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Aguilera Matos I, Diaz Oliva SE, Escobedo AA, Villa Jiménez OM, Velazco Villaurrutia YDC. Helicobacter pylori infection in children. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000679. [PMID: 32818155 PMCID: PMC7402006 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection affects more than half of the world population and it occurs generally in childhood. It is associated with gastroduodenal ulcer, gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoid tissue-associated lymphoma. It is difficult to eradicate this bacterium due to its high antimicrobial resistance. In children, the infection is asymptomatic in the majority of cases and complications are less common. Probable inverse relationships with allergic diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases are being studied. These reasons mean that the decision to diagnose and treat the infection in children is only considered in specific circumstances in which it provides true benefits. This review focuses on some current considerations regarding epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of childhood infection, emphasising outcomes and treatment schemes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angel A Escobedo
- Epidemiology, Institute of Gastroenterology, Havana City, Havana, Cuba
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2
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Kyburz A, Fallegger A, Zhang X, Altobelli A, Artola-Boran M, Borbet T, Urban S, Paul P, Münz C, Floess S, Huehn J, Cover TL, Blaser MJ, Taube C, Müller A. Transmaternal Helicobacter pylori exposure reduces allergic airway inflammation in offspring through regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:1496-1512.e11. [PMID: 30240703 PMCID: PMC6592617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmaternal exposure to tobacco, microbes, nutrients, and other environmental factors shapes the fetal immune system through epigenetic processes. The gastric microbe Helicobacter pylori represents an ancestral constituent of the human microbiota that causes gastric disorders on the one hand and is inversely associated with allergies and chronic inflammatory conditions on the other. OBJECTIVE Here we investigate the consequences of transmaternal exposure to H pylori in utero and/or during lactation for susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection, predisposition to allergic airway inflammation, and development of immune cell populations in the lungs and lymphoid organs. METHODS We use experimental models of house dust mite- or ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and influenza A virus or Citrobacter rodentium infection along with metagenomics analyses, multicolor flow cytometry, and bisulfite pyrosequencing, to study the effects of H pylori on allergy severity and immunologic and microbiome correlates thereof. RESULTS Perinatal exposure to H pylori extract or its immunomodulator vacuolating cytotoxin confers robust protective effects against allergic airway inflammation not only in first- but also second-generation offspring but does not increase susceptibility to viral or bacterial infection. Immune correlates of allergy protection include skewing of regulatory over effector T cells, expansion of regulatory T-cell subsets expressing CXCR3 or retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt, and demethylation of the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) locus. The composition and diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiota is measurably affected by perinatal H pylori exposure. CONCLUSION We conclude that exposure to H pylori has consequences not only for the carrier but also for subsequent generations that can be exploited for interventional purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kyburz
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Fallegger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Altobelli
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Boran
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Borbet
- Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sabine Urban
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Paul
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Floess
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Martin J Blaser
- Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Doonan J, Thomas D, Wong MH, Ramage HJ, Al-Riyami L, Lumb FE, Bell KS, Fairlie-Clarke KJ, Suckling CJ, Michelsen KS, Jiang HR, Cooke A, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:E2669. [PMID: 30336585 PMCID: PMC6222842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths and their isolated secreted products show promise as novel treatments for allergic and autoimmune conditions in humans. Foremost amongst the secreted products is ES-62, a glycoprotein derived from Acanthocheilonema viteae, a filarial nematode parasite of gerbils, which is anti-inflammatory by virtue of covalently-attached phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties. ES-62 has been found to protect against disease in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and airway hyper-responsiveness. Furthermore, novel PC-based synthetic small molecule analogues (SMAs) of ES-62 have recently been demonstrated to show similar anti-inflammatory properties to the parent molecule. In spite of these successes, we now show that ES-62 and its SMAs are unable to provide protection in mouse models of certain autoimmune conditions where other helminth species or their secreted products can prevent disease development, namely type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. We speculate on the reasons underlying ES-62's failures in these conditions and how the negative data generated may help us to further understand ES-62's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - David Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Michelle H Wong
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Hazel J Ramage
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Lamyaa Al-Riyami
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Felicity E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Kara S Bell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Karen J Fairlie-Clarke
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Colin J Suckling
