SBQ) collected over ages 7, 9, and 11 in an ethnically diverse Swiss longitudinal cohort study (z-proso; N = 1387, 51% male). Results indicated that, when appropriately disentangling within- from between-person effects, none of the considered factors acted as significant mediators in longitudinal within-person relations between ADHD, internalising and externalising problems; hence, mediating mechanisms in developmental cascades remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Clinical Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, White SR, Vogel JW, Anderson KM, Adamson C, Adler S, Alexopoulos GS, Anagnostou E, Areces-Gonzalez A, Astle DE, Auyeung B, Ayub M, Bae J, Ball G, Baron-Cohen S, Beare R, Bedford SA, Benegal V, Beyer F, Blangero J, Blesa Cábez M, Boardman JP, Borzage M, Bosch-Bayard JF, Bourke N, Calhoun VD, Chakravarty MM, Chen C, Chertavian C, Chetelat G, Chong YS, Cole JH, Corvin A, Costantino M, Courchesne E, Crivello F, Cropley VL, Crosbie J, Crossley N, Delarue M, Delorme R, Desrivieres S, Devenyi GA, Di Biase MA, Dolan R, Donald KA, Donohoe G, Dunlop K, Edwards AD, Elison JT, Ellis CT, Elman JA, Eyler L, Fair DA, Feczko E, Fletcher PC, Fonagy P, Franz CE, Galan-Garcia L, Gholipour A, Giedd J, Gilmore JH, Glahn DC, Goodyer IM, Grant PE, Groenewold NA, Gunning FM, Gur RE, Gur RC, Hammill CF, Hansson O, Hedden T, Heinz A, Henson RN, Heuer K, Hoare J, Holla B, Holmes AJ, Holt R, Huang H, Im K, Ipser J, Jack CR, Jackowski AP, Jia T, Johnson KA, Jones PB, Jones DT, Kahn RS, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Kawashima R, Kelley EA, Kern S, Kim KW, Kitzbichler MG, Kremen WS, Lalonde F, Landeau B, Lee S, Lerch J, Lewis JD, Li J, Liao W, Liston C, Lombardo MV, Lv J, Lynch C, Mallard TT, Marcelis M, Markello RD, Mathias SR, Mazoyer B, McGuire P, Meaney MJ, Mechelli A, Medic N, Misic B, Morgan SE, Mothersill D, Nigg J, Ong MQW, Ortinau C, Ossenkoppele R, Ouyang M, Palaniyappan L, Paly L, Pan PM, Pantelis C, Park MM, Paus T, Pausova Z, Paz-Linares D, Pichet Binette A, Pierce K, Qian X, Qiu J, Qiu A, Raznahan A, Rittman T, Rodrigue A, Rollins CK, Romero-Garcia R, Ronan L, Rosenberg MD, Rowitch DH, Salum GA, Satterthwaite TD, Schaare HL, Schachar RJ, Schultz AP, Schumann G, Schöll M, Sharp D, Shinohara RT, Skoog I, Smyser CD, Sperling RA, Stein DJ, Stolicyn A, Suckling J, Sullivan G, Taki Y, Thyreau B, Toro R, Traut N, Tsvetanov KA, Turk-Browne NB, Tuulari JJ, Tzourio C, Vachon-Presseau É, Valdes-Sosa MJ, Valdes-Sosa PA, Valk SL, van Amelsvoort T, Vandekar SN, Vasung L, Victoria LW, Villeneuve S, Villringer A, Vértes PE, Wagstyl K, Wang YS, Warfield SK, Warrier V, Westman E, Westwater ML, Whalley HC, Witte AV, Yang N, Yeo B, Yun H, Zalesky A, Zar HJ, Zettergren A, Zhou JH, Ziauddeen H, Zugman A, Zuo XN, Bullmore ET, Alexander-Bloch AF. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature 2022; 604:525-533. [PMID: 35388223 PMCID: PMC9021021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here we assemble an interactive open resource to benchmark brain morphology derived from any current or future sample of MRI data ( http://www.brainchart.io/ ). With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, acknowledging limitations due to known biases of MRI studies relative to the diversity of the global population, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans, across more than 100 primary studies, from 101,457 human participants between 115 days post-conception to 100 years of age. MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3, showed high stability of individuals across longitudinal assessments, and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared with non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardized measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In summary, brain charts are an essential step towards robust quantification of individual variation benchmarked to normative trajectories in multiple, commonly used neuroimaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A I Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - J Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - S R White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J W Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Adamson
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Adler
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
| | - G S Alexopoulos
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - E Anagnostou
- Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - A Areces-Gonzalez
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- University of Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca", Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | - D E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Ayub
- Queen's University, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- University College London, Mental Health Neuroscience Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - J Bae
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - G Ball
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Lifetime Asperger Syndrome Service (CLASS), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Beare
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S A Bedford
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - F Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - M Blesa Cábez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Borzage
- Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J F Bosch-Bayard
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Bourke
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - V D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M M Chakravarty
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Chen
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Chertavian
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Chetelat
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Y S Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J H Cole
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre (DRC), University College London, London, UK
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Costantino
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
- Undergraduate program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - E Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Autism Center of Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - F Crivello
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - V L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Crosbie
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Instituto Milenio Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Delarue
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - R Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - S Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, McGill Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - K A Donald
- Division of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Donohoe
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - K Dunlop
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A D Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, London, UK
| | - J T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C T Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L Eyler
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D A Fair
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - E Feczko
- Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, and Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Fonagy
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - C E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - A Gholipour
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Giedd
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - P E Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N A Groenewold
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F M Gunning
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C F Hammill
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - T Hedden
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Heinz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - R N Henson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Heuer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - J Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
- Accelerator Program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India
| | - A J Holmes
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Huang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Im
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Ipser
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A P Jackowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry, Beijing, China
| | - T Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and BrainInspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K A Johnson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - D T Jones
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - H Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - E A Kelley
- Queen's University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K W Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, South Korea
| | - M G Kitzbichler
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F Lalonde
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Landeau
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - S Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - W Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - C Liston
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - J Lv
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Lynch
- Weil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - T T Mallard
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M Marcelis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R D Markello
