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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Stommel EW, Torres-Jardón R, Hernández-Luna J, Aiello-Mora M, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Pérez-Guillé B, Silva-Pereyra HG, Tehuacanero-Cuapa S, Rodríguez-Gómez A, Lachmann I, Galaz-Montoya C, Doty RL, Roy A, Mukherjee PS. Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis overlapping neuropathology start in the first two decades of life in pollution exposed urbanites and brain ultrafine particulate matter and industrial nanoparticles, including Fe, Ti, Al, V, Ni, Hg, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pt, Ce, La, Pr and W are key players. Metropolitan Mexico City health crisis is in progress. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1297467. [PMID: 38283093 PMCID: PMC10811680 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1297467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are present in urban children exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), combustion and friction ultrafine PM (UFPM), and industrial nanoparticles (NPs). Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) forensic autopsies strongly suggest that anthropogenic UFPM and industrial NPs reach the brain through the nasal/olfactory, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and placental barriers. Diesel-heavy unregulated vehicles are a key UFPM source for 21.8 million MMC residents. We found that hyperphosphorylated tau, beta amyloid1-42, α-synuclein, and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 were associated with NPs in 186 forensic autopsies (mean age 27.45 ± 11.89 years). The neurovascular unit is an early NPs anatomical target, and the first two decades of life are critical: 100% of 57 children aged 14.8 ± 5.2 years had AD pathology; 25 (43.9%) AD+TDP-43; 11 (19.3%) AD + PD + TDP-43; and 2 (3.56%) AD +PD. Fe, Ti, Hg, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Al, Mg, Ag, Ce, La, Pr, W, Ca, Cl, K, Si, S, Na, and C NPs are seen in frontal and temporal lobes, olfactory bulb, caudate, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, medulla, cerebellum, and/or motor cortical and spinal regions. Endothelial, neuronal, and glial damages are extensive, with NPs in mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Autophagy, cell and nuclear membrane damage, disruption of nuclear pores and heterochromatin, and cell death are present. Metals associated with abrasion and deterioration of automobile catalysts and electronic waste and rare earth elements, i.e., lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium, are entering young brains. Exposure to environmental UFPM and industrial NPs in the first two decades of life are prime candidates for initiating the early stages of fatal neurodegenerative diseases. MMC children and young adults-surrogates for children in polluted areas around the world-exhibit early AD, PD, FTLD, and ALS neuropathological hallmarks forecasting serious health, social, economic, academic, and judicial societal detrimental impact. Neurodegeneration prevention should be a public health priority as the problem of human exposure to particle pollution is solvable. We are knowledgeable of the main emission sources and the technological options to control them. What are we waiting for?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elijah W. Stommel
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Mario Aiello-Mora
- Otorrinolaryngology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard L. Doty
- Perelman School of Medicine, Smell and Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anik Roy
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Partha S. Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Greenough GP, Kulesza R, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, García-Alonso G, Chávez-Franco DA, García-Rojas E, Brito-Aguilar R, Silva-Pereyra HG, Ayala A, Stommel EW, Mukherjee PS. Sleep matters: Neurodegeneration spectrum heterogeneity, combustion and friction ultrafine particles, industrial nanoparticle pollution, and sleep disorders-Denial is not an option. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1117695. [PMID: 36923490 PMCID: PMC10010440 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1117695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained exposures to ubiquitous outdoor/indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5), including combustion and friction ultrafine PM (UFPM) and industrial nanoparticles (NPs) starting in utero, are linked to early pediatric and young adulthood aberrant neural protein accumulation, including hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), beta-amyloid (Aβ1 - 42), α-synuclein (α syn) and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), hallmarks of Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). UFPM from anthropogenic and natural sources and NPs enter the brain through the nasal/olfactory pathway, lung, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, skin, and placental barriers. On a global scale, the most important sources of outdoor UFPM are motor traffic emissions. This study focuses on the neuropathology heterogeneity and overlap of AD, PD, FTLD, and ALS in older adults, their similarities with the neuropathology of young, highly exposed urbanites, and their strong link with sleep disorders. Critical information includes how this UFPM and NPs cross all biological barriers, interact with brain soluble proteins and key organelles, and result in the oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial stress, neuroinflammation, DNA damage, protein aggregation and misfolding, and faulty complex protein quality control. The brain toxicity of UFPM and NPs makes them powerful candidates for early development and progression of fatal common neurodegenerative diseases, all having sleep disturbances. A detailed residential history, proximity to high-traffic roads, occupational histories, exposures to high-emission sources (i.e., factories, burning pits, forest fires, and airports), indoor PM sources (tobacco, wood burning in winter, cooking fumes, and microplastics in house dust), and consumption of industrial NPs, along with neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric histories, are critical. Environmental pollution is a ubiquitous, early, and cumulative risk factor for neurodegeneration and sleep disorders. Prevention of deadly neurological diseases associated with air pollution should be a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- College of Health, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.,Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Glen P Greenough
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Department of Anatomy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Héctor G Silva-Pereyra
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Alberto Ayala
- Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Elijah W Stommel
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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3
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Stommel EW, Lachmann I, Waniek K, Chao CK, González-Maciel A, García-Rojas E, Torres-Jardón R, Delgado-Chávez R, Mukherjee PS. TDP-43 CSF Concentrations Increase Exponentially with Age in Metropolitan Mexico City Young Urbanites Highly Exposed to PM 2.5 and Ultrafine Particles and Historically Showing Alzheimer and Parkinson's Hallmarks. Brain TDP-43 Pathology in MMC Residents Is Associated with High Cisternal CSF TDP-43 Concentrations. Toxics 2022; 10:559. [PMID: 36287840 PMCID: PMC9611594 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ultrafine particle matter (UFPM) are associated with overlapping Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) hallmark protein pathologies in young Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) urbanites. We measured CSF concentrations of TDP-43 in 194 urban residents, including 92 MMC children aged 10.2 ± 4.7 y exposed to PM2.5 levels above the USEPA annual standard and to high UFPM and 26 low pollution controls (11.5 ± 4.4 y); 43 MMC adults (42.3 ± 15.9 y) and 14 low pollution adult controls (33.1 ± 12.0 y); and 19 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients (52.4 ± 14.1 y). TDP-43 neuropathology and cisternal CSF data from 20 subjects—15 MMC (41.1 ± 18.9 y) and 5 low pollution controls (46 ± 16.01 y)—were included. CSF TDP-43 exponentially increased with age (p < 0.0001) and it was higher for MMC residents. TDP-43 cisternal CSF levels of 572 ± 208 pg/mL in 6/15 MMC autopsy cases forecasted TDP-43 in the olfactory bulb, medulla and pons, reticular formation and motor nuclei neurons. A 16 y old with TDP-43 cisternal levels of 1030 pg/mL exhibited TDP-43 pathology and all 15 MMC autopsy cases exhibited AD and PD hallmarks. Overlapping TDP-43, AD and PD pathologies start in childhood in urbanites with high exposures to PM2.5 and UFPM. Early, sustained exposures to PM air pollution represent a high risk for developing brains and MMC UFPM emissions sources ought to be clearly identified, regulated, monitored and controlled. Prevention of deadly neurologic diseases associated with air pollution ought to be a public health priority and preventive medicine is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- College of Health, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Elijah W. Stommel
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | | | | - Chih-Kai Chao
- College of Health, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | | | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Partha S. Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Rodríguez-López JL, Silva-Pereyra HG, Labrada-Delgado GJ, Pérez-Guillé B, Soriano-Rosales RE, Jiménez-Bravo Luna MA, Brito-Aguilar R, Mukherjee PS, Gayosso-Chávez C, Delgado-Chávez R. Environmental Fe, Ti, Al, Cu, Hg, Bi, and Si Nanoparticles in the Atrioventricular Conduction Axis and the Associated Ultrastructural Damage in Young Urbanites: Cardiac Arrhythmias Caused by Anthropogenic, Industrial, E-Waste, and Indoor Nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:8203-8214. [PMID: 34081443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a risk factor for arrhythmia. The atrioventricular (AV) conduction axis is key for the passage of electrical signals to ventricles. We investigated whether environmental nanoparticles (NPs) reach the AV axis and whether they are associated with ultrastructural cell damage. Here, we demonstrate the detection of the shape, size, and composition of NPs by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in 10 subjects from Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) with a mean age of 25.3 ± 5.9 and a 71-year-old subject without cardiac pathology. We found that in every case, Fe, Ti, Al, Hg, Cu, Bi, and/or Si spherical or acicular NPs with a mean size of 36 ± 17 nm were present in the AV axis in situ, freely and as conglomerates, within the mitochondria, sarcomeres, lysosomes, lipofuscin, and/or intercalated disks and gap junctions of Purkinje and transitional cells, telocytes, macrophages, endothelium, and adjacent atrial and ventricular fibers. Erythrocytes were found to transfer NPs to the endothelium. Purkinje fibers with increased lysosomal activity and totally disordered myofilaments and fragmented Z-disks exhibited NP conglomerates in association with gap junctions and intercalated disks. AV conduction axis pathology caused by environmental NPs is a plausible and modifiable risk factor for understanding common arrhythmias and reentrant tachycardia. Anthropogenic, industrial, e-waste, and indoor NPs reach pacemaker regions, thereby increasing potential mechanisms that disrupt the electrical impulse pathways of the heart. The cardiotoxic, oxidative, and abnormal electric performance effects of NPs in pacemaker locations warrant extensive research. Cardiac arrhythmias associated with nanoparticle effects could be preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, 287 Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Universidad del Valle de México, Ciudad de México 14370, México
