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Ahmad F, Gupta A, Marzook H, Woodgett JR, Saleh MA, Qaisar R. Natural compound screening predicts novel GSK-3 isoform-specific inhibitors. Biochimie 2024; 225:68-80. [PMID: 38723940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological disorders and cancer. Isoform-specific loss of either GSK-3α or GSK-3β often provides cytoprotective effects under such clinical conditions. However, available synthetic small molecule inhibitors are relatively non-specific, and their chronic use may lead to adverse effects. Therefore, screening for natural compound inhibitors to identify the isoform-specific inhibitors may provide improved clinical utility. Here, we screened 70 natural compounds to identify novel natural GSK-3 inhibitors employing comprehensive in silico and biochemical approaches. Molecular docking and pharmacokinetics analysis identified two natural compounds Psoralidin and Rosmarinic acid as potential GSK-3 inhibitors. Specifically, Psoralidin and Rosmarinic acid exhibited the highest binding affinities for GSK-3α and GSK-3β, respectively. Consistent with in silico findings, the kinase assay-driven IC50 revealed superior inhibitory effects of Psoralidin against GSK-3α (IC50 = 2.26 μM) vs. GSK-3β (IC50 = 4.23 μM) while Rosmarinic acid was found to be more potent against GSK-3β (IC50 = 2.24 μM) than GSK-3α (IC50 = 5.14 μM). Taken together, these studies show that the identified natural compounds may serve as GSK-3 inhibitors with Psoralidin serving as a better inhibitor for GSK-3α and Rosmarinic for GSK-3β isoform, respectively. Further characterization employing in vitro and preclinical models will be required to test the utility of these compounds as GSK-3 inhibitors for cardiometabolic and neurological disorders and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdos Ahmad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Space Medicine Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hezlin Marzook
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - James R Woodgett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Space Medicine Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Lichtinghagen R, Huber R. GSK3 as a Master Regulator of Cellular Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15503. [PMID: 37958485 PMCID: PMC10647207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its initial purification and characterization as an enzyme negatively regulating glycogen synthase activity [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Huber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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3
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Mastrogiacomo L, Werstuck GH. Investigating the Role of Endothelial Glycogen Synthase Kinase3α/β in Atherogenesis in Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314780. [PMID: 36499109 PMCID: PMC9740237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) are associated with inflammation and endothelial activation. Activated endothelial cells (ECs) express adhesion proteins that recruit monocytes to the subendothelial layer initiating plaque development. Understanding the mechanism(s) by which ECs increase adhesion protein expression will facilitate the development of therapies aimed at preventing CVD progression and mortality. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3α/β are constitutively active kinases which have been associated with many cellular pathways regulating cell viability and metabolism. While roles for myeloid GSK3α/β in the development of atherosclerosis have been established, there is limited knowledge on the potential roles of endothelial GSK3α/β. With the use of Cre recombinase technology, GSK3α/β was knocked out of both ECs and macrophages (Tie2Cre GSK3α/βfl/fl LDLR-/-). A bone marrow transplant was used to replenish GSK3α/β in the myeloid lineage allowing the assessment of an endothelial-selective GSK3α/β knockout (BMT Tie2Cre GSK3α/βfl/fl LDLR-/-). In both models, adhesion protein expression, macrophage recruitment and plaque volume were reduced in GSK3α knockout mice. GSK3β knockout had no significant effect. Results from this study are the first to suggest a pro-atherogenic role of endothelial GSK3α and support existing evidence for targeting GSK3α in the treatment of atherosclerotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Mastrogiacomo
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Geoff H. Werstuck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +905-521-2100 (ext. 40747)
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4
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Deletion of Macrophage-Specific Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK)-3α Promotes Atherosclerotic Regression in Ldlr−/− Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169293. [PMID: 36012557 PMCID: PMC9409307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence from our laboratory suggests that impeding ER stress–GSK3α/β signaling attenuates the progression and development of atherosclerosis in mouse model systems. The objective of this study was to determine if the tissue-specific genetic ablation of GSK3α/β could promote the regression of established atherosclerotic plaques. Five-week-old low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr−/−) mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to promote atherosclerotic lesion formation. Mice were then injected with tamoxifen to induce macrophage-specific GSK3α/β deletion, and switched to standard diet for 12 weeks. All mice were sacrificed at 33 weeks of age and atherosclerosis was quantified and characterized. Female mice with induced macrophage-specific GSK3α deficiency, but not GSK3β deficiency, had reduced plaque volume (~25%) and necrosis (~40%) in the aortic sinus, compared to baseline mice. Atherosclerosis was also significantly reduced (~60%) in the descending aorta. Macrophage-specific GSK3α-deficient mice showed indications of increased plaque stability and reduced inflammation in plaques, as well as increased CCR7 and ABCA1 expression in lesional macrophages, consistent with regressive plaques. These results suggest that GSK3α ablation promotes atherosclerotic plaque regression and identify GSK3α as a potential target for the development of new therapies to treat existing atherosclerotic lesions in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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5
