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Jo W, Won T, Daoud A, Čiháková D. Immune checkpoint inhibitors associated cardiovascular immune-related adverse events. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340373. [PMID: 38375475 PMCID: PMC10875074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are specialized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target immune checkpoints and their ligands, counteracting cancer cell-induced T-cell suppression. Approved ICIs like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1, and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) have improved cancer patient outcomes by enhancing anti-tumor responses. However, some patients are unresponsive, and others experience immune-related adverse events (irAEs), affecting organs like the lung, liver, intestine, skin and now the cardiovascular system. These cardiac irAEs include conditions like myocarditis, atherosclerosis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy. Ongoing clinical trials investigate promising alternative co-inhibitory receptor targets, including T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT). This review delves into the mechanisms of approved ICIs (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, and LAG-3) and upcoming options like Tim-3 and TIGIT. It explores the use of ICIs in cancer treatment, supported by both preclinical and clinical data. Additionally, it examines the mechanisms behind cardiac toxic irAEs, focusing on ICI-associated myocarditis and atherosclerosis. These insights are vital as ICIs continue to revolutionize cancer therapy, offering hope to patients, while also necessitating careful monitoring and management of potential side effects, including emerging cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Taejoon Won
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Abdel Daoud
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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Chan A, Torelli S, Cheng E, Batchelder R, Waliany S, Neal J, Witteles R, Nguyen P, Cheng P, Zhu H. Immunotherapy-Associated Atherosclerosis: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Findings and Implications for Future Research. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2023; 25:715-735. [PMID: 38213548 PMCID: PMC10776491 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-023-01024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of the Review Even as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the lifespan of many patients, they may also trigger acceleration of long-term cardiovascular disease. Our review aims to examine the current landscape of research on ICI-mediated atherosclerosis and address key questions regarding its pathogenesis and impact on patient management. Recent Findings Preclinical mouse models suggest that T cell dysregulation and proatherogenic cytokine production are key contributors to plaque development after checkpoint inhibition. Clinical data also highlight the significant burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients on immunotherapy, although the value of proactively preventing and treating ASCVD in this population remains an open area of inquiry. Current treatment options include dietary/lifestyle modification and traditional medications to manage hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes risk factors; no current targeted therapies exist. Summary Early identification of high-risk patients is crucial for effective preventive strategies and timely intervention. Future research should focus on refining screening tools, elucidating targetable mechanisms driving ICI atherosclerosis, and evaluating long-term cardiovascular outcomes in cancer survivors who received immunotherapy. Moreover, close collaboration between oncologists and cardiologists is essential to optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Chan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Stefan Torelli
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Evaline Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ryan Batchelder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sarah Waliany
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Joel Neal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ronald Witteles
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Patricia Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Rm 3500, Biomedical Innovations Building, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Rm 3500, Biomedical Innovations Building, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
| | - Han Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Rm 3500, Biomedical Innovations Building, Stanford, CA 94304 USA
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3
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Patel P, Rai V, Agrawal DK. Role of oncostatin-M in ECM remodeling and plaque vulnerability. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2451-2460. [PMID: 36856919 PMCID: PMC10579161 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease characterized by the development of plaque formation leading to occlusion of the vessel and hypoxia of the tissue supplied by the vessel. Chronic inflammation and altered collagen expression render stable plaque to unstable and increase plaque vulnerability. Thinned and weakened fibrous cap results in plaque rupture and formation of thrombosis and emboli formation leading to acute ischemic events such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Inflammatory mediators including TREM-1, TLRs, MMPs, and immune cells play a critical role in plaque vulnerability. Among the other inflammatory mediators, oncostatin-M (OSM), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, play an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, however, the role of OSM in plaque vulnerability and extracellular matrix remodeling (ECM) is not well understood and studied. Since ECM remodeling plays an important role in atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability, a detailed investigation on the role of OSM in ECM remodeling and plaque vulnerability is critical. This is important because the role of OSM has been discussed in the context of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and regulation of cytokine expression but the role of OSM is scarcely discussed in relation to ECM remodeling and plaque vulnerability. This review focuses on critically discussing the role of OSM in ECM remodeling and plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Patel
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA.
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4
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Kruk L, Braun A, Cosset E, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Galectin functions in cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1052959. [PMID: 36873388 PMCID: PMC9981828 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1052959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that regulate many cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence indicates that galectins influence many steps of cancer development by inducing the recruitment of immune cells to the inflammatory sites and modulating the effector function of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Recent studies described that different isoforms of galectins can induce platelet adhesion, aggregation, and granule release through the interaction with platelet-specific glycoproteins and integrins. Patients with cancer and/or deep-venous thrombosis have increased levels of galectins in the vasculature, suggesting that these proteins could be important contributors to cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of galectins in inflammatory and thrombotic events, influencing tumor progression and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of anti-cancer therapies targeting galectins in the pathological context of cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Cosset
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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5
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Suero-Abreu GA, Zanni MV, Neilan TG. Atherosclerosis With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Evidence, Diagnosis, and Management: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol 2022; 4:598-615. [PMID: 36636438 PMCID: PMC9830225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the clinical applications of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) expand, our knowledge of the potential adverse effects of these drugs continues to broaden. Emerging evidence supports the association between ICI therapy with accelerated atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) events. We discuss the biological plausibility and the clinical evidence supporting an effect of inhibition of these immune checkpoints on atherosclerotic CV disease. Further, we provide a perspective on potential diagnostic and pharmacological strategies to reduce atherosclerotic risk in ICI-treated patients. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of ICI-related atherosclerosis is in its early stages. Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms linking ICI therapy to atherosclerosis, leverage the insight that ICI therapy provides into CV biology, and develop robust approaches to manage the expanding cohort of patients who may be at risk for atherosclerotic CV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markella V. Zanni
- Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomas G. Neilan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology and Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr Tomas G. Neilan, Cardio-Oncology Program and Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center (CIRC), Massachusetts General Hospital, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 400, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. @TomasNeilan
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6
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Li Y, Jiang S, Li J, Yin M, Yan F, Chen Y, Chen Y, Wu T, Cheng M, He Y, Liang H, Yu H, Qiao Q, Guo Z, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Yin Z. Phenotypic Changes of Peripheral γδ T Cell and Its Subsets in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900334. [PMID: 35874761 PMCID: PMC9304556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. Growing data indicate that many immune cells are involved in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the immunological roles of γδ T cells in the initiation and progression of CAD are not fully understood. Here, we used flow cytometry to determine phenotypical changes of γδ T cells and their subpopulations in peripheral blood samples collected from 37 CAD patients. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the clinical parameter (serum LDL-C level) and the changes of immunophenotypes of γδ T cells. Our results demonstrated that the frequencies and absolute numbers of total γδ T cells and Vδ2+ T cells were significantly decreased in CAD patients when compared to healthy individuals. However, the proportion of Vδ1+ T cells was much lower in CAD patients than that of healthy individuals. Most importantly, a significant alteration of the Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio was found in CAD patients. In addition, a series of surface markers that are associated with costimulatory signals (CD28, CD40L, CD80, CD86), activation levels (CD69, CD25, HLA-DR), activating NK cell receptors (NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D) and inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4, PD-1, Tim-3) were determined and then analyzed in the total γδ T cells, Vδ2+T cells and Vδ2-T cells of CAD patients and healthy individuals. The data demonstrated that immunological activities of total γδ T cells, Vδ2+T cells, and Vδ2-T cells of CAD patients were much lower than those in healthy individuals. Moreover, we found that there were positive correlations between the serum LDL-C levels and frequencies of CD3+γδ+ T cells, CD69+Vδ2+T cells, NKG2D+Vδ2+T cells, and NKp46+Vδ2+T cells. By contrast, there was an inverse correlation between the levels of serum LDL-C and the frequencies of CD69+Vδ2-T cells and NKp46+Vδ2-T cells. Accordingly, these findings could help us to better understand the roles of γδ T cells in the CAD, and shed light on the development of novel diagnostic techniques and therapeutic strategies by targeting γδ T cells for CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Silin Jiang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhuo Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuxin Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongwei Wu
- Department of Medicine Ultrasonics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengliang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihua He
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Qiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Zheng Xiang, ; Yan Xu, ; Yanan Zhang,
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Zheng Xiang, ; Yan Xu, ; Yanan Zhang,
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Zheng Xiang, ; Yan Xu, ; Yanan Zhang,
| | - Zhinan Yin
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhinan Yin, ; Zheng Xiang, ; Yan Xu, ; Yanan Zhang,
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7
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Cui L, Chen L, Dai Y, Ou J, Qiu M, Wang S. Increased Level of Tim-3 +PD-1 +CD4 +T Cells With Altered Function Might Be Associated With Lower Extremity Arteriosclerosis Obliterans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871362. [PMID: 35757718 PMCID: PMC9229777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans (LEASO) is a vascular disease that may result in adult limb loss worldwide. CD4+T cell-mediated immunity plays a significant role in LEASO. The T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) and inhibitory receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) are well-known immune checkpoints that play crucial roles in regulating CD4+T cell activation or tolerance. In this study, blood mononuclear cells were isolated from the blood samples of healthy controls and patients who were diagnosed with LEASO for the first time [stage III or IV according to the Fontaine classification system and had not received drugs (except for heparin) or surgery treatment]. We concluded the higher proportion of Tim-3+PD-1+CD4+T cells in human higher stage LEASO, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein increased Tim-3 and PD-1 co-expression by activating CD4+T cells in a dose- dependent manner. Tim-3+PD-1+CD4+T cells displayed a more active status and produced more anti-atherogenic cytokines compared to Tim-3-PD-1-CD4+T cells. Apart from the increased frequency, the altered function of Tim-3+PD-1+CD4+T cells was also observed in LEASO compared to those from healthy controls. These in vitro results indicated that Tim-3 and PD-1 might be promising early warning targets of higher stage LEASO. In addition, the blockade of Tim-3 and PD-1 signaling pathways aggravated the pro-atherogenic Th1 responses in LEASO, further suggesting that the cardiovascular safety must be a criterion considered in using immune checkpoint inhibitors to reverse T cell exhaustion during tumors and chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Cui
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanting Chen
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - JingMin Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingke Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, China
| | - Songcun Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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8
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Zhang J, Zhan F, Liu H. Expression Level and Significance of Tim-3 in CD4 + T Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 37:350-355. [PMID: 34236813 PMCID: PMC9162406 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2020-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression level and significance of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing molecules-3 (Tim-3) and interleukin-7 (IL-7) in CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS 75 patients with CHD treated at our hospital were selected and classified as mild group (25 cases), moderate group (25 cases) and severe group (25 cases), according to the severity of illness. Twenty-five healthy volunteers who underwent a physical examination at our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The expression level of Tim-3 in CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients in four groups was detected by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression level of IL-7 in peripheral blood serum was measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlation analyses of Tim-3 and IL-7, Tim-3 and disease severity and IL-7 and disease severity were performed, respectively. RESULTS Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of Tim-3 in CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with CHD increased with the aggravation of the disease. ELISA showed that the tendency of IL-7 expression in peripheral blood serum was consistent with the expression of Tim-3, and the expression of Tim-3 had a positive correlation with IL-7. The expression levels of both Tim-3 and IL-7 were positively correlated with the Gensini score. CONCLUSION The expression of Tim-3 and IL-7 in peripheral blood of patients with CHD was upregulated and increased with the aggravation of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, ChangZhou Tumor Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, ChangZhou, China
| | - Feng Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, ChangZhou Tumor Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, ChangZhou, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, ChangZhou Tumor Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, ChangZhou, China
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9
