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Fleischer M, Endres H, Sendtner M, Volkmann J. Development of a Fully Implantable Stimulator for Deep Brain Stimulation in Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:726. [PMID: 32792895 PMCID: PMC7385305 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep brain stimulation is an established method for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. To elicit the underlying mechanisms and explore new stimulation targets, rodent models are necessary. Cable bound external stimulation or portable devices limit movement of the animals and influence behavioral experiments. Therefore, implantable, individually programmed devices are required. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The stimulator consists of an 8bit-microcontroller mounted on a square electrical board (10 × 10 mm). External control is enabled by a magnetic reed contact, as running control serves a white LED, running modes are displayed by flash codes. Stimulation parameters could be programmed in the range of pulse width: 60-500 μs, amplitude: up to 300 μA and frequency: 10-500 Hz. Power is supplied by two standard batteries. The device was implanted in 8-10 weeks old BALBc-mice. Functionality was examined by electrical stimulation of nucleus accumbens area with standard parameters for mice and determination of c-fos levels in vitro in brain slices. RESULTS The implanted microstimulators were well-tolerated by the mice, without impairment of free movement. Coating, external control, and monitoring of function with LED flash code proved to be fully adequate. Stimulation with standard stimulating parameters of nucleus accumbens elicited strong c-fos elevation on simulation site. CONCLUSION We present a fully implantable stimulator for freely moving mice that meets the urgent need for further research on the effects of deep brain stimulation in rodent models. It offers the possibility to conduct behavioral experiments for up to 30 days of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fleischer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Heinz Endres
- University of Applied Science Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Turan N, Miller BA, Heider RA, Nadeem M, Sayeed I, Stein DG, Pradilla G. Neurobehavioral testing in subarachnoid hemorrhage: A review of methods and current findings in rodents. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3461-3474. [PMID: 27677672 PMCID: PMC5669338 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16665623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The most important aspect of a preclinical study seeking to develop a novel therapy for neurological diseases is whether the therapy produces any clinically relevant functional recovery. For this purpose, neurobehavioral tests are commonly used to evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of treatments in a wide array of cerebrovascular diseases and neurotrauma. Their use, however, has been limited in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage studies. After several randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trials repeatedly failed to produce a benefit in functional outcome despite some improvement in angiographic vasospasm, more rigorous methods of neurobehavioral testing became critical to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the functional efficacy of proposed treatments. While several subarachnoid hemorrhage studies have incorporated an array of neurobehavioral assays, a standardized methodology has not been agreed upon. Here, we review neurobehavioral tests for rodents and their potential application to subarachnoid hemorrhage studies. Developing a standardized neurobehavioral testing regimen in rodent studies of subarachnoid hemorrhage would allow for better comparison of results between laboratories and a better prediction of what interventions would produce functional benefits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefize Turan
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brandon A Miller
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert A Heider
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maheen Nadeem
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gustavo Pradilla
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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De Blasio D, Fumagalli S, Longhi L, Orsini F, Palmioli A, Stravalaci M, Vegliante G, Zanier ER, Bernardi A, Gobbi M, De Simoni MG. Pharmacological inhibition of mannose-binding lectin ameliorates neurobehavioral dysfunction following experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:938-950. [PMID: 27165013 PMCID: PMC5363468 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16647397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin is present in the contusion area of traumatic brain-injured patients and in that of traumatic brain-injured mice, where mannose-binding lectin-C exceeds mannose-binding lectin-A. The reduced susceptibility to traumatic brain injury of mannose-binding lectin double knock-out mice (mannose-binding lectin-/-) when compared to wild type mice suggests that mannose-binding lectin may be a therapeutic target following traumatic brain injury. Here, we evaluated the effects of a multivalent glycomimetic mannose-binding lectin ligand, Polyman9, following traumatic brain injury in mice. In vitro surface plasmon resonance assay indicated that Polyman9 dose-dependently inhibits the binding to immobilized mannose residues of plasma mannose-binding lectin-C selectively over that of mannose-binding lectin-A. Male C57Bl/6 mice underwent sham/controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury and intravenous treatment with Polyman9/saline. Ex-vivo surface plasmon resonance studies confirmed that Polyman9 effectively reduces the binding of plasma mannose-binding lectin-C to immobilized mannose residues. In vivo studies up to four weeks post injury, showed that Polyman9 induces significant improvement in sensorimotor deficits (by neuroscore and beam walk), promotes neurogenesis (73% increase in doublecortin immunoreactivity), and astrogliosis (28% increase in glial fibrillary acid protein). Polyman9 administration in brain-injured mannose-binding lectin-/- mice had no effect on post-traumatic brain-injured functional deficits, suggestive of the specificity of its neuroprotective effects. The neurobehavioral efficacy of Polyman9 implicates mannose-binding lectin-C as a novel therapeutic target for traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana De Blasio
