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Girigoswami K, Arunkumar R, Girigoswami A. Management of hypertension addressing hyperuricaemia: introduction of nano-based approaches. Ann Med 2024; 56:2352022. [PMID: 38753584 PMCID: PMC11100442 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2352022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) levels in blood serum have been associated with hypertension, indicating a potential causal relationship between high serum UA levels and the progression of hypertension. Therefore, the reduction of serum UA level is considered a potential strategy for lowering and mitigating blood pressure. If an individual is at risk of developing or already manifesting elevated blood pressure, this intervention could be an integral part of a comprehensive treatment plan. By addressing hyperuricaemia, practitioners may subsidize the optimization of blood pressure regulation, which illustrates the importance of addressing UA levels as a valuable strategy within the broader context of hypertension management. In this analysis, we outlined the operational principles of effective xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricaemia and hypertension, along with an exploration of the contribution of nanotechnology to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Arunkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
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Lan JP, Xue YF, Pu JY, Ding Y, Gan ZY, Yang YB, Wang ZT, Jie XL, Yang L. Plantaginis semen ameliorates diabetic kidney disease via targeting the sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118221. [PMID: 38677576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plantaginis Semen (PS) is widely utilized as a common herb in several Asian countries, particularly China, due to its diuretic, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. Furthermore, it is acknowledged for its ability to mitigate renal complications associated with metabolic syndrome. Despite its extensive usage, there is limited systematic literature elucidating its therapeutic mechanisms, thus emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive investigations in this field. AIM This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutical potential of PS in treating diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through in vivo and in vitro models. METHODS The main composition of PS were characterized using the UPLC-QTOF-MS method. For the in vivo investigation, a mouse model mediated by streptozocin (STZ) associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) and unilateral renal excision was established. The mice were split into 6 groups (n = 8): control group (CON group), DKD group, low-dose of Plantago asiatica L. seed extract group (PASE-L group, 3 g/kg/d), medium-dose of PASE group (PASE-M, 6 g/kg/d), high-dose of PASE group (PASE-H, 9 g/kg/d), and positive drug group (valsartan, VAS group, 12 mg/kg/d). After 8 weeks of treatment, the damage induced by DKD was evaluated by using relevant parameters of urine and blood. Furthermore, indicators of inflammation and factors associated with the SphK1-S1P signaling pathway were investigated. For the in vitro study, the cell line HBZY-1 was stimulated by high glucose (HG), they were then co-cultured with different concentrations of PASE, and the corresponding associated inflammatory and sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate (SphK1-S1P) factors were examined. RESULTS A total of 59 major components in PS were identified, including flavonoids, iridoids, phenylethanol glycosides, guanidine derivatives, and fatty acids. In the mouse model, PS was found to significantly improve body weight, decrease fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, increased glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance, improved kidney-related markers compared to the DKD group, pathological changes in the kidneys also improved dramatically. These effects showed a dose-dependent relationship, with higher PASE concentrations yielding significantly better outcomes than lower concentrations. However, the effects of the low PASE concentration were not evident for some indicators. In the cellular model, the high dose of PASE suppressed high glucose (HG) stimulated renal mesangial cell proliferation, suppressed inflammatory factors and NF-κB, and decreased the levels of fibrillin-1(FN-1) and collagen IV(ColIV). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that PS exerts favorable therapeutic effects on DKD, with the possible mechanisms including the inhibition of inflammatory pathways, suppression of mRNA levels and protein expressions of SphK1 and S1P, consequently leading to reduced overexpression of FN-1 and ColIV, thereby warranting further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ping Lan
- School of Integrative Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ya-Fu Xue
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia-Ying Pu
- Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying-Bo Yang
- Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, 222001, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Jie
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Song K, He M, Kong X, Xian Y, Zhang Y, Xie X, Xie S, Jia A, Ren Y. Benefits of uric acid-lowering medication after bariatric surgery in patients with gout. BMC Surg 2024; 24:186. [PMID: 38877436 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-024-02472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Patients with gout are at risk for increased serum uric acid (SUA) levels and gout attacks in the short term after undergoing bariatric surgery, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits of short-term treatment with uric acid-lowering medication after bariatric surgery for the control of gout attacks and SUA levels in patients with gout. METHODS 71 patients who underwent SG from January 2020 to December 2022 were prospectively included. These patients were diagnosed with hyperuricemia before surgery and had a history of gout attacks. Patients were classified into a drug-treatment group (DTG, n = 32) and a non-drug-treatment group (NDTG, n = 39) according to whether they took uric acid-lowering medication after surgery. Changes in the number of gout attacks, body mass index (BMI), and SUA levels at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after bariatric surgery were measured in both groups. RESULTS In the DTG, 22 patients (68.8%) experienced an increase in SUA within 1 week, 3 patients (9.4%) had an acute attack of gout within the first month, and no patients had a gout attack thereafter. In the NDTG, 35 patients (89.7%) experienced an increase in SUA within 1 week, 7 patients (17.9%) had an acute gout attack within the first month, and 4 patients (10.3%) experienced gout attacks between month 1 and month 3 postoperatively. Both groups were free of gout attacks between the 3rd and 6th postoperative month and showed a significant decrease in SUA and BMI by the sixth month. CONCLUSION In patients with gout, continued use of uric acid-lowering medication after bariatric surgery is beneficial in reducing the number of gout attacks and the risk of rising SUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Song
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Intestinal Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
| | - Ming He
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Intestinal Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangxin Kong
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Intestinal Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
| | - Yin Xian
- Nanchong Psychosomatic Hospital, Nanchong, 637770, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Intestinal Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
| | - Xing Xie
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Intestinal Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
| | - Sijun Xie
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Intestinal Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
| | - Aimei Jia
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
| | - Yixing Ren
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China.
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Intestinal Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China.
- Chengdu XinHua Hospital Affiliated to North Sichuan Medical College, Chengdu, 610000, P.R. China.