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Mazoyer
- Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNRS UMR5293, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Mechelli
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Medic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Misic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - D Mothersill
- Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology and Center for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M Q W Ong
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Ortinau
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Ossenkoppele
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lund University, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Ouyang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Palaniyappan
- Robarts Research Institute and The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Paly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - P M Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Poalo (UNIFESP), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
| | - C Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M M Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Paus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Paz-Linares
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - A Pichet Binette
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - K Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - X Qian
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Qiu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Rodrigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C K Rollins
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Seville, Spain
| | - L Ronan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G A Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Informatics & Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H L Schaare
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - R J Schachar
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A P Schultz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - G Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- PONS-Centre, Charite Mental Health, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charite Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen's Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - R T Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C D Smyser
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R A Sperling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Aging Brain Study, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Stolicyn
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Sullivan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Y Taki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - B Thyreau
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | - R Toro
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - N Traut
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - K A Tsvetanov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J J Tuulari
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Turku Brain and Mind Center, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - C Tzourio
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, U1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - É Vachon-Presseau
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - P A Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain (AECRP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S L Valk
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S N Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L Vasung
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L W Victoria
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Villeneuve
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - K Wagstyl
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | - Y S Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S K Warfield
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Westwater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A V Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, CRC 1052 'Obesity Mechanisms', University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - N Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Yun
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Neuroradiology, Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J H Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD), Sao Poalo, Brazil
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - X N Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- National Basic Science Data Center, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Lifespan Development of Brain and Mind, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Education, School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - E T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A F Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Procyshyn TL, Lombardo MV, Lai MC, Jassim N, Auyeung B, Crockford SK, Deakin JB, Soubramanian S, Sule A, Terburg D, Baron-Cohen S, Bethlehem RAI. Oxytocin Enhances Basolateral Amygdala Activation and Functional Connectivity While Processing Emotional Faces: Preliminary Findings in Autistic Versus Non-Autistic Women. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2022; 17:929-938. [PMID: 35254443 PMCID: PMC9527468 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is hypothesized to promote social interactions by enhancing the salience of social stimuli. While previous neuroimaging studies have reported that oxytocin enhances amygdala activation to face stimuli in autistic men, effects in autistic women remain unclear. In this study, the influence of intranasal oxytocin on activation and functional connectivity of the basolateral amygdala—the brain’s ‘salience detector’—while processing emotional faces vs shapes was tested in 16 autistic and 21 non-autistic women by functional magnetic resonance imaging in a placebo-controlled, within-subject, cross-over design. In the placebo condition, minimal activation differences were observed between autistic and non-autistic women. However, significant drug × group interactions were observed for both basolateral amygdala activation and functional connectivity. Oxytocin increased left basolateral amygdala activation among autistic women (35-voxel cluster, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates of peak voxel = −22 −10 −28; mean change = +0.079%, t = 3.159, PTukey = 0.0166) but not among non-autistic women (mean change = +0.003%, t = 0.153, PTukey = 0.999). Furthermore, oxytocin increased functional connectivity of the right basolateral amygdala with brain regions associated with socio-emotional information processing in autistic women, but not in non-autistic women, attenuating group differences in the placebo condition. Taken together, these findings extend evidence of oxytocin’s effects on the amygdala to specifically include autistic women and specify the subregion of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Procyshyn
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nazia Jassim
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah K Crockford
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia B Deakin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sentil Soubramanian
- South West London and St. George’s Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Liaison Psychiatry Service, St Helier Hospital, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Akeem Sule
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Terburg
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard A I Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Stock SJ, Carruthers J, Calvert C, Denny C, Donaghy J, Goulding A, Hopcroft LEM, Hopkins L, McLaughlin T, Pan J, Shi T, Taylor B, Agrawal U, Auyeung B, Katikireddi SV, McCowan C, Murray J, Simpson CR, Robertson C, Vasileiou E, Sheikh A, Wood R. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland. Nat Med 2022; 28:504-512. [PMID: 35027756 PMCID: PMC8938271 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Population-level data on COVID-19 vaccine uptake in pregnancy and SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes are lacking. We describe COVID-19 vaccine uptake and SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women in Scotland, using whole-population data from a national, prospective cohort. Between the start of a COVID-19 vaccine program in Scotland, on 8 December 2020 and 31 October 2021, 25,917 COVID-19 vaccinations were given to 18,457 pregnant women. Vaccine coverage was substantially lower in pregnant women than in the general female population of 18-44 years; 32.3% of women giving birth in October 2021 had two doses of vaccine compared to 77.4% in all women. The extended perinatal mortality rate for women who gave birth within 28 d of a COVID-19 diagnosis was 22.6 per 1,000 births (95% CI 12.9-38.5; pandemic background rate 5.6 per 1,000 births; 452 out of 80,456; 95% CI 5.1-6.2). Overall, 77.4% (3,833 out of 4,950; 95% CI 76.2-78.6) of SARS-CoV-2 infections, 90.9% (748 out of 823; 95% CI 88.7-92.7) of SARS-CoV-2 associated with hospital admission and 98% (102 out of 104; 95% CI 92.5-99.7) of SARS-CoV-2 associated with critical care admission, as well as all baby deaths, occurred in pregnant women who were unvaccinated at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis. Addressing low vaccine uptake rates in pregnant women is imperative to protect the health of women and babies in the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Stock
- University of Edinburgh Usher Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
- Public Health Scotland, Scotland, UK.
