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Luteoloside attenuates neuroinflammation in focal cerebral ischemia in rats via regulation of the PPARγ/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 66:309-316. [PMID: 30502652 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Luteoloside, a flavonoid compound, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and cardioprotective effects, among others, but its neuroprotective effects have rarely been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of luteoloside on cerebral ischemia and explore its potential mechanism. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to investigate the effects of luteoloside on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham, MCAO, luteoloside (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg) and nimodipine (4 mg/kg). The results showed that luteoloside alleviated neurologic deficits and cerebral edema as well as improved cerebral infarction and histopathological changes in MCAO rats. Luteoloside significantly inhibited I/R-induced neuroinflammation, as demonstrated by reduced levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the brain tissues of MCAO rats. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that luteoloside significantly suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, upregulated the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and increased NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) nuclear accumulation in MCAO rats. Collectively, our findings suggested that luteoloside played a crucial neuroprotective role by inhibiting NF-κB signaling in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Furthermore, PPARγ and Nrf2 were also important for the anti-inflammatory effect of luteoloside. In addition, our data suggested that luteoloside might be an effective treatment for cerebral ischemia and other neurological disorders.
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Lu X, Gu R, Hu W, Sun Z, Wang G, Wang L, Xu Y. Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 protected against brain damage induced by transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4629-4636. [PMID: 29805479 PMCID: PMC5958683 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify the effect of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 gene on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four groups: Sham group, vehicle group, empty adenovirus vector (Ad) group and recombinant HO-1 adenovirus (Ad-HO-1) transfection group. Rats in the vehicle, Ad and Ad-HO-1 groups were respectively injected with saline, Ad or Ad-HO-1 for 3 days prior to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Subsequently, the middle cerebral artery occlusion method was used to establish the model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Following the assessment of neurological function, rats were sacrificed, and the infarction volume and apoptotic index in rat brains were measured. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of HO-1 in brain tissues were detected using western blot analysis. Results indicated that the neurological score of the Ad-HO-1 group was significantly increased compared with the Ad or vehicle groups, respectively (P<0.001). The volume of cerebral infarction and the index score of neuronal apoptosis in the vehicle and Ad groups was significantly increased compared with the Ad-HO-1 group (P<0.01). The death of neuronal cells following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury reduced remarkably induced by over-expression of HO-1. These findings suggest a neuroprotective role of HO-1 against brain injury induced by transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Renjun Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Zhitang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Gaiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Taninishi H, Pearlstein M, Sheng H, Izutsu M, Chaparro RE, Goldstein LB, Warner DS. Video training and certification program improves reliability of postischemic neurologic deficit measurement in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2203-2210. [PMID: 26661238 PMCID: PMC5363665 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15616980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Scoring systems are used to measure behavioral deficits in stroke research. Video-assisted training is used to standardize stroke-related neurologic deficit scoring in humans. We hypothesized that a video-assisted training and certification program can improve inter-rater reliability in assessing neurologic function after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Three expert raters scored neurologic deficits in post-middle cerebral artery occlusion rats using three published systems having different complexity levels (3, 18, or 48 points). The system having the highest point estimate for the correlation between neurologic score and infarct size was selected to create a video-assisted training and certification program. Eight trainee raters completed the video-assisted training and certification program. Inter-rater agreement ( Κ: score) and agreement with expert consensus scores were measured before and after video-assisted training and certification program completion. The 48-point system correlated best with infarct size. Video-assisted training and certification improved agreement with expert consensus scores (pretraining = 65 ± 10, posttraining = 87 ± 14, 112 possible scores, P < 0.0001), median number of trainee raters with scores within ±2 points of the expert consensus score (pretraining = 4, posttraining = 6.5, P < 0.01), categories with Κ: > 0.4 (pretraining = 4, posttraining = 9), and number of categories with an improvement in the Κ: score from pretraining to posttraining (n = 6). Video-assisted training and certification improved trainee inter-rater reliability and agreement with expert consensus behavioral scores in rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Video-assisted training and certification may be useful in multilaboratory preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Taninishi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Molly Pearlstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Miwa Izutsu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Rafael E Chaparro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Larry B Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, Kentucky Neuroscience Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - David S Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
