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Subedi L, Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Crother TR. Chlamydia pneumoniae in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1393293. [PMID: 38770241 PMCID: PMC11102982 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1393293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics offer promising new approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and treatment, there is still an unmet need for an effective remedy, suggesting new avenues of research are required. Besides many plausible etiologies for AD pathogenesis, mounting evidence supports a possible role for microbial infections. Various microbes have been identified in the postmortem brain tissues of human AD patients. Among bacterial pathogens in AD, Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) has been well characterized in human AD brains and is a leading candidate for an infectious involvement. However, no definitive studies have been performed proving or disproving Cp's role as a causative or accelerating agent in AD pathology and cognitive decline. In this review, we discuss recent updates for the role of Cp in human AD brains as well as experimental models of AD. Furthermore, based on the current literature, we have compiled a list of potential mechanistic pathways which may connect Cp with AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Timothy R. Crother
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Li M, Fu X, He X, Li X, Cho JY, Li PF, Yu T. CircTMEM165 facilitates endothelial repair by modulating mitochondrial fission via miR-192/SCP2 in vitro and in vivo. iScience 2024; 27:109502. [PMID: 38591009 PMCID: PMC11000015 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Constitutive explorations indicate a correlation between circular RNAs (circRNAs) and cardiovascular diseases. However, the involvement of circRNAs in endothelial recuperation and in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains underexplored. CircTMEM165 has first been reported to be highly expressed in hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Here, we identified that circTMEM165 was downregulated in ISR patients, inversely correlating with ISR severity. Functionally, circTMEM165 was found to be abundant in endothelial cells, inhibiting inflammation, and adhesion. Particularly, we first observed that circTMEM165 could alleviate HUVECs apoptosis and mitochondrial fission induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mechanistically, circTMEM165, as a miR-192-3p sponge, enhancing SCP2 expression, which serves as a critical regulator of HUVECs biological functions. Moreover, in vivo, circTMEM165 attenuated intimal hyperplasia and facilitated repair following classic rat carotid artery balloon injury model. These findings investigated the circTMEM165-miR-192-3p-SCP2 axis as a critical determinant of endothelial health and a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Fu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xiangqin He
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pei-feng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
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Wei J, Zhang Y, Li H, Wang F, Yao S. Toll-like receptor 4: A potential therapeutic target for multiple human diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115338. [PMID: 37595428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as an intrinsic immune receptor, exhibits widespread in vivo expression and its dysregulation significantly contributes to the onset of various diseases, encompassing cardiovascular disorders, neoplastic conditions, and inflammatory ailments. This comprehensive review centers on elucidating the architectural and distributive characteristics of TLR4, its conventional signaling pathways, and its mode of action in diverse disease contexts. Ultimately, this review aims to propose novel avenues and therapeutic targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Haopeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Fuquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China.
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Drokow EK, Effah CY, Agboyibor C, Budu JT, Arboh F, Kyei-Baffour PA, Xiao Y, Zhang F, Wu IXY. Microbial infections as potential risk factors for lung cancer: Investigating the role of human papillomavirus and chlamydia pneumoniae. AIMS Public Health 2023; 10:627-646. [PMID: 37842273 PMCID: PMC10567973 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2023044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Apart from tobacco smoke and dietary factors, microbial infections have been reported as the third leading cause of cancers globally. Deciphering the association between microbiome and lung cancer will provide potential biomarkers and novel insight in lung cancer progression. In this current study, we performed a meta-analysis to decipher the possible association between C. pneumoniae and human papillomavirus (HPV) and the risk of lung cancer. Methods Literature search was conducted in most English and Chinese databases. Data were analyzed using CMA v.3.0 and RevMan v.5.3 software (Cochrane-Mantel-Haenszel method) by random-effects (DerSimonian and Laird) model. Results The overall pooled estimates for HPV studies revealed that HPV infections in patients with lung cancer were significantly higher than those in the control group (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.57-3.37, p < 0.001). Base on subgroup analysis, HPV infection rate was significantly higher in Asians (OR = 6.38, 95% CI = 2.33-17.46, p < 0.001), in tissues (OR = 5.04, 95% CI = 2.27-11.19, p < 0.001) and blood samples (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.02-1.93, p = 0.04) of lung cancer patients but non-significantly lower in males (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.57-1.22, p =0.35) and among lung cancer patients at clinical stage I-II (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.61-1.49, p = 0.82). The overall pooled estimates from C. pneumoniae studies revealed that C. pneumoniae infection is a risk factor among lung cancer patients who are IgA seropositive (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.30-2.70, p < 0.001) and IgG seropositive (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.10-2.04, p = 0.010). All seronegative IgA (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.42-1.16, p = 0.16) and IgG (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.42-105, p = 0.08) titers are not associative risk factors to lung cancer. Conclusions Immunoglobulin (IgA) and IgG seropositive titers of C. pneumoniae and lungs infected with HPV types 16 and 18 are potential risk factors associated with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kwateng Drokow
- Hunan Provinical Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Clement Yaw Effah
- General ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Sepsis, Henan Engineering Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Clement Agboyibor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | - Francisca Arboh
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Yao Xiao
- University of Ghana Medical Center, Accra, Ghana
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008
| | - Irene XY Wu
- Hunan Provinical Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
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Saha A, Ahmed S. The Link Between Heat Shock Proteins, Renin-Angiotensin System, and the Coagulation Cascade in the Pathogenesis of the Coronavirus-19 Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1409:161-171. [PMID: 35882774 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is integral for its successful treatment. METHODS Available literature on the relationship between COVID-19, heat shock proteins (HSP), and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system were searched and used to hypothesize how HSP can be targeted in COVID-19. RESULTS During SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry, the ACE-2 receptor is downregulated. This leads to the augmentation of angiotensin-2/AT1 receptor axis along with attenuation of the ACE-2/angiotensin1-7/Mas axis. Heat shock proteins are key stabilizing molecules in various pathways.In the heart and vessels, HSP-90 and HSP-60 can facilitate angiotensin-2-mediated myocardial injury and endothelial cell activation. HSP-60-TLR4/CD14 complex formation stabilizes IκB-kinase (IKK) potentiating NF-κB activation. HSPs in lungs and kidneys have antioxidant, vasodilatory, and anti-inflammatory actions and may be protective against the effects of RAAS. Stress-induced HSP-70 has a role in complement-mediated microvascular injury such as has been demonstrated in COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 can induce autophagy via Beclin-1 and ER (endoplasmic reticular) stress via BIP. These two can be potential targets in the HSP environment. CONCLUSION Various HSP molecules can modulate the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system and thus may have a potential role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Saha