| | | | | | | | - Hector G Silva-Pereyra
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí 78216, México
| | - Gladis J Labrada-Delgado
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí 78216, México
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5
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Hammond J, Kulesza R, Lachmann I, Torres-Jardón R, Mukherjee PS, Maher BA. Quadruple abnormal protein aggregates in brainstem pathology and exogenous metal-rich magnetic nanoparticles (and engineered Ti-rich nanorods). The substantia nigrae is a very early target in young urbanites and the gastrointestinal tract a key brainstem portal. Environ Res 2020; 191:110139. [PMID: 32888951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) exposures are linked with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD,PD). AD and PD neuropathological hallmarks are documented in children and young adults exposed lifelong to Metropolitan Mexico City air pollution; together with high frontal metal concentrations (especially iron)-rich nanoparticles (NP), matching air pollution combustion- and friction-derived particles. Here, we identify aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau, ɑ synuclein and TDP-43 in the brainstem of 186 Mexico City 27.29 ± 11.8y old residents. Critically, substantia nigrae (SN) pathology seen in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and neuromelanin (NM) is co-associated with the abundant presence of exogenous, Fe-, Al- and Ti-rich NPs.The SN exhibits early and progressive neurovascular unit damage and mitochondria and NM are associated with metal-rich NPs including exogenous engineered Ti-rich nanorods, also identified in neuroenteric neurons. Such reactive, cytotoxic and magnetic NPs may act as catalysts for reactive oxygen species formation, altered cell signaling, and protein misfolding, aggregation and fibril formation. Hence, pervasive, airborne and environmental, metal-rich and magnetic nanoparticles may be a common denominator for quadruple misfolded protein neurodegenerative pathologies affecting urbanites from earliest childhood. The substantia nigrae is a very early target and the gastrointestinal tract (and the neuroenteric system) key brainstem portals. The ultimate neural damage and neuropathology (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and TDP-43 pathology included) could depend on NP characteristics and the differential access and targets achieved via their portals of entry. Thus where you live, what air pollutants you are exposed to, what you are inhaling and swallowing from the air you breathe,what you eat, how you travel, and your occupational longlife history are key. Control of NP sources becomes critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Hammond
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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6
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Torres-Jardón R, Franco-Lira M, Kulesza R, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Brito-Aguilar R, García-Arreola B, Revueltas-Ficachi P, Barrera-Velázquez JA, García-Alonso G, García-Rojas E, Mukherjee PS, Delgado-Chávez R. Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:479-503. [PMID: 32955466 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD, PD) have a pediatric and young adult onset in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). The SARS-CoV-2 neurotropic RNA virus is triggering neurological complications and deep concern regarding acceleration of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes already in progress. This review, based on our MMC experience, will discuss two major issues: 1) why residents chronically exposed to air pollution are likely to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 systemic and brain effects and 2) why young people with AD and PD already in progress will accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Secondary mental consequences of social distancing and isolation, fear, financial insecurity, violence, poor health support, and lack of understanding of the complex crisis are expected in MMC residents infected or free of SARS-CoV-2. MMC residents with pre-SARS-CoV-2 accumulation of misfolded proteins diagnostic of AD and PD and metal-rich, magnetic nanoparticles damaging key neural organelles are an ideal host for neurotropic SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus invading the body through the same portals damaged by nanoparticles: nasal olfactory epithelium, the gastrointestinal tract, and the alveolar-capillary portal. We urgently need MMC multicenter retrospective-prospective neurological and psychiatric population follow-up and intervention strategies in place in case of acceleration of neurodegenerative processes, increased risk of suicide, and mental disease worsening. Identification of vulnerable populations and continuous effort to lower air pollution ought to be critical steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maricela Franco-Lira
- Colegio de Bachilleres Militarizado, "General Mariano Escobedo", Monterrey, N.L., México
| | - Randy Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Partha S Mukherjee
- Interdisciplinary Statistical Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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7
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Maher BA, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Torres-Jardón R, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Iron-rich air pollution nanoparticles: An unrecognised environmental risk factor for myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac oxidative stress. Environ Res 2020; 188:109816. [PMID: 32593898 PMCID: PMC7306213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate air pollution is a major environmental risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, on a global scale. Both acute and chronic cardiovascular impacts have so far been attributed to particulate-mediated oxidative stress in the lung and/or via 'secondary' pathways, including endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. However, increasing evidence indicates the translocation of inhaled nanoparticles to major organs via the circulation. It is essential to identify the composition and intracellular targets of such particles, since these are likely to determine their toxicity and consequent health impacts. Of potential major concern is the abundant presence of iron-rich air pollution nanoparticles, emitted from a range of industry and traffic-related sources. Bioreactive iron can catalyse formation of damaging reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress and cell damage or death. Here, we identify for the first time, in situ, that exogenous nanoparticles (~15-40 nm diameter) within myocardial mitochondria of young, highly-exposed subjects are dominantly iron-rich, and co-associated with other reactive metals including aluminium and titanium. These rounded, electrodense nanoparticles (up to ~ 10 x more abundant than in lower-pollution controls) are located within abnormal myocardial mitochondria (e.g. deformed cristae; ruptured membranes). Measurements of an oxidative stress marker, PrPC and an endoplasmic reticulum stress marker, GRP78, identify significant ventricular up-regulation in the highly-exposed vs lower-pollution controls. In shape/size/composition, the within-mitochondrial particles are indistinguishable from the iron-rich, combustion- and friction-derived nanoparticles prolific in roadside/urban environments, emitted from traffic/industrial sources. Incursion of myocardial mitochondria by inhaled iron-rich air pollution nanoparticles thus appears associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, and excess formation of reactive oxygen species through the iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction. Ventricular oxidative stress, as indicated by PrPC and GRP78 up-regulation, is evident even in children/young adults with minimal risk factors and no co-morbidities. These new findings indicate that myocardial iron overload resulting from inhalation of airborne, metal-rich nanoparticles is a plausible and modifiable environmental risk factor for cardiac oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease, on an international scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | | | | | - R Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de La Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,04310, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - L Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Universidad Del Valle de México, 14370, Mexico
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8