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Kathrin S Michelsen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Hui-Rong Jiang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Stripling J, Rodriguez M. Current Evidence in Delivery and Therapeutic Uses of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Human Diseases-Clostridium difficile Disease and Beyond. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356:424-432. [PMID: 30384951 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was first described in China in the 4th century by Ge Hong when "yellow soup," a fecal slurry, was administered for the treatment of severe food poisoning and diarrhea, a practice that continued for centuries. Bedouin groups also consumed stools of their camels as a remedy for dysentery. FMT was also applied in veterinary medicine in Europe in the 16th century. Additional therapeutic use of human excretions was described in Europe in the 18th and 19th century and in World War II, when gut bacteria were administered to German soldiers suffering from dysentery in the North African campaign. More scientifically, Eismann, in 1958, utilized fecal transplantation via enema in 4 patients for the treatment of severe pseudomembranous colitis with success. Following this report a number of isolated cases were published describing the use of FMT by different delivery routes for the treatment of a variety of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Stripling
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Martin Rodriguez
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Folkerts J, Stadhouders R, Redegeld FA, Tam SY, Hendriks RW, Galli SJ, Maurer M. Effect of Dietary Fiber and Metabolites on Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell-Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1067. [PMID: 29910798 PMCID: PMC5992428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mast cell-associated diseases, including allergies and asthma, have seen a strong increase in prevalence during the past decades, especially in Western(ized) countries. It has been suggested that a Western diet may contribute to the prevalence and manifestation of allergies and asthma through reduced intake of dietary fiber and the subsequent production of their metabolites. Indeed, dietary fiber and its metabolites have been shown to positively influence the development of immune disorders via changes in microbiota composition and the regulation of B- and T-cell activation. However, the effects of these dietary components on the activation of mast cells, key effector cells of the inflammatory response in allergies and asthma, remain poorly characterized. Due to their location in the gut and vascularized tissues, mast cells are exposed to high concentrations of dietary fiber and/or its metabolites. Here, we provide a focused overview of current findings regarding the direct effects of dietary fiber and its various metabolites on the regulation of mast cell activity and the pathophysiology of mast cell-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Folkerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - See-Ying Tam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Liu SX, Li YH, Dai WK, Li XS, Qiu CZ, Ruan ML, Zou B, Dong C, Liu YH, He JY, Huang ZH, Shu SN. Fecal microbiota transplantation induces remission of infantile allergic colitis through gut microbiota re-establishment. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:8570-8581. [PMID: 29358865 PMCID: PMC5752717 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i48.8570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the impact of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) treatment on allergic colitis (AC) and gut microbiota (GM).
METHODS We selected a total of 19 AC infants, who suffered from severe diarrhea/hematochezia, did not relieve completely after routine therapy or cannot adhere to the therapy, and were free from organ congenital malformations and other contraindications for FMT. Qualified donor-derived stools were collected and injected to the AC infants via a rectal tube. Clinical outcomes and follow-up observations were noted. Stools were collected from ten AC infants before and after FMT, and GM composition was assessed for infants and donors using 16S rDNA sequencing analysis.
RESULTS After FMT treatment, AC symptoms in 17 infants were relieved within 2 d, and no relapse was observed in the next 15 mo. Clinical improvement was also detected in the other two AC infants who were lost to follow-up. During follow-up, one AC infant suffered from mild eczema and recovered shortly after hormone therapy. Based on the 16S rDNA analysis in ten AC infants, most of them (n = 6) had greater GM diversity after FMT. As a result, Proteobacteria decreased (n = 6) and Firmicutes increased (n = 10) in post-FMT AC infants. Moreover, Firmicutes accounted for the greatest proportion of GM in the patients. At the genus level, Bacteroides (n = 6), Escherichia (n = 8), and Lactobacillus (n = 4) were enriched in some AC infants after FMT treatment, but the relative abundances of Clostridium (n = 5), Veillonella (n = 7), Streptococcus (n = 6), and Klebsiella (n = 8) decreased dramatically.
CONCLUSION FMT is a safe and effective method for treating pediatric patients with AC and restoring GM balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yin-Hu Li
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Kui Dai
- Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chuang-Zhao Qiu
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Meng-Ling Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Biao Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Yi He
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sai-Nan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes the past year's literature, both clinical and basic science, regarding physiologic and pharmacologic regulation of gastric acid secretion in health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Gastric acid kills microorganisms, assists digestion, and facilitates absorption of iron, calcium, and vitamin B12. The main stimulants of acid secretion are the hormone gastrin, released from antral G cells; paracrine agent histamine, released from oxyntic enterochromaffin-like cells; and neuropeptide acetylcholine, released from antral and oxyntic intramural neurons. Gastrin is also a trophic hormone that participates in carcinogenesis. Helicobacter pylori may increase or decrease acid secretion depending upon the acuity and predominant anatomic focus of infection; most patients manifest hypochlorhydria. Despite the fact that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are amongst the most widely prescribed drugs, they are underutilized in patients at high risk for UGI bleeding. Although generally considered well tolerated, concerns have been raised regarding associations between PPI use and dementia, kidney disease, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, osteoporosis, dysbiosis, small bowel injury, micronutrient deficiency, and fundic gland polyps. SUMMARY Our understanding of the physiologic, pathophysiologic, and pharmacologic regulation of gastric secretion continues to advance. Such knowledge is crucial for improved and safe management of acid-peptic disorders.