- Department of General Medicine, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Sakir Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Li C, Yu R, Ding Y. Association between Porphyromonas Gingivalis and systemic diseases: Focus on T cells-mediated adaptive immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1026457. [PMID: 36467726 PMCID: PMC9712990 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1026457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has become a research hotspot. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a crucial periodontal pathogen, affects the development of systemic diseases. The pathogenicity of P. gingivalis is largely linked to interference with the host's immunity. This review aims to discover the role of P. gingivalis in the modulation of the host's adaptive immune system through a large number of virulence factors and the manipulation of cellular immunological responses (mainly mediated by T cells). These factors may affect the cause of large numbers of systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, adverse pregnancy outcomes, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. The point of view of adaptive immunity may provide a new idea for treating periodontitis and related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumei Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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Zieleniewska NA, Kazberuk M, Chlabicz M, Eljaszewicz A, Kamiński K. Trained Immunity as a Trigger for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease-A Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123369. [PMID: 35743439 PMCID: PMC9224533 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and represents a primary public health challenge. This chronic state may lead to a number of life-threatening conditions, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Lipid metabolism alterations and inflammation remain at the forefront of the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the overall mechanism is not yet fully understood. Recently, significant effects of trained immunity on atherosclerotic plaque formation and development have been reported. An increased reaction to restimulation with the same stimulator is a hallmark of the trained innate immune response. The impact of trained immunity is a prominent factor in both acute and chronic coronary syndrome, which we outline in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Anna Zieleniewska
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, 15-259 Bialystok, Poland; (N.A.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, Teaching University Hospital of Białystok, 15-259 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kazberuk
- Scientific Group of Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, 15-259 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Chlabicz
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, 15-259 Bialystok, Poland; (N.A.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Teaching University Hospital of Białystok, 15-259 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Białystok, 15-259 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Karol Kamiński
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Białystok, 15-259 Bialystok, Poland; (N.A.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, Teaching University Hospital of Białystok, 15-259 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Abiotrophia defectiva DnaK Promotes Fibronectin-Mediated Adherence to HUVECs and Induces a Proinflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168528. [PMID: 34445234 PMCID: PMC8395199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotrophia defectiva is a nutritionally variant streptococci that is found in the oral cavity, and it is an etiologic agent of infective endocarditis. We have previously reported the binding activity of A. defectiva to fibronectin and to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). However, the contribution of some adhesion factors on the binding properties has not been well delineated. In this study, we identified DnaK, a chaperon protein, as being one of the binding molecules of A. defectiva to fibronectin. Recombinant DnaK (rDnaK) bound immobilized fibronectin in a concentration-dependent manner, and anti-DnaK antiserum reduced the binding activity of A. defectiva with both fibronectin and HUVECs. Furthermore, DnaK were observed on the cell surfaces via immune-electroscopic analysis with anti-DnaK antiserum. Expression of IL-8, CCL2, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 was upregulated with the A. defectiva rDnaK treatment in HUVECs. Furthermore, TNF-α secretion of THP-1 macrophages was also upregulated with the rDnaK. We observed these upregulations in rDnaK treated with polymyxin B, but not in the heat-treated rDnaK. The findings show that A. defectiva DnaK functions not only as an adhesin to HUVECs via the binding to fibronectin but also as a proinflammatory agent in the pathogenicity to cause infective endocarditis.
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Dockterman J, Coers J. Immunopathogenesis of genital Chlamydia infection: insights from mouse models. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6128668. [PMID: 33538819 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are pathogenic intracellular bacteria that cause a wide variety of diseases throughout the globe, affecting the eye, lung, coronary arteries and female genital tract. Rather than by direct cellular toxicity, Chlamydia infection generally causes pathology by inducing fibrosis and scarring that is largely mediated by host inflammation. While a robust immune response is required for clearance of the infection, certain elements of that immune response may also damage infected tissue, leading to, in the case of female genital infection, disease sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. It has become increasingly clear that the components of the immune system that destroy bacteria and those that cause pathology only partially overlap. In the ongoing quest for a vaccine that prevents Chlamydia-induced disease, it is important to target mechanisms that can achieve protective immunity while preventing mechanisms that damage tissue. This review focuses on mouse models of genital Chlamydia infection and synthesizes recent studies to generate a comprehensive model for immunity in the murine female genital tract, clarifying the respective contributions of various branches of innate and adaptive immunity to both host protection and pathogenic genital scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 22710, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 22710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 22710, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic aneurysms are associated with coronary artery ectasia (CAE). However, the relation between the extent of CAE and the severity of aortic dilatation is not understood. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between angiographic extension of CAE and aortic dimension. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively include 135 patients with angiographic diagnosis of CAE defined as dilatation of coronary segment more than 1.5 times than an adjacent healthy one. Study population was divided in four groups according to the maximum diameter of ascending aorta beyond sinus of Valsalva obtained in the parasternal long-axis view (group 1: <40 mm; group 2: 40-45 mm; group 3: 45-55 mm; group 4: >55 mm or previous surgery because of aortic aneurysm/dissection). The relationship between aortic dimension and the extension of CAE was investigated by means of multivariable linear regression, including variables selected at univariable analysis (P < 0.1). The total estimated ectatic area (EEA total) was used as dependent variable. RESULTS Baseline characteristics of study groups were well balanced. Patients in group 4 were more likely to have both higher neutrophil count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. On univariable analysis ascending aorta diameter [Coef. = 0.075; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.052-0.103, P < 0.01] and c-reactive protein (CRP) values [Coef. = 0.033, 95% CI 0.003-0.174, P = 0.04] showed a linear association with total EEA. After adjustment for CRP values only the ascending aorta diameter was still associated with the extent of CAE (95% CI 0.025-0.063, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION In patients with diagnosis of CAE, a strong linear association between aortic dimension and coronary ectasia extent exists.