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Mukherjee PS, Kulesza RJ, Torres-Jardón R, Hernández-Luna J, Ávila-Cervantes R, Macías-Escobedo E, González-González O, González-Maciel A, García-Hernández K, Hernández-Castillo A, Villarreal-Ríos R. Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Involving Multiple Cognitive Domains in Mexican Urbanites. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:1113-1123. [PMID: 30909241 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposures to fine particulate matter PM2.5 and ozone O3 are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Mexico City residents have lifetime exposures to PM2.5 and O3 above annual USEPA standards and their brains contain high redox, combustion, and friction-derived magnetite nanoparticles. AD pathological changes with subcortical pre-tangle stages in infancy and cortical tau pre-tangles, NFT Stages I-II, and amyloid phases 1-2 are identified by the 2nd decade. Given their AD continuum, a reliable identification of cognitive impairment is of utmost importance. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was administered to 517 urbanites, age 21.60±5.88 years, with 13.69±1.28 formal education years, in Mexican PM2.5 polluted cities. MoCA score was 23.92±2.82, and 24.7% and 30.3% scored ≤24 and ≤22, respectively (MCI≤24, AD≤22). Cognitive deficits progressively targeted Visuospatial, Executive, Language, and Memory domains, body mass index (BMI) impacting total scores negatively (p = 0.0008), aging driving down Executive, Visuospatial, and Language index scores (p < 0.0001, 0.0037, and 0.0045), and males performing better in Executive tasks. Average age for AD MoCA scores was 22.38±7.7 years. Residency in polluted cities is associated with progression of multi-domain cognitive impairment affecting 55% of Mexican seemingly healthy youth. Normal BMI ought to be a neuroprotection goal. MoCA provides guidance for further mandatory neuropsychological testing in young populations. Identifying and lowering key neurotoxicants impacting neural risk trajectories in the developing brain and monitoring cognitive performance would greatly facilitate multidisciplinary early diagnosis and prevention of AD in high risk young populations. Cognitive deficits hinder development of those representing the force moving the country in future years.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Herrera-Soto A, Jury N, Maher BA, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Ruiz-Rudolph P, van Zundert B, Varela-Nallar L. Reduced repressive epigenetic marks, increased DNA damage and Alzheimer's disease hallmarks in the brain of humans and mice exposed to particulate urban air pollution. Environ Res 2020; 183:109226. [PMID: 32045727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollutants is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD pathological hallmarks and cognitive deficits are documented in children and young adults in polluted cities (e.g. Metropolitan Mexico City, MMC). Iron-rich combustion- and friction-derived nanoparticles (CFDNPs) that are abundantly present in airborne particulate matter pollution have been detected in abundance in the brains of young urbanites. Epigenetic gene regulation has emerged as a candidate mechanism linking exposure to air pollution and brain diseases. A global decrease of the repressive histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs) H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 (H3K9me2/me3) has been described both in AD patients and animal models. Here, we evaluated nuclear levels of H3K9me2/me3 and the DNA double-strand-break marker γ-H2AX by immunostaining in post-mortem prefrontal white matter samples from 23 young adults (age 29 ± 6 years) who resided in MMC (n = 13) versus low-pollution areas (n = 10). Lower H3K9me2/me3 and higher γ-H2A.X staining were present in MMC urbanites, who also displayed the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. Transmission electron microscopy revealed abundant CFDNPs in neuronal, glial and endothelial nuclei in MMC residents' frontal samples. In addition, mice exposed to particulate air pollution (for 7 months) in urban Santiago (Chile) displayed similar brain impacts; reduced H3K9me2/me3 and increased γ-H2A.X staining, together with increased levels of AD-related tau phosphorylation. Together, these findings suggest that particulate air pollution, including metal-rich CFDNPs, impairs brain chromatin silencing and reduces DNA integrity, increasing the risk of developing AD in young individuals exposed to high levels of particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Herrera-Soto
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nur Jury
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8330036, Santiago, Chile
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pablo Ruiz-Rudolph
- Programa de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Poblacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 939, 8380453, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8330036, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Lorena Varela-Nallar
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile.
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10
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Alcántar-Fernández J, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Pérez Andrade ME, Hernández-Vázquez ADJ, Velázquez-Arellano A, Miranda-Ríos J. High-glucose diets induce mitochondrial dysfunction in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226652. [PMID: 31846489 PMCID: PMC6917275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is an important nutrient that dictates the development, fertility and lifespan of all organisms. In humans, a deficit in its homeostatic control might lead to hyperglucemia and the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes, which show a decreased ability to respond to and metabolize glucose. Previously, we have reported that high-glucose diets (HGD) induce alterations in triglyceride content, body size, progeny, and the mRNA accumulation of key regulators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans (PLoS ONE 13(7): e0199888). Herein, we show that increasing amounts of glucose in the diet induce the swelling of both mitochondria in germ and muscle cells. Additionally, HGD alter the enzymatic activities of the different respiratory complexes in an intricate pattern. Finally, we observed a downregulation of ceramide synthases (hyl-1 and hyl-2) and antioxidant genes (gcs-1 and gst-4), while mitophagy genes (pink-1 and dct-1) were upregulated, probably as part of a mitohormetic mechanism in response to glucose toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Alcántar-Fernández
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Depto. de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Angélica González-Maciel
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular y Tisular, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular y Tisular, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha Elva Pérez Andrade
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Depto. de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alain de J. Hernández-Vázquez
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Depto. de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Antonio Velázquez-Arellano
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Depto. de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Miranda-Ríos
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Depto. de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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11
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González-Hernández I, Palomares-Alonso F, Becerril-Vega J, Melchor-Doncel de la Torre S, Hernández-Luis F, Rodriguez-Morales S, Aguayo-Ortiz R, Dominguez L, Rodríguez-Balderas CA, González-Maciel A, Rojas-Tomé IS, Castro N, Jung-Cook H. Evaluation of New Benzimidazole Derivatives as Cysticidal Agents: In Vitro, in Vivo and Docking Studies. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1293-1300. [PMID: 31787656 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous research on cysticidal drugs, we report the synthesis and evaluation of three new benzimidazole derivatives. In these compounds, the amido group was used as a bioisosteric replacement of the ester group. The molecular docking on β-tubulin revealed that the derivatives interacted through hydrogen bonding with N165, E198 and V236. All compounds showed in vitro activity against Taenia crassiceps cysts. Among them, benzimidazole 3 was found to be the most potent of the series (EC50 0.86 µM). This compound also exhibited the highest probability of binding and the lowest binding free energy score and was therefore selected for in vivo evaluation. Results indicated that the efficacy of compound 3 was comparable to that of the reference drug, albendazole (50.39 vs. 47.16% parasite reduction). Animals treated with compound 3 seemed to tolerate this benzimidazole well, with no changes in behavior, or food and water consumption. These findings are consistent with the in silico prediction results, which indicated low toxicity risks. The pharmacokinetic study showed that the half-life and mean residence time (6.06 and 11.9 h, respectively) were long after oral administration. Together, these results indicate that this new benzimidazole derivative represents a promising structure with cysticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Becerril-Vega
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | | | | | - Sergio Rodriguez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales Marinos, Unidad de Química-Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | | | | | | | - Nelly Castro
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía
| | - Helgi Jung-Cook
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía.,Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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12
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González-Maciel A, Romero-Velázquez RM, Alfaro-Rodríguez A, Sanchez Aparicio P, Reynoso-Robles R. Prenatal exposure to oxcarbazepine increases hippocampal apoptosis in rat offspring. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 103:101729. [PMID: 31794794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed apoptosis in the offspring of rats exposed to oxcarbazepine (OXC) from day 7 to 15 of gestation. Three groups of pregnant Wistar rats were used: 1) Control, treated with saline solution; 2) treated with 100 mg/kg OXC; 3) treated with 100 mg/kg of carbamazepine (CBZ, as a positive control for apoptosis); the route of administration was intragastric. Apoptosis was detected at three postnatal ages using the TUNEL technique in the CA1, and CA3 regions of the hippocampus and in the dentate gyrus (DG); neurogenesis was assessed in the DG using an antibody against doublecortin. The litter characteristics were recorded. OXC increased apoptosis in all regions (p < 0.01) at the three ages evaluated. Lamination disruption occurred in CA1 and CA3 due to the neuron absence and to ectopic neurons; there were also malformations in the dorsal lamina of the DG in 38% and 25% of the pups born from rats treated with OXC and CBZ respectively. CBZ also increased apoptosis. No clear effect on neurogenesis in the DG was observed. The size of the litter was smaller (p < 0.01) in the experimental groups. Nineteen-day OXC fetuses had low weight (p < 0.01), but 21 and 30 postnatal days old CBZ and OXC pups were overweight (p < 0.01). The results demonstrate that OXC administered during gestation is pro-apoptotic, alters the cytoarchitecture of the hippocampus, reduces litter size, and probably influences postnatal weight. We provide evidence of the proapoptotic effect of CBZ when administered early in gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Maciel
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico City, C. P. 04530, Mexico.
| | - R M Romero-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico City, C. P. 04530, Mexico.
| | - A Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaría de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Mexico City, C.P. 14389, Mexico.
| | - P Sanchez Aparicio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico
| | - R Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico City, C. P. 04530, Mexico.
