1
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Kim SY, Choi J, Lee DH, Park JH, Hwang YJ, Baek KH. PME-1 is regulated by USP36 in ERK and Akt signaling pathways. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1575-1588. [PMID: 29577269 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) play an important role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) by eliminating ubiquitins from substrates and inhibiting proteasomal degradation. Protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PME-1) inactivates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and enhances the ERK and Akt signaling pathways, which increase cell proliferation and malignant cell transformation. In this study, we demonstrate that USP36 regulates PME-1 through its deubiquitinating enzyme activity. USP36 increases PME-1 stability, and depletion of USP36 decreases the PME-1 expression level. Furthermore, we demonstrate that USP36 promotes the ERK and Akt signaling pathways. In summary, it is suggested that USP36 regulates PME-1 as a DUB and participates in the ERK and Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeok Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
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2
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Ranek MJ, Kost CK, Hu C, Martin DS, Wang X. Muscarinic 2 receptors modulate cardiac proteasome function in a protein kinase G-dependent manner. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 69:43-51. [PMID: 24508699 PMCID: PMC3977985 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome function insufficiency and inadequate protein quality control are strongly implicated in a large subset of cardiovascular disease and may play an important role in their pathogenesis. Protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system can be physiologically regulated. Cardiac muscarinic 2 (M2) receptors were pharmacologically interrogated in intact mice and cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). Proteasome-mediated proteolysis was measured with a surrogate misfolded protein, proteasome peptidase assay, and by characterizing key proteasome subunits. Successful M2 receptor manipulation in cardiomyocytes was determined by measuring an endogenous protein substrate, and in mice, the cardiovascular physiological response. M2 receptor stimulation was associated with increased proteasome-mediated proteolysis and enhanced peptidase activities, while M2 receptor inhibition yielded opposing results. Additionally, M2 receptor manipulation did not alter abundance of the key proteasome subunits, Rpt6 and β5, but significantly shifted their isoelectric points. Inhibition of protein kinase G abrogated the stimulatory effects on proteasome-mediated proteolysis from M2 receptor activation. We conclude that M2 receptor stimulation enhances, whereas M2 receptor inhibition reduces, proteasome-mediated proteolysis likely through posttranslational modifications. Protein kinase G appears to be the mediator of the M2 receptors actions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics
- Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proteolysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Ubiquitin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ranek
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Curtis K Kost
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Chengjun Hu
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Douglas S Martin
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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3
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Katz G, Shainberg A, Hochhauser E, Kurtzwald-Josefson E, Issac A, El-Ani D, Aravot D, Afek A, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Eldar M, Arad M. The role of mutant protein level in autosomal recessive catecholamine dependent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT2). Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1576-83. [PMID: 24070655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans and genetically engineered mice with recessively inherited CPVT develop arrhythmia which may arise due to malfunction or degradation of calsequestrin (CASQ2). We investigated the relation between protein level and arrhythmia severity in CASQ2(D307H/D307H) (D307H), compared to CASQ2(Δ/Δ) (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. CASQ2 expression and Ca²⁺ transients were recorded in cardiomyocytes from neonatal or adult mice. Arrhythmia was studied in vivo using heart rhythm telemetry at rest, exercise and after epinephrine injection. CASQ2 protein was absent in KO heart. Neonatal D307H and WT hearts expressed significantly less CASQ2 protein than the level found in the adult WT. Adult D307H expressed only 20% of CASQ2 protein found in WT. Spontaneous Ca²⁺ release was more prevalent in neonatal KO cardiomyocytes (89%) compared to 33-36% of either WT or D307H, respectively, p<0.001. Adult cardiomyocytes from both mutant mice had more Ca²⁺ abnormalities compared to control (KO: 82%, D307H 63%, WT 12%, p<0.01). Calcium oscillations were most common in KO cardiomyocytes. We then treated mice with bortezomib to inhibit CASQ2(D307H) degradation. Bortezomib increased CASQ2 expression in D307H hearts by ∼50% (p<0.05). Bortezomib-treated D307H mice had lower CPVT prevalence and less premature ventricular beats during peak exercise. No benefit against arrhythmia was observed in bortezomib treated KO mice. These results indicate that the mutant CASQ2(D307H) protein retains some of its physiological function. Its expression decreases with age and is inversely related to arrhythmia severity. Preventing the degradation of mutant protein should be explored as a possible therapeutic strategy in appropriate CPVT2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Katz
- Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler School of, Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been the subject of intensive research over the past 20 years to define its role in normal physiology and in pathophysiology. Many of these studies have focused in on the cardiovascular system and have determined that the UPS becomes dysfunctional in several pathologies such as familial and idiopathic cardiomyopathies, atherosclerosis, and myocardial ischemia. This review presents a synopsis of the literature as it relates to the role of the UPS in myocardial ischemia. Studies have shown that the UPS is dysfunctional during myocardial ischemia, and recent studies have shed some light on possible mechanisms. Other studies have defined a role for the UPS in ischemic preconditioning which is best associated with myocardial ischemia and is thus presented here. Very recent studies have started to define roles for specific proteasome subunits and components of the ubiquitination machinery in various aspects of myocardial ischemia. Lastly, despite the evidence linking myocardial ischemia and proteasome dysfunction, there are continuing suggestions that proteasome inhibitors may be useful to mitigate ischemic injury. This review presents the rationale behind this and discusses both supportive and nonsupportive studies and presents possible future directions that may help in clarifying this controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Calise