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Kumar P, Siripini S, Sreedhar AS. The matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) links Hsp90 chaperone with acquired drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 5:e1261. [PMID: 32761892 PMCID: PMC9780424 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer emergence is associated with a series of cellular transformations that include acquired drug resistance followed by tumor metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Hsp90 chaperone are implicated in tumor progression, however, they are not studied in the context of drug resistance. AIMS In the present study, we aimed at understanding the cross-talk between acquired drug resistance and tumor progression, linking MMP7 and Hsp90. METHODS AND RESULTS We have developed an in vitro model system for acquired drug resistance and studied the correlation between MMP7 and Hsp90. We demonstrate that enhanced drug efflux activity correlates with the induced expression and activity of MMP7, and enhanced metastatic potential of cells, however, in Hsp90-dependent manner. The MMP7 overexpression alone could enhance the drug efflux activity marginally, and metastasis significantly. However, challenging these cells with 17AAG has significantly increased the drug efflux activity and, in contrast, decreased the metastatic potential. Evaluating our in vitro findings in mice xenografts revealed that MMP7 overexpression facilitates altered homing properties. However, these cells, in response to 17AAG treatment, exhibited increased localized tumor growth but decreased tumor metastasis. CONCLUSION We demonstrated a cross-talk between Hsp90 and MMP7 in regulating the acquired drug resistance and tumor progression. Our findings provide novel insights on targeting drug resistant-tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- CSIR‐Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyHyderabadIndia
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Seclì L, Sorge M, Morotti A, Brancaccio M. Blocking Extracellular Chaperones to Improve Cardiac Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:411. [PMID: 32528937 PMCID: PMC7264090 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic or acute insults to the myocardium are responsible for the onset of cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Due to the poor regenerative ability of the human adult heart, the survival of cardiomyocytes is a prerequisite to support heart function. Chaperone proteins, by regulating sarcomeric protein folding, function, and turnover in the challenging environment of the beating heart, play a fundamental role in myocardial physiology. Nevertheless, a number of evidences indicate that, under stress conditions or during cell damage, myocardial cells release chaperone proteins that, from the extracellular milieu, play a detrimental function, by perpetuating inflammation and inducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Blocking the activity of extracellular chaperones has been proven to have beneficial effects on heart function in preclinical models of myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy. The application of this approach in combination with tissue engineering strategies may represent a future innovation in cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Seclì
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Sorge
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morotti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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13
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The value of heat shock protein (HSP) 60 on in-hospital and short-term prognosis in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.601334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Milani A, Basirnejad M, Bolhassani A. Heat-shock proteins in diagnosis and treatment: an overview of different biochemical and immunological functions. Immunotherapy 2020; 11:215-239. [PMID: 30730280 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) have been involved in different functions including chaperone activity, protein folding, apoptosis, autophagy and immunity. The HSP families have powerful effects on the stimulation of innate immune responses through Toll-like receptors and scavenger receptors. Moreover, HSP-mediated phagocytosis directly enhances the processing and presentation of internalized antigens via the endocytic pathway in adaptive immune system. These properties of HSPs have been used for development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against infectious and noninfectious diseases. Several studies also demonstrated the relationship between HSPs and drug resistance as well as their use as a novel biomarker for detecting tumors in patients. The present review describes different roles of HSPs in biology and medicine especially biochemical and immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Karaolanis G, Williams ZF, Bakoyiannis C, Hadjis D, Cox MW, Moris D. The Clinical Utility and Assessment of Renal Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury After Abdominal Endovascular Aneurysm Repair. A Systematic Review. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:4695-4701. [PMID: 31814549 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191209122804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is due to the obvious advantages of the procedure compared to the traditional open repair. However, these advantages have to be weighed against the increased risk of renal dysfunction with EVAR. The evaluation of the perioperative renal function after EVAR has been hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific biochemical markers of acute kidney injury (AKI). The purpose of this study was to summarize all novel renal biomarkers and to evaluate their clinical utility for the assessment of the kidney function after EVAR. A systematic review of the current literature, as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines, was performed to identify relevant studies with novel renal biomarkers and EVAR. Pubmed and Scopus databases were systemically searched. Studies reporting on thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), case reports, case series, letters to the editor, and systematic reviews were excluded. Neutrophil-Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, Cystatin C, Liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein were the most common among the eligible studies while Interleukin-18, Retinol binding protein, N-acetyle-b-D-glucosaminidase and microalbumin have a sparse appearance in the literature. These biomarkers have been assessed in plasma as well as urine samples with each sample material having its own advantages and drawbacks. Which of these biomarkers has the most potential for assessing postoperative renal failure after EVAR, remains to be proved. The few studies presented in the literature show the potential clinical utility of these biomarkers, but larger studies with longer follow-up are required to determine the precise relationship between these biomarkers and postoperative acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Karaolanis
- Vascular Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ioannina and School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Zachary F Williams
- Duke Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
| | - Chris Bakoyiannis
- First Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Hadjis
- Vascular Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ioannina and School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mitchell W Cox
- Duke Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
| | - Dimitrios Moris
- Duke Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, United States
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16
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GroEL Protein (Heat Shock Protein 60) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Induces Apoptosis in Host Cells by Interacting with Annexin A2. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00248-19. [PMID: 31235640 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00248-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is an avian respiratory and reproductive tract pathogen that has a significant economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. Although membrane proteins of Mycoplasma spp. are thought to play crucial roles in host interactions, very few have had their biochemical function defined. In this study, we found that the GroEL protein (heat shock protein 60) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum could induce apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the underlying molecular mechanism was further determined. The GroEL gene from Mycoplasma gallisepticum was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to facilitate the functional analysis of recombinant protein. The purified GroEL protein was shown to adhere to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and DF-1 cells and cause apoptosis in PBMCs. A protein pulldown assay coupled with mass spectrometry identified that annexin A2 possibly interacted with GroEL protein. Coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed that GroEL proteins could bind to annexin A2, and confocal analysis further demonstrated that GroEL colocolized with annexin A2 in HEK293T cells and PBMCs. Moreover, annexin A2 expression was significantly induced by a recombinant GroEL protein in PBMCs, and knocking down annexin A2 expression resulted in significantly reduced apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest that GroEL induces apoptosis in host cells by interacting with annexin A2, a novel virulence mechanism in Mycoplasma gallisepticum Our findings lead to a better understanding of molecular pathogenesis in Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