| | | | - Clara Calvert
- University of Edinburgh Usher Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Lisa E M Hopcroft
- Public Health Scotland, Scotland, UK
- The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ting Shi
- University of Edinburgh Usher Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Utkarsh Agrawal
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- Public Health Scotland, Scotland, UK
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin McCowan
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Colin R Simpson
- University of Edinburgh Usher Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chris Robertson
- Public Health Scotland, Scotland, UK
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Aziz Sheikh
- University of Edinburgh Usher Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachael Wood
- University of Edinburgh Usher Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Public Health Scotland, Scotland, UK
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26
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Stock SJ, Carruthers J, Calvert C, Denny C, Donaghy J, Goulding A, Hopcroft LEM, Hopkins L, McLaughlin T, Pan J, Shi T, Taylor B, Agrawal U, Auyeung B, Katikireddi SV, McCowan C, Murray J, Simpson CR, Robertson C, Vasileiou E, Sheikh A, Wood R. Author Correction: SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland. Nat Med 2022; 28:599. [PMID: 35121824 PMCID: PMC8815288 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Dooley N, Ruigrok A, Holt R, Allison C, Tsompanidis A, Waldman J, Auyeung B, Lombardo MV, Baron-Cohen S. Is there an association between prenatal testosterone and autistic traits in adolescents? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 136:105623. [PMID: 34896742 PMCID: PMC8783053 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal testosterone (pT) is a crucial component in physiological masculinization in humans. In line with the Prenatal Sex Steroid Theory of autism, some studies have found a positive correlation between pT and autistic traits in childhood. However, effects in adolescence have not been explored. Hormonal and environmental changes occurring during puberty may alter the strength or the nature of prenatal effects on autistic traits. The current study examines if pT relates to autistic traits in a non-clinical sample of adolescents and young adults (N = 97, 170 observations; age 13-21 years old). It also explores pT interactions with pubertal stage and timing. PT concentrations were measured from amniotic fluid extracted in the 2nd trimester of gestation via amniocentesis conducted for clinical purposes. Autistic traits were measured by self- and parent-reports on the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) which provides a total score and 5 sub-scores (social skills, communication, imagination, attention switching and attention to detail). Self-reported pubertal stage was regressed on age to provide a measure of relative timing. We found no statistical evidence for a direct association between pT and autistic traits in this adolescent sample (males, females or full sample). Exploratory analyses suggested that pT correlated positively with autistic traits in adolescents with earlier puberty-onset, but statistical robustness of this finding was limited. Further exploratory post-hoc tests suggested the pT-by-pubertal timing interaction was stronger in males relative to females, in self-reported compared to parent-reported AQ and specifically for social traits. These findings require replication in larger samples. Findings have implications for understanding the effects of pT on human behavior, specifically existence of effects in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Dooley
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Amber Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosemary Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Carrie Allison
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jack Waldman
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK,Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn,Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
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28
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Hall HA, Speyer LG, Murray AL, Auyeung B. Prenatal Maternal Infections and Children's Neurodevelopment in the UK Millennium Cohort Study: A Focus on ASD and ADHD. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:616-628. [PMID: 34009046 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211015422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No clear answer has yet been attained as to the influence of prenatal exposure to infection on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), either alone or as co-occurring issues. The current study examined links between hospital-recorded and maternal-reported prenatal infections and ASD, ADHD, and co-occurring ASD and ADHD. METHODS Participants were n = 15,462 children and mother pairs from the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), a population-representative UK sample. RESULTS Findings show associations between maternal-reported infections and ASD, and some evidence of links with ADHD and co-occurring ASD and ADHD. Hospital-recorded infections were not found to be associated with ASD, ADHD, or their co-occurrence. Agreement between hospital-recorded and maternal-reported infections was low, which may explain the discrepant findings. CONCLUSION Prenatal maternal infections may be associated with increased odds of ASD and ADHD. Findings point to the importance of drawing on multiple sources of information when ascertaining prenatal infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bonnie Auyeung
- University of Edinburgh, UK.,University of Cambridge, UK
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29
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Hemady CL, Speyer LG, Kwok J, Meinck F, Melendez-Torres GJ, Fry D, Auyeung B, Murray AL. Using network analysis to illuminate the intergenerational transmission of adversity. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2101347. [PMID: 36016844 PMCID: PMC9397447 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Objective: The effects of maternal exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be transmitted to subsequent generations through various biopsychosocial mechanisms. However, studies tend to focus on exploring one or two focal pathways with less attention paid to links between different pathways. Using a network approach, this paper explores a range of core prenatal risk factors that may link maternal ACEs to infant preterm birth (PTB) and low birthweight (LBW). Methods: We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (n = 8379) to estimate two mixed graphical network models: Model 1 was constructed using adverse infant outcomes, biopsychosocial and environmental risk factors, forms of ACEs, and sociodemographic factors. In Model 2, ACEs were combined to represent a threshold ACEs score (≥4). Network indices (i.e., shortest path and bridge expected influence [1-step & 2-step]) were estimated to determine the shortest pathway from ACEs to infant outcomes, and to identify the risk factors that are vital in activating other risk factors and adverse outcomes. Results: Network analyses estimated a mutually reinforcing web of childhood and prenatal risk factors, with each risk connected to at least two other risks. Bridge influence indices suggested that childhood physical and sexual abuse and multiple ACEs were highly interconnected to others risks. Overall, risky health behaviours during pregnancy (i.e., smoking & illicit drug use) were identified as 'active' risk factors capable of affecting (directly and indirectly) other risk factors and contributing to the persistent activation of the global risk network. These risks may be considered priority candidate targets for interventions to disrupt intergenerational risk transmission. Our study demonstrates the promise of network analysis as an approach for illuminating the intergenerational transmission of adversity in its full complexity. HIGHLIGHTS We took a network approach to assessing links between ACEs and birth outcomes.ACEs, other prenatal risk factors, and birth outcomes had complex inter-connectionsHealth behaviours in pregnancy were indicated as optimal intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Lance Hemady
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janell Kwok
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Deborah Fry
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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30