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.,2 Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.,2 Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Longhi
- 3 Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Franca Orsini
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Stravalaci
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Bernardi
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- 1 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
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Taninishi H, Pearlstein M, Sheng H, Izutsu M, Chaparro RE, Goldstein LB, Warner DS. Video training and certification program improves reliability of postischemic neurologic deficit measurement in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2203-2210. [PMID: 26661238 PMCID: PMC5363665 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15616980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Scoring systems are used to measure behavioral deficits in stroke research. Video-assisted training is used to standardize stroke-related neurologic deficit scoring in humans. We hypothesized that a video-assisted training and certification program can improve inter-rater reliability in assessing neurologic function after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Three expert raters scored neurologic deficits in post-middle cerebral artery occlusion rats using three published systems having different complexity levels (3, 18, or 48 points). The system having the highest point estimate for the correlation between neurologic score and infarct size was selected to create a video-assisted training and certification program. Eight trainee raters completed the video-assisted training and certification program. Inter-rater agreement ( Κ: score) and agreement with expert consensus scores were measured before and after video-assisted training and certification program completion. The 48-point system correlated best with infarct size. Video-assisted training and certification improved agreement with expert consensus scores (pretraining = 65 ± 10, posttraining = 87 ± 14, 112 possible scores, P < 0.0001), median number of trainee raters with scores within ±2 points of the expert consensus score (pretraining = 4, posttraining = 6.5, P < 0.01), categories with Κ: > 0.4 (pretraining = 4, posttraining = 9), and number of categories with an improvement in the Κ: score from pretraining to posttraining (n = 6). Video-assisted training and certification improved trainee inter-rater reliability and agreement with expert consensus behavioral scores in rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Video-assisted training and certification may be useful in multilaboratory preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Taninishi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Molly Pearlstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Miwa Izutsu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Rafael E Chaparro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Larry B Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, Kentucky Neuroscience Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - David S Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
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Lee RH, Couto E Silva A, Lerner FM, Wilkins CS, Valido SE, Klein DD, Wu CY, Neumann JT, Della-Morte D, Koslow SH, Minagar A, Lin HW. Interruption of perivascular sympathetic nerves of cerebral arteries offers neuroprotection against ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H182-H188. [PMID: 27864234 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00482.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic nervous system activity is increased after cardiopulmonary arrest, resulting in vasoconstrictor release from the perivascular sympathetic nerves of cerebral arteries. However, the pathophysiological function of the perivascular sympathetic nerves in the ischemic brain remains unclear. A rat model of global cerebral ischemia (asphyxial cardiac arrest, ACA) was used to investigate perivascular sympathetic nerves of cerebral arteries via bilateral decentralization (preganglionic lesion) of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Decentralization of the SCG 5 days before ACA alleviated hypoperfusion and afforded hippocampal neuroprotection and improved functional outcomes. These studies can provide further insights into the functional mechanism(s) of the sympathetic nervous system during ischemia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Interruption of the perivascular sympathetic nerves can alleviate CA-induced hypoperfusion and neuronal cell death in the CA1 region of the hippocampus to enhance functional learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reggie H Lee
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Alexandre Couto E Silva
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Francesca M Lerner
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Carl S Wilkins
- Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Stephen E Valido
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Daniel D Klein
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Celeste Y Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Jake T Neumann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata; and.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen H Koslow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Hung Wen Lin
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; .,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
