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Chen J, Huang X, Wang J, Chen W, Teng Y, Yin D. Incorporation of black phosphorus nanosheets into poly(propylene fumarate) biodegradable bone cement to enhance bioactivity and osteogenesis. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:98. [PMID: 38291442 PMCID: PMC10829309 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injectable bone cement is commonly used in clinical orthopaedics to fill bone defects, treat vertebral compression fractures, and fix joint prostheses during joint replacement surgery. Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) has been proposed as a biodegradable and injectable alternative to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. Recently, there has been considerable interest in two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus nanomaterials (BPNSs) in the biomedical field due to their excellent photothermal and osteogenic properties. In this study, we investigated the biological and physicochemical qualities of BPNSs mixed with PPF bone cement created through thermal cross-linking. METHODS PPF was prepared through a two-step process, and BPNSs were prepared via a liquid phase stripping method. BP/PPF was subsequently prepared through thermal cross-linking, and its characteristics were thoroughly analysed. The mechanical properties, cytocompatibility, osteogenic performance, degradation performance, photothermal performance, and in vivo toxicity of BP/PPF were evaluated. RESULTS BP/PPF exhibited low cytotoxicity levels and mechanical properties similar to that of bone, whereas the inclusion of BPNSs promoted preosteoblast adherence, proliferation, and differentiation on the surface of the bone cement. Furthermore, 200 BP/PPF demonstrated superior cytocompatibility and osteogenic effects, leading to the degradation of PPF bone cement and enabling it to possess photothermal properties. When exposed to an 808-nm laser, the temperature of the bone cement increased to 45-55 °C. Furthermore, haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections from the in vivo toxicity test did not display any anomalous tissue changes. CONCLUSION BP/PPF exhibited mechanical properties similar to that of bone: outstanding photothermal properties, cytocompatibility, and osteoinductivity. BP/PPF serves as an effective degradable bone cement and holds great potential in the field of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahan Chen
- Graduate School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- Graduate School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Shihezi University College of Pharmacy, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Dongfeng Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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2
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Wrzecionek M, Kolankowski K, Gadomska-Gajadhur A. Synthesis of Poly(glycerol butenedioate)-PGB-Unsaturated Polyester toward Biomedical Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25171-25178. [PMID: 35910158 PMCID: PMC9330079 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new polyester poly(glycerol butenedioate) (PGB) was obtained in the bulk polycondensation of glycerin and maleic anhydride. Glycerol polyesters are new biomaterials commonly used in tissue engineering. PGB, containing the α,β-unsaturated moiety, could be very interesting due to potential modifications such as additions or oxidation. Such modifications are not possible on the heretofore known glycerol polyesters due to their structure without α,β-unsaturated moieties. In this work, the developed process was optimized by applying the design of experiments. The optimization criterium was the minimization of the E/Z isomer ratio. Applying the two-stage process, the E/Z isomer ratio was reduced from 5.5 to 0.5 compared to the one-stage process. The degree of branching was also reduced from 17 to 9%, as well as the degree of esterification from 0.89 to 0.72. The obtained structure can be used in modifying or cross-linking via Michael additions.
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Rush MN, Coombs KE, Denny CT, Santistevan D, Huynh QM, Cicotte KN, Hedberg-Dirk EL. Acid Scavenger Free Synthesis of Oligo(Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Fumarate) Utilizing Inert Gas Sparging. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:296-306. [PMID: 33765836 PMCID: PMC8147510 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The macromolecule oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) exhibits promising attributes for creating suitable three-dimensional hydrogel environments to study cell behavior, deliver therapeutics, and serve as a degradable, nonfouling material. However, traditional synthesis techniques are time consuming, contain salt contaminants, and generate significant waste. These issues have been overcome with an alternative, one-pot approach that utilizes inert gas sparging. Departing from previous synthetic schemes that require acid scavengers, inert gas sparging removes byproducts in situ, eliminating significant filtration and postprocessing steps, while allowing a more uniform product. Characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry, nitrogen sparge synthesis yields an OPF product with greater polymer length than traditional acid scavenger synthesis methods. Furthermore, nitrogen-sparged OPF readily crosslinks using either ultraviolet or thermal initiator methods with or without the addition of short-chain diacrylate units, allowing for greater tunability in hydrogel properties with little to no cytotoxicity. Overall, inert gas sparging provides a longer chain and cleaner polymer product for hydrogel material studies while maintaining degradable characteristics. Impact statement Using nitrogen sparging, we have demonstrated that oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) can be produced with decreased postprocessing, increased product purity, greater oligomerization, and cell viability. These properties lead to greater tunability in mechanical properties and a more versatile hydrogel for biomedical applications. The simplification of synthesis and elimination of impurities will expand the utility of OPF as a degradable hydrogel for cell culture, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and therapeutic delivery, among other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Rush
