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Kang BA, Li HM, Chen YT, Deng MJ, Li Y, Peng YM, Gao JJ, Mo ZW, Zhou JG, Ou ZJ, Ou JS. High-density lipoprotein regulates angiogenesis by affecting autophagy via miRNA-181a-5p. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:286-300. [PMID: 37897614 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that normal high-density lipoprotein (nHDL) can promote angiogenesis, whereas HDL from patients with coronary artery disease (dHDL) is dysfunctional and impairs angiogenesis. Autophagy plays a critical role in angiogenesis, and HDL regulates autophagy. However, it is unclear whether nHDL and dHDL regulate angiogenesis by affecting autophagy. Endothelial cells (ECs) were treated with nHDL and dHDL with or without an autophagy inhibitor. Autophagy, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, miRNA expression, nitric oxide (NO) production, superoxide anion (O2•-) generation, EC migration, and tube formation were evaluated. nHDL suppressed the expression of miR-181a-5p, which promotes autophagy and the expression of eNOS, resulting in NO production and the inhibition of O2•- generation, and ultimately increasing in EC migration and tube formation. dHDL showed opposite effects compared to nHDL and ultimately inhibited EC migration and tube formation. We found that autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) was a direct target of miR-181a-5p. ATG5 silencing or miR-181a-5p mimic inhibited nHDL-induced autophagy, eNOS expression, NO production, EC migration, tube formation, and enhanced O2•- generation, whereas overexpression of ATG5 or miR-181a-5p inhibitor reversed the above effects of dHDL. ATG5 expression and angiogenesis were decreased in the ischemic lower limbs of hypercholesterolemic low-density lipoprotein receptor null (LDLr-/-) mice when compared to C57BL/6 mice. ATG5 overexpression improved angiogenesis in ischemic hypercholesterolemic LDLr-/- mice. Taken together, nHDL was able to stimulate autophagy by suppressing miR-181a-5p, subsequently increasing eNOS expression, which generated NO and promoted angiogenesis. In contrast, dHDL inhibited angiogenesis, at least partially, by increasing miR-181a-5p expression, which decreased autophagy and eNOS expression, resulting in a decrease in NO production and an increase in O2•- generation. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which HDL affects angiogenesis by regulating autophagy and provide a therapeutic target for dHDL-impaired angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Ang Kang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hua-Ming Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ya-Ting Chen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Meng-Jie Deng
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yue-Ming Peng
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jian-Jun Gao
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Mo
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jia-Guo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Ou
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Jing-Song Ou
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Ortiz-Whittingham LR, Baumer Y, Pang APS, Sampson M, Baez AS, Rose RR, Noonan SH, Mendez-Silva J, Collins BS, Mitchell VM, Cintron MA, Farmer N, Remaley AT, Corley MJ, Powell-Wiley TM. Associations between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation, IFNγ, and high-density lipoprotein particle size: Data from the Washington, D.C. cardiovascular health and needs assessment. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 157:106346. [PMID: 37651859 PMCID: PMC10543547 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors, including inflammation. Inflammation plays an important role in modifying the cardioprotective function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Moreover, recent studies suggest that very high HDL is associated with adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. Thus, we sought to explore the relationships between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation as a marker of chronic stress, inflammation, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) (a core component of the HDL proteome), HDL characterisitcs, and biological aging as a predictor of CVD and all-cause mortality. METHODS Sixty African American subjects were recruited to the NIH Clinical Center as part of a community-based participatory research-designed observational study. Neighborhood deprivation index (NDI), a marker of neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation, was measured using US Census data. HDL characteristics (cholesterol, particle number, size, subspecies) were determined from NMR lipoprotein profiling, and plasma cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, IFNγ) were measured using an ELISA-based multiplex technique. Epigenetic clock biomarkers of aging were measured using DNA methylation data obtained from participants' buffy coat samples. We used linear regression modeling adjusted for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score, body mass index (BMI), and lipid-lowering medication use to investigate relationships of interest. RESULTS NDI directly associated with large HDL particle count (H7P) and IFNγ and trended toward significance with HDL-C and PCSK9. IFNγ and PCSK9 then directly associated with H7P. H7P also directly associated with higher DNA methylation phenotypic age (PhenoAge). CONCLUSION We highlight associations between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation, IFNγ, PCSK9, HDL subspecies, and epigenetic biomarkers of aging. Taken together, our findings suggest indirect pathways linking neighborhood deprivation-related stress and inflammation to HDL and immune epigenetic changes. Moreover, these results add to recent work showing the pathogenicity of high HDL levels and underscore the need to understand how chronic stress-related inflammation and lipoprotein subspecies relate to CVD risk across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola R Ortiz-Whittingham