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Ramos-Languren LE, García-Díaz G, González-Maciel A, Rosas-López LE, Bueno-Nava A, Avila-Luna A, Ramírez-Anguiano H, González-Piña R. Sensorimotor Intervention Recovers Noradrenaline Content in the Dentate Gyrus of Cortical Injured Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3261-3271. [PMID: 27639395 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, a consensus has been reached that designates the functional and structural reorganization of synapses as the primary mechanisms underlying the process of recovery from brain injury. We have reported that pontine noradrenaline (NA) is increased in animals after cortical ablation (CA). The aim of the present study was to explore the noradrenergic and morphological response after sensorimotor intervention (SMI) in rats injured in the motor cortex. We used male Wistar adult rats allocated in four conditions: sham-operated, injured by cortical ablation, sham-operated with SMI and injured by cortical ablation with SMI. Motor and somatosensory performance was evaluated prior to and 20 days after surgery. During the intervening period, a 15-session, SMI program was implemented. Subsequently, total NA analysis in the pons and dentate gyrus (DG) was performed. All groups underwent histological analysis. Our results showed that NA content in the DG was reduced in the injured group versus control, and this reduction was reverted in the injured group that underwent SMI. Moreover, injured rats showed reduction in the number of granule cells in the DG and decreased dentate granule cell layer thickness. Notably, after SMI, the loss of granule cells was reverted. Locus coeruleus showed turgid cells in the injured rats. These results suggest that SMI elicits biochemical and structural modifications in the hippocampus that could reorganize the system and lead the recovery process, modulating structural and functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ramos-Languren
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela García-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica González-Maciel
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SSA. Av. Imán 1 Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, C.P. 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura E Rosas-López
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SSA. Av. Imán 1 Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, C.P. 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Avila-Luna
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hayde Ramírez-Anguiano
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
- Universidad de las Américas AC, Puebla 23 Col. Roma, Deleg. Cuauhtemoc, C.P. 06700, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto González-Piña
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Universidad de las Américas AC, Puebla 23 Col. Roma, Deleg. Cuauhtemoc, C.P. 06700, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Benggon M, Chen H, Applegate RL, Zhang J. Thrombin Preconditioning in Surgical Brain Injury in Rats. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:299-304. [PMID: 26463965 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The surgical brain injury model replicates neurosurgical brain parenchymal damage. Postsurgical brain edema correlates with postoperative neurological dysfunction. Intranasal administration is a proven method of delivering therapies to brain tissue. Thrombin preconditioning decreased brain edema and improved neurological outcomes in models of ischemic brain injury. We hypothesized thrombin preconditioning in surgical brain injury may improve postoperative brain edema and neurological outcomes. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 78) weighing 285-355 g were randomly assigned to sham or pre-injury treatment: one-time pretreatment 1 day prior, one-time pretreatment 5 days prior, and daily preconditioning for 5 days prior. Treatment arms were divided into vehicle or thrombin therapies, and subdivided into intranasal (thrombin 5 units/50 μL 0.9 % saline) or intracerebral ventricular (thrombin 0.1 unit/10 μL 0.9 % saline) administration. Blinded observers performed neurological testing 24 h after brain injury followed immediately by measurement of brain water content. There was a significant difference in ipsilateral brain water content and neurological outcomes between all treatment groups and the sham group. However, there was no change in brain water content or neurological outcomes between thrombin- and vehicle-treated animals. Thrombin preconditioning did not significantly improve brain edema or neurological function in surgical brain injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Benggon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hank Chen
- Department of Basic Science, Division of Physiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92374, USA.
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Basic Science, Division of Physiology, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Room 2532 LLUMC, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92374, USA
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Park JH, Oh BM, Min Y, Bang MS, Han TR. The Intra- and Inter-rater Reliability and the Learning Curve for a Simple Neurological Score for Rats. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.12786/bn.2016.9.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hong Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Yusun Min
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Korea
| | - Moon Suk Bang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Tai Ryoon Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea
