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Erin N, Shurin GV, Baraldi JH, Shurin MR. Regulation of Carcinogenesis by Sensory Neurons and Neuromediators. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092333. [PMID: 35565462 PMCID: PMC9102554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sensory nerve fibers extensively innervate the entire body. They are the first to sense danger signals, including the ones coming from newly formed cancer cells. Various studies have demonstrated that the inactivation of sensory nerve fibers as well as the vagus nerve enhances tumor growth and spread in models including breast, pancreatic, and gastric cancer. On the other hand, there are also contradictory findings that show the opposite, namely that the inactivation of nerve fibers inhibits tumor growth. These discrepancies are likely caused by the stage and the level of aggressiveness of the tumor model used. Hence, further studies are required to determine the factors involved in neuro-immunological mechanisms of tumor growth and spread. Abstract Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system are crucial in maintaining homeostasis, and disturbances of these neuro-immune interactions may participate in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Nerve endings have been identified within solid tumors in humans and experimental animals. Although the involvement of the efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation in carcinogenesis has been extensively investigated, the role of the afferent sensory neurons and the neuropeptides in tumor development, growth, and progression is recently appreciated. Similarly, current findings point to the significant role of Schwann cells as part of neuro-immune interactions. Hence, in this review, we mainly focus on local and systemic effects of sensory nerve activity as well as Schwann cells in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Specific denervation of vagal sensory nerve fibers, or vagotomy, in animal models, has been reported to markedly increase lung metastases of breast carcinoma as well as pancreatic and gastric tumor growth, with the formation of liver metastases demonstrating the protective role of vagal sensory fibers against cancer. Clinical studies have revealed that patients with gastric ulcers who have undergone a vagotomy have a greater risk of stomach, colorectal, biliary tract, and lung cancers. Protective effects of vagal activity have also been documented by epidemiological studies demonstrating that high vagal activity predicts longer survival rates in patients with colon, non-small cell lung, prostate, and breast cancers. However, several studies have reported that inhibition of sensory neuronal activity reduces the development of solid tumors, including prostate, gastric, pancreatic, head and neck, cervical, ovarian, and skin cancers. These contradictory findings are likely to be due to the post-nerve injury-induced activation of systemic sensory fibers, the level of aggressiveness of the tumor model used, and the local heterogeneity of sensory fibers. As the aggressiveness of the tumor model and the level of the inflammatory response increase, the protective role of sensory nerve fibers is apparent and might be mostly due to systemic alterations in the neuro-immune response. Hence, more insights into inductive and permissive mechanisms, such as systemic, cellular neuro-immunological mechanisms of carcinogenesis and metastasis formation, are needed to understand the role of sensory neurons in tumor growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Immunopharmacology, and Immuno-Oncology Unit, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA; (G.V.S.); (M.R.S.)
| | - James H. Baraldi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA;
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA; (G.V.S.); (M.R.S.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213 PA, USA
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Okimoto S, Tashiro H, Iwako H, Kuroda S, Kobayashi T, Hinoi T, Ohdan H. Antithrombin attenuates the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating neutrophil/interleukin-8 signaling. Hepatol Res 2020; 50:1284-1296. [PMID: 32893935 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Inflammation plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Here, we examined whether antithrombin (AT) plays a role in attenuating HCC progression, via its anti-inflammatory effects. METHODS HCCs were developed in AT-insufficient (AT+/- ) mice and wild-type (AT+/+ ) mice treated with diethyl nitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride. AT was administered to AT+/- mice. The development of HCC was compared between the three groups. In vitro study, migration assay was performed. The association of the prognosis of patients with HCC and plasma AT values was clinically examined. RESULTS AT suppressed the release of interleukin (IL)-8 from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human neutrophils in vitro. Huh-7 cells that were co-cultured with neutrophils and stimulated with LPS showed significantly enhanced migration; however, Huh-7 cells co-cultured with LPS/AT-stimulated neutrophils showed significantly decreased migration. Moreover, the addition of anti-IL-8 antibodies to LPS-stimulated Huh-7 cells co-cultured with neutrophils also suppressed migration. AT+/- mice (AT plasma activity: 64%) promoted liver cancer, as compared with wild-type mice (AT plasma activity: 135%); AT administration attenuated liver cancer in AT+/- mice. Patients with HCC with a preoperative AT level of ≥70% showed better outcomes after liver resection, as compared with those with an AT level of <70%. IL-8 expression and neutrophil infiltration in HCC tissues were negatively correlated with the AT level. CONCLUSIONS AT attenuates HCC progression by regulating neutrophil/IL-8 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Okimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tashiro
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwako