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Duan H, Liu G, Feng D, Wang Z, Yan W. Research Progress on New Functions of Animal and Plant Proteins. Foods 2024; 13:1223. [PMID: 38672894 PMCID: PMC11048783 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein is composed of peptides, essential nutrients for human survival and health, and the easy absorption of peptides further promotes human health. According to the source of the protein, it can be divided into plants, animals, and micro-organisms, which have important physiological effects on the health of the body, especially in enhancing immunity. The most widely used raw materials are animal protein and plant protein, and the protein composition formed by the two in a certain proportion is called "double protein". In recent years, China's State Administration for Market Regulation has issued an announcement on the "Implementation Rules for the Technical Evaluation of New Functions and Products of Health Foods (Trial)", which provides application conditions and listing protection for the research and development of new functions of health foods. At present, some researchers and enterprises have begun to pay attention to the potential of animal and plant proteins to be used in new functions. In this article, the research progress of animal and plant proteins in the new functions of Chinese health food is reviewed in detail, and suggestions for future research on animal and plant proteins are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Duan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China; (H.D.); (G.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China;
| | - Gaigai Liu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China; (H.D.); (G.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China;
| | - Duo Feng
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Zhuoye Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China;
| | - Wenjie Yan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China; (H.D.); (G.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China;
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Ogunjinmi OE, Oriyomi VO, Olaogun RA, Gbadegesin AT. Storage and time course effects on the quality of oil extracted from Phyllanthus amarus Schumach and Annona muricata Linn and their antidiabetic potentials. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2024; 105:41-53. [PMID: 38633891 PMCID: PMC11020154 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2024.135641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advent of modern technology, advancements in processing and storage techniques, and increasing medical knowledge, people are becoming aware of deterioration in the quality of medicinal products due to storage methods and time. In most cases, herbal products are not consumed immediately after production; as such, improper storage can result in physical, chemical, and microbiological changes. The study evaluated the effect of storage methods and time on the quality of oil extracted from Phyllanthus amarus Schumach and Annona muricata Linn and assessed their antidiabetic and antioxidative effects. Plants were air-dried, pulverized, and then subjected to Soxhlet extraction in petroleum ether. The oil was evaluated for phytochemical constituents and the effects of time and storage methods on its physicochemical properties. Characterization of the oil was done by spectroscopic techniques. Oils from both plants contained tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, phlobotannins, resins, reducing sugar, phenols, and saponins in different proportions. The oil from A. muricata had higher phenolic (3.11 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g), flavonoid (11.82 ± 0.08 mg QUE/g), alkaloid (16.37 ± 0.56 mg APE/g), and tannin (7.13 ± 0.47 mg CE/g) contents than the oil from P. amarus, which had 0.54 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g, 7.83 ± 0.13 mg QUE/g, 9.87 ± 0.15 mg APE, and 3.16 ± 0.12 mg CE/g for total phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, respectively. Initial acid, iodine, peroxide, and saponification values recorded for P. amarus were 5.63 ± 0.82 mg KOH/g, 97.17 ±0.53 Wijis, 9.31 ± 0.15 mEq/kg, and 116.11 ± 0.74 mg KOH/g, respectively, significantly different from those of A. muricata , which had values of 1.17 ± 0.08 mg KOH, 76.23 ± 0.03 Wijis, 6.75 ± 0.47 mEq/kg, and 193.31 ± 0.52 mg KOH/g, respectively. FT-IR characterization of the oils revealed the presence of carboxylic acid, alkyl, alkene, alkane, haloalkane, aldehyde, aromatic amine, α-unsaturated and β-unsaturated esters, and phenol functional groups. P. amarus oil inhibited α-amylase (IC50 0.17 ± 0.03 mg/ml), α-glucosidase (IC50 0.64 ± 0.03 mg/ml), and xanthine oxidase (0.70 ± 0.01 mg/ml) to a greater extent than A. muricata oil, with IC50 values of 0.43 ± 0.05 mg/ml (α-amylase), 2.25 ± 0.31 mg/ml (α-glucosidase), and 0.78 ± 0.07 mg/ml (xanthine oxidase). This study showed that oils from the tested plants have low rancidity with a moderate shelf life. The extracts contained essential phytoconstituents that significantly inhibited α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase. These effects of the oil indicate their potential to prevent diabetes, gout, and oxidative stress. Consequently, the supply of P. amarus and A. muricata in homemade diets is strongly encouraged for healthy living.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent O. Oriyomi
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Richard A. Olaogun
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Terkeltaub R. Emerging Urate-Lowering Drugs and Pharmacologic Treatment Strategies for Gout: A Narrative Review. Drugs 2023; 83:1501-1521. [PMID: 37819612 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia with consequent monosodium urate crystal deposition leads to gout, characterized by painful, incapacitating inflammatory arthritis flares that are also associated with increased cardiovascular event and related mortality risk. This narrative review focuses on emerging pharmacologic urate-lowering treatment (ULT) and management strategies in gout. Undertreated, gout can progress to palpable tophi and joint damage. In oral ULT clinical trials, target serum urate of < 6.0 mg/dL can be achieved in ~ 80-90% of subjects, with flare burden reduction by 1-2 years. However, real-world ULT results are far less successful, due to both singular patient nonadherence and prescriber undertreatment, particularly in primary care, where most patients are managed. Multiple dose titrations commonly needed to optimize first-line allopurinol ULT monotherapy, and substantial potential toxicities and other limitations of approved, marketed oral monotherapy ULT drugs, promote hyperuricemia undertreatment. Common gout comorbidities with associated increased mortality (e.g., moderate-severe chronic kidney disease [CKD], type 2 diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure) heighten ULT treatment complexity and emphasize unmet needs for better and more rapid clinically significant outcomes, including attenuated gout flare burden. The gout drug armamentarium will be expanded by integrating sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors with uricosuric and anti-inflammatory properties as well as clinically indicated antidiabetic, nephroprotective, and/or cardioprotective effects. The broad ULT developmental pipeline is loaded with multiple uricosurics that selectively target uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1). Evolving ULT approaches include administering selected gut anaerobic purine degrading bacteria (PDB), modulating intestinal urate transport, and employing liver-targeted xanthine oxidoreductase mRNA knockdown. Last, emerging measures to decrease the immunogenicity of systemically administered recombinant uricases should simplify treatment regimens and further improve outcomes in managing the most severe gout phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Terkeltaub
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Agrawal N, Arya M, Kushwah P. Therapeutic voyage of synthetic and natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1293-1307. [PMID: 37550063 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors are commonly used to treat gout, nephropathy, and renal stone diseases related to hyperuricemia. However, recent research has shown that these inhibitors may also have potential benefits in preventing vascular diseases, including those affecting the cerebrovasculature. This is due to emerging evidence suggesting that serum uric acid is involved in the growth of cardiovascular disease, and XO inhibition can reduce oxidative stress in the vasculature. There is a great interest in the development of new XO inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The present review discusses the many synthetic and natural XO inhibitors that have been developed which are found to have greater potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Medha Arya
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Priya Kushwah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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Lopez-Sanchez MA, Del Carmen Garcia-Rodriguez M, Aguayo-Ortiz R, Hernandez-Cruz E, Figueroa-Figueroa DI, Hernandez-Luis F. Synthesis of Quinazolin-2,4,6-triamine Derivatives as Non-purine Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Exploration of Their Toxicological Potential. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300184. [PMID: 37642254 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new set of quinazolin-2,4,6-triamine derivatives were synthesized to explore their potential biological activity as xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, superoxide scavengers and screening of their toxicological profile. Among all the synthesized compounds, B1 exhibited better inhibitory activity against bovine xanthine oxidase (bXO) than allopurinol (IC50 =1.56 μM and IC50 =6.99 μM, respectively). As superoxide scavengers, B1, B2 and B13 exhibited a better effect than allopurinol (97.3 %, 82.1 %, 87.4 % and 69.4 %, respectively). Regarding the toxicological profile, B1 was less cytotoxic than methotrexate on HCT-15 cancer cells. Apoptosis results obtained in cells of female and male mice, showed that B1 and B2 presented a similar behaviour to CrO3 (positive control) with respect to the average frequency to induce apoptosis; while B13 apoptosis induced effect was similar to DMSO and control group. Finally, B1, B2, B13 did not induce genotoxicity in a micronuclei murine model compared to CrO3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Lopez-Sanchez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Universidad 3000, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Del Carmen Garcia-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Antimutagénesis, Anticarcinogénesis y Antiteratogénesis Ambiental, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, UNAM, Av Guelatao 66, 09230, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Universidad 3000, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Estefani Hernandez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Antimutagénesis, Anticarcinogénesis y Antiteratogénesis Ambiental, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, UNAM, Av Guelatao 66, 09230, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diego I Figueroa-Figueroa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Universidad 3000, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco Hernandez-Luis