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Tim-1 mucin domain-mutant mice display exacerbated atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2022; 352:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Brom VC, Burger C, Wirtz DC, Schildberg FA. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Macrophages in Cancer, Infection, and Autoimmune Pathologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837645. [PMID: 35418973 PMCID: PMC8995707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized immunotherapy against various cancers over the last decade. The use of checkpoint inhibitors results in remarkable re-activation of patients’ immune system, but is also associated with significant adverse events. In this review, we emphasize the importance of cell-type specificity in the context of immune checkpoint-based interventions and particularly focus on the relevance of macrophages. Immune checkpoint blockade alters the dynamic macrophage phenotypes and thereby substantially manipulates therapeutical outcome. Considering the macrophage-specific immune checkpoint biology, it seems feasible to ameliorate the situation of patients with severe side effects and even increase the probability of survival for non-responders to checkpoint inhibition. Apart from malignancies, investigating immune checkpoint molecules on macrophages has stimulated their fundamental characterization and use in other diseases as well, such as acute and chronic infections and autoimmune pathologies. Although the macrophage-specific effect of checkpoint molecules has been less studied so far, the current literature shows that a macrophage-centered blockade of immune checkpoints as well as a stimulation of their expression represents promising therapeutic avenues. Ultimately, the therapeutic potential of a macrophage-focused checkpoint therapy might be maximized by diagnostically assessing individual checkpoint expression levels on macrophages, thereby personalizing an effective treatment approach for each patient having cancer, infection, or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Brom
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christof Burger
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter C Wirtz
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Vuong JT, Stein-Merlob AF, Nayeri A, Sallam T, Neilan TG, Yang EH. Immune Checkpoint Therapies and Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:577-593. [PMID: 35144750 PMCID: PMC8983019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced malignancies in recent years. Numerous reports have detailed the myriad of possible adverse inflammatory effects of immune checkpoint therapies, including within the cardiovascular system. However, these reports have been largely limited to myocarditis. The critical role of inflammation and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis has been well characterized in preclinical studies, and several emerging clinical studies indicate a potential role of immune checkpoint targeting therapies in the development and exacerbation of atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of T-cell immunity in atherogenesis and describe the molecular effects and clinical associations of both approved and investigational immune checkpoint therapy on atherosclerosis. We also highlight the role of cholesterol metabolism in oncogenesis and discuss the implications of these associations on future treatment and monitoring of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the oncologic population receiving immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Vuong
- Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashley F Stein-Merlob
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arash Nayeri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomas G Neilan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric H Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Cardio-Oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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12
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Tim-3 promotes tube formation and decreases tight junction formation in vascular endothelial cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226577. [PMID: 33015716 PMCID: PMC7560514 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a negative immune checkpoint molecule, T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) has been found to serve a crucial role in immune escape and tumour progression. Previous studies have reported that Tim-3 is important to endothelial cells and it has also been demonstrated to be involved in numerous types of human diseases, including melanoma, lymphoma, rickettsial infection and atherosclerosis; however, its exact mechanism of action remains largely unknown. In the present study, Tim-3 was overexpressed in vascular endothelial human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and in vitro assays were used to determine that Tim-3 promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation through activating cyclin D1 (CCND1), Ras homolog gene family member A and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Additionally, Tim-3 decreased tight junction (TJ) formation and the transepithelial resistance (TER) of endothelial cells by decreasing the expression levels of TJ protein 2, Occludin and claudin 1 (CLND1). In conclusion, these findings suggested that Tim-3 may exert a positive role in angiogenesis and a negative role in TJ formation in vascular endothelial cells, which may provide novel strategies for the treatment of Tim-3-associated diseases.
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13
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Liu C, Zhang H, Chen Y, Wang S, Chen Z, Liu Z, Wang J. Identifying RBM47, HCK, CD53, TYROBP, and HAVCR2 as Hub Genes in Advanced Atherosclerotic Plaques by Network-Based Analysis and Validation. Front Genet 2021; 11:602908. [PMID: 33519905 PMCID: PMC7844323 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.602908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases accounted for a quarter of global deaths. Most of these fatal diseases like coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) and stroke occur in the advanced stage of atherosclerosis, during which candidate therapeutic targets have not been fully established. This study aims to identify hub genes and possible regulatory targets involved in treatment of advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Material/Methods: Microarray dataset GSE43292 and GSE28829, both containing advanced atherosclerotic plaques group and early lesions group, were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify advanced plaque-related modules. Module conservation analysis was applied to assess the similarity of advanced plaque-related modules between GSE43292 and GSE28829. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of these modules were performed by Metascape. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped into advanced plaque-related modules and module membership values of DEGs in each module were calculated to identify hub genes. Hub genes were further validated for expression in atherosclerotic samples, for distinguishing capacity of CAD and for potential functions in advanced atherosclerosis. Results: The lightgreen module (MElightgreen) in GSE43292 and the brown module (MEbrown) in GSE28829 were identified as advanced plaque-related modules. Conservation analysis of these two modules showed high similarity. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that genes in both MElightgreen and MEbrown were enriched in immune cell activation, secretory granules, cytokine activity, and immunoinflammatory signaling. RBM47, HCK, CD53, TYROBP, and HAVCR2 were identified as common hub genes, which were validated to be upregulated in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, to well distinguish CAD patients from non-CAD people and to regulate immune cell function-related mechanisms in advanced atherosclerosis. Conclusions: We have identified RBM47, HCK, CD53, TYROBP, and HAVCR2 as immune-responsive hub genes related to advanced plaques, which may provide potential intervention targets to treat advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiteng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Novel human immunomodulatory T cell receptors and their double-edged potential in autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:919-935. [PMID: 33235388 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, approaches based on T cells and their immunomodulatory receptors have emerged as a solid improvement in treatments for various types of cancer. However, the roles of these molecules in the therapeutic context of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases are still relatively unexplored. Here, we review the best known and most commonly used immunomodulatory T cell receptors in clinical practice (PD-1 and CTLA-4), along with the rest of the receptors with known functions in animal models, which have great potential as modulators in human pathologies in the medium term. Among these other receptors is the receptor CD69, which has recently been described to be expressed in mouse and human T cells in autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, inhibition of these receptors individually or in combination by drugs or monoclonal antibodies generates a loss of immunological tolerance and can trigger multiple autoimmune disorders in different organs and immune-related adverse effects. In the coming decades, knowledge on the functions of different immunomodulatory receptors will be pivotal for the development of new and better therapies with less harmful side effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of these receptors in the control of immunity from a perspective focused on therapeutic potential in not only cancer but also autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, and myocarditis.