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Hinoi
- Department of clinical and molecular Genetics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Kasumi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Hiroshima, Japan
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Chen J, Hamers AJP, Finsterbusch M, Massimo G, Zafar M, Corder R, Colas RA, Dalli J, Thiemermann C, Ahluwalia A. Endogenously generated arachidonate-derived ligands for TRPV1 induce cardiac protection in sepsis. FASEB J 2018; 32:3816-3831. [PMID: 29465314 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701303r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The severity of cardiac dysfunction predicts mortality in sepsis. Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor type (TRPV)-1, a predominantly neuronal nonselective cation channel, has been shown to improve outcome in sepsis and endotoxemia. However, the role of TRPV1 and the identity of its endogenous ligands in the cardiac dysfunction caused by sepsis and endotoxemia are unknown. Using TRPV1-/- and TRPV1+/+ mice, we showed that endogenous activation of cardiac TRPV1 during sepsis is key to limiting the ensuing cardiac dysfunction. Use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry lipid analysis and selective inhibitors of arachidonic metabolism suggest that the arachidonate-derived TRPV1 activator, 20-hydroxyeicosateraenoic acid (20-HETE), underlies a substantial component of TRPV1-mediated cardioprotection in sepsis. Moreover, using selective antagonists for neuropeptide receptors, we show that this effect of TRPV1 relates to the activity of neuronally released cardiac calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and that, accordingly, administration of CGRP can rescue cardiac dysfunction in severe endotoxemia. In sum activation of TRPV1 by 20-HETE leads to the release of CGRP, which protects the heart against the cardiac dysfunction in endotoxemia and identifies both TRPV1 and CGRP receptors as potential therapeutic targets in endotoxemia.-Chen, J., Hamers, A. J. P., Finsterbusch, M., Massimo, G., Zafar, M., Corder, R., Colas, R. A., Dalli, J., Thiemermann, C., Ahluwalia, A. Endogenously generated arachidonate-derived ligands for TRPV1 induce cardiac protection in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J P Hamers
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Finsterbusch
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianmichele Massimo
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maleeha Zafar
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Corder
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romain A Colas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Assas BM, Miyan JA, Pennock JL. Cross-talk between neural and immune receptors provides a potential mechanism of homeostatic regulation in the gut mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1283-9. [PMID: 25183366 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between elements of the immune system and the nervous system in the presence of bacteria has been addressed recently. In particular, the sensory vanilloid receptor 1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1)) and the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) have been found to modulate cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) independently of adaptive immunity. In this review we discuss mucosal homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract where bacterial concentration is high. We propose that the Gram-negative bacterial receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) can activate TRPV1 via intracellular signaling, and thereby induce the subsequent release of anti-inflammatory CGRP to maintain mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Assas
- 1] Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia [2] Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J A Miyan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J L Pennock
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Zhao J, Harada N, Okajima K. Dihydrotestosterone inhibits hair growth in mice by inhibiting insulin-like growth factor-I production in dermal papillae. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:260-267. [PMID: 21839661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production in dermal papillae was increased and hair growth was promoted after sensory neuron stimulation in mice. Although the androgen metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibits hair growth by negatively modulating growth-regulatory effects of dermal papillae, relationship between androgen metabolism and IGF-I production in dermal papillae is not fully understood. We examined whether DHT inhibits IGF-I production by inhibiting sensory neuron stimulation, thereby preventing hair growth in mice. Effect of DHT on sensory neuron stimulation was examined using cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from mice. DHT inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from cultured DRG neurons. The non-steroidal androgen-receptor antagonist flutamide reversed DHT-induced inhibition of CGRP release. Dermal levels of IGF-I and IGF-I mRNA, and the number of IGF-I-positive fibroblasts around hair follicles were increased at 6h after CGRP administration. DHT administration for 3weeks decreased dermal levels of CGRP, IGF-I, and IGF-I mRNA in mice. Immunohistochemical expression of IGF-I and the number of proliferating cells in hair follicles were decreased and hair re-growth was inhibited in animals administered DHT. Co-administration of flutamide and CGRP reversed these changes induced by DHT administration. These observations suggest that DHT may decrease IGF-I production in dermal papillae by inhibiting sensory neuron stimulation through interaction with the androgen receptor, thereby inhibiting hair growth in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Department of Translational Medical Science Research, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Japan.