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Universidad 3000, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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9
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Peng X, Li X, Xie B, Lai Y, Sosnik A, Boucetta H, Chen Z, He W. Gout therapeutics and drug delivery. J Control Release 2023; 362:728-754. [PMID: 37690697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis caused by persistently elevated uric acid levels. With the improvement of people's living standards, the consumption of processed food and the widespread use of drugs that induce elevated uric acid, gout rates are increasing, seriously affecting the human quality of life, and becoming a burden to health systems worldwide. Since the pathological mechanism of gout has been elucidated, there are relatively effective drug treatments in clinical practice. However, due to (bio)pharmaceutical shortcomings of these drugs, such as poor chemical stability and limited ability to target the pathophysiological pathways, traditional drug treatment strategies show low efficacy and safety. In this scenario, drug delivery systems (DDS) design that overcome these drawbacks is urgently called for. In this review, we initially describe the pathological features, the therapeutic targets, and the drugs currently in clinical use and under investigation to treat gout. We also comprehensively summarize recent research efforts utilizing lipid, polymeric and inorganic carriers to develop advanced DDS for improved gout management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hamza Boucetta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
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Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Di Micoli V, Angeloni C, Giovannini M, Borghi C. Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087027. [PMID: 37108190 PMCID: PMC10138451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purines, such as adenine and guanine, perform several important functions in the cell. They are found in nucleic acids; are structural components of some coenzymes, including NADH and coenzyme A; and have a crucial role in the modulation of energy metabolism and signal transduction. Moreover, purines have been shown to play an important role in the physiology of platelets, muscles, and neurotransmission. All cells require a balanced number of purines for growth, proliferation, and survival. Under physiological conditions, enzymes involved in purines metabolism maintain a balanced ratio between their synthesis and degradation in the cell. In humans, the final product of purine catabolism is uric acid, while most other mammals possess the enzyme uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin, which can be easily eliminated with urine. During the last decades, hyperuricemia has been associated with a number of human extra-articular diseases (in particular, the cardiovascular ones) and their clinical severity. In this review, we go through the methods of investigation of purine metabolism dysfunctions, looking at the functionality of xanthine oxidoreductase and the formation of catabolites in urine and saliva. Finally, we discuss how these molecules can be used as markers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo F G Cicero
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Group, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Fogacci
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Group, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Micoli
- Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Marina Giovannini
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Group, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Group, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Lopez Barrera AJ, Gutiérrez Gaitén YI. In vitro inhibition of xanthine oxidase by hydroalcoholic extracts of Corynaea crassa Hook. F. BIONATURA 2023. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynaea crassa is a hemiparasitic plant native to America, used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and has been shown to have antimicrobial properties. However, it lacks other biological studies to justify its use in traditional medicine. The objective was to examine the in vitro inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase in hydroalcoholic extracts of the species from Ecuador and Peru. The extracts obtained by maceration and the Allopurinol used as the reference drug, at concentrations of 10, 30, 40, 50 and 60 µg/mL, were tested to measure the degree of in vitro inhibition of xanthine oxidase employing spectrophotometric determination at 295nm, which is associated with the formation of uric acid. The two extracts showed significant inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase in a concentration-dependent manner, with the highest percentages being observed at the highest concentrations, being higher for the extract from the Ecuadorian species with enzyme inhibition percentages comparable to Allopurinol. Median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 15.35µg/mL and 17.42µg/mL were observed for the extracts from Ecuador and Peru, respectively, although the activity was more notable for the reference drug, which was shown to be an IC50 of 12.21 µg/mL. The results concluded the basis for the potential use of C. crassa in the treatment of hyperuricemia.
Keywords: xanthine oxidase, hydroalcoholic extracts, Allopurinol
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12
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Chrysant SG. Association of hyperuricemia with cardiovascular diseases: current evidence. Hosp Pract (1995) 2023; 51:54-63. [PMID: 36730938 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2023.2173413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to present a historical and unified perspective on the association of serum uric acid (SUA) in the cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The association of hyperuricemia (HUC) with CVD begun to be appreciated in the middle 1950s and early 1990s when clinical evidence was shown on the association of HUC with CVD. However, this association was disputed by several investigators including the Framingham group and by professional societies, like the American Heart Association and the American Society of Hypertension. This dispute was weakened or reversed by later studies, which showed a positive association of HUC with CVD, CHD, HF, CKD, and stroke, mediated by several risk factors, both molecular such as, oxidative stress, inflammatory stress, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction, as well as clinical factors such as, atherosclerosis, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The great majority of recent studies show a positive association of HUC with CVDs, and CKD. However, the cutoff of the damaging levels of SUA have not been established as yet. The European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Treatment Guidelines have proposed a cutoff level of SUA for CVD > 7 mg/dl for men and > 6 mg/dl for women. In contrast, the URRAH study has shown a SUA level of 4.7 mg/dl for all-cause mortality and 5.6 mg/dl for CV mortality. These levels are lower than the SUA levels proposed by the ESH, which are consistent with HUC. For a better understanding of this association, a Medline search of the English literature was conducted between 2015 and 2022 and 44 pertinent papers were selected. These papers together with collateral literature will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Chrysant
- Department of Cardiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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13
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A Brief Review of Natural Products with Urate Transporter 1 Inhibition for the Treatment of Hyperuricemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5419890. [PMID: 36337587 PMCID: PMC9635963 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5419890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a common disease caused by a high level of uric acid. Urate transporter 1 (URAT1) is an important protein and mediates approximately 90% of uric acid reabsorption. Therefore, the URAT1 inhibitor is a class of uricosuric medicines widely used in the clinic for the treatment of hyperuricemia. To find the new medicine with stronger URAT1 inhibition and lower toxicity, researchers have been exploring natural products. This study systematically summarizes the natural products with URAT1 inhibition. The results show that many natural products are potential URAT1 inhibitors, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, stilbenes, and steroids, among which flavonoids are the most promising source of URAT1 inhibitors. It is worth noting that most studies have focused on finding natural products with inhibition of URAT1 and have not explored their activities and mechanisms toward URAT1. By reviewing the few existing studies of the structure-activity relationship and analyzing common features of natural products with URAT1 inhibition, we speculate that the rigid ring structure and negative charge may be the keys for natural products to produce URAT1 inhibition. In conclusion, natural products are potential URAT1 inhibitors, and exploring the mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship will be an important research direction in the future.