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15
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Yu J, Zhu R, Yu K, Wang Y, Ding Y, Zhong Y, Zeng Q. Galectin-9: A Suppressor of Atherosclerosis? Front Immunol 2020; 11:604265. [PMID: 33250901 PMCID: PMC7672040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is no longer controversial that atherosclerosis is a vascular wall chronic inflammatory disease mediated by cells of innate and adaptive immunity. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) seems to be a crucial regulator of T-cell immunity by inducing apoptosis in specific T-cell subpopulations associated with autoimmunity and inflammatory disease. Accumulating evidence showed that galectin-9 signaling via T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM-3) is concerned with different regulatory functions in autoimmunity, including direct depletion of pro-inflammatory T-cells, expanding the number of regulatory T cells, altering macrophages to an anti-inflammatory state and the induction of repressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In addition, anti-Tim-3-Ab administration increased atherosclerotic plaque formation by blocking Tim-3–galectin-9 interaction. Hence, we hypothesize that galectin-9 may be a novel therapy for atherosclerotic disease. Further researches are needed to investigate the precise effect of galectin-9 in the process of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruirui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kuwu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yucheng Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiutang Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Dectin-1 and TIM3 Expression in Deep Vein Thrombosis of Lower Limbs (DVTLL). J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113466. [PMID: 33126475 PMCID: PMC7692188 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms of venous thromboembolism are venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability, while less attention has been given to the role of both innate and native immunity. In this paper, we investigate the involvement of the activated immune system detected through some indicators such as TIM3 and Dectin-1 expressed by T lymphocytes. TIM3 and Dectin-1, two surface molecules that regulate the fine-tuning of innate and adaptive immune responses, were evaluated in patients affected by deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs (DVTLL). CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes obtained from patients affected by DVTLL were analysed using fluorescence-conjugated antibodies for TIM3 and Dectin-1 by an imaging flow cytometer. DVTLL patients showed a higher number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. TIM3 expression in T lymphocytes was very low in both DVTLL patients and controls. On the contrary, an increase in Dectin-1+ cells among CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from DVTLL patients was observed. Dectin-1 is known to play a role in inflammation and immunity and our result suggests its potential involvement in thrombotic venous disease.
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17
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Xie JH, Zhu RR, Zhao L, Zhong YC, Zeng QT. Down-regulation and Clinical Implication of Galectin-9 Levels in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:662-670. [PMID: 32862376 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In various autoimmune diseases, Galecin-9 (Gal-9) has been shown to regulate the T-cell balance by decreasing Th1 and Th17, while increasing the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, the role of Gal-9 in the patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. This study aims to measure the Gal-9 levels in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with ACS plus CKD and examine their clinical implication. The serum levels of Gal-9 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the expression levels of Gal-9, Tim-3, and Foxp3 mRNA in PBMCs were detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the expression of Gal-9 on the surface of PBMCs and in PBMCs was analyzed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the correlation of serum Gal-9 levels with anthropometric and biochemical variables in patients with ACS plus CKD was analyzed. The lowest levels of Gal-9 in serum and PBMCs were found in the only ACS group, followed by the ACS+CKD group, and the normal coronary artery (NCA) group, respectively. Serum Gal-9 levels were increased along with the progression of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) categories of G1 to G4. Additionally, serum Gal-9 levels were negatively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), estimated GFR (eGFR), and lipoprotein(a), but positively with creatinine, age, osmotic pressure, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Notably, serum Gal-9 was independently associated with hs-CRP, osmotic pressure, and lipoprotein(a). Furthermore, serum Gal-9 levels were elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in ACS group. It was suggested that the levels of Gal-9 in serum and PBMCs were decreased in patients with simple ACS and those with ACS plus CKD, and hs-CRP, eGFR, osmotic pressure and T2DM may have an influence on serum Gal-9 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Rui-Rui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Qiu-Tang Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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18
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Das AA, Choudhury KR, Jagadeeshaprasad MG, Kulkarni MJ, Mondal PC, Bandyopadhyay A. Proteomic analysis detects deregulated reverse cholesterol transport in human subjects with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Proteomics 2020; 222:103796. [PMID: 32376501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) plays a critical role in removing cholesterol from the arterial wall. However, very few reports directly relate chronic inflammation and RCT with atherosclerosis. The present study was undertaken to investigate clinical implications of significantly altered circulating proteins in subjects with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the manifestation of atherosclerotic events. Using a case-control design, more than 2500 proteins in both STEMI and healthy control subjects were identified by Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Quantitative proteomics study revealed downregulation of 26 proteins while expression of 38 proteins increased significantly in STEMI subjects compared to healthy controls. Pathway enrichment analyses indicated that most of the identified proteins were related to chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and RCT. Altered proteins such as AZGP1, ABCA5, Calicin, PGLYRP2, HAVCR2 and C17ORF57 were further validated by Western blotting analysis of human plasma. Pathophysiological significance was studied using macrophage derived foam cell for their critical role in RCT which indicated the imbalance of RCT via the interaction of AZGP1 with CD36. In summary, this study revealed a unique relationship of some novel proteins apparently responsible for impaired RCT and chronic inflammation leading to atherothrombosis and myocardial infarction. SIGNIFICANCE: In the present study we identified ≥2500 unique circulating proteins in healthy control and clinically diagnosed STEMI subjects among which 423 proteins were found to be common in both the groups. We further show 64 proteins significantly different between healthy control and STEMI subjects. Proteomic analyses reveal a panel of proteins associated with atherosclerosis and STEMI. One of the proteins, AZGP1, an adipokine, is likely to act as the missing link between chronic inflammation and cholesterol transport. Deregulation of reverse cholesterol transport might be orchestrated by AZGP1, CD36, ABCA5, and PPARɣ in STEMI subjects. The present study employs shotgun and quantitative proteomics followed by in vitro validations demonstrating a biochemical basis for reverse cholesterol transport in the local milieu of the luminal wall of the artery which are critical for plaque build-up and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apabrita Ayan Das
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (TRUE campus), Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Kamalika Roy Choudhury
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (TRUE campus), Kolkata 700091, India
| | | | | | | | - Arun Bandyopadhyay
- Cell Biology & Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (TRUE campus), Kolkata 700091, India.