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yvonne Baumer
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alina P S Pang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maureen Sampson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew S Baez
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca R Rose
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarah H Noonan
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joanna Mendez-Silva
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Billy S Collins
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Valerie M Mitchell
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Manuel A Cintron
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Farmer
- Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Corley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tiffany M Powell-Wiley
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Intramural Research Program, National Institutes on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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3
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Darabi M, Lhomme M, Ponnaiah M, Pučić-Baković M, Guillas I, Frisdal E, Bittar R, Croyal M, Matheron-Duriez L, Poupel L, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Frere C, Varret M, Krempf M, Cariou B, Lauc G, Guerin M, Carrie A, Bruckert E, Giral P, Le Goff W, Kontush A. Integrated omics approach for the identification of HDL structure-function relationships in PCSK9-related familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:643-658. [PMID: 37550151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in dyslipidemia may go beyond its immediate effects on low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) activity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess PCSK9-derived alterations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) physiology, which bear a potential to contribute to cardiovascular risk profile. METHODS HDL was isolated from 33 patients with familial autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (FH), including those carrying PCSK9 gain-of-function (GOF) genetic variants (FH-PCSK9, n = 11), together with two groups of dyslipidemic patients employed as controls and carrying genetic variants in the LDL-R not treated (ntFH-LDLR, n = 11) and treated (tFH-LDLR, n = 11) with statins, and 11 normolipidemic controls. Biological evaluations paralleled by proteomic, lipidomic and glycomic analyses were applied to characterize functional and compositional properties of HDL. RESULTS Multiple deficiencies in the HDL function were identified in the FH-PCSK9 group relative to dyslipidemic FH-LDLR patients and normolipidemic controls, which involved reduced antioxidative, antiapoptotic, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities. By contrast, cellular cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL was unchanged. In addition, multiple alterations of the proteomic, lipidomic and glycomic composition of HDL were found in the FH-PCSK9 group. Remarkably, HDLs from FH-PCSK9 patients were systematically enriched in several lysophospholipids as well as in A2G2S2 (GP13) glycan and apolipoprotein A-IV. Based on network analysis of functional and compositional data, a novel mosaic structure-function model of HDL biology involving FH was developed. CONCLUSION Several metrics of anti-atherogenic HDL functionality are altered in FH-PCSK9 patients paralleled by distinct compositional alterations. These data provide a first-ever overview of the impact of GOF PCSK9 genetic variants on structure-function relationships in HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Darabi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (Drs Darabi, Guillas, Frisdal, Poupel, Carrie,Bittar, Guerin, Le Goff, and Kontush), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France; LPS-BioSciences (Current affiliation of Dr Darabi), Université de Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Marie Lhomme
- ICAN Analytics (Dr Lhomme), Lipidomics Core, Foundation for Innovation in Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (IHU-ICAN, ANR-10-IAHU-05), Paris, France
| | - Maharajah Ponnaiah
- ICAN I/O (Dr Ponnaiah), Foundation for Innovation in Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (IHU-ICAN, ANR-10-IAHU-05), Paris, France
| | - Maja Pučić-Baković
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory (Drs Pučić-Baković and Lauc), Borongajska cesta 83H, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Isabelle Guillas
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (Drs Darabi, Guillas, Frisdal, Poupel, Carrie,Bittar, Guerin, Le Goff, and Kontush), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Eric Frisdal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (Drs Darabi, Guillas, Frisdal, Poupel, Carrie,Bittar, Guerin, Le Goff, and Kontush), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Randa Bittar