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14
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Mehmood A, Li J, Rehman AU, Kobun R, Llah IU, Khan I, Althobaiti F, Albogami S, Usman M, Alharthi F, Soliman MM, Yaqoob S, Awan KA, Zhao L, Zhao L. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory study of eight structurally diverse phenolic compounds. Front Nutr 2022; 9:966557. [PMID: 36204384 PMCID: PMC9531272 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.966557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This project was designed to explore the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory mechanism of eight structurally diverse phenolic compounds [quercetin: C1, quercetin-3-rhamnoside: C2, 4, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid: C3, 3, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid: C4, 3, 4-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid: C5, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (C6), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid: C7, and caffeic acid: C8]. For this purpose, in-vitro and different computational methods were applied to determine the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory potential of eight structurally diverse phenolic compounds. The results revealed that phenolic compounds (C1–C8) possess strong to weak XO inhibitory activity. These results were further confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and 1H NMR analysis. Furthermore, computational study results revealed that phenolic compounds (C1–C8) bind with the surrounding amino acids of XO at the molybdenum (MO) site. These in-vitro and in-silico results divulge that phenolic compounds have a strong potential to lower uric acid levels via interacting with the XO enzyme and can be used to combat hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ashfaq Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rovina Kobun
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Inam U Llah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Fayez Althobaiti
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Fahad Alharthi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanabil Yaqoob
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kanza Aziz Awan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Zhao
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Lei Zhao
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15
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Jenkins C, Hwang JH, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, Cho SK. Review of Urate-Lowering Therapeutics: From the Past to the Future. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925219. [PMID: 36081938 PMCID: PMC9445164 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed all currently available ULT, as well as any medications in development using following databases: United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Japanese Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), and ClinicalTrials.gov. We identified a total of 36 drugs, including 10 approved drugs, 17 in clinical testing phases, and 9 in preclinical developmental phases. The 26 drugs currently undergoing testing and development include 5 xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 14 uricosurics, 6 recombinant uricases, and one with multiple urate-lowering mechanisms of action. Herein, we reviewed the benefit and risk of each drug summarizing currently available drugs. New trials of uricosuric agents are underway to develop the new indication. New drugs are going on to improve the potency of recombinant uricase and to develop the new route administration of such as oral formulation. This review will provide valuable information on the properties, indications, and limitations of ULTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jenkins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Hospital of Central Connecticut, New Britain, CT, United States
| | - Jennifer H. Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Hospital of Central Connecticut, New Britain, CT, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cheryl A. Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Sung Kweon Cho
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sung Kweon Cho,
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16
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Bais T, Gansevoort RT, Meijer E. Drugs in Clinical Development to Treat Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Drugs 2022; 82:1095-1115. [PMID: 35852784 PMCID: PMC9329410 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by progressive cyst formation that ultimately leads to kidney failure in most patients. Approximately 10% of patients who receive kidney replacement therapy suffer from ADPKD. To date, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist (V2RA) is the only drug that has been proven to attenuate disease progression. However, aquaresis-related adverse events limit its widespread use. Data on the renoprotective effects of somatostatin analogues differ largely between studies and medications. This review discusses new drugs that are investigated in clinical trials to treat ADPKD, such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators and micro RNA inhibitors, and drugs already marketed for other indications that are being investigated for off-label use in ADPKD, such as metformin. In addition, potential methods to improve the tolerability of V2RAs are discussed, as well as methods to select patients with (likely) rapid disease progression and issues regarding the translation of preclinical data into clinical practice. Since ADPKD is a complex disease with a high degree of interindividual heterogeneity, and the mechanisms involved in cyst growth also have important functions in various physiological processes, it may prove difficult to develop drugs that target cyst growth without causing major adverse events. This is especially important since long-standing treatment is necessary in this chronic disease. This review therefore also discusses approaches to targeted therapy to minimize systemic side effects. Hopefully, these developments will advance the treatment of ADPKD.
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17
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Rong W, Shen X, Adu-Frimpong M, He Q, Zhang J, Li X, Xia X, Shi F, Cao X, Ji H, Toreniyazov E, Wang Q, Yu J, Xu X. Pinocembrin polymeric micellar drug delivery system: preparation, characterisation and anti-hyperuricemic activity evaluation. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:419-432. [PMID: 35766329 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2096138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Hydrophobic pinocembrin (PCB) was incorporated into a new nano-drug delivery system to enhance solubility, bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic activity of the drug.Methods: We fabricated PCB loaded polymeric micelles (PCB-FPM) by thin film dispersion method and appropriately determined their physical characteristics. The oral relative bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic activity of PCB-FPM and free PCB were observed.Results: The optimum particle size of the micelles was 19.90 ± 0.93 nm. PCB-FPM exhibited great stability within 18 days, coupled with lower cytotoxicity and higher biocompatibility. Moreover, the percent cumulative release of PCB-FPM was much higher than free PCB in the dissolution media. The oral bioavailability of PCB-FPM was increased by 2.61 times compared with free PCB. Uric acid (UA) level of rats was reduced in PCB-FPM group (200 mg/kg) by 78.82% comparable to the model control.Conclusion: PCB-FPM may become an ideal strategy to increase oral in-vivo availability and anti-hyperuricemic activity of PCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Rong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Qing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Jiangsu Tian Sheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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18
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Zhang N, Zhou J, Zhao L, Wang O, Zhang L, Zhou F. Dietary Ferulic Acid Ameliorates Metabolism Syndrome-Associated Hyperuricemia in Rats via Regulating Uric Acid Synthesis, Glycolipid Metabolism, and Hepatic Injury. Front Nutr 2022; 9:946556. [PMID: 35845766 PMCID: PMC9280472 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.946556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid is a well-known phenolic acid compound and possesses multiple health-promoting and pharmacological effects. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hyperuricemia (HUA) have become health problems worldwide and are closely connected. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of ferulic acid on MetS-related HUA and its underlying mechanisms. Rats were administered high-fructose and high-fat diet (HFFD) with or without ferulic acid (0.05 and 0.1%) for 20 weeks. Intake of HFFD resulted in obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, which were alleviated by ferulic acid consumption. Treatment of rats with ferulic acid diminished the levels of lipids and inflammatory cytokines and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver caused by HFFD. Additionally, administration of ferulic acid blocked a HFFD-induced elevation in activities and mRNA expression of enzymes involving in uric acid (UA) synthesis. Molecular docking analysis denoted that ferulic acid bound to the active center of these enzymes, indicative of the potential interaction with each other. These two aspects might partially be responsible for the decrement in serum UA content after ferulic acid ingestion. In conclusion, ferulic acid supplementation ameliorated lipid and glucose metabolic abnormalities, hepatic damage, and UA formation in MetS rats. There was a dose correlation between lipid deposition and UA synthesis-related indicators. These findings implied that ferulic acid could be applied as a promising dietary remedy for the management of MetS-associated HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food From Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food From Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Ou Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liebing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food From Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food From Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Zhou,