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Kyburz A, Urban S, Altobelli A, Floess S, Huehn J, Cover TL, Müller A. Helicobacter pylori and its secreted immunomodulator VacA protect against anaphylaxis in experimental models of food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1331-1341. [PMID: 28802077 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is an increasingly common health problem in Western populations. Epidemiological studies have suggested both positive and negative associations between food allergy and infection with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work was to investigate whether experimental infection with H. pylori, or prophylactic treatment with H. pylori-derived immunomodulatory molecules, affects the onset and severity of food allergy, either positively or negatively. METHODS We infected neonatal C57BL/6 or C3H mice with H. pylori or treated animals with H. pylori components (bacterial lysate or the immunomodulator VacA) and subsequently subjected them to four different protocols for food allergy induction, using either ovalbumin or peanut extract as allergens for sensitization and challenge. Readouts included anaphylaxis scoring, quantification of allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG1 and of the mast cell protease MCPT1, as well as splenic T-helper-2 cell-derived cytokine production. Mesenteric lymph node CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were subjected to flow cytometric quantification and sorting followed by qRT-PCR, and to DNA methylation analyses of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) within the FOXP3 locus. RESULTS Mice that had been infected with H. pylori or treated with H. pylori-derived immunomodulators showed reduced anaphylaxis upon allergen sensitization and challenge, irrespective of the allergen used. Most of the immunologic assays confirmed a protective effect of H. pylori. CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells were more abundant in protected mice and exhibited a stable Treg phenotype characterized by FOXP3 TSDR demethylation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Helicobacter pylori confers protection against the anaphylaxis associated with ovalbumin and peanut allergy and affects the epigenome of T cells, thereby promoting stable Treg differentiation and functionality. Prophylactic treatment with H. pylori-derived immunomodulators appears to be a promising strategy for food allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kyburz
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Urban
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Altobelli
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Floess
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T L Cover
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Food contact materials and gut health: Implications for toxicity assessment and relevance of high molecular weight migrants. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:1-18. [PMID: 28830834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut health is determined by an intact epithelial barrier and balanced gut microbiota, both involved in the regulation of immune responses in the gut. Disruption of this system contributes to the etiology of various non-communicable diseases, including intestinal, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders. Studies suggest that some direct food additives, but also some food contaminants, such as pesticide residues and substances migrating from food contact materials (FCMs), may adversely affect the gut barrier or gut microbiota. Here, we focus on gut-related effects of FCM-relevant substances (e.g. surfactants, N-ring containing substances, nanoparticles, and antimicrobials) and show that gut health is an underappreciated target in the toxicity assessment of FCMs. Understanding FCMs' impact on gut health requires more attention to ensure safety and prevent gut-related chronic diseases. Our review further points to the existence of large population subgroups with an increased intestinal permeability; this may lead to higher uptake of compounds of not only low (<1000 Da) but also high (>1000 Da) molecular weight. We discuss the potential toxicological relevance of high molecular weight compounds in the gut and suggest that the scientific justification for the application of a molecular weight-based cut-off in risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated.
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10
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de Oliveira GA, Cheng RYS, Ridnour LA, Basudhar D, Somasundaram V, McVicar DW, Monteiro HP, Wink DA. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Carcinogenesis of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:1059-1077. [PMID: 27494631 PMCID: PMC5488308 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer taken together constitutes one of the most common cancers worldwide with a broad range of etiological mechanisms. In this review, we have examined the impact of nitric oxide (NO) on the etiology of colon, colorectal, gastric, esophageal, and liver cancers. Recent Advances: Despite differences in etiology, initiation, and progression, chronic inflammation has been shown to be a common element within these cancers showing interactions of numerous pathways. NO generated at the inflammatory site contributes to the initiation and progression of disease. The amount of NO generated, time, and site vary and are an important determinant of the biological effects initiated. Among the nitric oxide synthase enzymes, the inducible isoform has the most diverse range, participating in numerous carcinogenic processes. There is emerging evidence showing that inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) plays a central role in the process of tumor initiation and/or development. CRITICAL ISSUES Redox inflammation through NOS2 and cyclooxygenase-2 participates in driving the mechanisms of initiation and progression in GI cancers. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the underlying mechanism involved in NOS2 activation can provide new insights into important prevention and treatment strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 1059-1077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciele Almeida de Oliveira
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hugo Pequeno Monteiro
- 2 Laboratório de Sinalização Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David A Wink
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
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