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19
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Lian C, Wang Z, Qiu J, Jiang B, Lv J, He R, Liu R, Li W, Wang J, Wang S. TIM‑3 inhibits PDGF‑BB‑induced atherogenic responses in human artery vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:886-894. [PMID: 32467985 PMCID: PMC7339574 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) displays anti-atherosclerotic effects, but its role in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has not been reported. The present study aimed to investigate the function of TIM-3 and its roles in human artery VSMCs (HASMCs). A protein array was used to investigate the TIM-3 protein expression profile, which indicated that TIM-3 expression was increased in the serum of patients with lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans disease (LEAOD) compared with healthy individuals. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting of arterial tissue further revealed that TIM-3 expression was increased in LEAOD artery tissue compared with normal artery tissue. Additionally, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) displayed a positive correlation with TIM-3 expression in HASMCs. TIM-3 decreased the migration and proliferation of PDGF-BB-induced HASMCs, and anti-TIM-3 blocked the effects of TIM-3. The effect of TIM-3 on the proliferation and migration of HASMCs was further investigated using LV-TIM-3-transduced cells. The results revealed that TIM-3 also inhibited PDGF-BB-induced expression of the inflammatory factors interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α by suppressing NF-κB activation. In summary, the present study revealed that TIM-3 displayed a regulatory role during the PDGF-BB-induced inflammatory reaction in HASMCs, which indicated that TIM-3 may display anti-atherosclerotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Lian
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhecun Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jiacong Qiu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Baohong Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Junbing Lv
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Rongzhou He
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ruiming Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of General Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shenming Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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20
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Kusters PJH, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. Exploring immune checkpoints as potential therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:368-377. [PMID: 29309533 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis has been well-recognized and despite the development of therapeutic strategies targeted at its classical risk factors such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, atherosclerosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Additional strategies targeting the chronic inflammatory pathways underlying the development of atherosclerosis are therefore required. Interactions between different immune cells result in the secretion of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, and fuel atherogenesis. Immune checkpoint proteins have a critical role in facilitating immune cell interactions and play an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. Although the therapeutic potential of these molecules is well-recognized in clinical oncology, the use of immune checkpoint modulators in atherosclerosis is still limited to experimental models. Here, we review recent insights on the role of immune checkpoint proteins in atherosclerosis. Additionally, we explore the therapeutic potential and challenges of immune checkpoint modulating strategies in cardiovascular medicine and we discuss novel therapeutic approaches to target these proteins in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal J H Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 CZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 CZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University (LMU), Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 CZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University (LMU), Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Research during the last decade has generated numerous insights on the presence, phenotype, and function of myeloid cells in cardiovascular organs. Newer tools with improved detection sensitivities revealed sizable populations of tissue-resident macrophages in all major healthy tissues. The heart and blood vessels contain robust numbers of these cells; for instance, 8% of noncardiomyocytes in the heart are macrophages. This number and the cell's phenotype change dramatically in disease conditions. While steady-state macrophages are mostly monocyte independent, macrophages residing in the inflamed vascular wall and the diseased heart derive from hematopoietic organs. In this review, we will highlight signals that regulate macrophage supply and function, imaging applications that can detect changes in cell numbers and phenotype, and opportunities to modulate cardiovascular inflammation by targeting macrophage biology. We strive to provide a systems-wide picture, i.e., to focus not only on cardiovascular organs but also on tissues involved in regulating cell supply and phenotype, as well as comorbidities that promote cardiovascular disease. We will summarize current developments at the intersection of immunology, detection technology, and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Frodermann
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms, in conjunction with hyperlipidemia, are important drivers of atherosclerosis. The interaction between the different immune cells and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines determine the progression of atherosclerosis. The activation or dampening of the immune response is tightly controlled by immune checkpoints. Costimulatory and coinhibitory immune checkpoints represent potential targets for immune modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis. This review will discuss the current knowledge on immune checkpoints in atherosclerosis and the clinical potential of immune checkpoint targeted therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Rouwet
- From the Department of Surgery and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.R.)
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.L.)
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian’s University (LMU), Munich, Germany (E.L.)
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23
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Sun J, Huang Q, Li S, Meng F, Li X, Gong X. miR-330-5p/Tim-3 axis regulates macrophage M2 polarization and insulin resistance in diabetes mice. Mol Immunol 2018; 95:107-113. [PMID: 29433065 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a state of low-grade inflammatory response in adipose tissue, and contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Immune cells such as macrophages can infiltrate adipose tissue and are responsible for the majority of inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, adipose tissue promotes macrophage infiltration, resulting in local inflammation and insulin resistance. Tim-3 negatively regulates IFN-γ secretion and influences the ability to induce T cell tolerance in diabetes. MicroRNA contributes to the development of immunological tolerance and involves in macrophage polarization. However, the potential of Tim-3 to regulate macrophage polarization and the related microRNA has not been reported. In this experiment, 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The adipose tissue macrophages were isolated, miR-330-5p and Tim-3 levels, and M1/M2 polarization were analyzed. In addition, insulin tolerance tests was detected. The results demonstrated that miR-330-5p levels increased but Tim-3 levels decreased, leading to M1 polarization and insulin tolerance in diabetes mice. In addition, inhibition of miR-330-5p enhanced Tim-3 levels, leading to M2 polarization and insulin tolerance attenuation in diabetes mice. Furthermore, we detected the inverse relationship between miR-330-5p and Tim-3. We found that Tim-3 mRNA contained conserved miR-330-5p binding sites in its 3'UTR, and miR-330-5p could directly regulate Tim-3 expression through these 3'UTR sites. Our study demonstrated that miR-330-5p served as a regulator of the M2 polarization and miR-330-5p/Tim-3 axis potentially down-regulated insulin resistance in diabetes, probably through enhancing the M2 polarization of macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Sun
- Department of Nurse, The People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276000, China
| | - Qiujing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276023, China
| | - Shufa Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276023, China.