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17
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Pagani TD, Guimarães ACR, Waghabi MC, Corrêa PR, Kalume DE, Berrêdo-Pinho M, Degrave WM, Mendonça-Lima L. Exploring the Potential Role of Moonlighting Function of the Surface-Associated Proteins From Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau and Pasteur by Comparative Proteomic. Front Immunol 2019; 10:716. [PMID: 31080447 PMCID: PMC6497762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-associated proteins from Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau RDJ are important components of the live Brazilian vaccine against tuberculosis. They are important targets during initial BCG vaccine stimulation and modulation of the host's immune response, especially in the bacterial-host interaction. These proteins might also be involved in cellular communication, chemical response to the environment, pathogenesis processes through mobility, colonization, and adherence to the host cell, therefore performing multiple functions. In this study, the proteomic profile of the surface-associated proteins from M. bovis BCG Moreau was compared to the BCG Pasteur reference strain. The methodology used was 2DE gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry techniques (MALDI-TOF/TOF), leading to the identification of 115 proteins. Of these, 24 proteins showed differential expression between the two BCG strains. Furthermore, 27 proteins previously described as displaying moonlighting function were identified, 8 of these proteins showed variation in abundance comparing BCG Moreau to Pasteur and 2 of them presented two different domain hits. Moonlighting proteins are multifunctional proteins in which two or more biological functions are fulfilled by a single polypeptide chain. Therefore, the identification of such proteins with moonlighting predicted functions can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms unleashed by live BCG Moreau RDJ vaccine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Duarte Pagani
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina R Guimarães
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Waghabi
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paloma Rezende Corrêa
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dário Eluan Kalume
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Unidade de Espectrometria de Massas e Proteômica, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wim Maurits Degrave
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leila Mendonça-Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Gomez LM, Anton L, Srinivas SK, Elovitz MA, Parry S. Low-Dose Aspirin May Prevent Trophoblast Dysfunction in Women With Chlamydia Pneumoniae Infection. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:1449-1459. [PMID: 30572799 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118820468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously, we demonstrated that live Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) impaired extravillous trophoblast (EVT) viability and invasion and that Cp DNA was detected in placentas from cases with preeclampsia. We sought to elucidate whether (1) inactive forms of Cp also affect EVT function; (2) potential therapeutic interventions protect against the effects of Cp; and (3) anti-Cp antibodies are associated with preeclampsia. METHODS Human first-trimester EVTs were infected with ultraviolet light-inactivated Cp. Subgroups of EVTs were pretreated with low-dose acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA), dexamethasone, heparin, and indomethacin. We conducted functional assays after infection with inactivated Cp and measured interleukin 8 (IL8), C-reactive protein (CRP), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in culture media. We measured anti-Cp IgG serum levels from women who developed preeclampsia (N = 105) and controls (N = 121). RESULTS Inactivated Cp reduced EVT invasion when compared to noninfected cells (P < .00001) without adversely affecting cell viability. Increased levels of IL8, CRP, HSP60, and TNFα were detected in EVTs infected with inactivated Cp compared to noninfected cells (P < .0001). Only pretreatment with low-dose ASA prevented reduced EVT invasion and decreased release of inflammatory mediators (P < .01). Elevated anti-Cp IgG antibodies were more prevalent in serum from cases with preeclampsia compared to controls (67/105 vs 53/121; adjusted P = .013); elevated IgG correlated significantly with elevated serum CRP and elevated soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1-placental growth factor ratio. CONCLUSION Inactivated Cp induces decreased EVT invasion and a proinflammatory response; these effects were abrogated by pretreatment with low-dose ASA. Our results suggest an association between Cp infection, trophoblast dysfunction, and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Gomez
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, INOVA Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Lauren Anton
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shindu K Srinivas
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michal A Elovitz
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Parry
- Maternal and Child Health Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Forouzanfar F, Butler AE, Banach M, Barreto GE, Sahbekar A. Modulation of heat shock proteins by statins. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:134-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Gerdes N, Zirlik A. Co-stimulatory molecules in and beyond co-stimulation – tipping the balance in atherosclerosis? Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:804-13. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-09-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA plethora of basic laboratory and clinical studies has uncovered the chronic inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. The adaptive immune system with its front-runner, the T cell, drives the atherogenic process at all stages. T cell function is dependent on and controlled by a variety of either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. In addition, many of these proteins enfold T cell-independent pro-atherogenic functions on a variety of cell types. Accordingly they represent potential targets for immune- modulatory and/or anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the diverse role of co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-superfamily and their downstream signalling effectors in atherosclerosis. In particular, the contribution of CD28/CD80/CD86/CTLA4, ICOS/ICOSL, PD-1/PDL-1/2, TRAF, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD137/CD137L, CD70/CD27, GITR/GITRL, and LIGHT to arterial disease is reviewed. Finally, the potential for a therapeutic exploitation of these molecules in the treatment of atherosclerosis is discussed.
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21
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Pothineni NVK, Subramany S, Kuriakose K, Shirazi LF, Romeo F, Shah PK, Mehta JL. Infections, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:3195-3201. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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22
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Dahal U, Sharma D, Dahal K. An Unsettled Debate About the Potential Role of Infection in Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med Res 2017; 9:547-554. [PMID: 28611853 PMCID: PMC5458650 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3032w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of infection with atherosclerosis is by no means new. Several sero-epidemiological and pathologic studies as well as animal models have shown a link between infection and atherosclerosis. Exciting discoveries in recent times related to role of inter-individual genetic variation in modulating inflammatory response to infection have reignited the enthusiasm in proving a causal link between infection and atherosclerosis. The purpose of this article was to review and analyze the available evidence linking infection with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udip Dahal
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 50 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dikshya Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Kumud Dahal
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illinoi Drive, Peoria, IL, USA
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23
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Leonard CA, Schoborg RV, Borel N. Productive and Penicillin-Stressed Chlamydia pecorum Infection Induces Nuclear Factor Kappa B Activation and Interleukin-6 Secretion In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:180. [PMID: 28553623 PMCID: PMC5425588 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is an inflammatory transcription factor that plays an important role in the host immune response to infection. The potential for chlamydiae to activate NFκB has been an area of interest, however most work has focused on chlamydiae impacting human health. Given that inflammation characteristic of chlamydial infection may be associated with severe disease outcomes or contribute to poor overall fitness in farmed animals, we evaluated the ability of porcine chlamydiae to induce NFκB activation in vitro. C. pecorum infection induced both NFκB nuclear translocation and activation at 2 hours post infection (hpi), an effect strongly enhanced by suppression of host de novo protein synthesis. C. suis and C. trachomatis showed less capacity for NFκB activation compared to C. pecorum, suggesting a species-specific variation in NFκB activation. At 24 hpi, C. pecorum induced significant NFκB activation, an effect not abolished by penicillin (beta lactam)-induced chlamydial stress. C. pecorum-dependent secretion of interleukin 6 was also detected in the culture supernatant of infected cells at 24 hpi, and this effect, too, was unchanged by penicillin-induced chlamydial stress. Taken together, these results suggest that NFκB participates in the early inflammatory response to C. pecorum and that stressed chlamydiae can promote inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Leonard