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Speyer LG, Marryat L, Auyeung B. Impact of COVID-19 public health safety measures on births in Scotland between March and May 2020. Public Health 2022; 202:76-79. [PMID: 34922177 PMCID: PMC8572698 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To combat the widespread transmission of COVID-19, many countries, including the United Kingdom, have imposed nationwide lockdowns. Little is known about how these public health safety measures affect pregnant mothers and their offspring. This study aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 public health safety measures on births in Scotland. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Using routinely collected health data on pregnancy and birth in Scotland, this study compares all births (N = 7342) between 24th March and May 2020 with births in the same period in 2018 (N = 8323) to investigate the potential negative impact of public health safety measures introduced in Scotland in spring 2020. Birth outcomes were compared using Mann-Whitney-U tests and chi-square tests. RESULTS Mothers giving birth during the pandemic tended to combine breastfeeding and formula-feeding rather than exclusively breastfeed or exclusively formula-feed, stayed in hospital for fewer days, and more often had an epidural or a spinal anaesthetic compared to women giving birth in 2018. CONCLUSION Overall, results suggest little impact of public health safety measures on birth outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the longer-term impacts of being born in the pandemic on both maternal mental health and child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Speyer
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - L Marryat
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - B Auyeung
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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31
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Wang X, Auyeung B, Pan N, Lin LZ, Chen Q, Chen JJ, Liu SY, Dai MX, Gong JH, Li XH, Jing J. Empathy, Theory of Mind, and Prosocial Behaviors in Autistic Children. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:844578. [PMID: 35401285 PMCID: PMC8990907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.844578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has suggested that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display fewer prosocial behaviors, and the role of empathy or Theory of Mind (ToM) in prosocial behaviors of autistic children remains unclear. METHODS Data were obtained from an ongoing longitudinal study in Guangzhou, China. A total of 96 autistic children and 167 typically developing (TD) children were enrolled. Prosocial behaviors were assessed using a subscale of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and Dictator Game (DG) paradigm with stickers as incentives. Empathic traits and ToM ability were measured using the children's Empathy Quotient and the Chinese version of ToM toolkit. Generalized linear models were used to assess the differences of prosocial behaviors and empathic traits, ToM ability between the two groups and the associations between empathic traits, ToM ability and prosocial behaviors in autistic children. RESULTS Compared with TD children, autistic children exhibited worse ToM ability and performed less pro-socially in the DG paradigm, while there were no differences regarding empathic traits. In autistic children, empathic traits especially affective empathy, were positively associated with parent-reported prosocial behaviors [β = 0.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07-0.27; β = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.33-0.60]. ToM ability was associated with DG paradigm (β = 1.03, 95%CI: 0.16-1.89). CONCLUSION Autistic children showed less pro-sociality and ToM ability than TD children. In autistic children, empathic trait was associated with parent-reported prosocial behaviors while their ToM ability was associated with prosocial behaviors in experimental condition. Our findings indicated that better ToM ability and empathic trait might promote prosocial behaviors in autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jie Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Xia Dai
- Department of Children's Healthcare and Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Hua Gong
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Murray AL, Caye A, McKenzie K, Auyeung B, Murray G, Ribeaud D, Freeston M, Eisner M. Reciprocal Developmental Relations Between ADHD and Anxiety in Adolescence: A Within-Person Longitudinal Analysis of Commonly Co-Occurring Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:109-118. [PMID: 32172640 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720908333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Objective: Significant anxiety often occurs in the presence of ADHD symptoms; however, the reasons are not well understood. We aimed to establish whether the relations between ADHD symptons and anxiety are bidirectional or unidirectional. METHOD Weexamined the developmental relations between ADHD and anxiety symptoms across adolescence (ages 13, 15, and 17) in a community-ascertained, normative longitudinal sample of 1,483 youth (52% male). We used an autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals (ALT-SR) to examine within-person developmental relations between ADHD and anxiety symptoms to determine whether it is ADHD symptoms that lead to anxiety symptoms and/or the reverse. RESULTS Results suggested that there are reciprocal within-person developmental relations between ADHD and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the recommendation that targeting ADHD symptoms can be fruitful for addressing anxiety symptoms; however, they suggest that targeting anxiety symptoms may also benefit ADHD symptoms. Results also underline the importance of careful assessment for underlying ADHD symptoms among adolescents presenting with anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur Caye
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Eisner
- University of Cambridge, UK.,University of Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Brown RH, Murray A, Stewart ME, Auyeung B. Psychometric Validation of a Parent-Reported Measure of Childhood Alexithymia. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Alexithymia can be defined as difficulties in describing one’s emotions and is of interest within clinical and developmental psychology as a potential mediating and exacerbating factor across multiple forms of psychopathology. Measuring alexithymia via self-reports can be challenging, as those with heightened alexithymia may have difficulties in recognizing their alexithymia traits due to impaired metacognitive skills. Thus, there would be considerable benefits to the availability of a psychometrically validated parent-reported alexithymia measure that may circumvent the issue of self-reports. We, therefore, examined the psychometric properties of a new parent-reported alexithymia measure, the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children – Parent (AQC-P) in a community sample of 257 child-parent dyads. Furthermore, we examined the level of agreement between the parent-rated AQC-P and its self-rated counterpart, the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children (AQC). Confirmatory factor analysis found that an oblique three-factor structure provided the best model for both AQC-P and AQC, with this structure showing measurement invariance across child gender. All subscales had omega internal consistency values > .70, supporting their reliability. Cross-informant consistency was supported by significant correlations between AQC and AQC-P scores. Results support the use of the AQC-P as a measure of parent-reported alexithymia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aja Murray
- Psychology Department, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E. Stewart
- Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Psychology Department, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Speyer LG, Ushakova A, Hall HA, Luciano M, Auyeung B, Murray AL. Analyzing dynamic change in children's socioemotional development using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in a large United Kingdom longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol 2021; 131:162-171. [PMID: 34928626 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many children who suffer from one mental health issue also suffer from at least one co-occurring disorder and a range of developmental psychopathology theories, including developmental cascade and network models, have been proposed to explain this widespread co-occurrence. Autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals (ALT-SR) and multilevel graphical vector autoregression (GVAR) are recently proposed complementary approaches that can help operationalize and test these theories and provide new insights into the reciprocal relations between multiple mental health domains to advance the understanding of the development of co-occurring mental health problems. This study uses ALT-SR and multilevel GVAR models to analyze the temporal, contemporaneous, and between-person relations between key dimensions of child mental health: emotional problems, peer problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and prosociality as measured by the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in 17,478 children from the U.K. Millennium Cohort study at ages 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, and 17 years. Children's strengths and difficulties in different domains of psychosocial functioning were dynamically associated with each other over- and within-time. The ALT-SR highlighted that hyperactivity/inattention plays a central role in affecting other domains over developmental time, while the GVAR model highlighted comparably strong bidirectional relations between conduct problems and prosociality as well as between emotional problems and peer problems. This study confirms that mental health difficulties influence one another dynamically over time. The complementary techniques of ALT-SR and GVAR models offer different insights into co-occurring mental health problems and hold promise for supporting the building of more comprehensive developmental psychopathological theories that acknowledge the interconnectedness of different domains of mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Murray AL, Ushakova A, Speyer L, Brown R, Auyeung B, Zhu X. Sex/gender differences in individual and joint trajectories of common mental health symptoms in early to middle adolescence. JCPP Advances 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia Ushakova