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Zou T, Gao S, Yu Z, Zhang F, Yao L, Xu M, Li J, Wu Z, Huang Y, Wang S. Salvianolic acid B inhibits RAW264.7 cell polarization towards the M1 phenotype by inhibiting NF-κB and Akt/mTOR pathway activation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13857. [PMID: 35974091 PMCID: PMC9381594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
M1 macrophages secrete a large number of proinflammatory factors and promote the expansion of atherosclerotic plaques and processes. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) exerts anti-inflammatory, antitumor and other effects, but no study has addressed whether Sal B can regulate the polarization of macrophages to exert these anti-atherosclerotic effects. Therefore, we investigated the inhibition of Sal B in M1 macrophage polarization and the underlying mechanism. The effects of different treatments on cell viability, gene expression and secretion of related proteins, phenotypic markers and cytokines were detected by MTT and western blot assays, RT‒qPCR and ELISAs. Cell viability was not significantly changed when the concentration of Sal B was less than 200 μM, and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/mL) + interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (2.5 ng/mL) successfully induced M1 polarization. RT‒qPCR and ELISAs indicated that Sal B can downregulate M1 marker (Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and upregulate M2 marker (Arginase-1 (Arg-1) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10)) expression. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), p-Akt, p-mTOR, LC3-II, Beclin-1, and p62, and the results suggested that Sal B inhibits the M1 polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages by promoting autophagy via the NF-κB signalling pathway. The study indicated that Sal B inhibits M1 macrophage polarization by inhibiting NF-κB signalling pathway activation and downregulating Akt/mTOR activation to promote autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Zhaolan Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Fuyong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, 618000, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Junxin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhigui Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yilan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Shurong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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6
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García-Fojeda B, Minutti CM, Montero-Fernández C, Stamme C, Casals C. Signaling Pathways That Mediate Alveolar Macrophage Activation by Surfactant Protein A and IL-4. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860262. [PMID: 35444643 PMCID: PMC9014242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of tissue repair program in macrophages requires the integration of IL-4/IL-13 cytokines and tissue-specific signals. In the lung, surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a tissue factor that amplifies IL-4Rα-dependent alternative activation and proliferation of alveolar macrophages (AMs) through the myosin18A receptor. However, the mechanism by which SP-A and IL-4 synergistically increase activation and proliferation of AMs is unknown. Here we show that SP-A amplifies IL-4-mediated phosphorylation of STAT6 and Akt by binding to myosin18A. Blocking PI3K activity or the myosin18A receptor abrogates SP-A´s amplifying effects on IL-4 signaling. SP-A alone activates Akt, mTORC1, and PKCζ and inactivates GSK3α/β by phosphorylation, but it cannot activate arginase-1 activity or AM proliferation on its own. The combined effects of IL-4 and SP-A on the mTORC1 and GSK3 branches of PI3K-Akt signaling contribute to increased AM proliferation and alternative activation, as revealed by pharmacological inhibition of Akt (inhibitor VIII) and mTORC1 (rapamycin and torin). On the other hand, the IL-4+SP-A-driven PKCζ signaling axis appears to intersect PI3K activation with STAT6 phosphorylation to achieve more efficient alternative activation of AMs. Consistent with IL-4+SP-A-driven activation of mTORC1 and mTORC2, both agonists synergistically increased mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in AMs, which are necessary for production of energy and metabolic intermediates for proliferation and alternative activation. We conclude that SP-A signaling in AMs activates PI3K-dependent branched pathways that amplify IL-4 actions on cell proliferation and the acquisition of AM effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén García-Fojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Minutti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Montero-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cordula Stamme
- Division of Cellular Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cristina Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Yousef MH, Salama M, El-Fawal HAN, Abdelnaser A. Selective GSK3β Inhibition Mediates an Nrf2-Independent Anti-inflammatory Microglial Response. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5591-5611. [PMID: 35739410 PMCID: PMC9395457 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is associated with the proinflammatory phenotype of microglia and has been shown to act in concert with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). GSK3 is also a suppressor of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the principal regulator of redox homeostasis. Agreeing with the oxidative paradigm of aging, Nrf2 is often deregulated in parainflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore a multimodal disease-modifying utility of GSK3 inhibition, beyond neuronal proteopathologies. Furthermore, we aimed to underscore the difference in therapeutic value between the two GSK3 paralogs by isoform-selective chemical inhibition. The anti-inflammatory effects of paralog-selective GSK3 inhibitors were evaluated as a function of the reductive capacity of each to mitigate LPS-induced activation of SIM-A9 microglia. The Griess method was employed to detect the nitrate-lowering capacity of selective GSK3 inhibition. Real-time PCR was used to assess post-treatment expression levels of pro-inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes; pro-inflammatory cytokines were assayed by ELISA. Nuclear lysates of treated cells were examined for Nrf2 and NF-κB accumulation by immunoblotting. Finally, to infer whether the counter-inflammatory activity of GSK3 inhibition was Nrf2-dependent, DsiRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 was attempted. Results from our experiments reveal a superior anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative efficacy for GSK3β-selective inhibition, compared to GSK3α-selective and non-selective pan-inhibition; hence, use of selective GSK3β inhibitors is likely to be more propitious than non-selective dual inhibitors administered at comparable doses. Moreover, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of GSK3 inhibition are not Nrf2 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Yousef