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Nanoscience and Microsystems Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories/Los Alamos National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Kent E. Coombs
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Christian T. Denny
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - David Santistevan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Quan M. Huynh
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Kirsten N. Cicotte
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Hedberg-Dirk
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Nanoscience and Microsystems Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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4
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Cemali G, Aruh A, Köse GT, Can E. Biodegradable polymeric networks of poly(propylene fumarate) and phosphonic acid‐based monomers. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Görkem Cemali
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Yeditepe University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Avram Aruh
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Yeditepe University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Gamze Torun Köse
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Yeditepe University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Erde Can
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Yeditepe University Istanbul Turkey
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Pearce HA, Kim YS, Diaz-Gomez L, Mikos AG. Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Ogueri KS, Jafari T, Escobar Ivirico JL, Laurencin CT. POLYMERIC BIOMATERIALS FOR SCAFFOLD-BASED BONE REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 5:128-154. [PMID: 31423461 PMCID: PMC6697158 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of large bone defects resulting from trauma, neoplasm, or infection is a challenging problem in reconstructive surgery. The need for bone grafting has been increasing steadily partly because of our enhanced capability to salvage limbs after major bone loss. Engineered bone graft substitutes can have advantages such as lack of antigenicity, high availability, and varying properties depending on the applications chosen for use. These favorable attributes have contributed to the rise of scaffold-based polymeric tissue regeneration. Critical components in the scaffold-based polymeric regenerative engineering approach often include 1. The existence of biodegradable polymeric porous structures with properties selected to promote tissue regeneration and while providing appropriate mechanical support during tissue regeneration. 2. Cellular populations that can influence and enhance regeneration. 3. The use of growth and morphogenetic factors which can influence cellular migration, differentiation and tissue regeneration in vivo. Biodegradable polymers constitute an attractive class of biomaterials for the development of scaffolds due to their flexibility in chemistry and their ability to produce biocompatible degradation products. This paper presents an overview of polymeric scaffold-based bone tissue regeneration and reviews approaches as well as the particular roles of biodegradable polymers currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Ogueri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Tahereh Jafari
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jorge L. Escobar Ivirico
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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7
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Cai Z, Wan Y, Becker ML, Long YZ, Dean D. Poly(propylene fumarate)-based materials: Synthesis, functionalization, properties, device fabrication and biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2019; 208:45-71. [PMID: 30991217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) is a biodegradable polymer that has been investigated extensively over the last three decades. It has led many scientists to synthesize and fabricate a variety of PPF-based materials for biomedical applications due to its controllable mechanical properties, tunable degradation and biocompatibility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress made in improving PPF synthesis, resin formulation, crosslinking, device fabrication and post polymerization modification. Further, we highlight the influence of these parameters on biodegradation, biocompatibility, and their use in a number of regenerative medicine applications, especially bone tissue engineering. In particular, the use of 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of PPF-based scaffolds is extensively reviewed. The recent invention of a ring-opening polymerization method affords precise control of PPF molecular mass, molecular mass distribution (ƉM) and viscosity. Low ƉM facilitates time-certain resorption of 3D printed structures. Novel post-polymerization and post-printing functionalization methods have accelerated the expansion of biomedical applications that utilize PPF-based materials. Finally, we shed light on evolving uses of PPF-based materials for orthopedics/bone tissue engineering and other biomedical applications, including its use as a hydrogel for bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Chevron Science Center, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
| | - Yong Wan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Yun-Ze Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Nanomaterials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China; Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China.