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13
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Reynoso-Robles R, González-Maciel A. Combustion and friction-derived nanoparticles and industrial-sourced nanoparticles: The culprit of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. Environ Res 2019; 176:108574. [PMID: 31299618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active, strongly magnetic, combustion and friction-derived nanoparticles (CFDNPs) are abundant in particulate matter air pollution. Urban children and young adults with Alzheimer disease Continuum have higher numbers of brain CFDNPs versus clean air controls. CFDNPs surface charge, dynamic magnetic susceptibility, iron content and redox activity contribute to ROS generation, neurovascular unit (NVU), mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) damage, and are catalysts for protein misfolding, aggregation and fibrillation. CFDNPs respond to external magnetic fields and are involved in cell damage by agglomeration/clustering, magnetic rotation and/or hyperthermia. This review focus in the interaction of CFDNPs, nanomedicine and industrial NPs with biological systems and the impact of portals of entry, particle sizes, surface charge, biomolecular corona, biodistribution, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular toxicity, anterograde and retrograde axonal transport, brain dysfunction and pathology. NPs toxicity information come from researchers synthetizing particles and improving their performance for drug delivery, drug targeting, magnetic resonance imaging and heat mediators for cancer therapy. Critical information includes how these NPs overcome all barriers, the NPs protein corona changes as they cross the NVU and the complexity of NPs interaction with soluble proteins and key organelles. Oxidative, ER and mitochondrial stress, and a faulty complex protein quality control are at the core of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases and NPs mechanisms of action and toxicity are strong candidates for early development and progression of both fatal diseases. Nanoparticle exposure regardless of sources carries a high risk for the developing brain homeostasis and ought to be included in the AD and PD research framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Universidad Del Valle de México, 04850, Mexico City, Mexico.
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14
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Mukherjee PS, Reynoso-Robles R, Pérez-Guillé B, Gayosso-Chávez C, Torres-Jardón R, Cross JV, Ahmed IAM, Karloukovski VV, Maher BA. Combustion- and friction-derived magnetic air pollution nanoparticles in human hearts. Environ Res 2019; 176:108567. [PMID: 31344533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Iron-rich, strongly magnetic, combustion- and friction-derived nanoparticles (CFDNPs) are abundant in particulate air pollution. Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) young residents have abundant brain CFDNPs associated with AD pathology. We aimed to identify if magnetic CFDNPs are present in urbanites' hearts and associated with cell damage. We used magnetic analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to identify heart CFDNPs and measured oxidative stress (cellular prion protein, PrPC), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (glucose regulated protein, GRP78) in 72 subjects age 23.8 ± 9.4y: 63 MMC residents, with Alzheimer Continuum vs 9 controls. Magnetite/maghemite nanoparticles displaying the typical rounded crystal morphologies and fused surface textures of CFDNPs were more abundant in MMC residents' hearts. NPs, ∼2-10 × more abundant in exposed vs controls, were present inside mitochondria in ventricular cardiomyocytes, in ER, at mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCs), intercalated disks, endothelial and mast cells. Erythrocytes were identified transferring 'hitchhiking' NPs to activated endothelium. Magnetic CFDNP concentrations and particle numbers ranged from 0.2 to 1.7 μg/g and ∼2 to 22 × 109/g, respectively. Co-occurring with cardiomyocyte NPs were abnormal mitochondria and MERCs, dilated ER, and lipofuscin. MMC residents had strong left ventricular PrPC and bi-ventricular GRP78 up-regulation. The health impact of up to ∼22 billion magnetic NPs/g of ventricular tissue are likely reflecting the combination of surface charge, ferrimagnetism, and redox activity, and includes their potential for disruption of the heart's electrical impulse pathways, hyperthermia and alignment and/or rotation in response to magnetic fields. Exposure to solid NPs appears to be directly associated with early and significant cardiac damage. Identification of strongly magnetic CFDNPs in the hearts of children and young adults provides an important novel layer of information for understanding CVD pathogenesis emphasizing the urgent need for prioritization of particulate air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Janet V Cross
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Imad A M Ahmed
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3AN, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vassil V Karloukovski
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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15
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Kulesza RJ, González-González LO, Reynoso-Robles R, Mukherjee PS, Torres-Jardón R. Air Pollution, Combustion and Friction Derived Nanoparticles, and Alzheimer’s Disease in Urban Children and Young Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 70:343-360. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Randy J. Kulesza
- Department of Anatomy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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López-Velázquez G, Fernández-Lainez C, de la Mora-de la Mora JI, Caudillo de la Portilla D, Reynoso-Robles R, González-Maciel A, Ridaura C, García-Torres I, Gutiérrez-Castrellón P, Olivos-García A, Flores-López LA, Enríquez-Flores S. On the molecular and cellular effects of omeprazole to further support its effectiveness as an antigiardial drug. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8922. [PMID: 31222100 PMCID: PMC6586891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on Giardia lamblia has accumulated large information about its molecular cell biology and infection biology. However, giardiasis is still one of the commonest parasitic diarrheal diseases affecting humans. Additionally, an alarming increase in cases refractory to conventional treatment has been reported in low prevalence settings. Consequently, efforts directed toward supporting the efficient use of alternative drugs, and the study of their molecular targets appears promising. Repurposing of proton pump inhibitors is effective in vitro against the parasite and the toxic activity is associated with the inhibition of the G. lamblia triosephosphate isomerase (GlTIM) via the formation of covalent adducts with cysteine residue at position 222. Herein, we evaluate the effectiveness of omeprazole in vitro and in situ on GlTIM mutants lacking the most superficial cysteines. We studied the influence on the glycolysis of Giardia trophozoites treated with omeprazole and characterized, for the first time, the morphological effect caused by this drug on the parasite. Our results support the effectiveness of omeprazole against GlTIM despite of the possibility to mutate the druggable amino acid targets as an adaptive response. Also, we further characterized the effect of omeprazole on trophozoites and discuss the possible mechanism involved in its antigiardial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico.
| | - Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - José Ignacio de la Mora-de la Mora
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Daniela Caudillo de la Portilla
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular y Tisular, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Angélica González-Maciel
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular y Tisular, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Ridaura
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Itzhel García-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | | | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y Hospital General, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Flores-López
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico.,CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de EIMyT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico.
