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Teng D, Wang W, Jia W, Song J, Gong L, Zhong L, Yang J. The effects of glycosylation modifications on monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167027. [PMID: 38237743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation have been intensively investigated in atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, as the study progressed, it was obvious that crucial molecules participated in the monocyte recruitment and the membrane proteins in macrophages exhibited substantial glycosylation modifications. These modifications can exert a significant influence on protein functions and may even impact the overall progression of diseases. This article provides a review of the effects of glycosylation modifications on monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation. By elaborating on these effects, we aim to understand the underlying mechanisms of atherogenesis further and to provide new insights into the future treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Teng
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Jia
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikai Song
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gong
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Wu X, Xu M, Geng M, Chen S, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. Targeting protein modifications in metabolic diseases: molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:220. [PMID: 37244925 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) represents a major public health burden worldwide. The most common form of NCD is metabolic diseases, which affect people of all ages and usually manifest their pathobiology through life-threatening cardiovascular complications. A comprehensive understanding of the pathobiology of metabolic diseases will generate novel targets for improved therapies across the common metabolic spectrum. Protein posttranslational modification (PTM) is an important term that refers to biochemical modification of specific amino acid residues in target proteins, which immensely increases the functional diversity of the proteome. The range of PTMs includes phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, neddylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, myristoylation, prenylation, cholesterylation, glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, sulfhydration, citrullination, ADP ribosylation, and several novel PTMs. Here, we offer a comprehensive review of PTMs and their roles in common metabolic diseases and pathological consequences, including diabetes, obesity, fatty liver diseases, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Building upon this framework, we afford a through description of proteins and pathways involved in metabolic diseases by focusing on PTM-based protein modifications, showcase the pharmaceutical intervention of PTMs in preclinical studies and clinical trials, and offer future perspectives. Fundamental research defining the mechanisms whereby PTMs of proteins regulate metabolic diseases will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Mengya Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute and School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, 4575, Australia
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, China.
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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Li J, Qiu Y, Zhang C, Wang H, Bi R, Wei Y, Li Y, Hu B. The role of protein glycosylation in the occurrence and outcome of acute ischemic stroke. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106726. [PMID: 36907285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a serious and life-threatening disease worldwide. Despite thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy, a sizeable fraction of patients with AIS have adverse clinical outcomes. In addition, existing secondary prevention strategies with antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs therapy are not able to adequately decrease the risk of ischemic stroke recurrence. Thus, exploring novel mechanisms for doing so represents an urgent need for the prevention and treatment of AIS. Recent studies have discovered that protein glycosylation plays a critical role in the occurrence and outcome of AIS. As a common co- and post-translational modification, protein glycosylation participates in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes by regulating the activity and function of proteins or enzymes. Protein glycosylation is involved in two causes of cerebral emboli in ischemic stroke: atherosclerosis and atrial fibrillation. Following ischemic stroke, the level of brain protein glycosylation becomes dynamically regulated, which significantly affects stroke outcome through influencing inflammatory response, excitotoxicity, neuronal apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Drugs targeting glycosylation in the occurrence and progression of stroke may represent a novel therapeutic idea. In this review, we focus on possible perspectives about how glycosylation affects the occurrence and outcome of AIS. We then propose the potential of glycosylation as a therapeutic drug target and prognostic marker for AIS patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhuang Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanmei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rentang Bi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhao Wei
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Tvaroška I. Glycosyltransferases as targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer and inflammation: molecular modeling insights. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A Peptide Analogue of Selectin Ligands Attenuated Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Monocyte Activation. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8709583. [PMID: 31198404 PMCID: PMC6526553 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8709583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating monocytes play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Monocyte homing to sites of atherosclerosis is primarily initiated by selectin. Thus, blockade of the interaction of selectins and their ligands holds a significant role in monocyte homing which might be a potential approach to treat atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the efficacy of a novel peptide analogue of selectin ligands IELLQAR in atherosclerosis. Methods and Results In this study, we firstly measured the effect of the IELLQAR selectin-binding peptide on the inhibition of binding of selectins to monocytes by flow cytometry, which exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the binding of the P-, E-, and L-selectins to monocytes, especially the inhibition of P-selectin binding to human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50~5 μM)) and THP-1 cells (IC50~10 μM). Furthermore, IELLQAR inhibited P-selectin-induced activation of CD11b on the surface of monocytes and decreased adhesion of monocytes to the endothelium. ApoE-/- mice with or without IELLQAR (1 or 3 mg/kg) fed a Western-type diet (WTD) or which had disturbed blood flow-induced shear stress underwent partial left carotid artery ligation (PLCA) to induce atherosclerosis. In the WTD- and PLCA-induced atherosclerosis models, atherosclerotic plaque formation and monocyte/macrophage infiltration of the arterial wall both decreased in ApoE-/- mice treated with the IELLQAR peptide. Our results also revealed that IELLQAR inhibited the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages through P-selectin-dependent activation of the nuclear factor- (NF-) κB and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Conclusion Collectively, our results demonstrated that IELLQAR, a peptide analogue of selectin ligands, inhibited selectin binding to monocytes, which led to subsequent attenuation of atherosclerosis via inhibition of monocyte activation. Hence, use of the IELLQAR peptide provides a new approach and represents a promising candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis in the early stage of disease.