| | - David Dean
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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8
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Li J, Liu X, Park S, Miller AL, Terzic A, Lu L. Strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite stimulates osteogenesis on poly(propylene fumarate) nanocomposite scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:631-642. [PMID: 30422387 PMCID: PMC7224963 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of hydroxyapatite (HA) into polymer networks is a promising strategy to enhance the mechanical properties and osteoinductivity of the composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. In this study, we designed a group of nanocomposite scaffolds based on cross-linkable poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and 30 wt % strontium-hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) nanoparticles. Four different Sr contents [Sr:(Sr + Ca), molar ratio] in the Sr-HA particles were studied: 0% (HA), 5% (Sr5-HA), 10% (Sr10-HA), and 20% (Sr20-HA). Two-dimensional (2D) disks were prepared using a thermal crosslinking method. The structure and surface morphology of different Sr-HA and PPF/Sr-HA composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). To detect cellular responses in vitro, MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded and cultured on the different PPF/Sr-HA composite disks. Cell morphology after 24 h and 5 days were imaged using Live/Dead live cell staining and SEM, respectively. Cell proliferation was quantified using an MTS assay at 1, 4, and 7 days. Osteogenic differentiation of the cells was examined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining at 10 days and quantified using ALP activity and osteocalcin assays at 7, 14, and 21 days. The sizes of the HA, Sr5-HA, Sr10-HA, and Sr20-HA particles were mainly between 10 × 20 nm and 10 × 250 nm, and these nanoparticles were dispersed or clustered in the composite scaffolds. in vitro cell studies showed that the PPF/Sr10-HA scaffold was significantly better than the other three groups (PPF/HA, PPF/Sr5-HA, and PPF/Sr20-HA) in supporting MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. PPF/Sr10-HA may, therefore, serve as a promising scaffold material for bone tissue engineering. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 631-642, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Li
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xifeng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Sungjo Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - A. Lee Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Lichun Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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9
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Wang L, Guo DG. Preparation and Performance of Poly(butyl fumarate)-Based Material for Potential Application in LED Encapsulation. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10020149. [PMID: 28772524 PMCID: PMC5459098 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A UV-curable poly(butyl fumarate) (PBF)/poly(propylene fumarate)-diacrylate (PPF-DA) hybrid material with good performance for LED encapsulation is introduced in the paper. They have been prepared by radical polymerization using PBF and PPF-DA macromers with a UV curing system. PBF and PPF-DA were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The thermal behavior, optical and mechanical properties of the material were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), and a material testing system mechanical testing machine, respectively. The results indicated that the hybrid material has a suitable refractive index (n = 1.537) and high transmittance (99.64% in visible range) before/after thermal aging. With the increasing of the double bond ratio from 0.5 to 2, the water absorption ratios of the prepared encapsulation material were 1.22%, 1.87% and 2.88%, respectively. The mechanical property experiments showed that bonding strength was in the range of 1.86–3.40 MPa, tensile-shear strength ranged from 0.84 MPa to 1.57 MPa, and compression strength was in the range of 5.10–27.65 MPa. The cured PBF/PPF-DA hybrid material can be used as a light-emitting diode (LED) encapsulant, owing to its suitable refractive index, high transparency, excellent thermal stability, lower water absorption, and good mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Da-Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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10
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Salarian M, Samimi R, Xu WZ, Wang Z, Sham TK, Lui EMK, Charpentier PA. Microfluidic Synthesis and Angiogenic Activity of Ginsenoside Rg1-Loaded PPF Microspheres. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1872-1882. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Salarian
- Biomedical
Engineering Graduate Program, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
- The Ontario Ginseng Innovation & Research Consortium, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Raziye Samimi
- The Ontario Ginseng Innovation & Research Consortium, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Chemical
and Biochemical Engineering Department, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - William Z. Xu
- Chemical
and Biochemical Engineering Department, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Tsun-Kong Sham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Soochow-Western
Centre for Synchrotron Radiation Research, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Edmund M. K. Lui
- The Ontario Ginseng Innovation & Research Consortium, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Paul A. Charpentier
- The Ontario Ginseng Innovation & Research Consortium, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Chemical
and Biochemical Engineering Department, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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11
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Wang L, Guo DG, Zhu H, Xie L. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) encapsulation of polymer composites based on poly(propylene fumarate) crosslinked with poly(propylene fumarate)-diacrylate. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01667c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cured PPF/PPF-DA polymer networks material can be used as a LEDs encapsulant, owing to suitable refractive index, high transparency, appropriate tensile strength, and excellent thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Da-Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Lei Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