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Chao XD, Ma YH, Luo P, Cao L, Lau WB, Zhao BC, Han F, Liu W, Ning WD, Su N, Zhang L, Zhu J, Fei Z, Qu Y. Up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 attenuates brain damage after cerebral ischemia via simultaneous inhibition of superoxide production and preservation of NO bioavailability. Exp Neurol 2012; 239:163-9. [PMID: 23059458 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia exacerbates neuronal death and neurological dysfunction. Evidence supports the involvement of oxidative/nitrative stress in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, possessing potent anti-oxidant and anti-apoptosis effects. In transgenic mice, HO-1 overproduction is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia injury, but by unclear mechanisms. The present study determined whether treatment with adenoviral vector overexpressing HO-1 (Ad-HO-1) attenuates post-ischemic brain damage via reduction of oxidative/nitrative stress. After focal cerebral ischemia, Ad-HO-1 reduced lipid peroxidation and protein nitration, decreased infarct volume, and attenuated neurologic deficits. Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX, a specific HO-1 inhibitor) blocked Ad-HO-1 mediated effects against ischemic brain damage. Although Ad-HO-1 slightly reduced ischemic brain NO concentrations, Ad-HO-1 treatment significantly inhibited cerebral expression of iNOS protein expression, without significant effect upon nNOS or eNOS expression compared to vehicle after focal cerebral ischemia. Ad-HO-1 preserved NO bioavailability by increasing eNOS phosphorylation during ischemia compared to vehicle. Together, our results suggest that Ad-HO-1 attenuates post-ischemic brain damage via simultaneous reduction of oxidative/nitrative stress and preservation of NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong D Chao
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Military General Hospital, Urumqi, 830000, China
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Manaenko A, Lekic T, Ma Q, Ostrowski RP, Zhang JH, Tang J. Hydrogen inhalation is neuroprotective and improves functional outcomes in mice after intracerebral hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 111:179-83. [PMID: 21725752 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress contributes significantly to the development of secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). It has been previously demonstrated that hydrogen gas can decrease oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species. We hypothesized that hydrogen therapy will reduce brain oxidative stress in mice after ICH and thereby will lead to reduced brain edema and improved neurological outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD1 male mice (weight 30-35 g) were divided into the following groups: sham, ICH+vehicle (room air), ICH+1-h hydrogen treatment, and ICH+2-h hydrogen treatment. ICH was induced by injection of bacterial collagenase into the right basal ganglia. The evaluation of outcomes was done at two time points: 24 and 72 h post-ICH. Brain water content was measured for assessment of brain edema (wet/dry weight method), and three neurological tests were performed pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS Collagenase injection was found to induce brain edema and impair functional performance of rats. The hydrogen inhalation reduced these effects acutely (24 h); however it exhibited only a tendency to improvement in the delayed study (72 h). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that hydrogen inhalation exerts an acute brain-protective effect in the mouse ICH model. However, the acute hydrogen therapy alone is not sufficient to improve delayed ICH outcomes in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Bueno-Nava A, Gonzalez-Pina R, Alfaro-Rodriguez A. Iron-dextran injection into the substantia nigra in rats decreases striatal dopamine content ipsilateral to the injury site and impairs motor function. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25:235-9. [PMID: 20424901 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-010-9200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron chloride injections into the rat SNc can cause chronic decreases in striatal dopamine (DA) levels. However, changes in striatal DA content after iron-dextran injection into rat SNc have not been completely elucidated. The aim of this work was to measure striatal DA concentrations after iron-dextran injection into the SNc. We divided 40 male Wistar rats into five groups, including control, saline injected then sacrificed 7 days or 30 days later, and iron-dextran injected then sacrificed 7 days or 30 days later. Striatal DA content was measured in control animals and in all animals sacrificed 7 days or 30 days after injection, and motor performance was assessed in iron-dextran and saline injected groups 30 days after injection. The striatal DA levels were determined using HPLC. There were significant (P < 0.05) decreases in DA concentrations in the striatum ipsilateral to the injection site in the iron-dextran treated rats compared to control and saline-injected rats. There were no significant differences in DA concentration between the sham-operated (i.e., saline-injected) and control rats. We also observed motor deficits in the iron-dextran injected rats. The striatal DA reduction observed after iron-dextran injection may be attributable to iron-induced oxidative injury in the SNc. Motor deficits, in turn, may be explained by subsequent disturbances in striatal and cortical dopaminergic neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bueno-Nava
- Departamento de Neurofisiologia, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, SSA, Mexico City D.F., Mexico
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Gonzalez-Pina R, Bueno-Nava A, Montes S, Alfaro-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Ayala-Guerrero F. Pontine and cerebellar norepinephrine content in adult rats recovering from focal cortical injury. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1443-9. [PMID: 17094035 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) plays an important role in motor recovery after brain damage. Most studies concerning NE activity have been performed in the cerebellum, while the role of the pons, the site where the norepinephrinergic locus coeruleus is located, has not yet been elucidated. For this work, we studied the changes in cerebellar and pontine NE content in sham-operated (n = 17), motor cortex injured (n = 6) and recovered rats (n = 12). Motor effects were assessed by means of footprint analysis and sensorimotor evaluation. It was found that after cortical brain damage, the stride length decreases while the stride angle increases after 6 h post-surgery, while the sensorimotor evaluation showed an increase in the motor deficit. Recovery was observed after 24 h. NE content increased in the pons after 6 h and returned to normal levels in recovered rats, with no significant changes observed in the cerebellum. Based on the functional remote inhibition, it is possible that NE exerts an autoinhibitory effect in the pons after motor cortical ablation. On the other hand, the absence of an effect in the cerebellum suggests that cerebellar NE activity related to damage and/or recovery is limited to discrete areas of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigoberto Gonzalez-Pina
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Mexico City, Mexico.