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert V Schoborg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson City, TN, USA
| | - Nicole Borel
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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24
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Kumar PS. From focal sepsis to periodontal medicine: a century of exploring the role of the oral microbiome in systemic disease. J Physiol 2017; 595:465-476. [PMID: 27426277 PMCID: PMC5233655 DOI: 10.1113/jp272427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome is established within a few minutes after birth and consists of stable multi-species communities that engage in a dynamic equilibrium with the host immune system. Dental caries, endodontic infections and periodontal diseases are bacterially driven diseases that are caused by dysbiotic microbiomes. Over a century ago, the focal infection theory implicated these infections in the aetiology of several systemic diseases, ranging from arthritis to neurodegenerative diseases. However, a lack of concrete evidence, combined with the urgency with which clinicians embraced this approach without regard for appropriate case selection, led to its demise within 30 years. In the last decade of the 20th century, the concept of periodontal medicine was introduced to explain the correlations that were being observed between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, pulmonary disease, pre-term delivery of low birth weight infants and metabolic disease. It was proposed that periodontal pathobionts played a causal role in the initiating or exacerbating certain diseases either by direct invasion or by stimulating a florid immune-inflammatory response that extended into the systemic circulation. This review will examine the strength of current evidence in establishing a causal link between oral pathobionts and systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima S. Kumar
- Division of Periodontology, College of DentistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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25
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Devabhaktuni S, Mercedes A, Diep J, Ahsan C. Coronary Artery Ectasia-A Review of Current Literature. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:318-323. [PMID: 27142049 PMCID: PMC5304254 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160504100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is one of the uncommon cardiovascular disorders. Its incidence ranges from 1.2%-4.9%. Coronary artery ectasia likely represents an exaggerated form of expansive vascular remodeling (i.e. excessive expansive remodeling) in response to atherosclerotic plaque growth with atherosclerosis being the most common cause. Although, it has been described more than five decades ago, its management is still debated. We therefore reviewed the literature until date by searching PubMed and Google scholar using key words “coronary artery ectasia”, “coronary artery aneurysm”, “pathophysiology”, “diagnosis”, “management” either by itself or in combination. We reviewed the full articles and review articles and focused mainly on pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of CAE.
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26
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Hosseini H, Li Y, Kanellakis P, Tay C, Cao A, Liu E, Peter K, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A, Kyaw T. Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)4 and MyD88 are Essential for Atheroprotection by Peritoneal B1a B Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002947. [PMID: 27930350 PMCID: PMC5210362 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified peritoneal B1a cells that secrete natural IgM as a key atheroprotective B cell subset. However, the molecules that activate atheroprotective B1a cells are unknown. Here, we investigated whether Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 expressed by B1a cells are required for IgM-mediated atheroprotection. METHODS AND RESULTS We adoptively transferred B1a cells from wild-type mice or from mice deficient in TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, or myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) into ApoE-/- mice depleted of peritoneal B1a cells by splenectomy and fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Elevations in plasma total, anti-oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein), anti-leukocyte, anti-CD3, anti-CD8, and anti-CD4 IgMs in atherosclerotic mice required B1a cells expressing TLR4 and MyD88, indicating a critical role for TLR4-MyD88 signaling for IgM secretion. Suppression of atherosclerosis was also critically dependent on B1a cells expressing TLR4-MyD88. Atherosclerosis suppression was associated not only with reductions in lesion apoptotic cells, necrotic cores, and oxLDL, but also with reduced lesion CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression, including macrophages expressing TGF-β1, was increased, consistent with increased IgM-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Reductions in lesion inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 1β, and IL-18 were consistent with augmented TGF-β1 expression. CONCLUSIONS TLR4-MyD88 expression on B1a cells is critical for their IgM-dependent atheroprotection that not only reduced lesion apoptotic cells and necrotic cores, but also decreased CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltrates and augmented TGF-β1 expression accompanied by reduced lesion inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hosseini
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yi Li
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Tay
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anh Cao
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edgar Liu
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Peter Tipping
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Tin Kyaw
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
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27
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Ding R, McGuinness CL, Burnand KG, Sullivan E, Smith A. Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Aneurysm Wall of Patients Treated with Low-Dose Doxycycline. Vascular 2016; 13:290-7. [PMID: 16288704 DOI: 10.1258/rsmvasc.13.5.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low-dose doxycycline on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 expression in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms. A double-blind, randomized study was conducted of patients treated with doxycycline (100 mg/d orally) or placebo for 1 month prior to surgery. MMP-2, -3, and -9 (zymogen and activity); MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -11, -12, and -14; and TIMP-1 (messenger ribonucleic acid [mRNA]) were measured in the aneurysm wall. No differences were found between the treatment and placebo groups in zymogen levels of MMP-2, -3, or -9 or in the free or total activities of MMP-2 and -9. Treatment with doxycycline also had no effect on the concentration of any mRNA measured. No relationship was found between the number of tablets taken and MMP or TIMP protein, mRNA, or activity levels in the aneurysm wall. Low-dose doxycycline treatment does not alter the expression or activity of metalloproteinases or their inhibitor, TIMP-1, in the aneurysm wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Ding
- Academic Department of Surgery, King's College, St Thomas' Campus, London, UK
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28
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Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae, an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, has long been investigated as a potential developmental or exacerbating factor in various pathologies. Its unique lifestyle and ability to disseminate throughout the host while persisting in relative safety from the immune response has placed this obligate intracellular pathogen in the crosshairs as a potentially mitigating factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. Many animal model and human correlative studies have been performed to confirm or deny a role for C. pneumoniae infection in these disorders. In some cases, antibiotic clinical trials were conducted to prove a link between bacterial infections and atherosclerosis. In this review, we detail the latest information regarding the potential role that C. pneumoniae infection may have in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Porritt
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Timothy R Crother
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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29