- School of Sciences and Engineering, Biotechnology Graduate Program, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan A N El-Fawal
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anwar Abdelnaser
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt.
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8
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Patel S, Werstuck G. Characterizing the Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3α/β in Macrophage Polarization and the Regulation of Pro-Atherogenic Pathways in Cultured Ldlr -/- Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676752. [PMID: 34394077 PMCID: PMC8361494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms that link cardiovascular risk factors to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis are not understood. Recent findings from our laboratory indicate that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling through glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β induces pro-atherosclerotic pathways. The objective of this study was to define the specific roles of GSK3α and GSK3β in the activation of pro-atherogenic processes in macrophages. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) were isolated from low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice and Ldlr-/- mice with myeloid deficiency of GSK3α and/or GSK3β. M1 and M2 macrophages were used to examine functions relevant to the development of atherosclerosis, including polarization, inflammatory response, cell viability, lipid accumulation, migration, and metabolism. GSK3α deficiency impairs M1 macrophage polarization, and reduces the inflammatory response and lipid accumulation, but increases macrophage mobility/migration. GSK3β deficiency promotes M1 macrophage polarization, which further increases the inflammatory response and lipid accumulation, but decreases macrophage migration. Macrophages deficient in both GSK3α and GSK3β exhibit increased cell viability, proliferation, and metabolism. These studies begin to delineate the specific roles of GSK3α and GSK3β in macrophage polarization and function. These data suggest that myeloid cell GSK3α signaling regulates M1 macrophage polarization and pro-atherogenic functions to promote atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvatit Patel
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoff Werstuck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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9
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Patel S, Werstuck GH. Macrophage Function and the Role of GSK3. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042206. [PMID: 33672232 PMCID: PMC7926541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in nearly all vertebrate tissues, where they respond to a complex variety of regulatory signals to coordinate immune functions involved in tissue development, metabolism, homeostasis, and repair. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that plays important roles in multiple pathways involved in cell metabolism. Dysregulation of GSK3 has been implicated in several prevalent metabolic disorders, and recent findings have highlighted the importance of GSK3 activity in the regulation of macrophages, especially with respect to the initiation of specific pathologies. This makes GSK3 a potential therapeutic target for the development of novel drugs to modulate immunometabolic responses. Here, we summarize recent findings that have contributed to our understanding of how GSK3 regulates macrophage function, and we discuss the role of GSK3 in the development of metabolic disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvatit Patel
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street E, Hamilton, ON L9L 2X2, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Geoff H. Werstuck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street E, Hamilton, ON L9L 2X2, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-521-2100 (ext. 40747)
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10
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GSK3α: An Important Paralog in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121683. [PMID: 33339170 PMCID: PMC7765659 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological activity of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is fulfilled by two paralogs named GSK3α and GSK3β, which possess both redundancy and specific functions. The upregulated activity of these proteins is linked to the development of disorders such as neurodegenerative disorders (ND) and cancer. Although various chemical inhibitors of these enzymes restore the brain functions in models of ND such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and reduce the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, the particular contribution of each paralog to these effects remains unclear as these molecules downregulate the activity of both paralogs with a similar efficacy. Moreover, given that GSK3 paralogs phosphorylate more than 100 substrates, the simultaneous inhibition of both enzymes has detrimental effects during long-term inhibition. Although the GSK3β kinase function has usually been taken as the global GSK3 activity, in the last few years, a growing interest in the study of GSK3α has emerged because several studies have recognized it as the main GSK3 paralog involved in a variety of diseases. This review summarizes the current biological evidence on the role of GSK3α in AD and various types of cancer. We also provide a discussion on some strategies that may lead to the design of the paralog-specific inhibition of GSK3α.