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17
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Cortes-Altamirano JL, Olmos-Hernández A, Bonilla-Jaime H, Bandala C, González-Maciel A, Alfaro-Rodríguez A. Levetiracetam as an antiepileptic, neuroprotective, and hyperalgesic drug. Neurol India 2018; 64:1266-1275. [PMID: 27841198 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.193801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this review was to expound upon the mechanism of action of Levetiracetam (LEV) as an antiepileptic, neuroprotective, and hyperalgesic drug. LEV is a second-generation anti-epileptic drug (AED) that is approved for clinical use as monotherapy and may also be used for adjunctive treatment of patients with seizures. Several researchers have recommended LEV as a treatment option in different diseases causing neuronal damage, and recently, LEV has been used as an antihyperalgesic drug. LEV exhibits favorable characteristics, including a low potential for interaction, a short elimination half-life, and has neither active metabolites nor major negative effects on cognition. This has generated many new research avenues for the utilization of this drug. However, the precise mechanism of action of LEV has not been fully elucidated. In this review, a search was conducted on PubMed, ProQuest, EBSCO, and the Science Citation index for studies evaluating the effects of LEV as an antiepileptic, neuroprotective, and hyperalgesic drug. A total of 32 studies related to the use of LEV suggested different mechanisms of action, such as binding to the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) protein, inhibition of Ca2+ N-type channels, and its presence as a neuromodulator. These studies concluded that the pharmacodynamics of LEV should be viewed as a single pathway, and should not be based on specific molecular targets that depend on the physiological or pathological conditions prevalent at that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cortes-Altamirano
- Department of PhD, PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa-Xochimilco-Cuajimalpa, México, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, México, D.F. 04960, Mexico
| | - A Olmos-Hernández
- Department of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaría de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, México, D.F. 14389, Mexico
| | - H Bonilla-Jaime
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Campus Iztapalapa, México, D.F. 09340, Mexico
| | - C Bandala
- Department of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaría de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, México, D.F. 14389, Mexico
| | - A González-Maciel
- Department of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Col. Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, México, D. F. 04530, Mexico
| | - A Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Department of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaría de Salud, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, México, D.F. 14389, Mexico
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18
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Kulesza RJ, Mukherjee PS, Torres-Jardón R, Rönkkö T, Doty RL. Alzheimer's disease and alpha-synuclein pathology in the olfactory bulbs of infants, children, teens and adults ≤ 40 years in Metropolitan Mexico City. APOE4 carriers at higher risk of suicide accelerate their olfactory bulb pathology. Environ Res 2018; 166:348-362. [PMID: 29935448 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that air pollution is a risk factor for a number of neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD). It is generally assumed that the pathology of these diseases arises only later in life and commonly begins within olfactory eloquent pathways prior to the onset of the classical clinical symptoms. The present study demonstrates that chronic exposure to high levels of air pollution results in AD- and PD-related pathology within the olfactory bulbs of children and relatively young adults ages 11 months to 40 years. The olfactory bulbs (OBs) of 179 residents of highly polluted Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) were evaluated for AD- and alpha-synuclein-related pathology. Even in toddlers, hyperphosphorylated tau (hTau) and Lewy neurites (LN) were identified in the OBs. By the second decade, 84% of the bulbs exhibited hTau (48/57), 68% LNs and vascular amyloid (39/57) and 36% (21/57) diffuse amyloid plaques. OB active endothelial phagocytosis of red blood cell fragments containing combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNPs) and the neurovascular unit damage were associated with myelinated and unmyelinated axonal damage. OB hTau neurites were associated mostly with pretangle stages 1a and 1b in subjects ≤ 20 years of age, strongly suggesting olfactory deficits could potentially be an early guide of AD pretangle subcortical and cortical hTau. APOE4 versus APOE3 carriers were 6-13 times more likely to exhibit OB vascular amyloid, neuronal amyloid accumulation, alpha-synuclein aggregates, hTau neurofibrillary tangles, and neurites. Remarkably, APOE4 carriers were 4.57 times more likely than non-carriers to die by suicide. The present findings, along with previous data that over a third of clinically healthy MMC teens and young adults exhibit low scores on an odor identification test, support the concept that olfactory testing may aid in identifying young people at high risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, results strongly support early neuroprotective interventions in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and CDNP's exposed individuals ≤ 20 years of age, and the critical need for air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Randy J Kulesza
- Auditory Research Center, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04310, Mexico
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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19
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González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Torres-Jardón R, Mukherjee PS, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Combustion-Derived Nanoparticles in Key Brain Target Cells and Organelles in Young Urbanites: Culprit Hidden in Plain Sight in Alzheimer’s Disease Development. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:189-208. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Palomares-Alonso F, Rojas-Tomé IS, Palencia Hernández G, Jiménez-Arellanes MA, Macías-Rubalcava ML, González-Maciel A, Ramos-Morales A, Santiago-Reyes R, Castro N, González-Hernández I, Rufino-González Y, Jung-Cook H. In vitro and in vivo cysticidal activity of extracts and isolated flavanone from the bark of Prunus serotina: A bio-guided study. Acta Trop 2017; 170:1-7. [PMID: 28216368 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, neurocysticercosis treatment involves two drugs: albendazole and praziquantel; however, their efficacy is suboptimal and new cysticidal drugs are needed. The present paper reports the cysticidal activity of extracts of the bark from Prunus serotina against Taenia crassiceps cysts and the isolation and identification of the main components of the most active extract. Results showed that all extracts displayed in vitro cysticidal activity (EC50=17.9-88.5μg/mL), being the methanolic the most active and selective. Also, methanolic extract exhibited in vivo efficacy at 300mg/kg which was similar to that obtained with albendazole. Bio-guided fractionation of methanolic extract led the isolation of 2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (naringenin, NGN), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene. NGN exhibited in vitro activity, in a time-concentration-dependent manner (EC50=89.3μM]. Furthermore, NGN at a dose of 376.1μmol/kg displayed similar in vivo efficacy than those obtained with albendazole at 188.4μmol/kg. NGN also caused a high level of damage in all parasite tissue in a similar manner than that observed with the methanolic extract. This study represents the first report of the cysticidal properties of the bark of P. serotina. NGN was identified as the main active compound of this specie and other studies are required to explore the potential of this flavanone as cysticidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Palomares-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, México
| | - Irma Susana Rojas-Tomé
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, México; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Ciudad de México 03920, México
| | - Guadalupe Palencia Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, México
| | - María Adelina Jiménez-Arellanes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional-Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México 06720, México
| | - Martha Lydia Macías-Rubalcava
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Angélica González-Maciel
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular y Tisular, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, México
| | - Andrea Ramos-Morales
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular y Tisular, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, México
| | - Rosalba Santiago-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Ciudad de México 03920, México
| | - Nelly Castro
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, México
| | - Iliana González-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, México
| | - Yadira Rufino-González
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, México
| | - Helgi Jung-Cook
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, México; Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
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Ramos-Languren LE, García-Díaz G, González-Maciel A, Rosas-López LE, Bueno-Nava A, Avila-Luna A, Ramírez-Anguiano H, González-Piña R. Sensorimotor Intervention Recovers Noradrenaline Content in the Dentate Gyrus of Cortical Injured Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3261-3271. [PMID: 27639395 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, a consensus has been reached that designates the functional and structural reorganization of synapses as the primary mechanisms underlying the process of recovery from brain injury. We have reported that pontine noradrenaline (NA) is increased in animals after cortical ablation (CA). The aim of the present study was to explore the noradrenergic and morphological response after sensorimotor intervention (SMI) in rats injured in the motor cortex. We used male Wistar adult rats allocated in four conditions: sham-operated, injured by cortical ablation, sham-operated with SMI and injured by cortical ablation with SMI. Motor and somatosensory performance was evaluated prior to and 20 days after surgery. During the intervening period, a 15-session, SMI program was implemented. Subsequently, total NA analysis in the pons and dentate gyrus (DG) was performed. All groups underwent histological analysis. Our results showed that NA content in the DG was reduced in the injured group versus control, and this reduction was reverted in the injured group that underwent SMI. Moreover, injured rats showed reduction in the number of granule cells in the DG and decreased dentate granule cell layer thickness. Notably, after SMI, the loss of granule cells was reverted. Locus coeruleus showed turgid cells in the injured rats. These results suggest that SMI elicits biochemical and structural modifications in the hippocampus that could reorganize the system and lead the recovery process, modulating structural and functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ramos-Languren
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela García-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica González-Maciel
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SSA. Av. Imán 1 Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, C.P. 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura E Rosas-López
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SSA. Av. Imán 1 Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, C.P. 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Bueno-Nava
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Avila-Luna
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hayde Ramírez-Anguiano
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
- Universidad de las Américas AC, Puebla 23 Col. Roma, Deleg. Cuauhtemoc, C.P. 06700, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto González-Piña
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad-División de Neurociencias, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Universidad de las Américas AC, Puebla 23 Col. Roma, Deleg. Cuauhtemoc, C.P. 06700, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Reynoso-Robles R, Ponce-Macotela M, Rosas-López LE, Ramos-Morales A, Martínez–Gordillo MN, González-Maciel A. The invasive potential of Giardia intestinalis in an in vivo model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15168. [PMID: 26470844 PMCID: PMC4607969 DOI: 10.1038/srep15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a neglected parasitic disease that affects primarily children, in whom it delays physical and mental development. The pathophysiology of giardiasis in not well understood, and most reports have identified Giardia intestinalis trophozoites only in the lumen and on the brush border of the small intestine. We identified Giardia trophozoites within the epithelium of the small intestine of a lactose intolerance patient. The Giardia trophozoites were obtained and cultured in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated Giardia trophozoite invasion in an animal model. Giardia trophozoites invaded the intestinal mucosa and submucosa of infected gerbils. The invasive trophozoites were observed at 21, 30 and 60 days age, and the average numbers of invaded sites were 17 ± 5, 15 ± 4, and 9 ± 3, respectively. We found trophozoites between epithelial cells, at the base of empty goblet cells, in lacteal vessels and within the submucosa. The morphological integrity of the invasive trophozoites was demonstrated via electron microscopy. The analysis of the gerbils infected with the trophozoites of the WB reference strain did not show intraepithelial trophozoites. These results demonstrate another Giardia pathogenic mechanism, opening the door to numerous future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratorio de Morfologia Celular y Tisular (Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics), Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico, D. F. C. P. 04530, Mexico
| | - M. Ponce-Macotela
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental (Laboratory of Experimental Parasitology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics).