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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5
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Myeku N, Wang H, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. cAMP stimulates the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in rat spinal cord neurons. Neurosci Lett 2012; 527:126-31. [PMID: 22982149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteasome impairment and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins are implicated in neurodegeneration associated with different forms of spinal cord injury. We show herein that elevating cAMP in rat spinal cord neurons increases 26S proteasome activity in a protein kinase A-dependent manner. Treating spinal cord neurons with dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) also raised the levels of various components of the UPP including proteasome subunits Rpt6 and β5, polyubiquitin shuttling factor p62/sequestosome1, E3 ligase CHIP, AAA-ATPase p97 and the ubiquitin gene ubB. Finally, db-cAMP reduced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, proteasome inhibition, and neurotoxicity triggered by the endogenous product of inflammation prostaglandin J2. We propose that optimizing the effects of cAMP/PKA-signaling on the UPP could offer an effective therapeutic approach to prevent UPP-related proteotoxicity in spinal cord neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natura Myeku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Powell SR, Herrmann J, Lerman A, Patterson C, Wang X. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and cardiovascular disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 109:295-346. [PMID: 22727426 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397863-9.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been the subject of numerous studies to elucidate its role in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. There have been many advances in this field including the use of proteomics to achieve a better understanding of how the cardiac proteasome is regulated. Moreover, improved methods for the assessment of UPS function and the development of genetic models to study the role of the UPS have led to the realization that often the function of this system deviates from the norm in many cardiovascular pathologies. Hence, dysfunction has been described in atherosclerosis, familial cardiac proteinopathies, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies, and myocardial ischemia. This has led to numerous studies of the ubiquitin protein (E3) ligases and their roles in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. This has also led to the controversial proposition of treating atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and myocardial ischemia with proteasome inhibitors. Furthering our knowledge of this system may help in the development of new UPS-based therapeutic modalities for mitigation of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul R Powell
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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7
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Divald A, Kivity S, Wang P, Hochhauser E, Roberts B, Teichberg S, Gomes AV, Powell SR. Myocardial Ischemic Preconditioning Preserves Postischemic Function of the 26S Proteasome Through Diminished Oxidative Damage to 19S Regulatory Particle Subunits. Circ Res 2010; 106:1829-38. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.219485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andras Divald
- From The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.D., P.W., S.R.P.), Manhasset, NY; Cardiac Research Laboratory of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (S.K., E.H.), Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Laboratories and Pathology (B.R., S.T.), North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior (A.V.G.), University of California,
| | - Shaye Kivity
- From The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.D., P.W., S.R.P.), Manhasset, NY; Cardiac Research Laboratory of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (S.K., E.H.), Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Laboratories and Pathology (B.R., S.T.), North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior (A.V.G.), University of California,
| | - Ping Wang
- From The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.D., P.W., S.R.P.), Manhasset, NY; Cardiac Research Laboratory of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (S.K., E.H.), Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Laboratories and Pathology (B.R., S.T.), North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior (A.V.G.), University of California,
| | - Edith Hochhauser
- From The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.D., P.W., S.R.P.), Manhasset, NY; Cardiac Research Laboratory of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (S.K., E.H.), Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Laboratories and Pathology (B.R., S.T.), North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior (A.V.G.), University of California,
| | - Beth Roberts
- From The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.D., P.W., S.R.P.), Manhasset, NY; Cardiac Research Laboratory of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (S.K., E.H.), Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Laboratories and Pathology (B.R., S.T.), North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior (A.V.G.), University of California,
| | - Saul Teichberg
- From The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.D., P.W., S.R.P.), Manhasset, NY; Cardiac Research Laboratory of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (S.K., E.H.), Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Laboratories and Pathology (B.R., S.T.), North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior (A.V.G.), University of California,
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- From The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.D., P.W., S.R.P.), Manhasset, NY; Cardiac Research Laboratory of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (S.K., E.H.), Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Laboratories and Pathology (B.R., S.T.), North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior (A.V.G.), University of California,
| | - Saul R. Powell
- From The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.D., P.W., S.R.P.), Manhasset, NY; Cardiac Research Laboratory of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (S.K., E.H.), Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Laboratories and Pathology (B.R., S.T.), North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior (A.V.G.), University of California,
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8