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11
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Wang Q, Chen K, Zhang F, Peng K, Wang Z, Yang D, Yang Y. TRPA1 regulates macrophages phenotype plasticity and atherosclerosis progression. Atherosclerosis 2020; 301:44-53. [PMID: 32325260 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS TRPA1 is a calcium permeable non-selective cation channel, its expression is up-regulated in atherosclerosis plaque, yet its function in macrophages activation is unknown. We sought to establish the role of TRPA1 in inflammatory macrophages activation. METHODS TRPA1-/-ApoE-/- mice and C57BL/6 J control were treated with a high-fat diet (HFD) and the TRPA1 agonist cinnamaldehyde (CIN). Third-order branches of superior aorta of patients and mice were collected. Oil Red O staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to measure atherosclerotic lesions. The RNA-seq was performed to identify TRPA1 function in atherosclerosis. The expression of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) markers was tested by Western blot. In addition, the levels of inflammatory factors were checked by ELISA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR and luciferase reporter gene assays were used to explore if TRPA1 could regulate histone modifications. RESULTS TRPA1-/-ApoE-/- mice showed a significant increase in atherosclerosis plaques compared to ApoE-/- mice after HFD treatment. Conversely, activation of TRPA1 by CIN sharply reduced atherosclerosis progression. Atherosclerosis was associated with a significant change in macrophage polarization toward the M1 proinflammatory phenotype. We found that inhibition of TRPA1 remarkably stimulated M1 marker genes expression, while repressed M2 marker genes expression. The interaction between TRPA1 and Ezh2, a subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2, suppressed the proteasome-dependent degradation of Ezh2. Thus, TRPA1 epigenetically regulated H3K27 trimethylation level in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that TRPA1, up-regulated in atherosclerosis plaque, could regulate the macrophages toward an inflammatory phenotype, thereby modulating atherosclerosis progression. Activation of TRPA1 might serve as an atherosclerosis therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PR China
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, PR China
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PR China
| | - Dachun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PR China.
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, PR China.
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12
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Panagi I, Jennings E, Zeng J, Günster RA, Stones CD, Mak H, Jin E, Stapels DAC, Subari NZ, Pham THM, Brewer SM, Ong SYQ, Monack DM, Helaine S, Thurston TLM. Salmonella Effector SteE Converts the Mammalian Serine/Threonine Kinase GSK3 into a Tyrosine Kinase to Direct Macrophage Polarization. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:41-53.e6. [PMID: 31862381 PMCID: PMC6953433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens antagonize anti-bacterial immunity through translocated effector proteins that inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling. In addition, the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium initiates an anti-inflammatory transcriptional response in macrophages through its effector protein SteE. However, the target(s) and molecular mechanism of SteE remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that SteE converts both the amino acid and substrate specificity of the host pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase GSK3. SteE itself is a substrate of GSK3, and phosphorylation of SteE is required for its activity. Remarkably, phosphorylated SteE then forces GSK3 to phosphorylate the non-canonical substrate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) on tyrosine-705. This results in STAT3 activation, which along with GSK3 is required for SteE-mediated upregulation of the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage marker interleukin-4Rα (IL-4Rα). Overall, the conversion of GSK3 to a tyrosine-directed kinase represents a tightly regulated event that enables a bacterial virulence protein to reprogram innate immune signaling and establish an anti-inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Panagi
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elliott Jennings
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jingkun Zeng
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Regina A Günster
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cullum D Stones
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hazel Mak
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Enkai Jin
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daphne A C Stapels
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nur Z Subari
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trung H M Pham
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Brewer
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Y Q Ong
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Denise M Monack
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sophie Helaine
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Teresa L M Thurston
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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13
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Kim SH, Lee HS. The Lipid Efflux Effects of Dichloromethane Extract from Orostachys japonicusin 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Cells. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2019.51.4.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Gimcheon University, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Seon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Jungwon University, Goesan, Korea