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19
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Wei W, Zhou LJ, Wang S, Zhang Z, Huang JY, Zhang Z, Zhang XP, Zhang XJ, Li J, Zhang YW. Katsuwonus pelamis Peptide and its Complexes Protect Zebrafish and Mice From Hyperuricemia Through Promoting Kidney Excretion of Uric Acid and Inhibiting Liver Xanthine Oxidase Activity. Front Chem 2022; 10:924371. [PMID: 35836673 PMCID: PMC9273819 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.924371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and its complexes have the effect of lowering uric acid (UA)-levels. To identify the effect and possible mechanisms, different concentrations of Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and its complexes were administered to the zebrafish and mice hyperuricemia models, and the UA level was measured. Meanwhile, the hyperuricemic mice were treated orally at 0.83, 1.67, and 5.00 mg/g body weight for 7 days with Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and the complexes groups, separately. The levels of serum UA (SUA), urinary UA (UUA), serum creatinine (SCR), blood urine nitrogen (BUN), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) activities were detected in each group. The results showed that the Katsuwonus pelamis peptide (125 μg/ml) and its complexes (83.3 and 250 μg/ml) effectively reduced UA level in zebrafish with hyperuricemia (p < 0.05). The Katsuwonus pelamis peptide at high concentration (5.00 mg/g) decreased the SUA level, SCR level, BUN level, and hepatic XOD activity, and the complexes (1.67 and 5.00 mg/g) significantly reduced the SUA level and hepatic XOD activity (p < 0.05) in the hyperuricemic mice. In addition, in a hyperuricemic mouse model, the UUA level was increased after treatment with Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and its complexes at high concentrations (p < 0.05). The total therapeutic effects in the Katsuwonus pelamis peptide complex group were better than those in the Katsuwonus pelamis peptide group. Thus, Katsuwonus pelamis peptide and its complexes may possibly be used to prevent hyperuricemia via promoting urate secretion and inhibiting XOD activity production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li-Jian Zhou
- The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Danyang, China
| | - Shue Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Zhongshiduqing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Heze, China
| | - Jia-Ying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Zhongshiduqing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Heze, China
| | | | | | - Jie Li
- Zhongshiduqing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Heze, China
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Ye-Wang Zhang,
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20
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Zhang H, Saravanan KM, Yang Y, Wei Y, Yi P, Zhang JZH. Generating and screening de novo compounds against given targets using ultrafast deep learning models as core components. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6611918. [PMID: 35724626 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep learning is an artificial intelligence technique in which models express geometric transformations over multiple levels. This method has shown great promise in various fields, including drug development. The availability of public structure databases prompted the researchers to use generative artificial intelligence models to narrow down their search of the chemical space, a novel approach to chemogenomics and de novo drug development. In this study, we developed a strategy that combined an accelerated LSTM_Chem (long short-term memory for de novo compounds generation), dense fully convolutional neural network (DFCNN), and docking to generate a large number of de novo small molecular chemical compounds for given targets. To demonstrate its efficacy and applicability, six important targets that account for various human disorders were used as test examples. Moreover, using the M protease as a proof-of-concept example, we find that iteratively training with previously selected candidates can significantly increase the chance of obtaining novel compounds with higher and higher predicted binding affinities. In addition, we also check the potential benefit of obtaining reliable final de novo compounds with the help of MD simulation and metadynamics simulation. The generation of de novo compounds and the discovery of binders against various targets proposed here would be a practical and effective approach. Assessing the efficacy of these top de novo compounds with biochemical studies is promising to promote related drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Konda Mani Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600073, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Center for High Performance Computing, Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China 518055
| | - Pan Yi
- Center for High Performance Computing, Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China 518055
| | - John Z H Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China
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21
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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Maruhashi T, Higashi Y, Yoshida H, Tanaka A, Eguchi K, Tomiyama H, Kario K, Kato T, Oda N, Tahara N, Oguri M, Watada H, Node K. Long-Term Effect of Febuxostat on Endothelial Function in Patients With Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A Sub-Analysis of the PRIZE Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:882821. [PMID: 35571205 PMCID: PMC9095910 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.882821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthine oxidase is involved in the production of uric acid and the generation of superoxide anion. We evaluated the long-term effect of febuxostat, a non-purine selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on endothelial function in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Methods In the PRIZE study, patients with hyperuricemia were randomly assigned to either add-on febuxostat treatment (febuxostat group) or non-pharmacologic hyperuricemia treatment (control group). Among the 514 participants, endothelial function was assessed in 41 patients in the febuxostat group and 38 patients in the control group by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery at the beginning of the study and after 12 and/or 24 months of treatment (63 men; median age, 68.0 years). Results The least squares mean concentration of serum uric acid was significantly lower in the febuxostat group than in the control group at 6 months (mean between-group difference [febuxostat group - control group], -2.09 mg/dL [95% confidence interval (CI), -2.520 to -1.659]; P < 0.001), 12 months (mean between-group difference, -2.28 mg/dL [95% CI, -2.709 to -1.842]; P < 0.001), and 24 months (mean between-group difference, -2.61 mg/dL [95% CI, -3.059 to -2.169]; P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between groups in the least squares mean estimated percentage change in FMD at 12 months (mean between-group difference, -0.56% [95% CI, -1.670 to 0.548]; P = 0.319) and at 24 months (mean between-group difference, -0.60% [95% CI, -1.886 to 0.685]; P = 0.357). Conclusion Febuxostat treatment did not alter endothelial function assessed by FMD during a 2-year study period in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hisako Yoshida
- Department of Medical Statistics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazuo Eguchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Red Cross Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Kazuomi Kario
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Toru Kato
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Tochigi Medical Center, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Nozomu Oda
- Department of Cardiology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tahara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Oguri
- Department of Cardiology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Fiorello ML, Treweeke AT, Macfarlane DP, Megson IL. Intermittent exposure of cultured endothelial cells to physiologically relevant fructose concentrations has a profound impact on nitric oxide production and bioenergetics. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267675. [PMID: 35560114 PMCID: PMC9106152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia is known to induce endothelial dysfunction and changes in metabolic function, which could be implicated in diabetes-induced cardiovascular disease. To date, however, little is known about the impact of physiologically relevant concentrations of fructose on endothelial cells. A novel in vitro model was devised to establish the impact of substitution of a small proportion of glucose with an equal concentration (0.1 mM or 1 mM) of fructose on EA.hy926 endothelial cells during periodic carbohydrate “meals” superimposed on a normoglycaemic (5.5 mM) background. Parallel experiments were conducted using meals consisting of normoglycaemic glucose, intermediate glucose (12.5 mM) or profound hyperglycaemia (25 mM), each delivered for 2 h, with and without substituted fructose over 50 h. Outcome measures included nitrite as a surrogate marker of the mediator of healthy endothelial function, nitric oxide (NO), and a range of bioenergetic parameters using a metabolic analyser. Despite its relatively low proportion of carbohydrate load, intermittent fructose induced a substantial reduction (approximately 90%) in NO generation in cells treated with either concentration of fructose. Cell markers of oxidative stress were not altered by this treatment regimen. However, the cells experienced a marked increase in metabolic activity induced by fructose, irrespective of the glucose concentration delivered simultaneously in the “meals”. Indeed, glucose alone failed to induce any metabolic impact in this model. Key metabolic findings were a 2-fold increase in basal oxygen consumption rate and a similar change in extracellular acidification rate–a marker of glycolysis. Non-metabolic oxygen consumption also increased substantially in cells exposed to fructose. There was no difference between results with 0.1 mM fructose and those with 1 mM fructose. Low, physiologically relevant concentrations of fructose, delivered in a pattern that mimics mealtime consumption, had a profound impact on endothelial function and bioenergetics in an in vitro cell model. The results suggest that endothelial cells are exquisitely sensitive to circulating fructose; the potential ensuing dysfunction could have major implications for development of atherosclerotic disease associated with high fructose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Fiorello