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Assar O, Nejatizadeh A, Dehghan F, Kargar M, Zolghadri N. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection With Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 8:260-7. [PMID: 26573036 PMCID: PMC4873590 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n4p260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disorder. Studies show that infectious microbial agents may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis; however, these findings are conflicting. This study investigated the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in atherosclerotic plaques of patients suffering from coronary artery disease. In a cross-sectional study, 85 patients (43 females and 42 males with mean age of 61±9.5, range 42-82 years) referred for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and thoracic biopsy as the control groups were enrolled for this study. Standard questionnaires, including demographic and clinical evaluation were administered. Obtained specimens were processed and then nested polymerase chain reaction with primers for Pst1 fragment was carried out to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS software. Of note, in 25 out of the 85 patients (29.4%), C. pneumoniae was detected within atherosclerotic plaques, whereas, 5 out of the 85 thoracic biopsy (5.9%) were positive for the presence of the mentioned bacteria in internal thoracic artery. There was a statistically significant association between atherosclerotic plaque (study group) and thoracic biopsy (control group) in terms of C. pneumoniae positivity (P=0.0001). The findings of this study support the hypothesis that C. pneumoniae is associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Assar
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Org E, Mehrabian M, Lusis AJ. Unraveling the environmental and genetic interactions in atherosclerosis: Central role of the gut microbiota. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:387-99. [PMID: 26071662 PMCID: PMC4510029 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have convincingly linked gut microbiota to traits relevant to atherosclerosis, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and inflammation, and have revealed novel disease pathways involving microbe-derived metabolites. These results have important implications for understanding how environmental and genetic factors act together to influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Thus, dietary constituents are not only absorbed and metabolized by the host but they also perturb the gut microbiota, which in turn influence host metabolism and inflammation. It also appears that host genetics helps to shape the gut microbiota community. Here, we discuss challenges in understanding these interactions and the role they play in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Org
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Zheng S, Long L, Li Y, Xu Y, Jiqin Z, Ji W, Min W. A Novel ASK Inhibitor AGI-1067 Inhibits TLR-4-Mediated Activation of ASK1 by Preventing Dissociation of Thioredoxin from ASK1. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY: OPEN ACCESS 2015; 4:132. [PMID: 28435845 PMCID: PMC5397116 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6607.1000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cell type that normally limits the inflammatory and atherosclerotic process is the vascular endothelial cell (EC) that can be regulated by proinflammatory and various stresses. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, in part, by activating apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) to initiate the activation of MAP kinases pathways and the expression of inflammatory genes. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that AGI-1067 acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting the activation of ASK1 in human EC. Pretreatment of human aortic endothelial cells with AGI-1067 inhibits TLR4 ligand (LPS)-induced activation of ASK1 and the downstream p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAP kinases. LPS dissociates two endogenous inhibitors thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) and 14-3-3 from ASK1, leading to ASK1 autoactivation. Interestingly, AGI-1067 inhibits the dissociation of Trx1, but not 14-3-3, from ASK1. However, inhibition of Trx1 dissociation from ASK1 by AGI-1067 is sufficient to suppress LPS-mediated phosphorylation of the transcription factors c-Jun and activating transcription factor 2, and inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory genes including vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Our findings suggest that AGI-1067 as a unique ASK1 inhibitor to inhibit TLR4-mediated ASK1 activation, contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zheng
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lingli Long
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yonghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Xu
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhang Jiqin
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weidong Ji
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wang Min
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Dept. of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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Gaffney J, Solomonov I, Zehorai E, Sagi I. Multilevel regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in tissue homeostasis indicates their molecular specificity in vivo. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:191-9. [PMID: 25622911 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in irreversible remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in normal homeostasis and pathological states. Accumulating data from various studies strongly suggest that MMPs are tightly regulated, starting from the level of gene expression all the way to zymogen activation and endogenous inhibition, with each level controlled by multiple factors. Recent in vivo findings indicate that cell-ECM and cell-cell interactions, as well as ECM bio-active products, contribute an additional layer of regulation at all levels, indicating that individual MMP expression and activity in vivo are highly coordinated and tissue specific processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gaffney
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inna Solomonov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eldar Zehorai
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Tuleta I, Reek D, Braun P, Bauriedel G, Nickenig G, Skowasch D, Andrié R. Influence of intimal Chlamydophila pneumoniae persistence on cardiovascular complications after coronary intervention. Infection 2014; 43:51-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-014-0694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Towards non-invasive imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques by targeting co-stimulatory molecules. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:503-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Periodontal pathogens and atherosclerosis: implications of inflammation and oxidative modification of LDL. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:595981. [PMID: 24949459 PMCID: PMC4052162 DOI: 10.1155/2014/595981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is well accepted to play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions, and recent studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, causative agents of destructive chronic inflammation in the periodontium, can accelerate atheroma deposition in animal models. Emerging evidence suggests that vaccination against virulence factors of these pathogens and anti-inflammatory therapy may confer disease resistance. In this review, we focus on the role of inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative modification in the formation and activation of atherosclerotic plaques accelerated by P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans in an ApoE-deficient mouse model and high-fat-diet-fed mice. Furthermore, we examine whether mucosal vaccination with a periodontal pathogen or the anti-inflammatory activity of catechins can reduce periodontal pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) as a Biomarker. Does It Apply in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms? A Review of Literature. Indian J Surg 2014; 77:1313-7. [PMID: 27011557 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-014-1099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a protein derived from neutrophils has recently been the field of investigation in a wide range of diseases (renal disease, coronary artery disease, etc). The MEDLINE/PubMed database was searched for publications with the medical subject heading "NGAL" and keywords "Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)," "biomarker," and "growth". We restricted our search to date. In this review, we included 38 articles and abstracts that were accessible and available in English. An effort to further explain the role of NGAL within AAA has been made. NGAL seems to be a hopeful marker for the pathogenesis and the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), which has significant morbidity and mortality rates.
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Yabluchanskiy A, Ma Y, Iyer RP, Hall ME, Lindsey ML. Matrix metalloproteinase-9: Many shades of function in cardiovascular disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2014; 28:391-403. [PMID: 24186934 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, one of the most widely investigated MMPs, regulates pathological remodeling processes that involve inflammation and fibrosis in cardiovascular disease. MMP-9 directly degrades extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and activates cytokines and chemokines to regulate tissue remodeling. MMP-9 deletion or inhibition has proven overall beneficial in multiple animal models of cardiovascular disease. As such, MMP-9 expression and activity is a common end point measured. MMP-9 cell-specific overexpression, however, has also proven beneficial and highlights the fact that little information is available on the underlying mechanisms of MMP-9 function. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of MMP-9 physiology, including structure, regulation, activation, and downstream effects of increased MMP-9. We discuss MMP-9 roles during inflammation and fibrosis in cardiovascular disease. By concentrating on the substrates of MMP-9 and their roles in cardiovascular disease, we explore the overall function and discuss future directions on the translational potential of MMP-9 based therapies.