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (Drs Darabi, Guillas, Frisdal, Poupel, Carrie,Bittar, Guerin, Le Goff, and Kontush), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France; Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (Drs Bittar and Bonnefont-Rousselot), Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Mikaël Croyal
- Université de Nantes (Drs Cariou et Croyal), CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'Institut du Thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes (Dr Croyal), CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, F-44000 Nantes, France; CRNH-Ouest Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (Drs Croyal and Krempf), F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Lucrèce Matheron-Duriez
- Platform MS3U (Dr Matheron), Institut de Biologie Paris Seine FR 3631, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Poupel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (Drs Darabi, Guillas, Frisdal, Poupel, Carrie,Bittar, Guerin, Le Goff, and Kontush), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (Drs Bittar and Bonnefont-Rousselot), Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Université de Paris (Dr Bonnefont-Rousselot), CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Frere
- Department of Haematology (Dr Frere), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Varret
- Paris University and Sorbonne Paris Nord University (Dr Varret), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM, LVTS), F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Michel Krempf
- CRNH-Ouest Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (Drs Croyal and Krempf), F-44000 Nantes, France; Clinique Bretéché (Dr Krempf), Groupe Elsan, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Université de Nantes (Drs Cariou et Croyal), CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'Institut du Thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory (Drs Pučić-Baković and Lauc), Borongajska cesta 83H, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maryse Guerin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (Drs Darabi, Guillas, Frisdal, Poupel, Carrie,Bittar, Guerin, Le Goff, and Kontush), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Alain Carrie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (Drs Darabi, Guillas, Frisdal, Poupel, Carrie,Bittar, Guerin, Le Goff, and Kontush), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Endocrinologie Métabolisme et Prévention Cardiovasculaire (Drs Bruckert and Giral), Institut E3M et IHU Cardiométabolique (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Giral
- Endocrinologie Métabolisme et Prévention Cardiovasculaire (Drs Bruckert and Giral), Institut E3M et IHU Cardiométabolique (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (Drs Darabi, Guillas, Frisdal, Poupel, Carrie,Bittar, Guerin, Le Goff, and Kontush), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anatol Kontush
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (Drs Darabi, Guillas, Frisdal, Poupel, Carrie,Bittar, Guerin, Le Goff, and Kontush), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France.
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Burnap SA, Ortega-Prieto AM, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Ali H, Takov K, Fish M, Shankar-Hari M, Giacca M, Malim MH, Mayr M. Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry Uncovers Interactions Between High-Density Lipoproteins and the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100600. [PMID: 37343697 PMCID: PMC10279469 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are reduced in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the extent of this reduction is associated with poor clinical outcomes. While lipoproteins are known to play a key role during the life cycle of the hepatitis C virus, their influence on coronavirus (CoV) infections is poorly understood. In this study, we utilize cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to determine circulating protein interactors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. XL-MS of plasma isolated from patients with COVID-19 uncovered HDL protein interaction networks, dominated by acute-phase serum amyloid proteins, whereby serum amyloid A2 was shown to bind to apolipoprotein (Apo) D. XL-MS on isolated HDL confirmed ApoD to interact with SARS-CoV-2 spike but not SARS-CoV-1 spike. Other direct interactions of SARS-CoV-2 spike upon HDL included ApoA1 and ApoC3. The interaction between ApoD and spike was further validated in cells using immunoprecipitation-MS, which uncovered a novel interaction between both ApoD and spike with membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 1. Mechanistically, XL-MS coupled with data-driven structural modeling determined that ApoD may interact within the receptor-binding domain of the spike. However, ApoD overexpression in multiple cell-based assays had no effect upon viral replication or infectivity. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 spike can bind to apolipoproteins on HDL, but these interactions do not appear to alter infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Burnap
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK.
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hashim Ali
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK; Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kaloyan Takov
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Matthew Fish
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mauro Giacca
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK.