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands & Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T. Treweeke
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands & Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Macfarlane
- Department of Diabetes, NHS Highland, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Ian L. Megson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands & Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Lee Y, Hwang J, Desai SH, Li X, Jenkins C, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, Cho SK. Efficacy of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in Lowering Serum Uric Acid in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092468. [PMID: 35566594 PMCID: PMC9105680 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Current guidelines for gout recommend a treat-to-target approach with serum uric acid (SUA). However, there is little evidence for the dose-dependent effects of urate-lowering therapy (ULT). Herein, we analyzed the reported SUA-lowering effect and SUA target achievement differences for various doses of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Methods: Approved ULT drugs were selected from the FDA Drug Database. We included prospective randomized controlled trials of ULT drugs from ClinicalTrials.gov, articles published in the journal “Drugs”, and Embase, a literature database. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the ability of different ULT drugs and doses to lower and maintain a target SUA < 6 mg/dL. Results: We identified 35 trials including 8172 patients with a baseline SUA of 8.92 mg/dL. The allopurinol, febuxostat, and topiroxostat showed dose-proportional SUA-lowering responses. Compared with allopurinol 300 mg daily, febuxostat 80 mg daily and 120 mg daily more effectively maintained SUA < 6 mg/dL. Conclusion: Allopurinol, febuxostat, and topiroxostat showed dose-proportional ability to lower and achieve a target SUA < 6 mg/dL. Significance and Innovations. We showed dose-dependent SUA lowering effects of allopurinol, febuxostat, and topiroxostat. Febuxostat is effective at ULT compared to allopurinol and could be potentially offered as an alternative agent when patients (1) have CKD, (2) have the human leukocyte antigen HLA-B*5801 allele, and (3) become refractory to allopurinol. Gradual allopurinol dose increase with a lower starting dose is needed in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Lee
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.L.); (S.H.D.); (C.A.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jennifer Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Hospital of Central Connecticut, New Britain, CT 06052, USA;
| | - Shaan H. Desai
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.L.); (S.H.D.); (C.A.W.)
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Xiaobai Li
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Christopher Jenkins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Cheryl A. Winkler
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.L.); (S.H.D.); (C.A.W.)
| | - Sung Kweon Cho
- Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.L.); (S.H.D.); (C.A.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-4506; Fax: +82-31-219-5069
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Li R, Zeng L, Wu C, Ma P, Cui H, Chen L, Li Q, Hong C, Liu L, Xiao L, Li W. Tea Consumption is Associated with an Increased Risk of Hyperuricemia in an Occupational Population in Guangdong, China. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2747-2757. [PMID: 35300131 PMCID: PMC8922363 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s355253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic hyperuricemia leads to long-term deposition of monosodium urate crystals that may damage the joint structure and affect quality of life. Although hyperuricemia prevalence varies, most studies indicate increased cases of hyperuricemia worldwide. The relationship between hyperuricemia and tea consumption is uncertain. This cross-sectional study investigated the effect of tea consumption on the risk of hyperuricemia in the working population in Guangdong, China. Patients and Methods Data on weight, height, blood pressure, laboratory test results, and health questionnaire responses of 7644 adults aged ≥18 years were obtained from the health examinee dataset of Nanfang Hospital. The characteristics of subjects with and without hyperuricemia were compared using t-tests or non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. Relationships between hyperuricemia and participant characteristics (sex, age, education level, smoking history, alcohol consumption, hypertension, body mass index, tea consumption, and other dietary factors) were examined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to identify independent risk factors for hyperuricemia. Results Tea consumption was associated with a higher risk of hyperuricemia in the crude model (odds ratio [OR] 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–2.05, once a month through twice a week vs never, P<0.001; OR 2.44, 95% CI 2.07–2.89, ≥3 times a week vs never, P<0.001). The adjusted OR for hyperuricemia was 1.30 (95% CI 1.08–1.56, P=0.006) in participants who consumed tea once a month through twice a week and 1.35 (95% CI 1.11–1.64, P=0.003) in those who consumed tea ≥3 times a week compared with the “never” reference group after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, anthropometric and biochemical indices, and dietary factors. This relationship remained significant in men but not women in subgroup analysis. Conclusion Tea consumption is an independent risk factor for hyperuricemia and is more pronounced in men than women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruining Li
- Big Data Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengkai Wu
- Big Data Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Cui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liya Chen
- Department of Medical Quality Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qimei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Hong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Big Data Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lushan Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lushan Xiao, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Hospital Office, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Wenyuan Li, Hospital Office, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Dwibedi V, Jain S, Singhal D, Mittal A, Rath SK, Saxena S. Inhibitory activities of grape bioactive compounds against enzymes linked with human diseases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1399-1417. [PMID: 35106636 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A quest for identification of novel, safe and efficient natural compounds, as additives in the modern food and cosmetic industries, has been prompted by concerns about toxicity and side effects of synthetic products. Plant phenolic compounds are one of the most documented natural products due to their multifarious biological applications. Grape (Vitis vinifera) is an important source of phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids, tannins, quinones, coumarins and, most importantly, flavonoids/flavones. This review crisply encapsulates enzyme inhibitory activities of various grape polyphenols towards different key human-ailment-associated enzymes: xanthine oxidase (gout), tyrosinase (hyperpigmentation), α-amylase and α-glucosidase (diabetes mellitus), pancreatic lipase (obesity), cholinesterase (Alzheimer's disease), angiotensin i-converting enzymes (hypertension), α-synuclein (Parkinson's disease) and histone deacetylase (various diseases). The review also depicts the enzyme inhibitory mechanism of various grape polyphenols and briefly discusses their stature as potential therapeutic and drug development candidates. KEY POINTS: • Nineteen major bioactive polyphenols from the grape/grape products and their disease targets are presented • Sixty-two important polyphenols as enzyme inhibitors from grape/grape products are presented • A thorough description and graphical presentation of biological significance of polyphenols against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagish Dwibedi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147001, India
| | - Sahil Jain
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Divya Singhal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Anuradha Mittal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Danteswari College of Pharmacy, Borpadar, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, 494221, India.