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Desalted deep-sea water improves cognitive function in mice by increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor-I in the hippocampus. Transl Res 2011; 158:106-17. [PMID: 21757155 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of sensory neurons in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract improves cognitive function by increasing the hippocampal production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in mice. In the current study, we examined whether oral administration of desalted deep-sea water (DSW) increases the hippocampal production of IGF-I by stimulating sensory neurons in the GI tract, thereby improving cognitive function in mice. Desalted DSW increased calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from wild-type (WT) mice by activating transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. The plasma levels of IGF-I and tissue levels of CGRP, IGF-I, and IGF-I mRNA in the hippocampus were increased by oral administration of desalted DSW in WT mice. In these animals, nociceptive information originating from the GI tract was transmitted to the hippocampus via the spinothalamic pathway. Improvement of spatial learning was observed in WT mice after administration of desalted DSW. Distilled DSW showed results similar to those of desalted DSW in vitro and in vivo. None of the effects of desalted DSW in WT mice were observed after the administration of desalted DSW in CGRP-knockout (CGRP-/-) mice. No volatile compounds were detected in distilled DSW on GC-MS analysis. These observations suggest that desalted DSW may increase the hippocampal IGF-I production via sensory neuron stimulation in the Gl tract, thereby improving cognitive function in mice. Such effects of desalted DSW might not be dependent on the minerals but are dependent on the function of the water molecule itself.
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Resveratrol improves cognitive function in mice by increasing production of insulin-like growth factor-I in the hippocampus. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:1150-9. [PMID: 21295960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether resveratrol increases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production in the hippocampus by stimulating sensory neurons in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby improving cognitive function in mice. Resveratrol increased calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from wild-type (WT) mice. Increases in tissue levels of CGRP, IGF-I, and IGF-I mRNA and immunohistochemical expression of IGF-I were observed in the hippocampus at 3 weeks after oral administration of resveratrol in WT mice. Significant enhancement of angiogenesis and neurogenesis was observed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in these animals (P<.01). Improvement of spatial learning in the Morris water maze was observed in WT mice after administration of resveratrol. None of the effects of resveratrol observed in WT mice were seen after resveratrol administration in CGRP-knockout (CGRP(-/-)) mice. Although red wine containing 20 mg/L of resveratrol produced effects similar to those of resveratrol administrationl in WT mice, neither red wine containing 3.1 mg/L of resveratrol nor white wine exhibited such effects in WT mice. Resveratrol was undetectable in the hippocampus of WT mice administered resveratrol and red wine containing 20 mg/L of resveratrol. These observations strongly suggest that resveratrol increases hippocampal IGF-I production via sensory neuron stimulation in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby improving cognitive function in mice.