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14
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Ahmad F, Woodgett JR. Emerging roles of GSK-3α in pathophysiology: Emphasis on cardio-metabolic disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118616. [PMID: 31785335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a widely expressed serine/threonine kinase regulates a variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation and death. Mammals harbor two structurally similar isoforms GSK-3α and β that have overlapping as well as unique functions. Of the two, GSK-3β has been studied (and reviewed) in far greater detail with analysis of GSK-3α often as an afterthought. It is now evident that systemic, chronic inhibition of either GSK-3β or both GSK-3α/β is not clinically feasible and if achieved would likely lead to adverse clinical conditions. Emerging evidence suggests important and specific roles for GSK-3α in fatty acid accumulation, insulin resistance, amyloid-β-protein precursor metabolism, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, fibrosis, aging, fertility, and in a variety of cancers. Selective targeting of GSK-3α may present a novel therapeutic opportunity to alleviate a number of pathological conditions. In this review, we assess the evidence for roles of GSK-3α in a variety of pathophysiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdos Ahmad
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - James R Woodgett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
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15
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Yang S, Yuan HQ, Hao YM, Ren Z, Qu SL, Liu LS, Wei DH, Tang ZH, Zhang JF, Jiang ZS. Macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 501:142-146. [PMID: 31730809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. An in-depth study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is critical for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The development of atherosclerosis involves many cells, such as endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and others. The considerable effects of macrophages in atherosclerosis are inextricably linked to macrophage polarization and the resulting phenotype. Moreover, the significant impact of macrophages on atherosclerosis depend not only on the function of the different macrophage phenotypes but also on the relative ratio of different phenotypes in the plaque. Research on atherosclerosis therapy indicates that the reduced plaque size and enhanced stability are partly due to modulating macrophage polarization. Therefore, regulating macrophage polarization and changing the proportion of macrophage phenotypes in plaques is a new therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis. This review provides a new perspective for atherosclerosis therapy by summarizing the relationship between macrophage polarization and atherosclerosis, as well as treatment targeting macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Hou-Qin Yuan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Ya-Meng Hao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Lu-Shan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Dang-Heng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China
| | - Ji-Feng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, NCRC Bldg26-357S, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, PR China.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Mallat
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.
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Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition as a potential pharmacological target for vascular dementia: In silico and in vivo evidence. Comput Biol Med 2019; 108:305-316. [PMID: 31022582 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia is a serious problem as it creates significant disability and dependency in the affected person. Lives of these patients can be improved through the advent of novel drug targets which can be targeted by pharmacological therapies. However, finding a precise and druggable target for vascular dementia is experimentally impossible and challenging task owing to a complex and mostly unknown interplay between the cognitive abilities of the brain with a diversity of vascular diseases. To address this issue, we have systematically analyzed the literature reports by using well-known methods and approaches of bioinformatics (viz. network pharmacology, reverse pharmacology, enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways, biological processes of Gene Ontology and DIAMOnD algorithm). Because glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) seems to be one of the most promising targets, therefore, we have tested the capacity of lithium carbonate, a classical inhibitor of GSK-3, for treatment of dementia resulting from mild chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in mice. To this end, our study shows in-vivo validation of predicted target, i.e., pharmacological deactivation of GSK-3 enzyme and its impact on cognitive abilities employing a behavioral test battery, i.e., object recognition task, step-through passive avoidance task, elevated plus maze task and water maze task. In this framework, we observed that lithium carbonate attenuates recognition, emotion, spatial and fear-motivated learning and memory impairments along with attenuation of oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In conclusion, we propose GSK-3 as a promising drug target for vascular dementia in light of experimental results and in-silico predictions.