| | - Sanjai Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147001, India
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Bao R, Chen Q, Li Z, Wang D, Wu Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Wang T. Eurycomanol alleviates hyperuricemia by promoting uric acid excretion and reducing purine synthesis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:153850. [PMID: 34785103 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated level of blood uric acid (UA) leads to serious damages to human health. In clinic, xanthine oxidase inhibitor is commonly used to reduce uric acid production. However, UA excretion promotion drug is rare. Our previous study demonstrated that the 70% ethanolic extract of stem of Eurycoma longifolia could effectively increase UA excretion and decrease blood level of UA in hyperuricemia animal model. In this paper, we tried to find active substance on UA regulation from E. longifolia. METHODS The constituents of stem from E. longifolia were isolated and analyzed by chemical and spectral methods. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography was applied to measure the concentrations of UA in serum and urine. H&E staining was used to characterize renal histopathological changes. The protein and mRNA expressions of UA transporters were measured by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS Ten kinds of quassinoids were isolated from stem of E. longifolia, and the structures were identified. Pharmacological research revealed the major component, eurycomanol (5-20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased serum UA level and increased 24 h clearance of uric acid in potassium oxonate and adenine induced hyperuricemic mice. Eurycomanol ameliorated UA induced kidney histological injury, inhibited hepatic purine synthesis through decreasing phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase, promoted UA excretion by modulation of renal and intestinal urate transporters, such as GLUT9, ABCG2, OAT1, and NPT1. CONCLUSION The results showed eurycomanol from E. longifolia can promote UA excretion through kidney and intestine, decrease hepatic purine synthesis and further keep UA homeostasis, suggesting that eurycomanol has the potential to be developed into a novel drug for the treatment of under-excretion type hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuzheng Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Zha X, Yang B, Xia G, Wang S. Combination of Uric Acid and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Discriminating Patients with Gout from Healthy Controls. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1413-1420. [PMID: 35250292 PMCID: PMC8896041 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s357159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Zha
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, Binhu Hospital of Hefei, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, Binhu Hospital of Hefei, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyun Xia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, Binhu Hospital of Hefei, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guangyun Xia; Shan Wang, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, Binhu Hospital of Hefei, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei, Binhu Hospital of Hefei, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China
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Chandrashekara S, Paul B. A narrative review of clinical evidence validating the efficacy of topiroxostat in managing hyperuricemia. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/injr.injr_59_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abdulhafiz F, Farhan Hanif Reduan M, Hamzah Z, Abdul Kari Z, Dawood MA, Mohammed A. Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment and Anti-hyperuricemic Activity of Alocasia longiloba Extracts on Sprague-Dawley Rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3184-3193. [PMID: 35844413 PMCID: PMC9280170 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is defined as a metabolic abnormality that occurs when serum uric acid (UA) level is abnormally high in the body. We previously reported that A. longiloba possesses various important phytochemicals and in vitro xanthine oxidase activity. Despite A. longiloba ethnomedicinal benefits, its toxicity and anti-hyperuricemic effects have not been reported. The present study was carried out to ensure the safety and investigate the anti-hyperuricemic effects of A. longiloba fruit and petiole ethanolic extracts on rats. In the acute toxicity study, extracts were orally administered at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight and closely monitored for 2-week for any toxicity effects. The rats were then sacrificed and samples were collected and analyzed for hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters. The anti-hyperuricemic effect of A. longiloba fruit or petiole extract was investigated through determination of UA levels on potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemic rats. Extracts or standard drug treatments were orally administrated 1-h after PO administration for 14-day. Animals were euthanized and samples were collected for further experiments. The toxicity results show, no significant changes were observed in behavioral, bodyweight changes in experimental groups compared to the control. Moreover, there were no significant changes in hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters between extracts treated and control group. In the anti-hyperuricemia study, the fruit and petiole extracts treatments significantly reduced the level of UA in serum compared to the hyperuricemic model group. This study demonstrated that the extracts of A. longiloba have anti-hyperuricemic activity and was found to be non-toxic to rats in acute toxicity test.
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Silva RG, Martins G, Nucci LB, Granero F, Figueiredo CM, Santiago P, Silva L. Antiglycation, antioxidant, antiacne, and photoprotective activities of crude extracts and triterpene saponin fraction of Sapindus saponaria L. fruits: An in vitro study. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.354430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Zhdan VM, Tkachenko MV, Babanina M. MY, Volchenko GV, Kitura YM, Kyrian OA. GOUT NEPHROPATHY: CHOICE OF INITIAL THERAPY IN A COMORBID PATIENT. BULLETIN OF PROBLEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.29254/2077-4214-2022-3-166-194-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bakris GL, Mikami H, Hirata M, Nakajima A, Cressman MD. A Non-purine Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitor Reduces Albuminuria in Patients with DKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1240-1250. [PMID: 35369650 PMCID: PMC8676384 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001672021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is characterized by albuminuria and reduced renal function. Whether xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors (XORIs) have a renoprotective effect in DKD patients with type 2 diabetes remains controversial. We conducted a proof-of-concept study to investigate the renal effects of a novel XORI, TMX-049, in patients with DKD and type 2 diabetes. Methods This is a multicenter, 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2a trial conducted at 49 centers across the United States between April 2018 and June 2019. In total, 130 patients with type 2 diabetes, urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) 200 - 3000 mg/g, eGFR ≥30 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and serum uric acid (sUA) 4 - 10 mg/dl were randomized 1:1:1 to TMX-049 200 mg (n=44) or 40 mg (n=44), or placebo (n=42). The primary end point was change in log-transformed UACR at week 12 from baseline. The secondary end points included changes in UACR, eGFR, and sUA from baseline. Results The least squares mean differences for changes in log-transformed UACR from baseline to week 12 compared with placebo were -0.43 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], -0.82 to -0.04, P=0.03) for TMX-049 200 mg and -0.05 (95% CI, -0.44 to 0.34, P=0.80) for 40 mg; a 35% reduction in UACR was observed with TMX-049 200 mg (ratio versus placebo, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.96) but not 40 mg (0.95; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.41). Throughout the treatment period, marked reductions in sUA levels but no changes in eGFR were observed with both TMX-049 doses. TMX-049 was generally well tolerated, although two patients with TMX-049 200 mg developed gout. Conclusions TMX-049 200 mg reduced albuminuria at 12 weeks in patients with DKD and type 2 diabetes. TMX-049 may exert a renoprotective effect independent of its sUA-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Akihiro Nakajima
- Pharmaceutical Development Administration Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael D. Cressman
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Endocrine and Renal, Labcorp Drug Development, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
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Early versus Late Allopurinol Initiation in Acute Gout Flare (ELAG): a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 41:213-221. [PMID: 34406530 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently available guidelines on urate-lowering therapy (ULT) initiation in acute gout flare are conflicting. We compared the time to complete resolution of acute gout flare between early and late allopurinol initiation. METHODS This 28-day, randomized controlled, open-label trial included patients with crystal-proven gout who were presented with acute gout flare within 72 h of arthritis onset. Exclusion criteria were advanced renal failure, ongoing ULT, and presence of the HLA-B*5801 allele. Allopurinol was used on days 1 and 14 in early and late groups, respectively. Primary outcome was time to complete arthritis resolution, and secondary outcomes were time to clinical resolution; arthritis relapse; laboratory parameters; and adverse events. RESULTS One hundred seventeen patients were randomized to early and late allopurinol groups (n = 59 and 58, respectively). One patient in each group was lost to follow-up; therefore, 115 patients were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups. The median time to complete resolution was not significantly different between the early and late allopurinol groups (6 [5-14] and 6 [5-7] days, respectively; p = 0.14). The median time to clinical resolution was 4 [3-6] days in both groups (p = 0.12). Other secondary outcomes were not significantly different. Serious adverse events did not occur in either group. CONCLUSIONS Early allopurinol initiation during an acute gout flare did not lead to significant changes in time to resolution, flare recurrence, and inflammatory markers. Key Points • Allopurinol Initiation in Gout.