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12
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Becker J, Lu L, Runge MB, Zeng H, Yaszemski MJ, Dadsetan M. Nanocomposite bone scaffolds based on biodegradable polymers and hydroxyapatite. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:2549-57. [PMID: 25504776 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, development of an osteoconductive construct that integrates with host tissue remains a challenge. In this work, the effect of bone-like minerals on maturation of pre-osteoblast cells was investigated using polymer-mineral scaffolds composed of poly(propylene fumarate)-co-poly(caprolactone) (PPF-co-PCL) and nano-sized hydroxyapatite (HA). The HA of varying concentrations was added to an injectable formulation of PPF-co-PCL and the change in thermal and mechanical properties of the scaffolds was evaluated. No change in onset of degradation temperature was observed due to the addition of HA, however compressive and tensile moduli of copolymer changed significantly when HA amounts were increased in composite formulation. The change in mechanical properties of copolymer was found to correlate well to HA concentration in the constructs. Electron microscopy revealed mineral nucleation and a change in surface morphology and the presence of calcium and phosphate on surfaces was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. To characterize the effect of mineral on attachment and maturation of pre-osteoblasts, W20-17 cells were seeded on HA/copolymer composites. We demonstrated that cells attached more to the surface of HA containing copolymers and their proliferation rate was significantly increased. Thus, these findings suggest that HA/PPF-co-PCL composite scaffolds are capable of inducing maturation of pre-osteoblasts and have the potential for use as scaffold in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Becker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.,Department of Traumatology and Sports Injuries, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstr, 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Lichun Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - M Brett Runge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Michael J Yaszemski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Mahrokh Dadsetan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
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13
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Naves AF, Fernandes HTC, Immich APS, Catalani LH. Enzymatic syntheses of unsaturated polyesters based on isosorbide and isomannide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alliny F. Naves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; CP 26077 05513-970 São Paulo Brasil
| | - Henrique T. C. Fernandes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; CP 26077 05513-970 São Paulo Brasil
| | - Ana P. S. Immich
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; CP 26077 05513-970 São Paulo Brasil
| | - Luiz H. Catalani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; CP 26077 05513-970 São Paulo Brasil
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14
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Fong EL, Watson BM, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Building bridges: leveraging interdisciplinary collaborations in the development of biomaterials to meet clinical needs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4995-5013. [PMID: 22821772 PMCID: PMC3706713 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory at Rice University has forged numerous collaborations with clinicians and basic scientists over the years to advance the development of novel biomaterials and the modification of existing materials to meet clinical needs. This review highlights collaborative advances in biomaterials research from our laboratory in the areas of scaffold development, drug delivery, and gene therapy, especially as related to applications in bone and cartilage tissue engineering.
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Abstract
This protocol describes the synthesis of oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF; 1-35 kDa; a polymer useful for tissue engineering applications) by a one-pot reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and fumaryl chloride. The procedure involves three parts: dichloromethane and PEG are first dried; the reaction step follows, in which fumaryl chloride and triethylamine are added dropwise to a solution of PEG in dichloromethane; and finally, the product solution is filtered to remove by-product salt, and the OPF product is twice crystallized, washed and dried under vacuum. The reaction is affected by the molecular weight of PEG and reactant molar ratio. The OPF product is cross-linked by radical polymerization by either a thermally induced or ultraviolet-induced radical initiator, and the physical properties of the OPF oligomer and resulting cross-linked hydrogel are easily tailored by varying PEG molecular weight. OPF hydrogels are injectable, they polymerize in situ and they undergo biodegradation by hydrolysis of ester bonds. The expected time required to complete this protocol is 6 d.
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Muhammad KB, Abas WABW, Kim KH, Pingguan-Murphy B, Zain NM, Akram H. In vitro comparative study of white and dark polycaprolactone trifumarate in situ cross-linkable scaffolds seeded with rat bone marrow stromal cells. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:629-38. [PMID: 22760903 PMCID: PMC3370316 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(06)14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dark poly(caprolactone) trifumarate is a successful candidate for use as a bone tissue engineering scaffold. Recently, a white polymeric scaffold was developed that shows a shorter synthesis time and is more convenient for tissue-staining work. This is an in vitro comparative study of both the white and dark scaffolds. METHODS Both white and dark poly(caprolactone) trifumarate macromers were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy before being chemically cross-linked and molded into disc-shaped scaffolds. Biodegradability was assessed by percentage weight loss on days 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 (n = 5) after immersion in 10% serum-supplemented medium or distilled water. Static cell seeding was employed in which isolated and characterized rat bone marrow stromal cells were seeded directly onto the scaffold surface. Seeded scaffolds were subjected to a series of biochemical assays and scanning electron microscopy at specified time intervals for up to 28 days of incubation. RESULTS The degradation of the white scaffold was significantly lower compared with the dark scaffold but was within the acceptable time range for bone-healing processes. The deoxyribonucleic acid and collagen contents increased up to day 28 with no significant difference between the two scaffolds, but the glycosaminoglycan content was slightly higher in the white scaffold throughout 14 days of incubation. Scanning electron microscopy at day 1 [corrected] revealed cellular growth and attachment. CONCLUSIONS There was no cell growth advantage between the two forms, but the white scaffold had a slower biodegradability rate, suggesting that the newly synthesized poly(caprolactone) trifumarate is more suitable for use as a bone tissue engineering scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kama Bistari Muhammad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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17