- Center for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics Medical School Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Lydia Speyer
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Ruth Brown
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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Skogheim TS, Weyde KVF, Aase H, Engel SM, Surén P, Øie MG, Biele G, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Brantsæter AL, Haug LS, Sabaredzovic A, Auyeung B, Villanger GD. Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children. Environ Res 2021; 202:111692. [PMID: 34293314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may be a risk factor for neurodevelopmental deficits and disorders, but evidence is inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether prenatal exposure to PFAS were associated with childhood diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS This study was based on the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study and included n = 821 ADHD cases, n = 400 ASD cases and n = 980 controls. Diagnostic cases were identified by linkage with the Norwegian Patient Registry. In addition, we used data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. The study included the following PFAS measured in maternal plasma sampled mid-pregnancy: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (PFHpS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Relationships between individual PFAS and ADHD or ASD diagnoses were examined using multivariable adjusted logistic regression models. We also tested for possible non-linear exposure-outcome associations. Further, we investigated the PFAS mixture associations with ASD and ADHD diagnoses using a quantile-based g-computation approach. RESULTS Odds of ASD was significantly elevated in PFOA quartile 2 [OR = 1.71 (95% CI: 1.20, 2.45)] compared to quartile 1, and PFOA appeared to have a non-linear, inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship with ASD. PFOA was also associated with increased odds of ADHD, mainly in quartile 2 [OR = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.16, 2.04)] compared to quartile 1, and displayed a non-linear relationship in the restricted cubic spline model. Several PFAS (PFUnDA, PFDA, and PFOS) were inversely associated with odds of ADHD and/or ASD. Some of the associations were modified by child sex and maternal education. The overall PFAS mixture was inversely associated with ASD [OR = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.90)] as well as the carboxylate mixture [OR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.93)] and the sulfonate mixture [OR = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.96)]. CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to PFOA was associated with increased risk of ASD and ADHD in children. For some PFAS, as well as their mixtures, there were inverse associations with ASD and/or ADHD. However, the inverse associations reported herein should not be interpreted as protective effects, but rather that there could be some unresolved confounding for these relationships. The epidemiologic literature linking PFAS exposures with neurodevelopmental outcomes is still inconclusive, suggesting the need for more research to elucidate the neurotoxicological potential of PFAS during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea S Skogheim
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kjell Vegard F Weyde
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box 7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
| | - Pål Surén
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete G Øie
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1094, Blindern, N-0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guido Biele
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171, Blindern, N-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line S Haug
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Azemira Sabaredzovic
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Gro D Villanger
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
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Hall HA, Speyer LG, Murray AL, Auyeung B. Prenatal maternal infections and children's socioemotional development: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1641-1650. [PMID: 32949288 PMCID: PMC8505323 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that prenatal maternal infections may be associated with increased odds of children having a neurodevelopmental disorder. However, little evidence exists on associations with broader child outcomes, especially subclinical symptoms. Participants were the N = 14,021 members of the population-representative UK Millennium Cohort Study. We examined associations between prenatal maternal infections, both maternal-reported and hospital-recorded, and children's socioemotional development, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age three. Maternal-reported prenatal infections were associated with increased emotional symptoms, after adjusting for several potential confounds and covariates. Hospital-recorded prenatal infections were not associated with children's socioemotional outcomes, after adjusting for potential confounding and covarying factors. Findings suggest that prenatal maternal infections, particularly those which the mothers remember months later, may be associated with increased emotional problems in early childhood. This emphasises the need for screening for and preventing infections during pregnancy. Further, the occurrence of prenatal infection indicates the potential need for early intervention for children's emotional difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildigunnur Anna Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
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Speyer LG, Eisner M, Ribeaud D, Luciano M, Auyeung B, Murray AL. Developmental Relations Between Internalising Problems and ADHD in Childhood: a Symptom Level Perspective. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1567-1579. [PMID: 34363556 PMCID: PMC8557182 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ADHD and internalising problems commonly co-occur with up to 50% of children diagnosed with ADHD also suffering from anxiety or depression. However, their developmental relations are currently not well understood. Longitudinal symptom level analyses can provide valuable insights into how difficulties in these areas of psychosocial functioning affect each other. Using Gaussian Graphical Models and Graphical Vector Autoregression Models, this study estimated cross-sectional and longitudinal networks of ADHD and internalising symptoms in 1387 children using parent- and teacher-reported Social Behaviour Questionnaires (SBQ) when children were aged 7, 9 and 11. Cross-sectional and longitudinal networks suggested that ADHD shares reciprocal relations with internalising symptoms through a number of potential bridge symptoms that are primarily connected to anxiety symptoms. High scores on child cannot sit still, is restless, or hyperactive were found to be the strongest bridge symptom acting as an antecedent to higher internalising symptoms whereas child is worried was the strongest antecedent for higher ADHD symptoms. Findings of this study highlight several potential bridge symptoms that may serve as key intervention targets and further emphasise the need for clinicians to assess children presenting with ADHD symptoms for internalising problems and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, Univsersity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, Univsersity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Department of Psychology, Univsersity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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39