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Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Silico Antioxidant Potential of Melissa officinalis subsp. officinalis Essential Oil. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071081. [PMID: 34356313 PMCID: PMC8301138 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation aimed to study the in vitro and in silico antioxidant properties of Melissa officinalis subsp. officinalis essential oil (MOEO). The chemical composition of MOEO was determined using GC–MS analysis. Among 36 compounds identified in MOEO, the main were beta-cubebene (27.66%), beta-caryophyllene (27.41%), alpha-cadinene (4.72%), caryophyllene oxide (4.09%), and alpha-cadinol (4.07%), respectively. In vitro antioxidant properties of MOEO have been studied in 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging, and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching assays. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the radical scavenging abilities of ABTS and DPPH were 1.225 ± 0.011 μg/mL and 14.015 ± 0.027 μg/mL, respectively, demonstrating good antioxidant activity. Moreover, MOEO exhibited a strong inhibitory effect (94.031 ± 0.082%) in the β-carotene bleaching assay by neutralizing hydroperoxides, responsible for the oxidation of highly unsaturated β-carotene. Furthermore, molecular docking showed that the MOEO components could exert an in vitro antioxidant activity through xanthine oxidoreductase inhibition. The most active structures are minor MOEO components (approximately 6%), among which the highest affinity for the target protein belongs to carvacrol.
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Zhu C, Sun B, Zhang B, Zhou Z. An update of genetics, co-morbidities and management of hyperuricaemia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1305-1316. [PMID: 34133780 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricaemia (HU) caused by disorders of purine metabolism is a metabolic disease. A number of epidemiological reports have confirmed that HU is correlated with multiple disorders, such as chronic kidney diseases, cardiovascular disease and gout. Recent studies showed that the expression and functional changes of uric acid transporters, including URAT1, GLUT9 and ABCG2, were associated with HU. Moreover, a large number of genome-wide association studies have shown that these transporters' dysfunction leads to HU. In this review, we describe the recent progress of aetiology and related transporters of HU, and we also summarise the common co-morbidities possible mechanisms, as well as the potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods for HU, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ying H, Yuan H, Tang X, Guo W, Jiang R, Jiang C. Impact of Serum Uric Acid Lowering and Contemporary Uric Acid-Lowering Therapies on Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:641062. [PMID: 33869304 PMCID: PMC8044896 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.641062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the potential association between uric acid (UA) lowering and cardiovascular risk reduction among UA-lowering therapies in adults. Methods: A systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted according to the protocol pre-registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42020199259). We search for RCTs in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to July 1, 2020. A meta-analysis was performed using a fixed- or random-effects model. Results: In total, 30 studies involving 18,585 hyperuricaemic patients were included. Xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) therapy produced a 6.0% reduction in relative risk (RR) for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). The use of febuxostat was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events (CVEs) (RR: 1.09, 95% CI 0.998–1.19, I2 = 0.0%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Allopurinol treatment was associated with a lower CVE risk (RR: 0.61, 95% CI 0.46–0.80, I2 = 21.0%). Among the UA-lowering therapies, the drug treatments were associated with all-cause mortality (RR: 1.20, 95% CI 1.02–1.41, I2 = 0.0%). The subgroup with a UA endpoint <7 mg/dl was not associated with a higher CVE risk (RR: 0.57, 95% CI 0.35–0.92, I2 = 0.0%), and in the subgroup with a UA endpoint <5 mg/dl group, a lower risk of CVEs was not observed (RR: 0.99, 95% CI 0.69–1.44, I2 = 0.0%). Conclusions: UA reduction caused by XOIs reduced the incidence of MACEs. UA-lowering medicines were associated with changes in all-cause mortality but not cardiovascular outcomes. The lower UA endpoint was not associated with reduced cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangying Ying
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongdi Yuan
- Department of Nursing, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenpu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Uric Acid and Hypertension: Prognostic Role and Guide for Treatment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030448. [PMID: 33498870 PMCID: PMC7865830 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and hypertension has been a subject of increasing interest since the 1870 discovery by Frederick Akbar Mahomed. Several epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between high SUA levels and the presence or the development of hypertension. Genetic analyses have found that xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) genetic polymorphisms are associated with hypertension. However, genetic studies on urate transporters and Mendelian randomization studies failed to demonstrate a causal relationship between SUA and hypertension. Results from clinical trials on the role of urate-lowering therapy in the management of patients with hypertension are not uniform. Our study sought to analyze the prognostic and therapeutic role of SUA in the hypertensive disease, from uric acid (UA) biology to clinical trials on urate-lowering therapies.
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Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Kuwabara M, Borghi C. Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Chronic Hyperuricemia: An Evidence-Based Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57010058. [PMID: 33435164 PMCID: PMC7827966 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to critically review the evidence on the available therapeutic strategies for the treatment of hyperuricemia. For this reason, several papers were reviewed. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are the safest and most effective uric acid lowering drugs for the management of chronic hyperuricemia, while the efficacy of uricosuric agents is strongly modulated by pharmacogenetics. Emergent drugs (lesinurad, peglotidase) were found to be more effective for the acute management of refractory hyperuricemia, but their use is supported by a relatively small number of clinical trials so that further well-designed clinical research is needed to deepen their efficacy and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo F. G. Cicero
- Hypertension Research Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.F.G.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Federica Fogacci
- Hypertension Research Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.F.G.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Masanari Kuwabara
- Cardiology Department and Intensive Care Unit, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo 40138, Japan;
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Hypertension Research Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.F.G.C.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-512142224
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