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Gianazza E, Macchi C, Banfi C, Ruscica M. Proteomics and Lipidomics to unveil the contribution of PCSK9 beyond cholesterol lowering: a narrative review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1191303. [PMID: 37378405 PMCID: PMC10291627 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1191303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), one of the key regulators of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), can play a direct role in atheroma development. Although advances in the understandings of genetic PCSK9 polymorphisms have enabled to reveal the role of PCSK9 in the complex pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), increasing lines of evidence support non-cholesterol-related processes mediated by PCSK9. Owing to major improvements in mass spectrometry-based technologies, multimarker proteomic and lipidomic panels hold the promise to identify novel lipids and proteins potentially related to PCSK9. Within this context, this narrative review aims to provide an overview of the most significant proteomics and lipidomics studies related to PCSK9 effects beyond cholesterol lowering. These approaches have enabled to unveil non-common targets of PCSK9, potentially leading to the development of novel statistical models for CVD risk prediction. Finally, in the era of precision medicine, we have reported the impact of PCSK9 on extracellular vesicles (EVs) composition, an effect that could contribute to an increased prothrombotic status in CVD patients. The possibility to modulate EVs release and cargo could help counteract the development and progression of the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gianazza
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Clarke R, Von Ende A, Schmidt LE, Yin X, Hill M, Hughes AD, Pechlaner R, Willeit J, Kiechl S, Watkins H, Theofilatos K, Hopewell JC, Mayr M. Apolipoprotein Proteomics for Residual Lipid-Related Risk in Coronary Heart Disease. Circ Res 2023; 132:452-464. [PMID: 36691918 PMCID: PMC9930889 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of the importance of conventional lipid measures and the advent of novel lipid-lowering medications have prompted the need for more comprehensive lipid panels to guide use of emerging treatments for the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). This report assessed the relevance of 13 apolipoproteins measured using a single mass-spectrometry assay for risk of CHD in the PROCARDIS case-control study of CHD (941 cases/975 controls). METHODS The associations of apolipoproteins with CHD were assessed after adjustment for established risk factors and correction for statin use. Apolipoproteins were grouped into 4 lipid-related classes [lipoprotein(a), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides] and their associations with CHD were adjusted for established CHD risk factors and conventional lipids. Analyses of these apolipoproteins in a subset of the ASCOT trial (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial) were used to assess their within-person variability and to estimate a correction for statin use. The findings in the PROCARDIS study were compared with those for incident cardiovascular disease in the Bruneck prospective study (n=688), including new measurements of Apo(a). RESULTS Triglyceride-carrying apolipoproteins (ApoC1, ApoC3, and ApoE) were most strongly associated with the risk of CHD (2- to 3-fold higher odds ratios for top versus bottom quintile) independent of conventional lipid measures. Likewise, ApoB was independently associated with a 2-fold higher odds ratios of CHD. Lipoprotein(a) was measured using peptides from the Apo(a)-kringle repeat and Apo(a)-constant regions, but neither of these associations differed from the association with conventionally measured lipoprotein(a). Among HDL-related apolipoproteins, ApoA4 and ApoM were inversely related to CHD, independent of conventional lipid measures. The disease associations with all apolipoproteins were directionally consistent in the PROCARDIS and Bruneck studies, with the exception of ApoM. CONCLUSIONS Apolipoproteins were associated with CHD independent of conventional risk factors and lipids, suggesting apolipoproteins could help to identify patients with residual lipid-related risk and guide personalized approaches to CHD risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (R.C., A.V.E., M.H., J.C.H.)
| | - Adam Von Ende
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (R.C., A.V.E., M.H., J.C.H.)
| | - Lukas E. Schmidt
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom (L.E.S., X.Y., K.T., M.M.)
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom (L.E.S., X.Y., K.T., M.M.)
| | - Michael Hill
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (R.C., A.V.E., M.H., J.C.H.)
| | - Alun D. Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (A.D.H.)
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (R.P., J.W., S.K.)
| | - Johann Willeit
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (R.P., J.W., S.K.)
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria (R.P., J.W., S.K.)
- Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria (S.K.)
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (H.W.)
| | - Konstantinos Theofilatos
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom (L.E.S., X.Y., K.T., M.M.)
| | - Jemma C. Hopewell
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (R.C., A.V.E., M.H., J.C.H.)
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom (L.E.S., X.Y., K.T., M.M.)