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Kabadi SV, Stoica BA, Zimmer DB, Afanador L, Duffy KB, Loane DJ, Faden AI. S100B inhibition reduces behavioral and pathologic changes in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:2010-20. [PMID: 26154869 PMCID: PMC4671122 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized to contribute to chronic tissue loss and neurologic dysfunction. Circulating levels of S100B increase after TBI and have been used as a biomarker. S100B is produced by activated astrocytes and can promote microglial activation; signaling by S100B through interaction with the multiligand advanced glycation end product-specific receptor (AGER) has been implicated in brain injury and microglial activation during chronic neurodegeneration. We examined the effects of S100B inhibition in a controlled cortical impact model, using S100B knockout mice or administration of neutralizing S100B antibody. Both interventions significantly reduced TBI-induced lesion volume, improved retention memory function, and attenuated microglial activation. The neutralizing antibody also significantly reduced sensorimotor deficits and improved neuronal survival in the cortex. However, S100B did not alter microglial activation in BV2 cells or primary microglial cultures stimulated by lipopolysaccharide or interferon gamma. Further, proximity ligation assays did not support direct interaction in the brain between S100B and AGER following TBI. Future studies are needed to elucidate specific pathways underlying S100B-mediated neuroinflammatory actions after TBI. Our results strongly implicate S100B in TBI-induced neuroinflammation, cell loss, and neurologic dysfunction, thereby indicating that it is a potential therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti V Kabadi
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Danna B Zimmer
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauriaselle Afanador
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara B Duffy
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Tarantini S, Hertelendy P, Tucsek Z, Valcarcel-Ares MN, Smith N, Menyhart A, Farkas E, Hodges EL, Towner R, Deak F, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Toth P. Pharmacologically-induced neurovascular uncoupling is associated with cognitive impairment in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1871-81. [PMID: 26174328 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that vascular risk factors, including aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, promote cognitive impairment; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is adjusted to neuronal activity via neurovascular coupling (NVC) and this mechanism is known to be impaired in the aforementioned pathophysiologic conditions. To establish a direct relationship between impaired NVC and cognitive decline, we induced neurovascular uncoupling pharmacologically in mice by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilator mediators involved in NVC. Treatment of mice with the epoxygenase inhibitor N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-(2-propynyloxy)-benzenehexanamide (MSPPOH), the NO synthase inhibitor l-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and the COX inhibitor indomethacin decreased NVC by over 60% mimicking the aging phenotype, which was associated with significantly impaired spatial working memory (Y-maze), recognition memory (Novel object recognition), and impairment in motor coordination (Rotarod). Blood pressure (tail cuff) and basal cerebral perfusion (arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI) were unaffected. Thus, selective experimental disruption of NVC is associated with significant impairment of cognitive and sensorimotor function, recapitulating neurologic symptoms and signs observed in brain aging and pathophysiologic conditions associated with accelerated cerebromicrovascular aging.
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Langdon KD, Granter-Button S, Harley CW, Moody-Corbett F, Peeling J, Corbett D. A cognitive rehabilitation paradigm effective in male rats lacks efficacy in female rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1673-80. [PMID: 25052554 PMCID: PMC4269728 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction, as a consequence of dementia, is a significant cause of morbidity lacking efficacious treatment. Females comprise at least half of this demographic but have been vastly underrepresented in preclinical studies. The current study addressed this gap by assessing the protective efficacy of physical exercise and cognitive activity on learning and memory outcomes in a rat model of vascular dementia. Forty ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (∼6 months old) were exposed to either a diet high in saturated fats and refined sugars or standard laboratory chow and underwent either chronic bilateral carotid occlusion or Sham surgery. Learning and memory abilities were evaluated using standard cognitive outcomes over the ensuing 6 months, followed by histologic analyses of hippocampal CA1 neurons. In Experiment 1, we confirmed hypoperfusion-induced cognitive dysfunction using a 2 × 2 (Surgery × Diet) experimental design, without alterations in hippocampal architecture. In Experiment 2, hypoperfused animals were either exposed to alternating days of physical (wheel running) and cognitive activity (modified Hebb-Williams maze) or sedentary housing. In contrast to males, this combination rehabilitation paradigm did not improve cognition or histopathologic outcomes in hypoperfused animals. These findings, highlighting differences between female and male animals, show the necessity of including both sexes in preclinical experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher D Langdon
- 1] Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada [2] Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shirley Granter-Button
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Carolyn W Harley
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Frances Moody-Corbett
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - James Peeling
- 1] Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada [2] Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dale Corbett
- 1] Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada [2] Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [3] Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [4] Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Milner E, Holtzman JC, Friess S, Hartman RE, Brody DL, Han BH, Zipfel GJ. Endovascular perforation subarachnoid hemorrhage fails to cause Morris water maze deficits in the mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:jcbfm2014108. [PMID: 24938403 PMCID: PMC4158664 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is the primary driver of poor long-term outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) survivors; modeling such deficits preclinically is thus key for mechanistic and translational investigation. Although rat SAH causes long-term deficits in learning and memory, it remains unknown whether similar deficits are seen in the mouse, a species particularly amenable to powerful, targeted genetic manipulation. We thus subjected mice to endovascular perforation SAH and assessed long-term cognitive outcome via the Morris water maze (MWM), the most commonly used metric for rodent neurocognition. No significant differences in MWM performance (by either of two protocols) were seen in SAH versus sham mice. Moreover, SAH caused negligible hippocampal CA1 injury. These results undercut the potential of commonly used methods (of SAH induction and assessment of long-term neurocognitive outcome) for use in targeted molecular studies of SAH-induced cognitive deficits in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Milner