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Das M, Das S, Wang P, Powell SR, Das DK. Caveolin and proteasome in tocotrienol mediated myocardial protection. Cell Physiol Biochem 2008; 22:287-94. [PMID: 18769056 PMCID: PMC2929803 DOI: 10.1159/000149807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of different isomers of tocotrienol was tested on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Although all of the tocotrienol isomers offered some degree of cardioprotection, gamma-tocotrienol was the most protective as evident from the result of myocardial apoptosis. To study the mechanism of tocotrienol mediated cardioprotection, we examined the interaction and/or translocation of different signaling components to caveolins and activity of proteasome. The results suggest that differential interaction of MAP kinases with caveolin 1/3 in conjuncture with proteasome stabilization play a unique role in tocotrienol mediated cardioprotection possibly by altering the availability of pro-survival and anti-survival proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Samarjit Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | - Ping Wang
- Dept. of Medicine, the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Saul R. Powell
- Dept. of Medicine, the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Dipak K. Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
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9
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Moss NC, Stansfield WE, Willis MS, Tang RH, Selzman CH. IKKbeta inhibition attenuates myocardial injury and dysfunction following acute ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2248-53. [PMID: 17675566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00776.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of experimental and clinical research, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) remains an important cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been implicated as a key mediator of reperfusion injury. Activation of NF-kappaB is dependent upon the phosphorylation of its inhibitor, IkappaBalpha, by the specific inhibitory kappaB kinase (IKK) subunit, IKKbeta. We hypothesized that specific antagonism of the NF-kappaB inflammatory pathway through IKKbeta inhibition reduces acute myocardial damage following IR injury. C57BL/6 mice underwent left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation and release in an experimental model of acute IR. Bay 65-1942, an ATP-competitive inhibitor that selectively targets IKKbeta kinase activity, was administered intraperitoneally either prior to ischemia, at reperfusion, or 2 h after reperfusion. Compared with untreated animals, mice treated with IKKbeta inhibition had significant reduction in left ventricular infarct size. Cardiac function was also preserved following pretreatment with IKKbeta inhibition. These findings were further associated with decreased expression of phosphorylated IkappaBalpha and phosphorylated p65 in myocardial tissue. In addition, IKKbeta inhibition decreased serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, two prototypical downstream effectors of NF-kappaB activity. These results demonstrate that specific IKKbeta inhibition can provide both acute and delayed cardioprotection and offers a clinically accessible target for preventing cardiac injury following IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Moss
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7065, USA
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10
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Abstract
The discovery of the ubiquitin system was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2004. Labeling of intracellular proteins for degradation by a multienzymatic complex, called the proteasome, was identified as the main function of this system. Subsequently, it was discovered that the attachment of ubiquitin to proteins can modify their function without degradation. Finally, a number of other molecules were recognized to be conjugated to proteins in a manner similar to ubiquitin and were henceforth called ubiquitin-like proteins. This review provides an overview of this class of molecules and its implication for function, subcellular location, and half-life of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Herrmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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11
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Zhang Y, Jia L, Lee SJ, Wang MM. Conserved signal peptide of Notch3 inhibits interaction with proteasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:245-51. [PMID: 17292860 PMCID: PMC1839862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Notch3 N-terminal sequence is conserved across several mammalian species but diverges from the three other Notch proteins. We determined the significance of the N-terminal sequence using deletion mutants. The first 39 amino acids are required for Notch3 receptor expression, processing, and functional activity. In contrast, the first 14 amino acids do not appear to enhance function, yet are required to reduce ectopic cytoplasmic expression of Notch3. We screened binding partners for cytoplasmic expressed Notch3 using a yeast two-hybrid assay. Notch3 binds specifically to the proteasome subunit PSMA1, and increased cytoplasmic expression of Notch3 results in inhibition of proteasome activity. Our findings support a multifunctional role for the conserved N-terminal sequence of Notch3: targeting of the protein to the secretory pathway and reduction of cytoplasmic Notch3 expression which may inhibit cytoplasmic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zhang
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622
| | - Michael M. Wang
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622
- **Corresponding author: 7629 Medical Science Building II Box 0622, 1137 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0622, Tel. 734-763-5453; Fax 734-936-8813; E-Mail:
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12
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Abstract
The heart is constantly under mechanical, metabolic, and thermal stress, even at baseline physiological conditions, and cardiac stress may increase as a result of environmental or intrinsic pathological insults. Cardiomyocytes are continuously challenged to efficiently and properly fold nascent polypeptides, traffic them to their appropriate cellular locations, and keep them from denaturing in the face of normal and pathological stimuli. Because deployment of misfolded or unfolded proteins can be disastrous, cells, in general, and cardiomyocytes, in particular, have developed a multilayered protein quality control system for maintaining proper protein conformation and for reorganizing and removing misfolded or aggregated polypeptides. Here, we examine recent data pointing to the importance of protein quality control in cardiac homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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