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Kretlow JD, Mikos AG. Founder's award to Antonios G. Mikos, Ph.D., 2011 Society for Biomaterials annual meeting and exposition, Orlando, Florida, April 13-16, 2011: Bones to biomaterials and back again--20 years of taking cues from nature to engineer synthetic polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 98:323-31. [PMID: 21714068 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For biomaterials scientists focusing on tissue engineering applications, the gold standard material is healthy, autologous tissue. Ideal material properties and construct design parameters are thus both obvious and often times unachievable; additional considerations such as construct delivery and the underlying pathology necessitating new tissue yield additional design challenges with solutions that are not evident in nature. For the past nearly two decades, our laboratory and collaborators have aimed to develop both new biomaterials and a better understanding of the complex interplay between material and host tissue to facilitate bone and cartilage regeneration. Various approaches have ranged from mimicking native tissue material properties and architecture to developing systems for bioactive molecule delivery as soluble factors or bound directly to the biomaterial substrate. Such technologies have allowed others and us to design synthetic biomaterials incorporating increasing levels of complexity found in native tissues with promising advances made toward translational success. Recent work focuses on translation of these technologies in specific clinical situations through the use of adjunctive biomaterials designed to address existing pathologies or guide host-material integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Kretlow
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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Barone DTJ, Raquez JM, Dubois P. Bone-guided regeneration: from inert biomaterials to bioactive polymer (nano)composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Cicotte KN, Hedberg-Dirk EL, Dirk SM. Synthesis and electrospun fiber mats of lowTgpoly(propylene fumerate-co-propylene maleate). J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Effects of composite formulation on the mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)/bone fiber scaffolds. INT J POLYM SCI 2010; 2010. [PMID: 22034584 DOI: 10.1155/2010/270273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to determine the effects of composite formulation on the compressive modulus and ultimate strength of a biodegradable, in situ polymerizable poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and bone fiber scaffold. The following parameters were investigated: the incorporation of bone fibers (either mineralized or demineralized), PPF molecular weight, N-vinyl pyrrolidinone (NVP) crosslinker amount, benzoyl peroxide (BP) initiator amount, and sodium chloride porogen amount. Eight formulations were chosen based on a resolution III two level fractional factorial design. The compressive modulus and ultimate strength of these formulations were measured on a materials testing machine. Absolute values for compressive modulus varied from 21.3 to 271 MPa and 2.8 to 358 MPa for dry and wet samples, respectively. The ultimate strength of the crosslinked composites varied from 2.1 to 20.3 MPa for dry samples and from 0.4 to 16.6 MPa for wet samples. Main effects of each parameter on the measured property were calculated. The incorporation of mineralized bone fibers and an increase in PPF molecular weight resulted in higher compressive modulus and ultimate strength. Both mechanical properties also increased as the amount of benzoyl peroxide increased or the NVP amount decreased in the formulation. Sodium chloride had a dominating effect on the increase of mechanical properties in dry samples but showed little effects in wet samples. Demineralization of bone fibers led to a decrease in the compressive modulus and ultimate strength. Our results suggest that bone fibers are appropriate as structural enforcement components in PPF scaffolds. The desired orthopaedic PPF scaffold might be obtained by changing a variety of composite formulation parameters.
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Cai L, Wang S. Elucidating Colorization in the Functionalization of Hydroxyl-Containing Polymers Using Unsaturated Anhydrides/Acyl Chlorides in the Presence of Triethylamine. Biomacromolecules 2009; 11:304-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm901237t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Shanfeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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Sharifi S, Imani M, Mirzadeh H, Atai M, Ziaee F, Bakhshi R. Synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility of novel injectable, biodegradable, andin situcrosslinkable polycarbonate-based macromers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:830-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Abstract
This protocol describes the synthesis of 500-4,000 Da poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) by a two-step reaction of diethyl fumarate and propylene glycol through a bis(hydroxypropyl) fumarate diester intermediate. Purified PPF can be covalently cross-linked to form degradable polymer networks, which have been widely explored for biomedical applications. The properties of cross-linked PPF networks depend upon the molecular properties of the constituent polymer, such as the molecular weight. The purity of the reactants and the exclusion of water from the reaction system are of utmost importance in the generation of high-molecular-weight PPF products. Additionally, the reaction time and temperature influence the molecular weight of the PPF product. The expected time required to complete this protocol is 3 d.