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7
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Interleukin-8 (IL-8) as a Potential Mediator of an Association between Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) among African Americans at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121196. [PMID: 36557234 PMCID: PMC9785610 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-a microbial metabolite derived from the hepatic-gut axis-is linked to inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which is largely hepatically expressed, blocks low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor recycling, also leading to hyperlipidemia. The primary objective of this study was to investigate a previously hypothesized potential relationship between TMAO and PCSK9 in order to explore novel mechanisms linking TMAO and CVD risk. African American adults at risk of CVD living in the Washington DC area were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional community-based study (n = 60, 93% female, BMI = 33). Fasting levels of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-8), TMAO, and PCSK9 were measured using Luminex and ELISA, respectively. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses and structural equation mediation analyses were conducted using STATA. All models were adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and atherosclerotic CVD risk score (ASCVD). A significant association between TMAO and PCSK9 was identified (β = 0.31, p = 0.02). Both TMAO and PCSK9 were significantly associated with IL-8 (TMAO: β = 0.45, p = 0.00; PCSK9: β = 0.23, p = 0.05) in adjusted models. Mediation analysis indicated that 34.77% of the relationship between TMAO and PCSK9 was explained by IL-8. Our findings indicate a potential PCSK9-involved pathway for TMAO and CVD risk, with potential mediation by IL-8.
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8
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver secretome. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:938-963. [PMCID: PMC9703441 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Holzer M, Ljubojevic-Holzer S, Souza Junior DR, Stadler JT, Rani A, Scharnagl H, Ronsein GE, Marsche G. HDL Isolated by Immunoaffinity, Ultracentrifugation, or Precipitation is Compositionally and Functionally Distinct. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100307. [PMID: 36511335 PMCID: PMC9720336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The HDL proteome has been widely recognized as an important mediator of HDL function. While a variety of HDL isolation methods exist, their impact on the HDL proteome and its associated function remain largely unknown. Here, we compared three of the most common methods for HDL isolation, namely immunoaffinity (IA), density gradient ultracentrifugation (UC), and dextran-sulfate precipitation (DS), in terms of their effects on the HDL proteome and associated functionalities. We used state-of-the-art mass spectrometry to identify 171 proteins across all three isolation methods. IA-HDL contained higher levels of paraoxonase 1, apoB, clusterin, vitronectin, and fibronectin, while UC-HDL had higher levels of apoA2, apoC3, and α-1-antytrypsin. DS-HDL was enriched with apoA4 and complement proteins, while the apoA2 content was very low. Importantly, size-exclusion chromatography analysis showed that IA-HDL isolates contained subspecies in the size range above 12 nm, which were entirely absent in UC-HDL and DS-HDL isolates. Analysis of these subspecies indicated that they primarily consisted of apoA1, IGκC, apoC1, and clusterin. Functional analysis revealed that paraoxonase 1 activity was almost completely lost in IA-HDL, despite high paraoxonase content. We observed that the elution conditions, using 3M thiocyanate, during IA resulted in an almost complete loss of paraoxonase 1 activity. Notably, the cholesterol efflux capacity of UC-HDL and DS-HDL was significantly higher compared to IA-HDL. Together, our data clearly demonstrate that the isolation procedure has a substantial impact on the composition, subclass distribution, and functionality of HDL. In summary, our data show that the isolation procedure has a significant impact on the composition, subclass distribution and functionality of HDL. Our data can be helpful in the comparison, replication and analysis of proteomic datasets of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Holzer
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria,For correspondence: Michael Holzer
| | - Senka Ljubojevic-Holzer
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria,Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Julia T. Stadler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alankrita Rani
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Graziella Eliza Ronsein
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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10
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Sarkar SK, Matyas A, Asikhia I, Hu Z, Golder M, Beehler K, Kosenko T, Lagace TA. Pathogenic gain-of-function mutations in the prodomain and C-terminal domain of PCSK9 inhibit LDL binding. Front Physiol 2022; 13:960272. [PMID: 36187800 PMCID: PMC9515655 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.960272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein that binds and mediates endo-lysosomal degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), limiting plasma clearance of cholesterol-rich LDL particles in liver. Gain-of-function (GOF) point mutations in PCSK9 are associated with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Approximately 30%–40% of PCSK9 in normolipidemic human plasma is bound to LDL particles. We previously reported that an R496W GOF mutation in a region of PCSK9 known as cysteine-histidine–rich domain module 1 (CM1) prevents LDL binding in vitro [Sarkar et al., J. Biol. Chem. 295 (8), 2285–2298 (2020)]. Herein, we identify additional GOF mutations that inhibit LDL association, localized either within CM1 or a surface-exposed region in the PCSK9 prodomain. Notably, LDL binding was nearly abolished by a prodomain S127R GOF mutation, one of the first PCSK9 mutations identified in FH patients. PCSK9 containing alanine or proline substitutions at amino acid position 127 were also defective for LDL binding. LDL inhibited cell surface LDLR binding and degradation induced by exogenous PCSK9-D374Y but had no effect on an S127R-D374Y double mutant form of PCSK9. These studies reveal that multiple FH-associated GOF mutations in two distinct regions of PCSK9 inhibit LDL binding, and that the Ser-127 residue in PCSK9 plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Matyas