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M2 Macrophages as a Potential Target for Antiatherosclerosis Treatment. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:6724903. [PMID: 30923552 PMCID: PMC6409015 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6724903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammation course, which could induce life-threatening diseases such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Optimal medical treatments for atherosclerotic risk factors with current antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs (for example, statins) are widely used in clinical practice. However, many patients with established disease still continue to have recurrent cardiovascular events in spite of treatment with a state-of-the-art therapy. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Hence, current treatment of atherosclerosis is still far from being satisfactory. Recently, M2 macrophages have been found associated with atherosclerosis regression. The M2 phenotype can secrete anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 and TGF-β, promote tissue remodeling and repairing through collagen formation, and clear dying cells and debris by efferocytosis. Therefore, modulators targeting macrophages' polarization to the M2 phenotype could be another promising treatment strategy for atherosclerosis. Two main signaling pathways, the Akt/mTORC/LXR pathway and the JAK/STAT6 pathway, are found playing important roles in M2 polarization. In addition, researchers have reported several potential approaches to modulate M2 polarization. Inhibiting or activating some kinds of enzymes, affecting transcription factors, or acting on several membrane receptors could regulate the polarization of the M2 phenotype. Besides, biomolecules, for example vitamin D, were found to affect the process of M2 polarization. Pomegranate juice could promote M2 polarization via unclear mechanism. In this review, we will discuss how M2 macrophages affect atherosclerosis regression, signal transduction in M2 polarization, and outline potential targets and compounds that affect M2 polarization, thus controlling the progress of atherosclerosis.
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Arioka M, Takahashi-Yanaga F. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor as a multi-targeting anti-rheumatoid drug. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:207-213. [PMID: 30776323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease that causes swelling, bone erosion, and joint disorder. Patients with RA therefore suffer from pain and physiological disability, and have a decreased quality of life. During the progression of RA, many different types of cells and inflammatory factors influence each other with an important role. A better understanding of the pathology of RA should therefore lead to the development of effective anti-rheumatoid drugs, such as the anti-TNFα antibody. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase that is involved in a large number of key cellular processes and is dysregulated in a wide variety of diseases, including inflammation and osteoporosis. The accumulated evidence has suggested that GSK-3 could be involved in multiple steps in the progression of RA. In the present review, the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of RA are summarized, and recent developments and potential new drugs targeting GSK-3 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Arioka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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20
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Huang A, Patel S, McAlpine CS, Werstuck GH. The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Signaling in Atherogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061607. [PMID: 29848965 PMCID: PMC6032052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of global mortality and atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of most CVD. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cardiovascular risk factors promote the development of atherosclerosis are not well understood. The development of new efficient therapies to directly block or slow disease progression will require a better understanding of these mechanisms. Accumulating evidence supports a role for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in all stages of the developing atherosclerotic lesion however, it was not clear how ER stress may contribute to disease progression. Recent findings have shown that ER stress signaling through glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α may significantly contribute to macrophage lipid accumulation, inflammatory cytokine production and M1macrophage polarization. In this review we summarize our knowledge of the potential role of ER stress-GSK3 signaling in the development and progression of atherosclerosis as well as the possible therapeutic implications of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric Huang
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9L 2X2, Canada.
| | - Sarvatit Patel
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9L 2X2, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Cameron S McAlpine
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9L 2X2, Canada.
| | - Geoff H Werstuck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L9L 2X2, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Wang F, Liu Z, Park SH, Gwag T, Lu W, Ma M, Sui Y, Zhou C. Myeloid β-Catenin Deficiency Exacerbates Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1468-1478. [PMID: 29724817 PMCID: PMC6023740 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates essential aspects of cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and polarity. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Macrophage is one of the major cell types involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, but the role of macrophage β-catenin in atherosclerosis remains elusive. This study aims to investigate the impact of β-catenin expression on macrophage functions and atherosclerosis development. Approach and Results— To investigate the role of macrophage canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in atherogenesis, we generated β-cateninΔmyeLDLR−/− mice (low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice with myeloid-specific β-catenin deficiency). As expected, deletion of β-catenin decreased macrophage adhesion and migration properties in vitro. However, deficiency of β-catenin significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion areas in the aortic root of LDLR−/− (low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient) mice without affecting the plasma lipid levels and atherosclerotic plaque composition. Mechanistic studies revealed that β-catenin can regulate activation of STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway in macrophages, and ablation of β-catenin resulted in STAT3 downregulation and STAT1 activation, leading to elevated macrophage inflammatory responses and increased atherosclerosis. Conclusions— This study demonstrates a critical role of myeloid β-catenin expression in atherosclerosis by modulating macrophage inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Zun Liu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Taesik Gwag
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Weiwei Lu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Murong Ma
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Yipeng Sui
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (F.W., Z.L., S.-H.P., T.G., W.L., M.M., Y.S., C.Z.)