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Correlation of bacterial coinfection versus matrix metalloproteinase 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 expression in aortic aneurysm and atherosclerosis. Ann Vasc Surg 2014; 27:964-71. [PMID: 23993112 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We searched for any relationship between Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) in aneurysmatic atherosclerotic lesions, and whether this relationship differed from that in atherosclerotic nonaneurysmatic lesions. METHODS Twenty-eight tissue samples paired by age and sex were grouped as follows: group 1 included 14 nonaneurysmal atherosclerotic fragments obtained from abdominal aortas collected from necropsies; group 2 included 14 aneurysmatic atherosclerotic aortic fragments obtained from patients during corrective surgery. Immunohistochemistry reactions were evaluated for C pneumoniae, M pneumoniae, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 antigens. Both groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney test, and the correlations among variables were obtained using the Spearman correlation test. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS C pneumoniae and M pneumoniae antigens were detected in 100% of cases. A higher amount of C pneumoniae (P = 0.005), M pneumoniae (P = 0.002), and MMP-9 (P = 0.021) was found in adventitia of group 2 with aneurysm. A positive correlation was found in the aneurysm group, as follows: intima C pneumoniae versus adventitia thickness (r = 0.70; P = 0.01), media C pneumoniae versus adventitia C pneumoniae (r = 0.75; P = 0.002), intima C pneumoniae versus media C pneumoniae (r = 0.8; P = 0.00), and adventitia C pneumoniae versus intima M pneumoniae (r = 0.54; P = 0.05); negative correlations were as follows: adventitia thickness and adventitia M pneumoniae (r = -0.65; P = 0.01), media MMP-9 and media thickness (r = -0.55; P = 0.04), TIMP-1 media versus adventitia C pneumoniae (r = -0.86; P = 0.00), and TIMP-1 media versus M pneumoniae intima (r = -0.67; P = 0.03). Nonaneurysmal atherosclerotic group 1 results are as follows: adventitia C pneumoniae versus TIMP-1 media (r = 0.75; P = 0.01) and media C pneumoniae and adventitia C pneumoniae (r = 0.59; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The present work favors a role for coinfection of both M pneumoniae and C pneumoniae in the development of aortic atherosclerotic aneurysm, with increased adventitial inflammation, inhibition of TIMP-1 activity, and increased collagen degradation.
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Hagiwara M, Kurita-Ochiai T, Kobayashi R, Hashizume-Takizawa T, Yamazaki K, Yamamoto M. Sublingual Vaccine with GroEL Attenuates Atherosclerosis. J Dent Res 2014; 93:382-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034514523784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune responses to heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis, whereas immunization with HSP60 may induce atheroprotective responses. We assessed the capacity of an atheroprotective vaccine that targeted a recombinant HSP60 from Porphyromonas gingivalis (rGroEL) to induce a protective mucosal immune response. Female apolipoprotein E-deficient spontaneously hyperlipidemic (Apoeshl) mice received sublingual delivery of rGroEL prior to P. gingivalis 381 injection. The animals were euthanized 16 weeks later. Sublingual immunization with rGroEL induced significant rGroEL-specific serum IgG responses. Antigen-specific cells isolated from spleen produced significantly high levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ after antigen re-stimulation in vitro. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that the frequencies of both IL-10+ and IFN-γ+ CD4+ Foxp3+ cells increased significantly in submandibular glands (SMG). Furthermore, sublingual immunization with rGroEL significantly reduced atherosclerosis lesion formation in the aortic sinus and decreased serum CRP, MCP-1, and ox-LDL levels. These findings suggest that sublingual immunization with rGroEL is associated with the increase of IFNγ+ or IL-10+ Foxp3+ cells in SMG and a systemic humoral response, which could be an effective strategy for the prevention of naturally occurring or P. gingivalis-accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Kurita-Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - R. Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - T. Hashizume-Takizawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - K. Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science of Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - M. Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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Coppieters KT, von Herrath MG. Metabolic syndrome - Removing roadblocks to therapy: Antigenic immunotherapies. Mol Metab 2014; 3:275-83. [PMID: 24749057 PMCID: PMC3986497 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 25 per cent of the world׳s adult population may have the metabolic syndrome, a condition closely associated with central obesity. The metabolic syndrome is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and therefore represents an important worldwide health problem. In addition to metabolic abnormalities such as raised fasting plasma glucose, high cholesterol and high blood pressure, there is consensus that obese subjects develop a state of low-grade chronic immune activation. This sustained pro-inflammatory response in fat tissue is thought to worsen insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Likewise, the immune system contributes to the detrimental cascade of events leading to plaque formation in atherosclerosis. It has long been assumed that the innate arm of the immune system was the only key player, but emerging evidence suggests that there is in fact a sizeable adaptive immune component to obesity and cardiovascular disease. From a therapeutic perspective, it could be envisioned that immune modulation drugs such as cytokine inhibitors, co-stimulation blockers or anti-T cell agents could offer benefit. It is questionable, however, whether chronic treatment with for instance biologicals will have a favorable risk/benefit profile in a silent condition such as the metabolic syndrome. An attractive alternative could be the development of antigen-specific T cell therapies, not unlike those currently in various phases of development for type 1 diabetes. In this article, we will give an overview of antigen-specific treatment modalities in type 1 diabetes, followed by a review of the evidence for T cell involvement in obesity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias G. von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes R&D Center, Novo Nordisk Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA. Tel.: +1 858 752 6817; fax: +1 858 752 6993.
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Human cytomegalovirus induces upregulation of arginase II: possible implications for vasculopathies. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:401. [PMID: 24442486 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Both human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and arginase II (ARG II) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The effects of HCMV on ARG II are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HCMV on ARG II expression in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) both in vitro and ex vivo. Endothelial and SMC were infected with either HCMV or UV-irradiated HCMV. Expression of ARG II, endothelial or inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and iNOS, respectively) and viral immediate early (IE) was quantified using quantitative PCR. Ganciclovir and short interfering RNA were used to determine the viral gene mediating the effects on ARG II. Detection of viral antigens and ARG II expression was performed by immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry. HCMV infection increased both ARG II mRNA and protein levels in the examined cells; this effect was mediated by the HCMV IE2-p86 protein. The upregulation of ARG II was accompanied by a downregulation of eNOS but an induction of iNOS in HCMV-infected endothelial cells. Both eNOS and iNOS expressions were induced in HCMV-infected SMC. ARG II was abundantly expressed in endothelial cells, foam cells and SMC and was importantly significantly upregulated in HCMV-immunoreactive human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. HCMV IE2-p86 mediates ARG II upregulation in vitro and ARG II is co-expressed with HCMV antigens in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. We speculate that HCMV may contribute to endothelial dysfunction via ARG II induction and reduced eNOS production.