| | - L. E. Rosas-López
- Laboratorio de Morfologia Celular y Tisular (Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics), Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico, D. F. C. P. 04530, Mexico
| | - A. Ramos-Morales
- Laboratorio de Morfologia Celular y Tisular (Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics), Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico, D. F. C. P. 04530, Mexico
| | - M. N. Martínez–Gordillo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental (Laboratory of Experimental Parasitology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics).
| | - A. González-Maciel
- Laboratorio de Morfologia Celular y Tisular (Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics), Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico, D. F. C. P. 04530, Mexico
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González-Maciel A, Romero-Velázquez RM, Reynoso-Robles R, Uribe-Escamilla R, Vargas-Sánchez J, de la Garza-Montaño P, Alfaro-Rodríguez A. Prenatal Protein Malnutrition Affects the Density of GABAergic Interneurons During Hippocampus Development in Rats. Rev Invest Clin 2015; 67:296-303. [PMID: 26696333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal protein malnutrition disrupts the pattern of maturation and development of the hippocampus and its neuroanatomy and increases inhibition of the granular cell layer of the fascia dentata. If local gamma-aminobutyric acid inter-neurons are partly responsible for inhibition of the hippocampus, it is reasonable to assume that there may be an increase in the gamma-aminobutyric acid cell population of prenatal protein malnutrition rats. OBJECTIVE This experimental study was conducted to ascertain the effects of prenatal protein malnutrition on the density of GABAergic interneurons at the cornus ammonis and fascia dentata in rats. METHODS Animals were investigated under two nutritional conditions: (i) prenatal protein malnutrition group fed 6% protein, and (ii) well-nourished control group fed 25% protein. Using an antibody for gamma-aminobutyric acid, immunoreactive cells (GABAergic) were assessed in the rostral-caudal direction of the dorsal hippocampus at four levels. RESULTS (i) In 30-day-old rats with prenatal malnutrition, the fascia dentata had an average of 27% more GABAergic cells than the control group; this higher amount was not detectable at 90 days. (ii) There was a significant 18% increase in GABAergic neurons at level 1 of the cornus ammonis at 90 days of age. CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in the population of interneurons in the fascia dentata and cornus ammonis in prenatal protein malnutrition rats. We conclude that prenatal hypoprotein malnutrition produces changes at 30 days in the fascia dentata. Results suggest that prenatal malnutrition also produces a delay in the programmed chronology of gamma-aminobutyric acid interneurons. Finally, in cornus ammonis, at 90 days of age, prenatal protein malnutrition showed an increase only at level 1; this effect may be evidenced in the long term, despite postnatal rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica González-Maciel
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, México, D.F., México
| | - Rosa María Romero-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, México, D.F., México
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, México, D.F., México
| | - Rebeca Uribe-Escamilla
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, México, D.F., México
| | - Javier Vargas-Sánchez
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, México, D.F., México
| | - Paloma de la Garza-Montaño
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, México, D.F., México
| | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, México, D.F., México
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Abstract
The giardiasis is a neglected parasitic disease. The WHO has estimated more than 280 million of human infections each year; however, intraepithelial giardiasis is a rare entity, there are only 5 reports showing invasive giardiasis. A pediatric female patient with chronic abdominal pain, diarrhea, or pasty stools, without fever, was seen in the Gastroenterology and Nutrition Service. The stool studies were negative for pathogens and lactose hydrogen breath test was positive. The presumptive clinical diagnosis was giardiasis and the patient was empirically treated with nitazoxanide. But, the patient persisted with abdominal pain and pasty stools. Endoscopy was indicated to search for Helicobacter and Giardia. Guardian and patient gave written informed consent. Hematological profile was normal. The endoscopy was performed under general anesthesia and the biopsies and duodenal aspirate were obtained. The microscopic analyses of duodenal fluid showed Giardia trophozoites. Electron microscopic analysis was negative for Helicobacter pylori, but Giardia trophozoites with a typical crescent shape within the tissue were found. The patient was treated with tinidazole, subsequent tests showed that lactose absorption was normal, stool examinations were negative for Giardia and abdominal pain had stopped. This case suggest that intraepithelial giardiasis could be a common entity but unseen because the giardiasis diagnosis is usually made on fecal samples. Future studies are necessary to determine the role of intraepithelial trophozoites in giardiasis pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Noé Martínez-Gordillo
- From the Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental (MNM-G, MP-M); Laboratorio de Microscopia Electrónica (AG-M, RR-R); and Servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (EM-B)
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25
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Villarreal-Calderon R, Franco-Lira M, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Harritt L, Pérez-Guillé B, Ferreira-Azevedo L, Drecktrah D, Zhu H, Sun Q, Torres-Jardón R, Aragón-Flores M, Calderón-Garcidueñas A, Diaz P, Calderón-Garcidueñas L. Up-regulation of mRNA ventricular PRNP prion protein gene expression in air pollution highly exposed young urbanites: endoplasmic reticulum stress, glucose regulated protein 78, and nanosized particles. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23471-91. [PMID: 24287918 PMCID: PMC3876057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexico City Metropolitan Area children and young adults exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants including fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) vs. clean air controls, exhibit myocardial inflammation and inflammasome activation with a differential right and left ventricular expression of key inflammatory genes and inflammasomes. We investigated the mRNA expression levels of the prion protein gene PRNP, which plays an important role in the protection against oxidative stress and metal toxicity, and the glucose regulated protein 78, a key protein in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, in ventricular autopsy samples from 30 children and young adults age 19.97 ± 6.8 years with a lifetime of low (n:4) vs. high (n:26) air pollution exposures. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out in human ventricles, and electron microscopy studies were also done in 5 young, highly exposed Mexico City dogs. There was significant left ventricular PRNP and bi-ventricular GRP78 mRNA up-regulation in Mexico City young urbanites vs. controls. PRNP up-regulation in the left ventricle was significantly different from the right, p < 0.0001, and there was a strong left ventricular PRNP and GRP78 correlation (p = 0.0005). Marked abnormalities in capillary endothelial cells, numerous nanosized particles in myocardial ER and in abnormal mitochondria characterized the highly exposed ventricles. Early and sustained cardiac ER stress could result in detrimental irreversible consequences in urban children, and while highly complex systems maintain myocardial homeostasis, failure to compensate for chronic myocardial inflammation, oxidative and ER stress, and particles damaging myocardial organelles may prime the development of pathophysiological cardiovascular states in young urbanites. Nanosized PM could play a key cardiac myocyte toxicity role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maricela Franco-Lira
- Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11649, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.F.-L.); (M.A.-F.)
| | - Angélica González-Maciel
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City 04320, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.G.-M.); (R.R.-R.); (B.P.-G.)