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Bertelsen N, Landi I, Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, Busuoli EM, Mandelli V, Satta E, Trakoshis S, Auyeung B, Kundu P, Loth E, Dumas G, Baumeister S, Beckmann CF, Bölte S, Bourgeron T, Charman T, Durston S, Ecker C, Holt RJ, Johnson MH, Jones EJH, Mason L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Moessnang C, Oldehinkel M, Persico AM, Tillmann J, Williams SCR, Spooren W, Murphy DGM, Buitelaar JK, Baron-Cohen S, Lai MC, Lombardo MV. Imbalanced social-communicative and restricted repetitive behavior subtypes of autism spectrum disorder exhibit different neural circuitry. Commun Biol 2021; 4:574. [PMID: 33990680 PMCID: PMC8121854 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social-communication (SC) and restricted repetitive behaviors (RRB) are autism diagnostic symptom domains. SC and RRB severity can markedly differ within and between individuals and may be underpinned by different neural circuitry and genetic mechanisms. Modeling SC-RRB balance could help identify how neural circuitry and genetic mechanisms map onto such phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, we developed a phenotypic stratification model that makes highly accurate (97-99%) out-of-sample SC = RRB, SC > RRB, and RRB > SC subtype predictions. Applying this model to resting state fMRI data from the EU-AIMS LEAP dataset (n = 509), we find that while the phenotypic subtypes share many commonalities in terms of intrinsic functional connectivity, they also show replicable differences within some networks compared to a typically-developing group (TD). Specifically, the somatomotor network is hypoconnected with perisylvian circuitry in SC > RRB and visual association circuitry in SC = RRB. The SC = RRB subtype show hyperconnectivity between medial motor and anterior salience circuitry. Genes that are highly expressed within these networks show a differential enrichment pattern with known autism-associated genes, indicating that such circuits are affected by differing autism-associated genomic mechanisms. These results suggest that SC-RRB imbalance subtypes share many commonalities, but also express subtle differences in functional neural circuitry and the genomic underpinnings behind such circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Bertelsen
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, TN, Italy
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Isotta Landi
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | | | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena Maria Busuoli
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, TN, Italy
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Veronica Mandelli
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, TN, Italy
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Eleonora Satta
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Stavros Trakoshis
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, TN, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Prantik Kundu
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva Loth
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
- Curtin Autism Research Group, School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rosemary J Holt
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, London, UK
| | - Luke Mason
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, London, UK
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marianne Oldehinkel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steve C R Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Will Spooren
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health, Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Speyer LG, Hall HA, Ushakova A, Murray AL, Luciano M, Auyeung B. Longitudinal effects of breast feeding on parent-reported child behaviour. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106:355-360. [PMID: 33168523 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shorter breastfeeding duration has been linked to a range of difficulties in children. However, evidence linking shorter breastfeeding duration to child behavioural problems has been inconclusive. Owing to an almost exclusive focus on early childhood in previous research, little is known about breastfeeding effects on behaviour throughout childhood and adolescence. This study examines the longitudinal effect of breast feeding on parent-reported behaviour in children aged 3-14. DESIGN Data come from the Millennium Cohort Study, a large, prospective, UK birth cohort study. PARTICIPANTS 11 148 children, their parents and teachers. METHODS This study maps the effect of breastfeeding duration on parent-reported child behaviour longitudinally, using latent growth curve modelling and on teacher-reported child behaviour using multiple regression analyses. Breastfeeding duration was assessed through parent interviews when the child was 9 months old. Children's behavioural development was measured using parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ) at 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 years and teacher-reported SDQs at 7 and 11 years. RESULTS Breast feeding was associated with fewer parent-reported behavioural difficulties at all ages even after adjusting for potential confounders (<2 months: B=-0.22, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.04; 2-4 months: B=-0.53, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.32; 4-6 months: B=-1.07, 95% CI -1.33 to -0.81; >6 months: B=-1.24, 95% CI -1.44 to -1.04; B=adjusted mean difference of raw SDQ scores at age 3, reference: never breast fed). CONCLUSION This study provides further evidence supporting links between breastfeeding duration and children's socioemotional behavioural development. Potential implications include intervention strategies encouraging breast feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hildigunnur Anna Hall
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anastasia Ushakova
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Speyer LG, Hall HA, Ushakova A, Murray AL, Luciano M, Auyeung B. Links between perinatal risk factors and maternal psychological distress: A network analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021; 100:917-926. [PMID: 33253415 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This paper explores a range of perinatal risk factors that may increase maternal vulnerability to postnatal psychological distress in a sample of 17 531 women participating in the Millennium Cohort Study, a diverse British, longitudinal birth cohort study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using a graphical network modeling framework, this study models the links between postnatal psychological distress and perinatal risk factors, while controlling for sociodemographic factors and history of depression and anxiety. Postnatal psychological distress was assessed at 9 months postpartum using the Rutter Malaise Inventory. RESULTS Results of the graphical network models indicate that lower levels of happiness about the pregnancy (Edge weight [w] = 0.084, 95% CI = 0.069-0.100, b = 0.095), smoking during pregnancy (w = 0.026, 95% CI = -0.009-0.060, b = 0.029), infection during pregnancy (w = 0.071, 95% CI = 0.024-0.118, b = 0.090), hyperemesis gravidarum (w = 0.068, 95% CI = 0.013-0.123, b = 0.083), baby in special care (w = 0.048, 95% CI = -0.004-0.099, b = 0.062), not being white (w = 0.101, 95% CI = 0.062-0.140, b = 0.118), being from a more deprived area (w = -0.028, 95% CI = -0.051 to -0.005, b = -0.039), lower income (w = -0.025, 95% CI = -0.055-0.005, b = -0.036), and history of depression or anxiety (w = 0.574, 95% CI = 0.545-0.603, b = 0.764) were associated with increased psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS Some perinatal risk factors may be directly associated with postnatal psychological distress, but many risk factors appear to be primarily associated with demographic factors. This emphasizes the importance of taking a holistic approach when evaluating an individual's risk of developing postnatal psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anastasia Ushakova
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Intelligence quotient (IQ), has been found to relate to the presence of internalising symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This meta-analysis sought to clarify the direction of the relationship between IQ and two prevalent internalising symptoms, anxiety and depression, in adolescents with ASD. Secondly, this study aimed to highlight methodological factors contributing to inconsistent findings in existing research. Self-reported anxiety was found to be significantly higher in youth with a lower IQ, while depression was positively associated with IQ. Consequently, parents, schools and clinicians should be cautious of underestimating anxiety in youth with a lower IQ. However, care should also be taken to ensure adolescents with ASD without intellectual disabilities are not overlooked with regards to social and emotional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Edirisooriya
- University of Edinburgh, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. .,Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, SE1 7EH, London, England.