| | - Fanqing Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276023, China
| | - Xunhua Li
- Department of Urology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276023, China
| | - Xiaoyun Gong
- Department of Public Health, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276023, China
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Zhang N, Zhang M, Liu RT, Zhang P, Yang CL, Yue LT, Li H, Li YK, Duan RS. Statins reduce the expressions of Tim-3 on NK cells and NKT cells in atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 821:49-56. [PMID: 29288118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have an immuno-regulatory effect in addition to lowing-lipids. Accumulated evidence showed that the expressions of T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) on natural killer (NK) cells increased in atherosclerotic patients and animal models. In this study, 14 patients treated with rosuvastatin and 12 patients with atorvastatin for more than 3 months were included and 20 patients without statins treatment as control. Both statins treatment reduced the expressions of Tim-3 on NK cells and their subtypes, natural killer T (NKT) cells and CD3+ T cells, and increased the proportions of NKT cells among peripheral blood mononuclear cells, accompanied by the decreased levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, and increased ratios of high density lipoprotein to cholesterol. These may contribute to the functions of statins in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ru-Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Chun-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Long-Tao Yue
- Central laboratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yong-Kang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Rui-Sheng Duan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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25
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Tim-3 inhibits low-density lipoprotein-induced atherogenic responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61001-61010. [PMID: 28977841 PMCID: PMC5617401 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial injury and dysfunction followed by endothelial activation and inflammatory cell recruitment are factors contributing to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) promotes inflammation during atherogenesis and lipid deposition in the arterial wall. We observed that stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with ox-LDL activated pro-inflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis, inhibited cell migration, and upregulated T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) expression. Tim-3, in turn, protected HUVECs from ox-LDL-induced apoptosis via the JNK pathway and reversed the inhibition of migration. Tim-3 also inhibited ox-LDL-induced inflammatory cytokine production by suppressing NF-κB activation. In addition, Tim-3 increased production of type 2 T helper cells (Th2) and regulatory T cell (Treg)-associated cytokines. Blocking Tim-3 reversed its effects on the inflammatory response to ox-LDL. Thus, Tim-3 signaling may be a “self-control” mechanism in ox-LDL-triggered inflammation in HUVECs. These results identify Tim-3 as a factor in HUVEC activity and suggest its potential in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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26
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Foks AC, Kuiper J. Immune checkpoint proteins: exploring their therapeutic potential to regulate atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3940-3955. [PMID: 28369782 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides a large variety of immune checkpoint proteins, which involve both costimulatory and inhibitory proteins. Costimulatory proteins can promote cell survival, cell cycle progression and differentiation to effector and memory cells, whereas inhibitory proteins terminate these processes to halt ongoing inflammation. Immune checkpoint proteins play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis by regulating the activation and proliferation of various immune and non-immune cells, such as T-cells, macrophages and platelets. Upon activation within the atherosclerotic lesions or in secondary lymphoid organs, these cells produce large amounts of pro-atherogenic cytokines that contribute to the growth and destabilization of lesions, which can result in rupture of the lesion causing acute coronary syndromes, such as a myocardial infarction. Given the presence and regulatory capacity of immune checkpoint proteins in the circulation and atherosclerotic lesions of cardiovascular patients, modulation of these proteins by, for example, the use of monoclonal antibodies, offers unique opportunities to regulate pro-inflammatory immune responses in atherosclerosis. In this review, we highlight the latest advances on the role of immune checkpoint proteins, such as OX40-OX40L, CTLA-4 and TIM proteins, in atherosclerosis and discuss their therapeutic potential as promising immunotherapies to treat or prevent cardiovascular disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Serum levels of galectin-1, galectin-3, and galectin-9 are associated with large artery atherosclerotic stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40994. [PMID: 28112232 PMCID: PMC5256273 DOI: 10.1038/srep40994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the expression patterns of serum galectin-1 (Gal-1), galectin-3 (Gal-3), galectin-9 (Gal-9), and galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) and their associations with stroke outcome in large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke. The serum levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, Gal-9, and Gal-3BP were measured by ELISA in 130 patients with LAA stroke and 130 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum samples were collected from the patients on day 1, day 6, and in the 4th week after ischaemic stroke (IS). An unfavourable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of >2 on day 90 after IS. Our results indicated that the Gal-3 and Gal-9 levels were higher in patients with LAA stroke than in controls. A higher Gal-3 level was independently associated with an unfavourable outcome both on day 1 and day 6 after IS. In addition, Gal-9 and Gal-1 levels were upregulated on day 6 and in the 4th week after IS, respectively. For Gal-3BP, no difference was detected between patients and controls and no predictive value was found in patients. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the serum levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 may be associated with LAA stroke.
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28
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Wagner DH. Overlooked Mechanisms in Type 1 Diabetes Etiology: How Unique Costimulatory Molecules Contribute to Diabetogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28878738 PMCID: PMC5572340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) develops when immune cells invade the pancreatic islets resulting in loss of insulin production in beta cells. T cells have been proven to be central players in that process. What is surprising, however, is that classic mechanisms of tolerance cannot explain diabetogenesis; alternate mechanisms must now be considered. T cell receptor (TCR) revision is the process whereby T cells in the periphery alter TCR expression, outside the safety-net of thymic selection pressures. This process results in an expanded T cell repertoire, capable of responding to a universe of pathogens, but limitations are that increased risk for autoimmune disease development occurs. Classic T cell costimulators including the CD28 family have long been thought to be the major drivers for full T cell activation. In actuality, CD28 and its family member counterparts, ICOS and CTLA-4, all drive regulatory responses. Inflammation is driven by CD40, not CD28. CD40 as a costimulus has been largely overlooked. When naïve T cells interact with antigen presenting cell CD154, the major ligand for CD40, is induced. This creates a milieu for T cell (CD40)-T cell (CD154) interaction, leading to inflammation. Finally, defined pathogenic effector cells including TH40 (CD4+CD40+) cells can express FOXP3 but are not Tregs. The cells loose FOXP3 to become pathogenic effector cells. Each of these mechanisms creates novel options to better understand diabetogenesis and create new therapeutic targets for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Wagner
- The Program in Integrated Immunology, Department of Medicine, Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: David H. Wagner Jr.,
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Yan WJ, Sun P, Wei DD, Wang SX, Yang JJ, Li YH, Zhang C. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 on CD14 + monocytes serves as a novel biological marker for diabetes duration in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2016; 7:867-873. [PMID: 27182056 PMCID: PMC5089949 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Type 2 diabetes is a worldwide disease that is associated with increased rates of obesity and reduced physical activity. Obesity‐associated insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is a disorder in the balance between pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory signals. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain‐containing molecule 3 (Tim‐3) has been reported as an important regulatory inflammation molecule, and plays a pivotal role in several inflammation‐related diseases. Materials and Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from type 2 diabetes patients (n = 31) and healthy donors (n = 18), and Tim‐3 expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Results We showed the downregulated expression of Tim‐3 on CD14+ monocytes from type 2 diabetes patients. In addition, the upregulated expression of Tim‐3 on peripheral CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells was observed in the present study. The correlation analysis between Tim‐3 expression on CD14+ monocytes and diabetes duration showed the longer diabetes duration time, the lower Tim‐3 expression on CD14 monocytes. Conclusions The present results suggest that Tim‐3 might participate in the progression of type 2 diabetes by its negative regulation on these immune cells, and Tim‐3 on CD14+ monocytes serves as a novel biological marker for diabetes duration in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Intervention Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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30