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Pu Q, Yu C. Glycosyltransferases, glycosylation and atherosclerosis. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:605-11. [PMID: 25294497 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases arising from atherosclerosis are currently the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Leukocyte recruitment is a key step for the successful initiation of atherosclerosis and occurs predominantly in the inflamed endothelium. Leukocyte recruitment is mediated by a group of adhesive molecules and chemokine receptors, which are often glycosylated protein. Recent studies demonstrated that post-translational glycosylation by glycosyltransferases is necessary for adhesive molecules and chemokine receptors activities. Several glycosyltransferases, such as α2,3-sialyltransferases IV, α1,3-fucosyltransferases IV and VII, core 2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I, are considered to participate in the synthesis of glycosylation for adhesive molecules and chemokine receptors, and the initiation of atherosclerotic lesions. In this review, we will discuss new data concerning the roles of different glycosyltransferases in atherogenesis. The knowledge of glycosyltransferases in atherogenesis offers the opportunity to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghong Pu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Box 174#, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Zhang W, Wang J, Wang H, Tang R, Belcher JD, Viollet B, Geng JG, Zhang C, Wu C, Slungaard A, Zhu C, Huo Y. Acadesine inhibits tissue factor induction and thrombus formation by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1000-6. [PMID: 20185792 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.203141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acadesine, an adenosine-regulating agent and activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, has been shown to possess antiinflammatory activity. This study investigated whether and how acadesine inhibits tissue factor (TF) expression and thrombus formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human peripheral blood monocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide to induce TF expression. Pretreatment with acadesine dramatically suppressed the clotting activity and expression of TF (protein and mRNA). These inhibitory effects of acadesine were unchanged for endothelial cells treated with ZM241385 (a specific adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist) or AMP-activated protein kinase inhibitor compound C, and in macrophages lacking adenosine A(2A) receptor or alpha1-AMP-activated protein kinase. In endothelial cells and macrophages, acadesine activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway, reduced the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and consequently suppressed TF expression by inhibiting the activator protein-1 and NF-kappaB pathways. In mice, acadesine suppressed lipopolysaccharide-mediated increases in blood coagulation, decreased TF expression in atherosclerotic lesions, and reduced deep vein thrombus formation. CONCLUSION Acadesine inhibits TF expression and thrombus formation by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. This novel finding implicates acadesine as a potentially useful treatment for many disorders associated with thrombotic pathology, such as angina pain, deep vein thrombosis, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC508, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Huo Y, Xia L. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 plays a crucial role in the selective recruitment of leukocytes into the atherosclerotic arterial wall. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2009; 19:140-5. [PMID: 19818951 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment to the arterial vessel wall is the first step in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Leukocyte homing in this event proceeds through a well-defined adhesion cascade, which includes tethering, rolling, adhesion, and transmigration. Selectins, including the P-, E-, and L-selectins, and their ligands mediate the initial tethering and rolling. Interactions between selectins and their ligands serve as a braking system to decelerate fast-flowing leukocytes from the central blood stream and enable them to adhere to and transmigrate underneath the activated endothelium. The best characterized ligand for selectins is P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, an extended homodimeric mucin on leukocytes that binds to all three selectins. Recent studies show that differential expression or glycosylation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 in different leukocytes mediates selective recruitment of different subsets of monocytes or lymphocytes to atherosclerotic arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Huo
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment encompasses cell adhesion and activation steps that enable circulating leukocytes to roll, arrest, and firmly adhere on the endothelial surface before they extravasate into distinct tissue locations. This complex sequence of events relies on adhesive interactions between surface structures on leukocytes and endothelial cells and also on signals generated during the cell-cell contacts. Cell surface glycans play a crucial role in leukocyte recruitment. Several glycosyltransferases such as alpha1,3 fucosyltransferases, alpha2,3 sialyltransferases, core 2 N-acetylglucosaminlytransferases, beta1,4 galactosyltransferases, and polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases have been implicated in the generation of functional selectin ligands that mediate leukocyte rolling via binding to selectins. Recent evidence also suggests a role of alpha2,3 sialylated carbohydrate determinants