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Yan J, Yang L, Wang G, Xiao Y, Zhang B, Qi N. Biocompatibility Evaluation of Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels for the Culturing Mice Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro. J Biomater Appl 2009; 24:625-37. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328208100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A thermosensitive polymer can be held liquid before being injected to deliver living cells or therapeutic agents and formed monolithic gels when injected in vivo. In this study, chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogels were prepared, characterized and the biocompatibility for culturing mice bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) on 2D films and within 3D hydrogel were investigated. The gelation temperature and biocompatibility could be modulated by addition hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) to chitosan—glycerophosphate (CH—GP) formulation. The CH—GP—HEC liquid solution can turn into gel at body temperature and has highly compatible with BMSC. Therefore, the CH—GP—HEC gel could be used as an attractive injected in-situ forming scaffold for future applications of delivering biologically active therapeutics for tissue engineering filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Yan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069, China, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nianmin Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240, China,
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Kempen DHR, Kruyt MC, Lu L, Wilson CE, Florschutz AV, Creemers LB, Yaszemski MJ, Dhert WJA. Effect of autologous bone marrow stromal cell seeding and bone morphogenetic protein-2 delivery on ectopic bone formation in a microsphere/poly(propylene fumarate) composite. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:587-94. [PMID: 18925831 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A biodegradable microsphere/scaffold composite based on the synthetic polymer poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) holds promise as a scaffold for cell growth and sustained delivery vehicle for growth factors for bone regeneration. The objective of the current work was to investigate the in vitro release and in vivo bone forming capacity of this microsphere/scaffold composite containing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in combination with autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in a goat ectopic implantation model. Three composites consisting of 0, 0.08, or 8 microg BMP-2 per mg of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres, embedded in a porous PPF scaffold, were combined with either plasma (no cells) or culture-expanded BMSCs. PPF scaffolds impregnated with a BMP-2 solution and combined with BMSCs as well as empty PPF scaffolds were also tested. The eight different composites were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal thoracolumbar area of goats. Incorporation of BMP-2-loaded microspheres in the PPF scaffold resulted in a more sustained in vitro release with a lower burst phase, as compared to BMP-2-impregnated scaffolds. Histological analysis after 9 weeks of implantation showed bone formation in the pores of 11/16 composites containing 8 microg/mg BMP-2-loaded microspheres with no significant difference between composites with or without BMSCs (6/8 and 5/8, respectively). Bone formation was also observed in 1/8 of the BMP-2-impregnated scaffolds. No bone formation was observed in the other conditions. Overall, this study shows the feasibility of bone induction by BMP-2 release from microspheres/scaffold composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik H R Kempen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Cai ZY, Yang DA, Zhang N, Ji CG, Zhu L, Zhang T. Poly(propylene fumarate)/(calcium sulphate/beta-tricalcium phosphate) composites: preparation, characterization and in vitro degradation. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:628-35. [PMID: 18951071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare a poly(propylene fumarate)/(calcium sulphate/beta-tricalcium phosphate) (PPF/(CaSO(4)/beta-TCP)) composite. We first examined the effects of varying the molecular weight of PPF and the N-vinyl pyrrolidinone (NVP) to PPF ratio on the maximum cross-linking temperature and the composite compressive strength and modulus. Then the in vitro biodegradation behaviour of PPF/(CaSO(4)/beta-TCP) composites was investigated. The effects of varying the molecular weight of PPF, the NVP/PPF ratio and the CaSO(4)/beta-TCP molar ratio on the weight loss and the composite compressive strength and modulus were examined. The cross-linking temperature, which increased with increasing molecular weight of PPF and NVP/PPF ratio, ranged from 41 to 43 degrees C for all formulations. The mechanical properties were increased by a decrease in the NVP/PPF ratio. For all formulations, the compressive strength values fell between 12 and 62 MPa, while the compressive modulus values fell between 290 and 1149 MPa. The weight loss decreased either with increasing molecular weight of PPF or with decreasing NVP/PPF ratio and CaSO(4)/beta-TCP molar ratio during degradation. The compressive strength and modulus increased with decreasing NVP/PPF ratio or decreasing CaSO(4)/beta-TCP ratio. The greatest weight loss over 6 weeks was 14.72%. For all formulations, the compressive modulus values fell between 57 and 712 MPa and the compressive strength fell between 0.5 and 21 MPa throughout 6 weeks degradation. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of the PPF/(CaSO(4)/beta-TCP) composites demonstrated that hydroxyapatite was deposited on the surface of CaSO(4)/beta-TCP granules during degradation.