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de Assis RM, de Lourdes Higuchi M, Reis MM, Palomino SAP, Crespo Hirata RD, Hirata MH. Involvement of TLR2 and TLR4, <i>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</i> and <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> in adventitial inflammation of aortic atherosclerotic aneurysm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/wjcd.2014.41004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oral microbiota and systemic disease. Anaerobe 2013; 24:90-3. [PMID: 24128801 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that bacteria are the primary cause of infectious diseases, however, evidence is emerging that these organisms are also indirectly responsible for several diseases including cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. The oral cavity is home to several million bacteria that can cause two major diseases-periodontitis and caries. The relationship between periodontopathic bacteria and systemic diseases has been explored for several years. The concept of the oral cavity as a source of distant infection has been debated for at least a century. This review will discuss the historic aspects of the development of the focal infection theory, the reasons for its demise, its re-emergence and current status.
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Serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein as a marker of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:223-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Di Pietro M, Filardo S, De Santis F, Sessa R. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in atherosclerotic lesion development through oxidative stress: a brief overview. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15105-20. [PMID: 23877837 PMCID: PMC3742290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140715105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae, an obligate intracellular pathogen, is known as a leading cause of respiratory tract infections and, in the last two decades, has been widely associated with atherosclerosis by seroepidemiological studies, and direct detection of the microorganism within atheroma. C. pneumoniae is presumed to play a role in atherosclerosis for its ability to disseminate via peripheral blood mononuclear cells, to replicate and persist within vascular cells, and for its pro-inflammatory and angiogenic effects. Once inside the vascular tissue, C. pneumoniae infection has been shown to induce the production of reactive oxygen species in all the cells involved in atherosclerotic process such as macrophages, platelets, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to oxidative stress. The aim of this review is to summarize the data linking C. pneumoniae-induced oxidative stress to atherosclerotic lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.P.); (S.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.P.); (S.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Fiorenzo De Santis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.P.); (S.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.P.); (S.F.); (F.D.S.)
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Atherosclerosis Induced by Chlamydophila pneumoniae: A Controversial Theory. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2013; 2013:941392. [PMID: 23956742 PMCID: PMC3730386 DOI: 10.1155/2013/941392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a century ago, inflammation and infection were considered to have atherogenic effects. The old idea that coronary heart disease (CHD) possibly has an infectious etiology has only reemerged in recent years. Atherosclerosis is the main pathological process involved in CHD and is, logically, the first place to look for infectious etiology. The process of atherosclerosis itself provides the first hints of potential infectious cause. Smooth muscle proliferation, with subsequent intimal thickening, luminal narrowing, and endothelial degeneration, constitutes the natural history of atherosclerosis, being with the severity and speed of these changes. Both viral and bacterial pathogens have been proposed to be associated with the inflammatory changes found in atherosclerosis. Recently, Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) has been implicated as a possible etiologic agent of coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. New evidence which supports a role for C. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has emerged. C. pneumoniae has been detected in atherosclerotic arteries by several techniques, and the organism has been isolated from both coronary and carotid atheromas. Recent animal models have suggested that C. pneumoniae is capable of inducing atherosclerosis in both rabbit and mouse models of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, human clinical treatment studies which examined the use of antichlamydial macrolide antibiotics in patients with coronary atherosclerosis have been carried out. The causal relationship has not yet been proven, but ongoing large intervention trials and research on pathogenetic mechanisms may lead to the use of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of CHD in the future.
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Pedicino D, Giglio AF, Galiffa VA, Cialdella P, Trotta F, Graziani F, Liuzzo G. Infections, immunity and atherosclerosis: Pathogenic mechanisms and unsolved questions. Int J Cardiol 2013; 166:572-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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The balance of serum matrix metalloproteinase-8 and its tissue inhibitor in acute coronary syndrome and its recurrence. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:362-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Auto-antibodies as emergent prognostic markers and possible mediators of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013; 44:84-97. [PMID: 21188647 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last 15 years, a growing body of evidence supported the fact that auto-antibodies represent not only emergent markers but also active mediators of cardiovascular disease (CVD), clinically represented mostly by acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stroke. There is a contrasted relationship between auto-antibodies and CVD, some being protective, while others acting as potential risk factors. Therefore, we performed a review of the literature on the respective cardiovascular prognostic value of the most relevant auto-antibodies in ACS and stroke, and their putative pathophysiological properties in atherogenesis. This review highlights auto-antibodies as active modulators of the innate immune system in atherogenesis (either toward a pro- or anti-inflammatory response), or by affecting basal heart rate regulation (anti-apoA-1 IgG). Given their apparent prognostic independency towards traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the data available in the literature indicates that some of those auto-antibodies could be of valuable help for cardiovascular risk stratification in the future, especially because their deleterious effects have been shown to be potentially abrogated in vivo and in vitro by existing therapeutic modalities. Although evidence in humans is currently lacking, these studies may open innovative therapeutic perspectives for CVD in the future.
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Katoh S, Honda S, Watanabe T, Suzuki S, Ishino M, Kitahara T, Funayama A, Netsu S, Sasaki T, Shishido T, Miyamoto T, Sadahiro M, Kubota I. Atrial endothelial impairment through Toll-like receptor 4 signaling causes atrial thrombogenesis. Heart Vessels 2013; 29:263-72. [PMID: 23754516 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation associated with heart failure (HF) is known to deteriorate cardioembolic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Little is known about the relationship between atrial endothelial impairment induced by innate immunity and thrombus formation. We examined whether atrial endothelial impairment through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling causes atrial thrombogenesis. TLR4, heat shock protein 60, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression were higher in the atrium of AF patients who underwent valve replacement surgery with HF compared with those without it (p < 0.05). We created thoracic transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in TLR4 knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Atrial thrombosis was observed less frequently in TLR4 KO mice (4/15) than in WT mice (16/20) 4 weeks after TAC despite similar severity of heart failure. The decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and increase in VCAM-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression, observed in the atrium of WT mice following TAC, were significantly attenuated in TLR4 KO mice (p < 0.05). Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation after TAC was attenuated in TLR4 KO mice compared with WT mice. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38) after TAC was also attenuated in TLR4 KO mice (p < 0.05). Thus, increased VCAM-1 and PAI-1, and decreased eNOS phosphorylation through the TLR4/NFκB/p38 pathway, may be associated with atrial thrombogenesis in the heart failure mice model. Atrial endothelial impairment through the TLR4 signaling may play a role in atrial thrombogenesis in AF patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Katoh
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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