| | - Dominika Dykiert
- University of Edinburgh, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,Anna Freud Centre for Children and Families, The Kantor Centre of Excellence, 4-8 Rodney Street, London, N1 9JH, England
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- University of Edinburgh, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Room S30, Psychology Building, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK.,Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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43
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Kwok J, Hall HA, Murray AL, Auyeung B. The association between analgesic drug use in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental disorders: protocol for an umbrella review. Syst Rev 2020; 9:202. [PMID: 32878642 PMCID: PMC7469356 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal prenatal health has been shown to be an important influence on children's developmental outcomes, which has led to an increased emphasis on providing more information to support clinical decisions in pregnancy. Several systematic reviews suggest that analgesic drug use during pregnancy may have neurodisruptive properties. However, no firm conclusions have yet been drawn on the associations between prenatal analgesic drug use and children's long-term development of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, an umbrella review is proposed for the purpose of examining the associations between maternal analgesic drug use during pregnancy and diagnoses of neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS Included systematic reviews will consist of studies examining the effect of maternal prenatal analgesic drug use, specifically ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin, naproxen, diclofenac, and ketoprofen, on children's neurodevelopmental disorder status. Examined drugs were restricted to those readily accessible and frequently used by pregnant women, and with characteristics that allow them to cross the placenta and directly affect fetal development. Outcomes will be restricted to formal clinical diagnoses of ASD and/or ADHD. Two reviewers will independently identify eligible reviews from six databases (e.g., PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO) from inception dates of databases to the date of data extraction, and conduct manual searches of reference lists, consultation with field experts, and scan of pre-print archives. Extracted data will also include short qualitative summaries by both reviewers. As part of quality assessment, a standardized measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR 2) will be used. A narrative synthesis is proposed to integrate findings from different, potentially methodologically heterogeneous, studies. DISCUSSION This umbrella review of associations between maternal prenatal use of analgesic drugs and children's neurodevelopmental disorders could allow for firmer conclusions to be drawn through the synthesis of all relevant published research. The synthesis of findings using high-quality evidence could provide more accurate healthcare information on the long-term effects of analgesic drugs on neurodevelopment, to better guide future clinical decisions during pregnancy. This review will also allow gaps and methodological differences in the literature to be identified, informing recommendations for future research. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020179216 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Janell Kwok
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Hildigunnur Anna Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
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44
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Jin X, Auyeung B, Chevalier N. External rewards and positive stimuli promote different cognitive control engagement strategies in children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 44:100806. [PMID: 32716851 PMCID: PMC7327410 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, children often need to engage control in emotionally or motivationally relevant contexts. This study disentangled and directly compared the respective influences of external rewards and positive stimuli on childhood cognitive control. We expected external rewards to promote proactive cognitive control and positive stimuli to impair proactive control, especially in younger age. EEG data were recorded while children (5-6 years old and 9-10 years old) and adults completed a cued task-switching paradigm in three conditions: positive-stimulus, external-reward and control conditions. Provision of reward resulted in more accurate but slower responses, and more pronounced cue-locked posterior positivity, potentially suggesting general proactive mobilisation of attention (i.e., readiness). Despite no effects on behaviour, the presentation of positive stimuli was unexpectedly associated with a greater cue-locked extended slow-wave when task cues were presented ahead of targets (i.e. proactive-control possible) in younger children, suggesting greater proactive cue preparation. In contrast to our hypothesis, both external rewards and positive stimuli seem to promote different types of proactive approaches in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jin
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
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45
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Kubota M, Hadley LV, Schaeffner S, Könen T, Meaney JA, Auyeung B, Morey CC, Karbach J, Chevalier N. Consistent use of proactive control and relation with academic achievement in childhood. Cognition 2020; 203:104329. [PMID: 32526518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As children become older, they better maintain task-relevant information in preparation of upcoming cognitive demands. This is referred to as proactive control, which is a key component of cognitive control development. However, it is still uncertain whether children engage in proactive control consistently across different contexts and how proactive control relates to academic abilities. This study used two common tasks-the AX Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) and the Cued Task-Switching Paradigm (CTS)-to examine whether proactive control engagement in 102 children (age range: 6.91-10.91 years) converges between the two tasks and predicts academic abilities. Proactive control indices modestly correlated between tasks in higher but not lower working-memory children, suggesting that consistency in proactive control engagement across contexts is relatively low during childhood but increases with working memory capacity. Further, working memory (but not verbal speed) predicted proactive control engagement in both tasks. While proactive control as measured by each task predicted math and reading performance, only proactive control measured by CTS additionally predicted reasoning, suggesting that proactive control can be used as a proxy for academic achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kubota
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Lauren V Hadley
- Hearing Sciences - Scottish Section, University of Nottingham, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10 16 Alexandra Parade, G31 2ER, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Simone Schaeffner
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Campus Landau Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Pfalz, Germany.
| | - Tanja Könen
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Campus Landau Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Pfalz, Germany.
| | - Julie-Anne Meaney
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Candice C Morey
- School of Psychology, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, CF10 3AT Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Julia Karbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Campus Landau Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Pfalz, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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46
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Baksh RA, Abrahams S, Bertlich M, Cameron R, Jany S, Dorrian T, Baron-Cohen S, Allison C, Smith P, MacPherson SE, Auyeung B. Social cognition in adults with autism spectrum disorders: Validation of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT). Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 35:1275-1293. [PMID: 32189564 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1737236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many existing tests of social cognition are not appropriate for clinical use, due to their length, complexity or uncertainty in what they are assessing. The Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT) is a new test of social cognition that assesses affective and cognitive Theory of Mind as well as inter- and intrapersonal understanding of social norms using animated interactions. METHOD To support the development of the ESCoT as a clinical tool, we derived cut-off scores from a neurotypical population (n = 236) and sought to validate the ESCoT in a sample of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD; n = 19) adults and neurotypical controls (NC; n = 38) matched on age and education. The ESCoT was administered alongside established tests and questionnaire measures of ASD, empathy, systemizing traits and intelligence. RESULTS Performance on the subtests of the ESCoT and ESCoT total scores correlated with performance on traditional tests, demonstrating convergent validity. ASD adults performed poorer on all measures of social cognition. Unlike the ESCoT, performance on the established tests was predicted by verbal comprehension abilities. Using a ROC curve analysis, we showed that the ESCoT was more effective than existing tests at differentiating ASD adults from NC. Furthermore, a total of 42.11% of ASD adults were impaired on the ESCoT compared to 0% of NC adults. CONCLUSIONS Overall these results demonstrate that the ESCoT is a useful test for clinical assessment and can aid in the detection of potential difficulties in ToM and social norm understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Asaad Baksh
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Human Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sharon Abrahams
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maya Bertlich
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca Cameron
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sharon Jany
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Terin Dorrian
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carrie Allison
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula Smith
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah E MacPherson
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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47