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11
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Won SJ, Xie L, Kim SH, Tang H, Wang Y, Mao X, Banwait S, Jin K. Influence of age on the response to fibroblast growth factor-2 treatment in a rat model of stroke. Brain Res 2006; 1123:237-44. [PMID: 17064673 PMCID: PMC1820636 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) has been reported to protect against ischemic injury in the brains of young adult rodents. However, little is known about whether FGF-2 retains this capability in the aged ischemic brain. Since stroke in human is much more common in older people than among younger adults, to address this question is clinically important. In this study, aged (24-month-old) rats were treated with intracerebroventricular infusion of FGF-2 or vehicle for 3 days, beginning 48 h before (pre-ischemia), 24 h after (early post-ischemia), or 96 h after (late post-ischemia) 60 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion, and were killed 10 days after ischemia. Aged rats given FGF-2 pre-ischemia showed better symmetry of movement and forepaw outstretching, and reduced infarct volumes, compared to rats treated with vehicle, but no significant improvement was found in aged rats given FGF-2 after focal ischemia. In contrast, young adult (3-month-old) rats treated with FGF-2 for 3 days beginning 24 h post-ischemia showed significant neurobehavioral improvement and better histological outcome. In addition, we also found that newborn neurons in the rostral subventricular zone (SVZ) were increased in aged rats treated with FGF-2 prior to ischemia. However, unlike in young adult ischemic rats, only a few of newly generated cells migrated into the damaged region in aged brain after focal ischemia. These findings point to differences in the response of aged versus young adult rats to FGF-2 in cerebral ischemia, and suggest that such differences need to be considered in the development of neuroprotective agents for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Won
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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Sarti C, Pantoni L, Bartolini L, Inzitari D. Persistent impairment of gait performances and working memory after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the adult Wistar rat. Behav Brain Res 2002; 136:13-20. [PMID: 12385786 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical and pathophysiological effects of a chronic reduction of cerebral blood flow in humans are not completely known. We investigated whether rats subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (bCCA-o) developed focal neurological deficits, gait dysfunction, and working memory alterations. METHODS Eighteen male Wistar rats were subjected to bCCA-o, 13 were sham-operated. We assessed sensorimotor functions, gait on a 60 cm-long elevated bridge, and working memory (object recognition and Y maze tests) before and 30, 60, and 90 days after surgery. Histological analysis was performed in a subgroup of 10 rats. RESULTS No rat showed sensorimotor alterations after surgery. Although gait performances of both bCCA-o and sham-operated rats declined over time, the differences reached statistical significance only for the bCCA-o group (mean+/-SE: 26.8+/-5.0; 22.4+/-4.9; 24.5+/-5.5 cm at 30, 60, and 90 days, respectively) in comparison with baseline (52.9+/-5.2 cm; P<0.05). At 60 and 90 days, bCCA-o rats in comparison with sham-operated rats showed decreased performances on object recognition (discrimination index: 0.15+/-0.03 vs. 0.29+/-0.05 at 60 days and 0.10+/-0.04 vs. 0.41+/-0.07 at 90 days; P<0.05) and on Y maze test (alternating rats: 9.9 vs. 85.7% at 60 days and 16.6 vs. 100% at 90 days; P<0.01). In none of the animals were cerebral infarcts detected. Selective neuronal necrosis was observed in the cortex and hippocampus of both bCCA-o and sham-operated rats without any obvious difference. CONCLUSIONS bCCA-o in the Wistar rat induces persistent and progressive gait and working memory impairment without producing sensorimotor deficit or cerebral infarcts. This model may help to elucidate some physiopathological aspects of neurological impairment associated with states of cerebral chronic ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sarti
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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Kitagawa H, Mori A, Shimada J, Mitsumoto Y, Kikuchi T. Intracerebral adenosine infusion improves neurological outcome after transient focal ischemia in rats. Neurol Res 2002; 24:317-23. [PMID: 11958429 DOI: 10.1179/016164102101199819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Second Institute of New Drug Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan In order to elucidate the role of adenosine in brain ischemia, the possible protective effects of adenosine on ischemic brain injury were investigated in a rat model of brain ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. Exogenous adenosine dose-dependently rescued cortical neuronal cells from injury after glucose deprivation in vitro. Adenosine (1 mM) also significantly reduced hypoglycemia/hypoxia-induced glutamate release from the hippocampal slice. In a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), extracellular adenosine concentration was increased immediately after occlusion, and then returned to the baseline by 30 min after reperfusion. Adenosine infusion through a microdialysis probe into the ipsilateral striatum (1 mM adenosine, 2 microl min(-1), total 4.5 h from the occlusion to 3 h after reperfusion) showed a significant improvement in the neurological outcome, and about 25% reduction of infarct volume, although the effect did not reach statistical significance, compared with the vehicle-treated group at 20 h after 90 min of MCAO. These results demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of adenosine against ischemic brain injury both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the possible therapeutic application of adenosine regulating agents, which inhibit adenosine uptake or metabolism to enhance or maintain extracellular endogenous adenosine levels, for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kitagawa
- Second Institute of New Drug Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan.
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