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Sporns PB, Psychogios MN, Straeter R, Hanning U, Minnerup J, Chapot R, Henkes H, Henkes E, Grams A, Dorn F, Nikoubashman O, Wiesmann M, Bier G, Weber A, Broocks G, Fiehler J, Brehm A, Kaiser D, Yilmaz U, Morotti A, Marik W, Nolz R, Jensen-Kondering U, Braun M, Schob S, Beuing O, Goetz F, Trenkler J, Turowski B, Möhlenbruch M, Wendl C, Schramm P, Musolino PL, Lee S, Schlamann M, Radbruch A, Karch A, Rübsamen N, Wildgruber M, Kemmling A. Clinical Diffusion Mismatch to Select Pediatric Patients for Embolectomy 6 to 24 Hours After Stroke: An Analysis of the Save ChildS Study. Neurology 2020; 96:e343-e351. [PMID: 33144517 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether thrombectomy is safe in children up to 24 hours after onset of symptoms when selected by mismatch between clinical deficit and infarct. METHODS A secondary analysis of the Save ChildS Study (January 2000-December 2018) was performed, including all pediatric patients (<18 years) diagnosed with arterial ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular recanalization at 27 European and United States stroke centers. Patients were included if they had a relevant mismatch between clinical deficit and infarct. RESULTS Twenty children with a median age of 10.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 7-14.6) years were included. Of those, 7 were male (35%), and median time from onset to thrombectomy was 9.8 (IQR 7.8-16.2) hours. Neurologic outcome improved from a median Pediatric NIH Stroke Scale score of 12.0 (IQR 8.8-20.3) at admission to 2.0 (IQR 1.2-6.8) at day 7. Median modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was 1.0 (IQR 0-1.6) at 3 months and 0.0 (IQR 0-1.0) at 24 months. One patient developed transient peri-interventional vasospasm; no other complications were observed. A comparison of the mRS score to the mRS score in the DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials revealed a higher proportion of good outcomes in the pediatric compared to the adult study population. CONCLUSIONS Thrombectomy in pediatric ischemic stroke in an extended time window of up to 24 hours after onset of symptoms seems safe and neurologic outcomes are generally good if patients are selected by a mismatch between clinical deficit and infarct. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that for children with acute ischemic stroke with a mismatch between clinical deficit and infarct size, thrombectomy is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Sporns
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany.
| | - Marios-Nikos Psychogios
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Ronald Straeter
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Uta Hanning
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Jens Minnerup
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - René Chapot
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Hans Henkes
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Elina Henkes
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Astrid Grams
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Franziska Dorn
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Omid Nikoubashman
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesmann
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Georg Bier
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Anushe Weber
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Gabriel Broocks
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Jens Fiehler
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Alex Brehm
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Umut Yilmaz
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Andrea Morotti
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Marik
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Richard Nolz
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Ulf Jensen-Kondering
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Michael Braun
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Stefan Schob
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Oliver Beuing
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Friedrich Goetz
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Johannes Trenkler
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Bernd Turowski
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Markus Möhlenbruch
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Christina Wendl
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Peter Schramm
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Patricia L Musolino
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Sarah Lee
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Alexander Radbruch
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - André Karch
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Nicole Rübsamen
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
| | - André Kemmling
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (P.B.S., M.-N.P., A.B.), Clinic for Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (P.B.S., U.H., G.B., J.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Departments of Pediatrics (R.S.), and Neurology (J.M.), University Hospital of Muenster; Department of Neuroradiology (R.C.), Alfried-Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neuroradiology (H.H., E.H.), Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Neuroradiology (A.G.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.D.), University of Munich (LMU), Campus Grosshadern; Department of Neuroradiology (O.N., M.W.), RWTH Aachen University; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (G.B.), Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.W.), University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer; Department of Neuroradiology (D.K.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden7; Department of Neuroradiology (U.Y.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany; ASST Valcamonica (A.M.), Ospedale di Esine, UOSD Neurologia, Esine, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (W.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, and Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy (R.N.), Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology (U.J.-K.), University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel; Section of Neuroradiology (M.B.), University of Ulm, Guenzburg; Department for Neuroradiology (S.S.), University Hospital Leipzig; Department of Neuroradiology (O.B.), University Hospital of Magdeburg; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (F.G.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Neuroradiology (J.T.), Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria; Institute of Neuroradiology (B.T.), University Hospital Duesseldorf; Department of Neuroradiology at Heidelberg University Hospital (M.M.); Department of Radiology (C.W.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Neuroradiology (P.S., A. Kemmling), University Hospital of Luebeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.L.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Child Neurology (S.L.), Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neuroradiology (M.S.), University Hospital of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.R.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A. Karch, N.R.), University of Muenster; and Department of Radiology, University of Munich (LMU) (M.W.), Campus Grosshadern, Germany
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