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Hou N, Zou Y, Piao X, Liu S, Wang L, Li S, Chen Q. T-Cell Immunoglobulin- and Mucin-Domain-Containing Molecule 3 Signaling Blockade Improves Cell-Mediated Immunity Against Malaria. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1547-1556. [PMID: 27638944 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immune responses play important roles in immune protection against Plasmodium infection. However, impaired immunity, such as lymphocyte exhaustion, is a common phenomenon in malaria. T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) is an important regulatory molecule in cell-mediated immunity and has been implicated in malaria. In this study, it was found that Tim-3 expression on key populations of lymphocytes was significantly increased in both Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients and Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA)-infected C57BL/6 mice. Upregulation of Tim-3 led to lymphocyte exhaustion, while blocking Tim-3 signaling with an anti-Tim-3 antibody restored lymphocyte activity in Plasmodium infections. Further, anti-Tim-3 treatment accelerated the parasite clearance and relieved the symptoms of cerebral malaria in PbANKA-infected mice. In conclusion, Tim-3 on immune cells negatively regulates cell-mediated immunity against Plasmodium infection, and blocking Tim-3 signaling enhances sterile immunity and may play a protective role during malarial parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hou
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Yang Zou
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Xianyu Piao
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Shuai Liu
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Shanshan Li
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Qijun Chen
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang City, People's Republic of China
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31
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Lepone LM, Donahue RN, Grenga I, Metenou S, Richards J, Heery CR, Madan RA, Gulley JL, Schlom J. Analyses of 123 Peripheral Human Immune Cell Subsets: Defining Differences with Age and between Healthy Donors and Cancer Patients Not Detected in Analysis of Standard Immune Cell Types. J Circ Biomark 2016; 5:5. [PMID: 28936253 PMCID: PMC5548330 DOI: 10.5772/62322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human immunology have led to the identification of novel immune cell subsets and the biological function of many of these subsets has now been identified. The recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of several immunotherapeutics for the treatment of a variety of cancer types and the results of ongoing immunotherapy clinical studies requires a more thorough interrogation of the immune system. We report here the use of flow cytometry-based analyses to identify 123 immune cell subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The use of these panels defines multiple differences in younger (< 40 years) vs. older (≥ 40 years) individuals and between aged-matched apparently healthy individuals and metastatic cancer patients, aspects not seen in the analysis of the following standard immune cell types: CD8, CD4, natural killer, natural killer-T, regulatory T, myeloid derived suppressor cells, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), plasmacytoid DCs and B cells. The use of these panels identifying 123 immune cell subsets may aid in the identification of patients who may benefit from immunotherapy, either prior to therapy or early in the immunotherapeutic regimen, for the treatment of cancer or other chronic or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Lepone
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Italia Grenga
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simon Metenou
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Richards
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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Foks AC, Engelbertsen D, Kuperwaser F, Alberts-Grill N, Gonen A, Witztum JL, Lederer J, Jarolim P, DeKruyff RH, Freeman GJ, Lichtman AH. Blockade of Tim-1 and Tim-4 Enhances Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:456-65. [PMID: 26821944 PMCID: PMC4853762 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) proteins are expressed by numerous immune cells, recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells, and function as costimulators or coinhibitors. Tim-1 is expressed by activated T cells but is also found on dendritic cells and B cells. Tim-4, present on macrophages and dendritic cells, plays a critical role in apoptotic cell clearance, regulates the number of phosphatidylserine-expressing activated T cells, and is genetically associated with low low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Because these functions of Tim-1 and Tim-4 could affect atherosclerosis, their modulation has potential therapeutic value in cardiovascular disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS ldlr(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks while being treated with control (rat immunoglobulin G1) or anti-Tim-1 (3D10) or -Tim-4 (21H12) monoclonal antibodies that block phosphatidylserine recognition and phagocytosis. Both anti-Tim-1 and anti-Tim-4 treatments enhanced atherosclerosis by 45% compared with controls by impairment of efferocytosis and increasing aortic CD4(+)T cells. Consistently, anti-Tim-4-treated mice showed increased percentages of activated T cells and late apoptotic cells in the circulation. Moreover, in vitro blockade of Tim-4 inhibited efferocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptotic macrophages. Although anti-Tim-4 treatment increased T helper cell (Th)1 and Th2 responses, anti-Tim-1 induced Th2 responses but dramatically reduced the percentage of regulatory T cells. Finally, combined blockade of Tim-1 and Tim-4 increased atherosclerotic lesion size by 59%. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of Tim-4 aggravates atherosclerosis likely by prevention of phagocytosis of phosphatidylserine-expressing apoptotic cells and activated T cells by Tim-4-expressing cells, whereas Tim-1-associated effects on atherosclerosis are related to changes in Th1/Th2 balance and reduced circulating regulatory T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/toxicity
- Aortic Diseases/chemically induced
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/immunology
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Atherosclerosis/chemically induced
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Foks
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Daniel Engelbertsen
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Felicia Kuperwaser
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Noah Alberts-Grill
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Ayelet Gonen
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - James Lederer
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Petr Jarolim
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Rosemarie H DeKruyff
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.)
| | - Andrew H Lichtman
- From the Department of Pathology (A.C.F., D.E., F.K., N.A.-G., P.J., A.H.L.) and Department of Surgery (J.L.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (A.G., J.L.W.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.H.D.); and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (G.J.F.).
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Serum Galectin-9 Levels Are Associated with Coronary Artery Disease in Chinese Individuals. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:457167. [PMID: 26663989 PMCID: PMC4667018 DOI: 10.1155/2015/457167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Recently, several studies suggest that galectin-9 (Gal-9) might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the exact role of Gal-9 in atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated. Methods. Serum Gal-9, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interferon- (IFN-) γ, interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-17, and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 were measured. The effect of Gal-9 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was investigated in patients with normal coronary artery (NCA). Results. The lowest level of Gal-9 was found in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) group, followed by the non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTEACS), the NCA, and the stable angina pectoris (SAP) groups, respectively. Additionally, Gal-9 was found to be independently associated with hs-CRP, lipoprotein(a), and creatinine. Notably, Gal-9 was also noted to be an independent predictor of the Gensini score. Moreover, Gal-9 suppressed T-helper 17 (Th17) and expanded regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in decreased IL-17 production and increased secretion of TGF-β1. Conclusions. Serum Gal-9 is associated with not only coronary artery disease (CAD), but also the severity of coronary arteries stenosis. Gal-9 can expand Tregs and suppress Th17 development in activated PBMC, implying that Gal-9 has the potential to dampen the development of atherosclerosis and may be a new therapy for CAD.