- 1] Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA [2] Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacob C Holtzman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stuart Friess
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard E Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - David L Brody
- 1] Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA [2] Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Byung H Han
- 1] Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA [2] Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- 1] Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA [2] Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA [3] Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Pu H, Guo Y, Zhang W, Huang L, Wang G, Liou AK, Zhang J, Zhang P, Leak RK, Wang Y, Chen J, Gao Y. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation improves neurologic recovery and attenuates white matter injury after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1474-84. [PMID: 23801244 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids is a safe, economical mean of preventive medicine that has shown protection against several neurologic disorders. The present study tested the hypothesis that this method is protective against controlled cortical impact (CCI). Indeed, mice fed with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diet for 2 months exhibited attenuated short and long-term behavioral deficits due to CCI. Although ω-3 PUFAs did not decrease cortical lesion volume, these fatty acids did protect against hippocampal neuronal loss after CCI and reduced pro-inflammatory response. Interestingly, ω-3 PUFAs prevented the loss of myelin basic protein (MPB), preserved the integrity of the myelin sheath, and maintained the nerve fiber conductivity in the CCI model. ω-3 PUFAs also directly protected oligodendrocyte cultures from excitotoxicity and blunted the microglial activation-induced death of oligodendrocytes in microglia/oligodendrocyte cocultures. In sum, ω-3 PUFAs elicit multifaceted protection against behavioral dysfunction, hippocampal neuronal loss, inflammation, and loss of myelination and impulse conductivity. The present report is the first demonstration that ω-3 PUFAs protect against white matter injury in vivo and in vitro. The protective impact of ω-3 PUFAs supports the clinical use of this dietary supplement as a prophylaxis against traumatic brain injury and other nervous system disorders.
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Tsai YW, Yang YR, Sun SH, Liang KC, Wang RY. Post ischemia intermittent hypoxia induces hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic alterations and alleviates long-term memory impairment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:764-73. [PMID: 23443175 PMCID: PMC3652689 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for learning and memory, especially after a brain injury such as ischemia. Newborn hippocampal neurons contribute to memory performance by establishing functional synapses with target cells. This study demonstrated that the maturation of hippocampal neurons is enhanced by postischemia intermittent hypoxia (IH) intervention. The effects of IH intervention in cultured neurons were mediated by increased synaptogenesis, which was primarily regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/PI3K/AKT. Hippocampal neo-neurons expressed BDNF and exhibited enhanced presynaptic function as indicated by increases in the pSynapsin expression, synaptophysin intensity, and postsynapse density following IH intervention after ischemia. Postischemia IH-induced hippocampal neo-neurons were affected by presynaptic activity, which reflected the dynamic plasticity of the glutamatergic receptors. These alterations were also associated with the alleviation of ischemia-induced long-term memory impairment. Our results suggest that postischemia IH intervention rescued ischemia-induced spatial learning and memory impairment by inducing hippocampal neurogenesis and functional synaptogenesis via BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Tsai
- Department and Institute of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bingham D, Martin SJ, Macrae IM, Carswell HVO. Watermaze performance after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: the role of sensorimotor versus memory impairments. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:989-99. [PMID: 22373646 PMCID: PMC3367220 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In rodent stroke models, investigation of deficits in spatial memory using the Morris watermaze may be confounded by coexisting sensory or motor impairments. To target memory specifically, we devised a watermaze protocol to minimize the impact of sensory and motor impairments in female Lister-hooded rats exposed to proximal electrocoagulation of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Rats were trained in a reference-memory task comprising 4 trials/day; trial 1 being a probe trial (platform absent for the first 60 seconds). Training ended once animals reached a strict criterion based on the probe-trial performance. Memory retention was tested 1, 7, and 28 days later. The MCAO did not affect the number of days to reach criterion during acquisition or the time spent in target quadrant during retention testing, compared with sham or unoperated rats. However, MCAO rats showed slightly poorer accuracy in crossing the platform location and increased thigmotactic swimming compared with controls. Our results show that spatial memory deficits are minimal in this rodent stroke model, and suggest that previously published watermaze impairments are attributable to sensory and motor deficits but not memory deficits. We recommend using probe trials and training to a predetermined performance criterion in future studies assessing watermaze memory deficits in rodent stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Bingham
- Department of Neurosurgery, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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