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City 04320, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.G.-M.); (R.R.-R.); (B.P.-G.)
| | - Lou Harritt
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Guillé
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Mexico City 04320, Mexico; E-Mails: (A.G.-M.); (R.R.-R.); (B.P.-G.)
| | - Lara Ferreira-Azevedo
- Visiting Student, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro 20000-000, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Dan Drecktrah
- Division of Biological Sciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mails: (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; E-Mails: (H.Z.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Mariana Aragón-Flores
- Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11649, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.F.-L.); (M.A.-F.)
| | | | - Philippe Diaz
- Core Laboratory for Neuromolecular Production, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11649, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.F.-L.); (M.A.-F.)
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail:
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González-Lozano M, Trujillo-Ortega ME, Alonso-Spilsbury M, Rosales AM, Ramírez-Necoechea R, González-Maciel A, Martínez-Rodríguez R, Becerril-Herrera M, Mota-Rojas D. Vetrabutine clorhydrate use in dystocic farrowings minimizes hemodynamic sequels in piglets. Theriogenology 2012; 78:455-61. [PMID: 22538006 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to measure the effects of VC (a uterotonic drug with vasodilator effects) in eutocic and dystocic sows, on the acid-base balance and some vitality traits of piglets at birth. Farrowing was induced with prostaglandin F2α. Four groups of sows (20 sows/group) were monitored; Groups 1 and 2 were eutocic sows, whereas Groups 3 and 4 were dam-fetal dystocic sows. Groups 1 and 3 (control) were given saline, whereas Groups 2 and 4 were given VC im (1.66 mg/kg of body weight) after the first piglet was born. Piglets' physio-metabolic performance was monitored peripartum. Treatment with VC reduced (P<0.0001) the percentage of intrapartum stillbirths in sows either with eutocic (5.2 vs. 10.0%) and dystocic (7.6 vs. 16.7%) farrowings and increased (P<0.0001) the number of pigs born alive without any evidence of AFS (89.9 vs. 79.9%, eutocic and 81.6 vs. 65.2%, dystocic). In addition, for the group of pigs with no acute fetal suffering (AFS), VC treatment enhanced survival responses with a half point grater vitality score in Group 4; it also reduced the latency to first teat contact by 6 min (P<0.05) in both treated groups compared to controls; and it improved the condition of the pigs' umbilical cord, with more adhered (98 vs. 86% in eutocic and 88 vs. 80% in dystocic; P<0.05) and less ruptured cords. Moreover, VC reduced the severity of adverse physio-metabolic indicators and the acid-base balance of piglets with AFS at birth by lowering blood lactate (89.8 vs. 93.5 mmol/L in eutocic groups and 94.6 vs. 100.2 mmol/L in dystocic groups; P<0.05), PaCO2 and Ca2+, and by increasing blood pH, HCO3 and PaO2 levels (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- M González-Lozano
- Postgraduate Division of Animal Science and Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Production, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
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Carmona-Mancilla A, Villegas-Alvarez F, Sumano-López H, Ocampo-Camberos L, Pérez-Guille BE, González Zamora JF, Coria-Jiménez R, Soriano-Rosales RE, Jiménez-Bravo-Luna MA, González-Maciel A. [Experimental bacterial contamination of bile and liver in mongrel dogs: an alternative treatment with cephalone, a hybrid of cephalosporine fluoroquinolone]. Rev Invest Clin 2012; 64:173-181. [PMID: 22991779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A longitudinal, randomized, single blind study was done to evaluate the efficacy of an antibacterial hybrid molecule (beta-lactamic-fluoroquinolone) named cephalone after biliary-enteric-bypass (BEB). MATERIAL AND METHODS Four groups of mongrel dogs were operated on three consecutive periods. Cultures of bile and liver were obtained and assessed, followed by obliteration of common bile duct and BEB to groups A, B and C. Group D served as a control. Ten days later the group A received conventional treatment based on ampicillin/gentamicin and groups B and C, cephalone in two different concentration schemes during 10 consecutive days. Further samples were processed for bacteria and additional liver biopsies were obtained for histopathological analysis. RESULTS All three treatments reverted bacterial contamination in the liver and most of the bile samples were negative or showed a significant decrease in the number of colony forming units (p = 0.002). Histopathological analysis proved no lesions. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of efficacy among antibacterial treatments revealed undistinguishable efficacy in this short-term assessment of bacterial contamination after BEB in dogs. The use of cephalone could be considered as a viable treatment or prophylaxis in bacterial infections occurring after BEB. Further studies are needed to assess long-term impact of the cephalone in this setting.
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28
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Ayala-Guerrero F, Mexicano G, Campos-Sepúlveda E, Romero RM, Reynoso-Robles R, González-Maciel A. Effect of oxcarbazepine pretreatment on convulsive activity and brain damage induced by kainic acid administration in rats. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 151:471-476. [PMID: 17669675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.06.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is one of the most common types of epilepsy. Progress in the understanding and treatment of this type of epilepsy would be greatly facilitated by the availability of an animal model, which reproduced the behavioral and electrographic features of this condition. In this context, kainic acid (KA, 2-carboxy-3-carboxymethyl-4-isopropenylpyrrolidine) administration causes a syndrome characterized by an acute status epilepticus and subsequent brain damage similar to that in temporal lobe epilepsy of humans. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether oxcarbazepine (10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-5 H -dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide), an antiepileptic drug, protects against both epileptic activity and brain damage induced by KA administration. Chronically implanted adult male Wistar rats were polygraphically recorded during 10 continuous hours under 4 different conditions: a) control, b) after KA administration alone, c) after KA administration in oxcarbazepine pretreated animals and d) after the administration of oxcarbazepine alone. Animals treated with KA alone presented behavioral and electrophysiological convulsive activity as well as brain damage. Latency of seizure installation was lengthened significantly and convulsive activity was slightly reduced, however, brain damage was still present in oxcarbazepine pretreated animals. Administration of oxcarbazepine alone induced a hypnotic behavior and brain damage was also present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graciela Mexicano
- Facultad de Psicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Efraín Campos-Sepúlveda
- Facultad de Psicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
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Ponce-Macotela M, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Martínez-Gordillo MN. Goblet cells: are they an unspecific barrier against Giardia intestinalis or a gate? Parasitol Res 2007; 102:509-13. [PMID: 18038237 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Giardiosis is one of the major intestinal parasitic diseases of human beings as well as wild and domesticated animals. Several protective mechanisms against infection have been described. However, specific information about relationship between giardiosis and the increased proliferation of goblet cells (GC) in patients infected with Giardia intestinalis (Syn. G. duodenalis, G. lamblia) is scarce. In this work, we compare and quantify the number of GC, and have inferred their metabolic state in the small intestine of dogs parasitized with Giardia intestinalis compared to dogs without parasites. Small intestine segments were processed using routine methods for histology and electron microscopy; areas and cells were screened with an Axiovision Ver. 4.0 system. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and comparison of averages. Parasitized dogs showed higher GC numbers than nonparasitized ones. Averages were: 20+/-0.81 GC/25 microm(2) with independent mucin granules and 11+/-1.53 GC/25 microm(2) that were expelling mucus, compared to 11+/-0.94 GC/25 microm(2) and 1+/-0.27 GC/25 microm(2), respectively, in nonparasitized dogs (Tukey, p<0.001). The increases in GC number seem to be an unspecific defensive mechanism against Giardia trophozoites. However, we found some evidence supporting that GC hyperplasia could be a prejudicial to epithelial barrier that gives rise to gates allowing for Giardia-tissue invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ponce-Macotela
- Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, México, D.F. C.P. 04530, Mexico