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Nilsson J, Lichtman A, Tedgui A. Atheroprotective immunity and cardiovascular disease: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. J Intern Med 2015; 278:507-19. [PMID: 25659809 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Emerging knowledge of the role of atheroprotective immune responses in modulating inflammation and tissue repair in atherosclerotic lesions has provided promising opportunities to develop novel therapies directly targeting the disease process in the artery wall. Regulatory T (Treg) cells have a protective role through release of anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of autoreactive effector T cells. Studies in experimental animals have shown that blocking the generation or action of Treg cells is associated with more aggressive development of atherosclerosis. Conversely, cell transfer and other approaches to expand Treg cell populations in vivo result in reduced atherosclerosis. There have been relatively few clinical studies of Treg cells and cardiovascular disease, but the available evidence also supports a protective function. These observations have raised hope that it may be possible to develop therapies that act by enforcing the suppressive activities of Treg cells in atherosclerotic lesions. One approach to achieve this goal has been through development of vaccines that stimulate immunological tolerance for plaque antigens. Several pilot vaccines based on LDL-derived antigens have demonstrated promising results in preclinical testing. If such therapies can be shown to be effective also in clinical trials, this could have an important impact on cardiovascular prevention and treatment. Here, we review the current knowledge of the mode of action of atheroprotective immunity and of the ways to stimulate such pathways in experimental settings. The challenges in translating this knowledge into the clinical setting are also discussed within the perspective of the experience of introducing immune-based therapies for other chronic noninfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Tedgui
- INSERM U970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
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Qiu MK, Wang SC, Dai YX, Wang SQ, Ou JM, Quan ZW. PD-1 and Tim-3 Pathways Regulate CD8+ T Cells Function in Atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128523. [PMID: 26035207 PMCID: PMC4452700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated immunity plays a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). There is increasing evidence that CD8+ T cells are also involved in AS but their exact roles remain unclear. The inhibitory receptors programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) are well known inhibitory molecules that play a crucial role in regulating CD8+ T cell activation or tolerance. Here, we demonstrate that the co-expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 on CD8+ T cells is up-regulated in AS patients. PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells are enriched for within the central T (TCM) cell subset, with high proliferative activity and CD127 expression. Co-expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 on CD8+ T cells is associated with increased anti-atherogenic cytokine production as well as decreased pro-atherogenic cytokine production. Blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 results in a decrease of anti-atherogenic cytokine production by PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells and in an augmentation of TNF-α and IFN-γ production. These findings highlight the important role of the PD-1 and Tim-3 pathways in regulating CD8+ T cells function in human AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ke Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song-Cun Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xin Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Qing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Min Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JMO); (ZWQ)
| | - Zhi-Wei Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JMO); (ZWQ)
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Abstract
Tim-3 is a member of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) family of proteins, which are expressed by several cell types in the immune system, including CD4 and CD8 T cells activated under certain conditions. These molecules are generally thought to act as receptors for multiple ligands and thus to function by engaging intracellular signaling pathways in a ligand-dependent manner. In recent years, the function of the Tim-3 protein has been studied in some detail, particularly with respect to its role in the regulation of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Here, we review the structural features of Tim-3, known ligands for this molecule and the links established between Tim-3 and signal transduction pathways. In addition, we review the current literature regarding the role of Tim-3 in the regulation of effector responses by CD4 and CD8 T cells. Overall, findings published thus far strongly support the conclusion that Tim-3 functions to inhibit T cell responses, particularly under conditions involving chronic stimulation. Conversely, some reports have provided evidence that Tim-3 can stimulate T cells under conditions involving acute stimulation, suggesting that the role of Tim-3 may vary depending on context. Further study of Tim-3 is likely to advance our understanding of how CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are regulated and could uncover novel approaches for manipulating T cell function for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Hedrick
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA.
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Frodermann V, van Puijvelde GHM, Wierts L, Lagraauw HM, Foks AC, van Santbrink PJ, Bot I, Kuiper J, de Jager SCA. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptotic dendritic cells as a novel therapy for atherosclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2208-18. [PMID: 25653425 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of immune responses may form a powerful approach to treat atherosclerosis. It was shown that clearance of apoptotic cells results in tolerance induction to cleared Ags by dendritic cells (DCs); however, this seems impaired in atherosclerosis because Ag-specific tolerance is lacking. This could result, in part, from decreased emigration of DCs from atherosclerotic lesions because of the high-cholesterol environment. Nonetheless, local induction of anti-inflammatory responses by apoptotic cell clearance seems to dampen atherosclerosis, because inhibition of apoptotic cell clearance worsens atherosclerosis. In this study, we assessed whether i.v. administration of oxLDL-induced apoptotic DCs (apop(ox)-DCs) and, as a control, unpulsed apoptotic DCs could modulate atherosclerosis by inducing tolerance. Adoptive transfer of apop(ox)-DCs into low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice either before or during feeding of a Western-type diet resulted in increased numbers of CD103(+) tolerogenic splenic DCs, with a concomitant increase in regulatory T cells. Interestingly, both types of apoptotic DCs induced an immediate 40% decrease in Ly-6C(hi) monocyte numbers and a 50% decrease in circulating CCL2 levels, but only apop(ox)-DC treatment resulted in long-term effects on monocytes and CCL2 levels. Although initial lesion development was reduced by 40% in both treatment groups, only apop(ox)-DC treatment prevented lesion progression by 28%. Moreover, progressed lesions of apop(ox)-DC-treated mice showed a robust 45% increase in collagen content, indicating an enhanced stability of lesions. Our findings clearly show that apoptotic DC treatment significantly decreases lesion development, but only apop(ox)-DCs can positively modulate lesion progression and stability. These findings may translate into a safe treatment for patients with established cardiovascular diseases using patient-derived apop(ox)-DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Frodermann
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs H M van Puijvelde
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Wierts
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J van Santbrink
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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