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Procyshyn TL, Lombardo MV, Lai MC, Auyeung B, Crockford SK, Deakin J, Soubramanian S, Sule A, Baron-Cohen S, Bethlehem RAI. Effects of oxytocin administration on salivary sex hormone levels in autistic and neurotypical women. Mol Autism 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 32188502 PMCID: PMC7079504 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxytocin administration, which may be of therapeutic value for individuals with social difficulties, is likely to affect endogenous levels of other socially relevant hormones. However, to date, the effects of oxytocin administration on endogenous hormones have only been examined in neurotypical individuals. The need to consider multi-hormone interactions is particularly warranted in oxytocin trials for autism due to evidence of irregularities in both oxytocin and sex steroid systems. Methods In this double-blind cross-over study, saliva samples were collected from 16 autistic and 29 neurotypical women before and after intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin or placebo. Oestradiol, testosterone, and oxytocin levels were quantified in saliva samples. Participants also completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and Empathy Quotient (EQ) questionnaires. Results Distinct patterns of change in testosterone and oestradiol levels pre- to-post-administration were observed in autistic relative to neurotypical women (ANCOVA, p < 0.05 main effect of Group), controlling for sample collection time. The mean percent change oestradiol was + 8.8% for the autism group and − 13.0% for the neurotypical group (t = 1.81, p = 0.08), while the mean percent change testosterone was + 1.1% in the autism group and − 12.6% in the neurotypical group (t = 1.26, p = 0.22). In the oxytocin condition, the mean percent change oestradiol was + 12.6% in the autism group and − 6.9% in the neurotypical group (t = 1.78, p = 0.08), while the mean percent change testosterone was + 14.4% in the autism group and − 15.2% in the neurotypical group (t = 3.00, p = 0.006). Robust regression confirmed that group differences in percent change hormone levels were not driven by a small number of influential individuals. Baseline hormone levels did not differ between groups when considered individually. However, baseline testosterone relative to oestradiol (T:E2 ratio) was higher in autistic women (p = 0.023, Cohen’s d = 0.63), and this ratio correlated positively and negatively with AQ and EQ scores, respectively, in the combined sample. Limitations Further studies with larger and more diverse autistic sample are warranted to confirm these effects. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that oxytocin influences endogenous testosterone levels in autistic individuals, with autistic women showing increases similar to previous reports of neurotypical men. These findings highlight the need to consider sex steroid hormones as a variable in future oxytocin trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Procyshyn
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah K Crockford
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Section of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Deakin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Soubramanian
- South West London and St. George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Liaison Psychiatry Service, St Helier Hospital, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - A Sule
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Richard A I Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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48
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Abstract
Objective: Substantial individual variation exists in the age of onset and course of ADHD symptoms over development. We evaluated whether, within this variation, meaningful developmental subtypes can be defined. Method: Using growth mixture modeling in a community-based sample (N = 1,571), we analyzed ADHD symptom trajectories based on measures taken at ages 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 15 years. We evaluated whether those showing developmental trajectories characterized by later onsets versus early onsets differed in terms of mental health and behavioral outcomes in late adolescence (age 17 years). Result: The late onset category was best conceptualized as a milder subtype than early onset. The former was, however, more similar in outcomes to the latter than to the unaffected category, suggesting that later onsets are still associated with impairment. Conclusion: Considering diagnoses for those affected by ADHD symptoms but who do not meet current age of onset criteria may be important for ensuring that they receive appropriate support.
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49
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Lombardo MV, Auyeung B, Pramparo T, Quartier A, Courraud J, Holt RJ, Waldman J, Ruigrok ANV, Mooney N, Bethlehem RAI, Lai MC, Kundu P, Bullmore ET, Mandel JL, Piton A, Baron-Cohen S. Sex-specific impact of prenatal androgens on social brain default mode subsystems. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2175-2188. [PMID: 30104728 PMCID: PMC7473837 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Early-onset neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., autism) affect males more frequently than females. Androgens may play a role in this male-bias by sex-differentially impacting early prenatal brain development, particularly neural circuits that later develop specialized roles in social cognition. Here, we find that increasing prenatal testosterone in humans is associated with later reduction of functional connectivity between social brain default mode (DMN) subsystems in adolescent males, but has no effect in females. Since testosterone can work directly via the androgen receptor (AR) or indirectly via the estrogen receptor through aromatase conversion to estradiol, we further examined how a potent non-aromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), acts via the AR to influence gene expression in human neural stem cells (hNSC)-particularly for genes of high-relevance for DMN circuitry. DHT dysregulates a number of genes enriched for syndromic causes of autism and intellectual disability and for genes that in later development are expressed in anatomical patterns that highly correspond to the cortical midline DMN subsystem. DMN-related and DHT-affected genes (e.g., MEF2C) are involved in a number of synaptic processes, many of which impact excitation-inhibition balance. Androgens have male-specific prenatal influence over social brain circuitry in humans and may be relevant towards explaining some component of male-bias in early-onset neurodevelopmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Lombardo
- grid.6603.30000000121167908Center for Applied Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tiziano Pramparo
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Angélique Quartier
- grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France ,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964 Illkirch, France ,grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jérémie Courraud
- grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France ,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964 Illkirch, France ,grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Rosemary J. Holt
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Waldman
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amber N. V. Ruigrok
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Mooney
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. I. Bethlehem
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.412094.a0000 0004 0572 7815Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Prantik Kundu
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Section on Advanced Functional Neuroimaging, Departments of Radiology & Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom ,grid.418236.a0000 0001 2162 0389ImmunoPsychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Louis Mandel
- grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France ,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964 Illkirch, France ,grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France ,grid.410533.00000 0001 2179 2236Chair of Human Genetics, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Piton
- grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104 Illkirch, France ,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964 Illkirch, France ,grid.420255.40000 0004 0638 2716Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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50
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Ritchie SJ, Cox SR, Shen X, Lombardo MV, Reus LM, Alloza C, Harris MA, Alderson HL, Hunter S, Neilson E, Liewald DCM, Auyeung B, Whalley HC, Lawrie SM, Gale CR, Bastin ME, McIntosh AM, Deary IJ. Sex Differences in the Adult Human Brain: Evidence from 5216 UK Biobank Participants. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2959-2975. [PMID: 29771288 PMCID: PMC6041980 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the human brain are of interest for many reasons: for example, there are sex differences in the observed prevalence of psychiatric disorders and in some psychological traits that brain differences might help to explain. We report the largest single-sample study of structural and functional sex differences in the human brain (2750 female, 2466 male participants; mean age 61.7 years, range 44-77 years). Males had higher raw volumes, raw surface areas, and white matter fractional anisotropy; females had higher raw cortical thickness and higher white matter tract complexity. There was considerable distributional overlap between the sexes. Subregional differences were not fully attributable to differences in total volume, total surface area, mean cortical thickness, or height. There was generally greater male variance across the raw structural measures. Functional connectome organization showed stronger connectivity for males in unimodal sensorimotor cortices, and stronger connectivity for females in the default mode network. This large-scale study provides a foundation for attempts to understand the causes and consequences of sex differences in adult brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Ritchie
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xueyi Shen
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Department of Psychology and Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lianne M Reus
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Alloza
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathew A Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen L Alderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline, UK
| | | | - Emma Neilson
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C M Liewald
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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