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Kretlow JD, Mikos AG. 2007 AIChE Alpha Chi Sigma Award: From Material to Tissue: Biomaterial Development, Scaffold Fabrication, and Tissue Engineering. AIChE J 2008; 54:3048-3067. [PMID: 19756176 DOI: 10.1002/aic.11610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The need for techniques to facilitate the regeneration of failing or destroyed tissues remains great with the aging of the worldwide population and the continued incidence of trauma and diseases such as cancer. A 16-year history in biomaterial scaffold development and tissue engineering is examined, beginning with the synthesis of novel materials and fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds. Exploring cell-scaffold interactions and subsequently cellular delivery using biomaterial carriers, we have developed a variety of techniques for bone and cartilage engineering. In addition to delivering cells, we have utilized growth factors, DNA, and peptides to improve the in vitro and in vivo regeneration of tissues. This review covers important developments and discoveries within our laboratory, and the increasing breadth in the scope of our work within the expanding field of tissue engineering is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Kretlow
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, TX 77251-1892
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28
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Synthesis, photocrosslinking characteristics, and biocompatibility evaluation of N
-vinyl pyrrolidone/polycaprolactone fumarate biomaterials using a new proton scavenger. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Doulabi ASH, Mirzadeh H, Imani M, Sharifi S, Atai M, Mehdipour-Ataei S. Synthesis and preparation of biodegradable and visible light crosslinkable unsaturated fumarate-based networks for biomedical applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Hacker MC, Klouda L, Ma BB, Kretlow JD, Mikos AG. Synthesis and characterization of injectable, thermally and chemically gelable, amphiphilic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based macromers. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1558-70. [PMID: 18481893 DOI: 10.1021/bm8000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized and characterized a series of macromers based on poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) that undergo thermally induced physical gelation and, following chemical modification, can be chemically cross-linked. Macromers with number average molecular weights typically ranging from 2000-3500 Da were synthesized via free radical polymerization from, in addition to N-isopropylacrylamide, pentaerythritol diacrylate monostearate, a bifunctional monomer containing a long hydrophobic chain, acrylamide, a hydrophilic monomer, and hydroxyethyl acrylate, a hydrophilic monomer used to provide hydroxyl groups for further chemical modification. Results indicated that the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance achieved by varying the relative concentrations of comonomers used during synthesis was an important parameter in controlling the transition temperature of the macromers in solution and stability of the resultant gels. Storage moduli of the macromers increased over 4 orders of magnitude once gelation occurred above the transition temperature. Furthermore, chemical cross-linking of these macromers resulted in gels with increased stability compared to uncross-linked controls. These results demonstrate the feasibility of synthesizing poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-based macromers that undergo tandem gelation and establish key criteria relating to the transition temperature and stability of these materials. The data suggest that these materials may be attractive substrates for tissue engineering and cellular delivery applications as the combination of mechanistically independent gelation techniques used in tandem may offer superior materials with regard to gelation kinetics and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Hacker
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, Post Office Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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31
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Christenson EM, Soofi W, Holm JL, Cameron NR, Mikos AG. Biodegradable Fumarate-Based PolyHIPEs as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3806-14. [DOI: 10.1021/bm7007235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Christenson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Wafa Soofi
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Holm
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, and Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
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Sharifi S, Mirzadeh H, Imani M, Atai M, Ziaee F. Photopolymerization and shrinkage kinetics of
in situ
crosslinkable
N
‐vinyl‐pyrrolidone/poly(ε‐caprolactone fumarate) networks. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 84:545-56. [PMID: 17647285 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable, injectable and in situ photocrosslinkable macromers based on fumaric acid and polycaprolactone (PCLF) were prepared and characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR spectroscopy. The multifunctional macromers dissolved in N-vinyl pyrollidone (NVP) were photopolymerized by visible light irradiation in the presence of camphorquinone as photoinitiator. The photocrosslinking reaction was monitored by measuring shrinkage strain and shrinkage strain rate. The degree of photopolymerization reaction i.e. degree of conversion (DC%) was traced using FTIR spectroscopy. A three level factorial design was developed to study the effects of initiator concentration, NVP concentration, and molecular weight of PCLF upon photocrosslinking characteristics including degree of conversion and shrinkage strain. Results revealed that although neat PCLF was photopolymerized, but it was putty like after 220 seconds of irradiation and showed a very low degree of conversion (29%). Adding about 20% NVP caused a dramatic increase in its degree of conversion (63.33%). Increasing NVP up to 50% resulted in a decrease in DC% because of lower reactivity of NVP and leaving more unreacted NVP monomers. Sol fraction studies supported these results indicating that at higher NVP concentration, most of NVP and PCLF have not undergone the crosslinking reaction, leading to 55% decrease in DC%. Shrinkage strain measurement also confirmed the FTIR results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, PO Box 15875/4413, Tehran, Iran