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ikhuosho Asikhia
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zhenkun Hu
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mia Golder
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tanja Kosenko
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas A. Lagace
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Thomas A. Lagace,
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11
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Jia F, Fei SF, Tong DB, Xue C, Li JJ. Sex difference in circulating PCSK9 and its clinical implications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953845. [PMID: 36160427 PMCID: PMC9490038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a proprotein convertase that increases plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by triggering the degradation of LDL receptors (LDLRs). Beyond the regulation of circulating LDL-C, PCSK9 also has direct atherosclerotic effects on the vascular wall and is associated with coronary plaque inflammation. Interestingly, emerging data show that women have higher circulating PCSK9 concentrations than men, suggesting that the potential roles of PCSK9 may have different impacts according to sex. In this review, we summarize the studies concerning sex difference in circulating levels of PCSK9. In addition, we report on the sex differences in the relations of elevated circulating PCSK9 levels to the severity and prognosis of coronary artery disease, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and neurological damage after cardiac arrest and liver injury, as well as inflammatory biomarkers and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Moreover, sex difference in the clinical efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors application are reviewed. Finally, the underlying mechanisms of sex difference in circulating PCSK9 concentrations and the clinical implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Si-Fan Fei
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - De-Bing Tong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Cong Xue
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Xue, ; Jian-Jun Li,
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Cardio-Metabolic Center, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cong Xue, ; Jian-Jun Li,
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12
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Schreckenberg R, Wolf A, Szabados T, Gömöri K, Szabó IA, Ágoston G, Brenner G, Bencsik P, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, Schlüter KD. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Deletion but Not Inhibition of Extracellular PCSK9 Reduces Infarct Sizes Ex Vivo but Not In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126512. [PMID: 35742954 PMCID: PMC9223354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia upregulates PCSK9 expression in the heart, and PCSK9 affects the function of myocytes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PCSK9 on reperfusion injury in rats and mice fed normal or high-fat diets. Either the genetic knockout of PCSK9 (mice) or the antagonism of circulating PCSK9 via Pep2-8 (mice and rats) was used. Isolated perfused hearts were exposed to 45 min of ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. In vivo, mice were fed normal or high-fat diets (2% cholesterol) for eight weeks prior to coronary artery occlusion (45 min of ischemia) and reperfusion (120 min). Ischemia/reperfusion upregulates PCSK9 expression (rats and mice) and releases it into the perfusate. The inhibition of extracellular PCSK9 does not affect infarct sizes or functional recovery. However, genetic deletion largely reduces infarct size and improves post-ischemic recovery in mice ex vivo but not in vivo. A high-fat diet reduced the survival rate during ischemia and reperfusion, but in a PCSK9-independent manner that was associated with increased plasma matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 activity. PCSK9 deletion, but not the inhibition of extracellular PCSK9, reduces infarct sizes in ex vivo hearts, but this effect is overridden in vivo by factors such as MMP9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Schreckenberg
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Annemarie Wolf
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Tamara Szabados
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Kamilla Gömöri
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
| | - István Adorján Szabó
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
| | - Gergely Ágoston
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
| | - Gábor Brenner
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Phamacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Bencsik
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.S.); (K.G.); (I.A.S.); (G.Á.); (P.B.)
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary; (G.B.); (P.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Phamacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.W.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
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