in triggering chemokine-mediated leukocyte arrest and influencing beta1 integrin function. The recent discovery of galectin- and siglec-dependent processes further emphasizes the significant role of glycans for the successful recruitment of leukocytes into tissues. Advancing the knowledge on glycan function into appropriate pathology models is likely to suggest interesting new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of immune- and inflammation-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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Wang H, Zhang W, Zhu C, Bucher C, Blazar BR, Zhang C, Chen JF, Linden J, Wu C, Huo Y. Inactivation of the adenosine A2A receptor protects apolipoprotein E-deficient mice from atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1046-52. [PMID: 19407243 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.188839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall. The A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) plays a central role in many antiinflammatory effects of adenosine. However, the role of A(2A)R in atherosclerosis is not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS The knockout of A(2A)R in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)/A(2A)R(-/-)) mice led to an increase in body weight and levels of blood cholesterol and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as the inflammation status of atherosclerotic lesions. Unexpectedly, Apoe(-/-)/A(2A)R(-/-) mice developed smaller lesions, as did chimeric Apoe(-/-) mice lacking A(2A)R in bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs). The lesions of those mice exhibited a low density of foam cells and the homing ability of A(2A)R-deficient monocytes did not change. Increased foam cell apoptosis was detected in atherosclerotic lesions of Apoe(-/-)/A(2A)R(-/-) mice. In the absence of A(2A)R, macrophages incubated with oxidized LDL or in vivo-formed foam cells also exhibited increased apoptosis. A(2A)R deficiency in foam cells resulted in an increase in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Inhibition of p38 phosphorylation abrogated the increased apoptosis of A(2A)R-deficient foam cells. CONCLUSIONS Inactivation of A(2A)R, especially in BMDCs, inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic leisons, suggesting that A(2A)R inactivation may be useful for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Wang H, Zhang W, Tang R, Hebbel RP, Kowalska MA, Zhang C, Marth JD, Fukuda M, Zhu C, Huo Y. Core2 1-6-N-glucosaminyltransferase-I deficiency protects injured arteries from neointima formation in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1053-9. [PMID: 19372458 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.187716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Core2 1 to 6-N-glucosaminyltransferase-I (C2GlcNAcT-I) plays an important role in optimizing the binding functions of several selectin ligands, including P-selectin glycoprotein ligand. We used apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient atherosclerotic mice to investigate the role of C2GlcNAcT-I in platelet and leukocyte interactions with injured arterial walls, in endothelial regeneration at injured sites, and in the formation of arterial neointima. METHODS AND RESULTS Arterial neointima induced by wire injury was smaller in C2GlcNAcT-I-deficient apoE(-/-) mice than in control apoE(-/-) mice (a 79% reduction in size). Compared to controls, apoE(-/-) mice deficient in C2GlcNAcT-I also demonstrated less leukocyte adhesion on activated platelets in microflow chambers (a 75% reduction), and accumulation of leukocytes at injured areas of mouse carotid arteries was eliminated. Additionally, endothelial regeneration in injured lumenal areas was substantially faster in C2GlcNAcT-I-deficient apoE(-/-) mice than in control apoE(-/-) mice. Endothelial regeneration was associated with reduced accumulation of platelet factor 4 (PF4) at injured sites. PF4 deficiency accelerated endothelial regeneration and protected mice from neointima formation after arterial injury. CONCLUSIONS C2GlcNAcT-I deficiency suppresses injury-induced arterial neointima formation, and this effect is attributable to decreased leukocyte recruitment to injured vascular walls and increased endothelial regeneration. Both C2GlcNAcT-I and PF4 are promising targets for the treatment of arterial restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
Three glycosyltransferases have been identified in mammals that can initiate core 2 protein O glycosylation. Core 2 O-glycans are abundant among glycoproteins but, to date, few functions for these structures have been identified. To investigate the biological roles of core 2 O-glycans, we produced and characterized mice deficient in one or more of the three known glycosyltransferases that generate core 2 O-glycans (C2GnT1, C2GnT2, and C2GnT3). A role for C2GnT1 in selectin ligand formation has been described. We now report that C2GnT2 deficiency impaired the mucosal barrier and increased susceptibility to colitis. C2GnT2 deficiency also reduced immunoglobulin abundance and resulted in the loss of all core 4 O-glycan biosynthetic activity. In contrast, the absence of C2GnT3 altered behavior linked to reduced thyroxine levels in circulation. Remarkably, elimination of all three C2GnTs was permissive of viability and fertility. Core 2 O-glycan structures were reduced among tissues from individual C2GnT deficiencies and completely absent from triply deficient mice. C2GnT deficiency also induced alterations in I-branching, core 1 O-glycan formation, and O mannosylation. Although the absence of C2GnT and C4GnT activities is tolerable in vivo, core 2 O glycosylation exerts a significant influence on O-glycan biosynthesis and is important in multiple physiological processes.
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