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Díaz-Cintra S, González-Maciel A, Morales MA, Aguilar A, Cintra L, Prado-Alcalá RA. Protein malnutrition differentially alters the number of glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 interneurons in dentate gyrus and CA1–3 subfields of the dorsal hippocampus. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:47-53. [PMID: 17706195 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In 30- and 90-day-old rats, using immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD-67), we have tested whether malnutrition during different periods of hippocampal development produces deleterious effects on the population of GABA neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu Ammonis (CA1-3) of the dorsal hippocampus. Animals were under one of four nutritional conditions: well-nourished controls (Con), prenatal protein malnourished (PreM), postnatal protein malnourished (PostM), and chronic protein malnourished (ChroM). We found that the number of GAD-67-positive (GAD-67+) interneurons was higher in the DG than in the CA1-3 areas of both Con and malnourished groups. Regarding the DG, the number of GAD-67+ interneurons was increased in PreM and PostM and decreased in ChroM at 30 days. At 90 days of age the number of GAD-67+ interneurons was increased in PostM and ChroM and remained unchanged in PreM. With respect to CA1-3, the number of labeled interneurons was decreased in PostM and ChroM at 30 days of age, but no change was found in PreM. At 90 days no changes in the number of these interneurons were found in any of the groups. These observations suggest that 1) the cell death program starting point is delayed in DG GAD-67+ interneurons, and 2) protein malnutrition differentially affects GAD-67+ interneuron development throughout the dorsal hippocampus. Thus, these changes in the number of GAD-67+ interneurons may partly explain the alterations in modulation of dentate granule cell excitability, as well as in the emotional, motivational, and memory disturbances commonly observed in malnourished rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
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31
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Alfaro-Rodríguez A, González-Piña R, González-Maciel A, Arch-Tirado E. Serotonin and 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid contents in dorsal raphe and suprachiasmatic nuclei in normal, malnourished and rehabilitated rats under 24 h of sleep deprivation. Brain Res 2006; 1110:95-101. [PMID: 16876773 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been discussed that serotonin (5-HT) could be involved in the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) and/or malnutrition (M) on the sleep-wake cycle. The aim of this work was to study the effects of the M, SD and its interaction on 5-HT and 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) contents in the dorsal raphe (DR) and the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), two sleep-wake cycle regulators. Forty-eight puppets rats were obtained from mothers fed with low or normal casein diet. They were allocated in 3 groups (n=16 each): prenatal/postnatal casein malnutrition (6/6%), prenatal casein malnutrition/nutritional casein rehabilitation (6/25%) and prenatal/postnatal casein well-nourished state (25/25%). When rats were 60 days old, 24 animals were exposed to sleep deprivation by means of forced locomotion during 24 h. The remaining 24 were kept under normal conditions of sleep-wake cycle. Then, all animals were sacrificed by decapitation. DR and SCN were dissected and processed to determine the 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents by means of HPLC. It was observed that 6/6% rats showed a 5-HT increase (DR p<0.011; SCN p<0.019) as well as in SD (DR p<0.0008; SCN p<0.0009) with respect to 25/25% rats. No differences were found in 6/25% rats. Therefore, 5-HIAA decreased significantly in both nuclei in all the groups, notably in M+SD animals (DR p<0.001; SCN p<0.001). We conclude that the sleep-wake cycle disruptions produced by chronic M and SD are mediated in part by a synergistic effect on 5-HT in the DR-SCN pathway, perhaps due to a delay in the development of such brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, SSA, México.
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Ponce-Macotela M, Rufino-González Y, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Martínez-Gordillo MN. Oregano (Lippia spp.) kills Giardia intestinalis trophozoites in vitro: antigiardiasic activity and ultrastructural damage. Parasitol Res 2006; 98:557-60. [PMID: 16425064 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the world, giardiosis is still a very important parasitic disease; only in Asia, Africa and America, there are more than 200 million of infected people in a year. The usual treatments are drugs that produce undesirable secondary effects, perhaps favouring the resistant strain selection. One alternative is to research compounds from plants used as antidiarrhoeic or antiparasitic in the traditional medicine. In a previous work, we found that Lippia beriandieri (Oregano) revealed to be more potent than tinidazole, a common antigiardiasic drug. In this current work, we tested the cell viability by re-culture and reduction of MTT-tetrazolium salts to MTT-formazan, and we showed the effect of oregano ethanolic extracts against Giardia intestinalis (synonyms: Giardia duodenalis, Giardia lamblia) trophozoites at concentrations ranging form 58 to 588 microg. We demonstrated the ultrastructural injury produced by oregano extracts in this parasite. Trophozoites lost their size and shape and showed damage in nucleus structure, perhaps by breaking the pattern of nucleoskeleton proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ponce-Macotela
- Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur, C.P. 04530, No. 3700-C, México, D.F., Mexico
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Romero-Velázquez RM, Alfaro-Rodríguez A, González-Piña R, González-Maciel A. Effect of ozone prenatal exposure on postnatal development of cerebellum. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2003; 45:65-7. [PMID: 12434531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Alfaro-Rodríguez A, Labra-Ruíz N, Carrasco-Portugal M, González-Maciel A, Pérez-Guille B, Soriano-Rosales R, Villegas F, González-Piña R, Espinoza-Villanueva G, Ayala-Guerrero F. Effect of carbamazepine on sleep patterns disturbed by epilepsy. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2003; 45:62-4. [PMID: 12434530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Torre de Investigación, Instituto de la Comunicación Humana-CNR, Calz México-Xochimilco, #289 Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Delegación Tlalpan, México D.F. C.P. 14389.
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Ayala-Guerrero F, Vargas L, Romero RM, Reynoso-Robles R, González-Maciel A. Effect of oxcarbazepine on kainic acid-induced seizure. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2002; 44:173-5. [PMID: 11793973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Ayala-Guerrero
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3004, Copilco, Coyoacán, 04510 México, D.F
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Ponce-Macotela M, Rufino-González Y, de la Mora-de la Mora JI, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Martínez-Gordillo MN. Mortality and morphological changes in Giardia duodenalis induced by exposure to ethanolic extracts of Justicia spicigera. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2002; 44:151-2. [PMID: 11793966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ponce-Macotela
- Parasitología Experimental del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, CP 04530 México, D.F., México
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González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Morales M. Ultrastructural co-localization of methionine enkephalin and neurotensin in the synapse of the cat stellate ganglia. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2002; 44:125-8. [PMID: 11793957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A González-Maciel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Romero RM, Huerta B, González V, Vargas L, Ayala-Guerrero F. Effects of oxcarbazepine on the behavioral response and neuroanatomical alterations following administration of kainic acid. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2001; 43:35-7. [PMID: 11056952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A González-Maciel
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad de Morelos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Ponce-Macotela M, Gómez-Garduño J, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Anislado-Tolentino V, Martínez-Gordillo MN. [In vitro measurement of nitazoxanide sensitivity of 4 Giardia duodenalis isolates obtained from different hosts]. Rev Invest Clin 2001; 53:41-5. [PMID: 11332050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mexico giardiosis is the most prevalent parasitic disease in children. Treatment with antiparasitics derived from: nitroimidazoles, benzimidazoles and nitrofuranes have been used; but, some of them have undesirable side effects. Recently nitazoxanide (Ntz) was introduced in Mexico; however, there are few studies on Giardia duodenalis susceptibility to Ntz. OBJECTIVE To determine G. duodenalis sensitivity to Ntz and compare it to tinidazole (Tnz). MATERIAL AND METHODS Assays were performed in four G. duodenalis isolates: INP231087MM, INP210897-AXA1 obtained from humans infections, INP170693HG8, INP300693-CP5 from a cat and a dog, respectively. Half million trophozoites were exposed to different Ntz or Tnz concentrations in TYI-S-33, for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Trophozoite viability was tested by the colorimetric method of MTT-tetrazolium salts reduction to MTT-formazan. To analyze ultrastructural damage, control and experimental samples were processed by standard electron microscopy methods. Experiments were carried out, in a double blind in triplicate and repeated four times. Results were analyzed by variance analysis. RESULTS Susceptibility at 100% were in a Ntz concentration ranging from 1 microgram to 7 micrograms and in a Tnz concentration ranging from 1 microgram to 4 micrograms. There were significant differences when sensitivities to Ntz were compared between them (P < 0.001). The ultrastructural analysis showed changes in trophozoite volume, loss of characteristic shape and swelling. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of G. duodenalis susceptibility to Ntz performed in isolates from different hosts. G. duodenalis isolates were more susceptible to Tnz than Ntz.
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