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.Z.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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22
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Xie Z, Wang X, Liu X, Du H, Sun C, Shao X, Tian J, Gu X, Wang H, Tian J, Yu B. Adipose-Derived Exosomes Exert Proatherogenic Effects by Regulating Macrophage Foam Cell Formation and Polarization. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.007442. [PMID: 29502100 PMCID: PMC5866320 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is causally associated with atherosclerosis, and adipose tissue (AT)–derived exosomes may be implicated in the metabolic complications of obesity. However, the precise role of AT‐exosomes in atherogenesis remains unclear. We herein aimed to assess the effect of AT‐exosomes on macrophage foam cell formation and polarization and subsequent atherosclerosis development. Methods and Results Four types of exosomes isolated from the supernatants of ex vivo subcutaneous AT and visceral AT (VAT) explants that were derived from wild‐type mice and high‐fat diet (HFD)–induced obese mice were effectively taken up by RAW264.7 macrophages. Both treatment with wild‐type VAT exosomes and HFD‐VAT exosomes, but not subcutaneous AT exosomes, markedly facilitated macrophage foam cell generation through the downregulation of ATP‐binding cassette transporter (ABCA1 and ABCG1)–mediated cholesterol efflux. Decreased expression of liver X receptor‐α was also observed. Among the 4 types of exosomes, only HFD‐VAT exosomes significantly induced M1 phenotype transition and proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6) secretion in RAW264.7 macrophages, which was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of NF‐κB‐p65 but not the cellular expression of NF‐κB‐p65 or IκB‐α. Furthermore, systematic intravenous injection of HFD‐VAT exosomes profoundly exacerbated atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E–deficient mice, as indicated by the M1 marker (CD16/32 and inducible nitric oxide synthase)–positive areas and the Oil Red O/Sudan IV–stained area, without affecting the plasma lipid profile and body weight. Conclusions This study demonstrated a proatherosclerotic role for HFD‐VAT exosomes, which is exerted by regulating macrophage foam cell formation and polarization, indicating a novel link between AT and atherosclerosis in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huaan Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changbin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiangtian Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinwei Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Silva-García O, Rico-Mata R, Maldonado-Pichardo MC, Bravo-Patiño A, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Aguirre-González J, Baizabal-Aguirre VM. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3α Is the Main Isoform That Regulates the Transcription Factors Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and cAMP Response Element Binding in Bovine Endothelial Cells Infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:92. [PMID: 29434603 PMCID: PMC5796901 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a constitutive enzyme implicated in the regulation of cytokine expression and the inflammatory response during bacterial infections. Mammals have two GSK3 isoforms named GSK3α and GSK3β that plays different but often overlapping functions. Although the role of GSK3β in cytokine regulation during the inflammatory response caused by bacteria is well described, GSK3α has not been found to participate in this process. Therefore, we tested if GSK3α may act as a regulatory isoform in the cytokine expression by bovine endothelial cells infected with Staphylococcus aureus because this bacterium is one of the major pathogens that cause tissue damage associated with inflammatory dysfunction. Interestingly, although both isoforms were phosphorylated–inactivated, we consistently observed a higher phosphorylation of GSK3α at Ser21 than that of GSK3β at Ser9 after bacterial challenge. During a temporal course of infection, we characterized a molecular switch from pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-8), promoted by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), at an early stage (2 h) to an anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-10), promoted by cAMP response element binding (CREB), at a later stage (6 h). We observed an indirect effect of GSK3α activity on NF-κB activation that resulted in a low phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133, a decreased interaction between CREB and the co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP), and a lower expression level of IL-10. Gene silencing of GSK3α and GSK3β with siRNA indicated that GSK3α knockout promoted the interaction between CREB and CBP that, in turn, increased the expression of IL-10, reduced the interaction of NF-κB with CBP, and reduced the expression of IL-8. These results indicate that GSK3α functions as the primary isoform that regulates the expression of IL-10 in endothelial cells infected with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Silva-García
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Rosa Rico-Mata
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - María Cristina Maldonado-Pichardo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Juan J Valdez-Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor M Baizabal-Aguirre
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
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4-phenylbutyrate and valproate treatment attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis and stabilizes existing plaques. Atherosclerosis 2017; 266:103-112. [PMID: 29024862 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling through glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α/β is involved in the activation of pro-atherosclerotic processes. In this study, we examined the effects of small molecules that interfere with ER stress-GSK3α/β signaling on the progression and regression of atherosclerosis in a mouse model. METHODS To examine atherosclerotic progression, low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) and treated with the chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA, 3.8 g/L drinking water), or the GSK3α/β inhibitor, valproate (VPA, 625 mg VPA/kg diet), for 10 weeks. To examine potential effects on atherosclerotic regression, 4 week old Ldlr-/- mice were placed on a HFD for 16 weeks. Subsets of mice were harvested at this time or switched to a chow (low fat) diet, or a chow diet with 4PBA or VPA treatment for 4 weeks. RESULTS In the progression model, the 4PBA- and VPA-treated mice had significantly reduced lesion and necrotic core size. Treatments had no effect on metabolic parameters, including plasma and hepatic lipid levels, or plaque composition. In the regression model, mice with 4PBA or VPA treatment showed no alterations in lesion size, but the lesions had significantly smaller necrotic cores, increased vascular smooth muscle cell content, and increased collagen content. These features are consistent with more stable plaques. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacological attenuation of ER stress or inhibition of GSK3α/β impedes the development of atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice and appears to promote the stabilization of existing lesions.