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Harada N, Zhao J, Kurihara H, Nakagata N, Okajima K. Stimulation of FcγRI on Primary Sensory Neurons Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Production, Thereby Reducing Reperfusion-Induced Renal Injury in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1303-10. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhao J, Harada N, Kurihara H, Nakagata N, Okajima K. Cilostazol improves cognitive function in mice by increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor-I in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2009; 58:774-83. [PMID: 20035772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) exerts beneficial effects on cognitive function by inducing angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. We demonstrated that stimulation of sensory neurons in the gastrointestinal tract increased IGF-I production in the hippocampus, and thereby improved cognitive function in mice. Since cAMP plays a critical role in stimulation of sensory neurons, the type III phosphodiesterase (PDE3) inhibitor cilostazol might increase IGF-I production in the hippocampus by stimulating sensory neurons and thus improve cognitive function in mice. We tested this hypothesis in the present study. Cilostazol increased the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and levels of cAMP in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from wild-type (WT) mice. Tissue levels of cAMP in the DRG and hippocampus and those of CGRP, IGF-I, and IGF-I mRNA in the hippocampus were increased after 4-week oral administration of cilostazol to WT mice. Levels of expression of c-fos in the spinal dorsal horns, parabrachial nuclei, the solitary tract nucleus, and the hippocampus were also increased in these animals. Significant enhancement of angiogenesis and neurogenesis was observed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus after cilostazol administration in WT mice. Significant improvement of spatial learning was also observed in WT mice administered cilostazol. However, none of these effects in WT mice were observed in CGRP-knockout mice. These observations suggest that cilostazol may improve cognitive function in mice by increasing the hippocampal production of IGF-I through stimulation of sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Departments of Translational Medical Science Research, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Narimatsu N, Harada N, Kurihara H, Nakagata N, Sobue K, Okajima K. Donepezil improves cognitive function in mice by increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor-I in the hippocampus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:2-12. [PMID: 19318594 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.147280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) exerts beneficial effects on cognitive function. The selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil increases serum IGF-I levels in elderly subjects. Because stimulation of sensory neurons induces IGF-I production by releasing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the mouse brain, we hypothesized that donepezil increases IGF-I production by sensory neuron stimulation to improve the cognitive function in mice. Donepezil, but not tacrine, increased the CGRP release from dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from wild-type (WT) mice. Pretreatment with the protein kinase A inhibitor KT5720 [(9S,10S,12R)-2,3,9,10,12-hexahydro-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-oxo-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg: 3',2',1'-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]-benzo-diazocine-10-carboxylic acid hexyl ester] reversed the effects induced by donepezil. Increase in tissue levels of CGRP, IGF-I, and IGF-I mRNA in the hippocampus was observed at 4 weeks after oral administration of donepezil in WT mice. In these animals, c-fos expression in spinal dorsal horns, parabrachial nuclei, the solitary tract nucleus, and the hippocampus was increased. Enhancement in angiogenesis and neurogenesis was observed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of WT mice after donepezil administration. Improvement of spatial learning was observed in WT mice after donepezil administration. Oral administration of tacrine for 4 weeks produced none of the aforementioned effects induced by donepezil in WT mice. However, none of the effects observed in WT mice was seen after donepezil administration in CGRP-knockout mice and WT mice subjected to functional denervation. These observations suggest that donepezil may improve cognitive function in mice by increasing the hippocampal production of IGF-I through sensory neuron stimulation. These effects of donepezil may not be dependent on its acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Narimatsu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Medical Crisis Management, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Harada N, Okajima K, Narimatsu N, Kurihara H, Nakagata N. Effect of topical application of raspberry ketone on dermal production of insulin-like growth factor-I in mice and on hair growth and skin elasticity in humans. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:335-344. [PMID: 18321745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensory neurons release calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on activation. We recently reported that topical application of capsaicin increases facial skin elasticity and promotes hair growth by increasing dermal insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production through activation of sensory neurons in mice and humans. Raspberry ketone (RK), a major aromatic compound contained in red raspberries (Rubus idaeus), has a structure similar to that of capsaicin. Thus, it is possible that RK activates sensory neurons, thereby increasing skin elasticity and promoting hair growth by increasing dermal IGF-I production. In the present study, we examined this possibility in mice and humans. RK, at concentrations higher than 1 microM, significantly increased CGRP release from dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) isolated from wild-type (WT) mice and this increase was completely reversed by capsazepine, an inhibitor of vanilloid receptor-1 activation. Topical application of 0.01% RK increased dermal IGF-I levels at 30 min after application in WT mice, but not in CGRP-knockout mice. Topical application of 0.01% RK increased immunohistochemical expression of IGF-I at dermal papillae in hair follicles and promoted hair re-growth in WT mice at 4 weeks after the application. When applied topically to the scalp and facial skin, 0.01% RK promoted hair growth in 50.0% of humans with alopecia (n=10) at 5 months after application and increased cheek skin elasticity at 2 weeks after application in 5 females (p<0.04). These observations strongly suggest that RK might increase dermal IGF-I production through sensory neuron activation, thereby promoting hair growth and increasing skin elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Harada
- Department of Translational Medical Science Research, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Komura H, Uchiba M, Mizuochi Y, Arai M, Harada N, Katsuya H, Okajima K. Antithrombin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by monocytes in vitro through inhibition of Egr-1 expression. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:499-507. [PMID: 18088351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antithrombin (AT) improves the outcome of septic patients with intravascular coagulation. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic benefits of AT are not fully understood. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a critical role in the development of organ failure and intravascular coagulation in sepsis. AIM This study aimed to elucidate a molecular mechanism by which AT inhibits TNF-alpha production. METHODS Human peripheral monocyte was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF-alpha concentration in media was measured. Levels of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2 and early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) were estimated by western blotting or by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Antithrombin (3 U mL(-1)) inhibited TNF-alpha production by monocytes stimulated with LPS. Conversely, chemically modified AT that lacks affinity for heparin did not. AT inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and decreased the expression of Egr-1 in LPS-stimulated monocytes. However, it did not affect the activation of either nuclear factor-kappaB or activator protein-1. Pretreatment with KT5720, a protein kinase A inhibitor, reversed the inhibitory effect of AT on the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Although 2 U mL(-1) AT slightly inhibited TNF-alpha production by LPS-stimulated monocytes, it significantly inhibited TNF-alpha production in the presence of a low concentration of beraprost, a stable derivative of prostacyclin. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that AT might inhibit LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha by inhibiting the increase in Egr-1 expression in monocytes via interaction with heparin-like substances expressed on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Komura
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Antithrombin prevents reperfusion-induced hepatic apoptosis by enhancing insulin-like growth factor-I production in mice. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:971-4. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181653642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Harada N, Okajima K. Effect of capsaicin on plasma and tissue levels of insulin-like growth factor-I in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:75-81. [PMID: 17693108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), an important substance for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis, are lower in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) increases IGF-I production in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that stimulation of sensory neurons might increase the production of IGF-I in SHR. DESIGN Levels of CGRP and IGF-I in plasma, kidneys and heart in WKY and SHR and cellular cyclic AMP levels in dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) isolated from WKY and SHR were measured by an ELISA-based method. RESULTS Levels of CGRP and IGF-I in plasma, kidneys and heart of SHR were about half of those of WKY. Administration of capsaicin significantly increased levels of CGRP and IGF-I in plasma and tissues of SHR to the levels in WKY and these increases were completely reversed by pretreatment with capsazepine, an inhibitor of vanilloid receptor-1 activation. CGRP release and cellular levels of cAMP in DRGs isolated from SHR were significantly lower than those in DRGs isolated from WKY. Capsaicin increased both CGRP release and cellular cAMP levels in DRGs isolated from SHR to the levels in DRGs isolated from WKY. CONCLUSIONS Sensory neuron activation might be lower in SHR than in WKY probably due to decreased production of cAMP in sensory neurons, explaining why IGF-I levels in plasma and tissues are lower in SHR than in WKY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Harada
- Department of Translational Medical Science Research, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Clark N, Keeble J, Fernandes ES, Starr A, Liang L, Sugden D, de Winter P, Brain SD. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor protects against the onset of sepsis after endotoxin. FASEB J 2007; 21:3747-55. [PMID: 17601984 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7460com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transient potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor is an ion channel receptor primarily localized on sensory nerves and activated by specific stimuli to initiate and amplify pain and inflammation, as typified by murine models of scald and arthritis. Little is known of the role of TRPV1 in sepsis, an infective disease associated with inflammation. Through use of a sublethal murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced peritoneal sepsis, we provide novel evidence that genetic deletion of TRPV1 leads to an enhanced onset of various pathological components of systemic endotoxemia. Paired studies of TRPV1 knockout (KO) and wild-type mice demonstrate significantly enhanced hypotension (56+/-2% vs. 38+/-6% decrease in blood pressure, n=12), hypothermia (13+/-3% vs. 7+/-1% decrease in core temperature, n=6), and peritoneal exudate mediator levels (TNF-alpha, 0.78+/-0.2 vs. 0.38+/-0.1 ng/ml; nitrite, for NO, 35+/-10 vs. 15+/-3 microM; n=8) in TRPV1 KO mice, indicating loss of protective effect. Findings correlated with liver edema and raised plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase in TRPV1 KO mice. These data suggest that TRPV1 may play an important regulatory role in sepsis independent of the major sensory neuropeptide substance P. The findings are relevant to developing strategies that increase the beneficial, and reduce the harmful, components of sepsis to prevent and treat this often fatal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Clark
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, UK
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16
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Nakayama T, Harada N, Asano M, Nomura N, Saito T, Mishima A, Okajima K. Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced spinal cord injury in rats by enhancing sensory neuron activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:582-90. [PMID: 17522345 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.120725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from sensory neurons reduces spinal cord injury (SCI) by inhibiting neutrophil activation through an increase in the endothelial production of prostacyclin (PGI(2)). Carperitide, a synthetic alpha-human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), reduces ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced tissue injury. However, its precise therapeutic mechanism(s) remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we examined whether ANP reduces I/R-induced spinal cord injury by enhancing sensory neuron activation using rats. ANP increased CGRP release and cellular cAMP levels in dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from rats in vitro. The increase in CGRP release induced by ANP was reversed by pretreatment with capsazepine, an inhibitor of vanilloid receptor-1 activation, or with (9S, 10S, 12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-oxo-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3',2',1'-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]-benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid hexyl ester (KT5720), an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), suggesting that ANP might increase CGRP release from sensory neurons by activating PKA through an increase in the cellular cAMP level. Spinal cord ischemia was induced in rats using a balloon catheter placed in the aorta. ANP reduced mortality and motor disturbances by inhibiting reduction of the number of motor neurons in animals subjected to SCI. ANP significantly enhanced I/R-induced increases in spinal cord tissue levels of CGRP and 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1alpha). a stable metabolite of PGI(2). ANP inhibited I/R-induced increases in spinal cord tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor and myeloperoxidase. Pretreatment with 4'-chloro-3-methoxycinnamanilide (SB366791), a specific vanilloid receptor-1 antagonist, and indomethacin reversed the effects of ANP. These results strongly suggest that ANP might reduce I/R-induced SCI in rats by inhibiting neutrophil activation through enhancement of sensory neuron activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakayama
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Harada N, Okajima K, Kurihara H, Nakagata N. RETRACTED: Stimulation of sensory neurons by capsaicin increases tissue levels of IGF-I, thereby reducing reperfusion-induced apoptosis in mice. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:1303-11. [PMID: 17360009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) increases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production in fetal rat osteoblasts in vitro, suggesting that stimulation of sensory neurons might increase IGF-I production, thereby preventing apoptosis. We examined whether stimulation of sensory neurons by capsaicin might reduce reperfusion-induced hepatic apoptosis by increasing IGF-I production. Administration of capsaicin increased tissue levels of IGF-I and IGF-I mRNA in various organs in wild-type (WT) mice, but not in CGRP-knock-out (CGRP-/-) mice. Administration of CGRP increased tissue levels of IGF-I and IGF-I mRNA in both WT and CGRP-/- mice. Increases in hepatic tissue levels of TNF, serum levels of transaminases, hepatic apoptosis and hepatic tissue levels of caspase-3 after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) were more marked in CGRP-/- mice than in WT mice. Hepatic IGF-I levels were increased in WT mice after reperfusion, while they were not changed in CGRP-/- mice. Although administration of capsaicin enhanced increases in IGF-I levels and reduced reperfusion-induced events in WT mice, it had no effect in CGRP-/- mice. Administration of CGRP and IGF-I reduced reperfusion-induced effects in both strains of mice. These observations suggested that capsaicin-induced sensory neuron activation, which leads to release of CGRP, might increase IGF-I production, thereby reducing reperfusion-induced liver injury by reducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Harada
- Department of Biodefense Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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