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25
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Yang Y, Luo NS, Ying R, Xie Y, Chen JY, Wang XQ, Gu ZJ, Mai JT, Liu WH, Wu MX, Chen ZT, Fang YB, Zhang HF, Zuo ZY, Wang JF, Chen YX. Macrophage-derived foam cells impair endothelial barrier function by inducing endothelial-mesenchymal transition via CCL-4. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:558-568. [PMID: 28656247 PMCID: PMC5504989 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been demonstrated to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, the molecular mechanisms of which remain unclear. In the present study, scanning electron microscopy directly revealed a widened endothelial space and immunohistofluorescence demonstrated that EndMT was increased in human aorta atherosclerotic plaques. M1 macrophage-derived foam cell (M1-FC) supernatants, but not M2 macrophage-derived foam cell (M2-FC) supernatants, induced EndMT. A protein array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay identified that the levels of several cytokines, including C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL-4) were increased in M1-FC supernatants, in which EndMT was promoted, accompanied by increased endothelial permeability and monocyte adhesion. Furthermore, anti-CCL-4 antibody abolished the effects of M1-FC supernatants on EndMT. At the same time, CCL-4 activated its receptor, C-C motif chemokine receptor-5 (CCR-5), and upregulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression. Further experiments revealed that EndMT induced by CCL-4 was reversed by treatment with CCR-5 antagonist and the RNA-mediated knockdown of TGF-β. On the whole, the data of the present study suggest that M1-FCs induce EndMT by upregulating CCL-4, and increase endothelial permeability and monocyte adhesion. These data may help to elucidate the important role of EndMT in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Nian-Sang Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ru Ying
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Yuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Jie Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Ting Mai
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Mao-Xiong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Teng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Biao Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yi Zuo
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Disease of Heart and Brain, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Liu CL, Zhang JY, Shi GP. Interaction between allergic asthma and atherosclerosis. Transl Res 2016; 174:5-22. [PMID: 26608212 PMCID: PMC4826642 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have established an essential role of mast cells in allergic asthma and atherosclerosis. Mast cell deficiency or inactivation protects mice from allergen-induced airway hyper-responsiveness and diet-induced atherosclerosis, suggesting that mast cells share pathologic activities in both diseases. Allergic asthma and atherosclerosis are inflammatory diseases that contain similar sets of elevated numbers of inflammatory cells in addition to mast cells in the airway and arterial wall, such as macrophages, monocytes, T cells, eosinophils, and smooth muscle cells. Emerging evidence from experimental models and human studies points to a potential interaction between the 2 seemingly unrelated diseases. Patients or mice with allergic asthma have a high risk of developing atherosclerosis or vice versa, despite the fact that asthma is a T-helper (Th)2-oriented disease, whereas Th1 immunity promotes atherosclerosis. In addition to the preferred Th1/Th2 responses that may differentiate the 2 diseases, mast cells and many other inflammatory cells also contribute to their pathogenesis by more than just T cell immunity. Here, we summarize the different roles of airway and arterial wall inflammatory cells and vascular cells in asthma and atherosclerosis and propose an interaction between the 2 diseases, although limited investigations are available to delineate the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which 1 disease increases the risk of the other. Results from mouse allergic asthma and atherosclerosis models and from human population studies lead to the hypothesis that patients with atherosclerosis may benefit from antiasthmatic medications or that the therapeutic regimens targeting atherosclerosis may also alleviate allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jin-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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