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Dean D, Wolfe MS, Ahmad Y, Totonchi A, Chen JEK, Fisher JP, Cooke MN, Rimnac CM, Lennon DP, Caplan AI, Topham NS, Mikos AG. Effect of transforming growth factor beta 2 on marrow-infused foam poly(propylene fumarate) tissue-engineered constructs for the repair of critical-size cranial defects in rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:923-39. [PMID: 15998232 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the osseointegration of poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) with beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) scaffolds in a critical-size (diameter, 1.6 cm), cranial defect in 4-month-old rabbits (n = 51), killed at 6 or 12 weeks. Two molecular weights of PPF were used to produce bilayer scaffolds with 0.5-mm solid external and 2.0-mm porous internal layers. The porous layer was infused with bone marrow aspirate, with half the animals receiving 0.8 microg of transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-beta2). No foreign body or inflammatory response was observed externally or on histological examination of explants. Statistical analysis of histological areal and linear measures of new bone formation found significantly more bone at the later sacrifice time, followed by implants receiving TGF-beta2, followed by low molecular weight PPF implants. Approximately 40% of the explants were tested for incorporation strength with a one-point "push-in" test. Because no permanent fixation was used, implant strength (28.37-129.03 N; range, 6.4 to 29.0 lb of resistance) was due entirely to new bone formation. The strongest bone was seen in implants receiving TGF-beta2-infused marrow in animals killed at 12 weeks. These results support the use of PPF as an osteogenic substrate and future research into preoperative fabrication of critical size and supercritical-size cranial prosthetic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dean
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Research Institute, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Schek RM, Wilke EN, Hollister SJ, Krebsbach PH. Combined use of designed scaffolds and adenoviral gene therapy for skeletal tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006; 27:1160-6. [PMID: 16112727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While tissue engineering remains the most researched alternative to conventional therapies for repair and regeneration, how to optimally combine two of the most promising techniques, designed solid scaffolds and localized gene therapy, is largely unknown. We have conducted a systematic screening of several variables that may affect generation of bone via adenoviral gene therapy vector delivery, on image-based designed and solid freeform-fabricated scaffolds. These variables included: gene therapy type (ex vivo or in vivo); scaffold base material (sintered hydroxyapatite or a polypropylene fumarate/ tricalcium phosphate (PPF/TCP) composite), secondary carrier used to attach the biofactor to the scaffold (fibrin gel or a poly-lactic acid sponge), and scaffold pores size (300 or 800 microm). The in vivo formation of bone following implantation of these scaffolds was then analyzed. Gene therapy method had the largest effect, with ex vivo gene therapy yielding significant amounts of bone on nearly all the implants and in vivo gene therapy failing to produce any bone on most implants. Secondary carrier was the next most important variable, with fibrin gel consistently producing bone encompassing the implants and producing 2-4 times as much bone as the polymer sponge, which triggered only isolated bone growth. Though both scaffold base materials allowed bone growth, hydoxyapatite scaffolds generated twice as much bone as PPF/TCP scaffolds. The pore sizes tested had no significant effect on tissue generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Schek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Kempen DHR, Lu L, Kim C, Zhu X, Dhert WJA, Currier BL, Yaszemski MJ. Controlled drug release from a novel injectable biodegradable microsphere/scaffold composite based on poly(propylene fumarate). J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 77:103-11. [PMID: 16392139 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ideal biomaterial for the repair of bone defects is expected to have good mechanical properties, be fabricated easily into a desired shape, support cell attachment, allow controlled release of bioactive factors to induce bone formation, and biodegrade into nontoxic products to permit natural bone formation and remodeling. The synthetic polymer poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) holds great promise as such a biomaterial. In previous work we developed poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and PPF microspheres for the controlled delivery of bioactive molecules. This study presents an approach to incorporate these microspheres into an injectable, porous PPF scaffold. Model drug Texas red dextran (TRD) was encapsulated into biodegradable PLGA and PPF microspheres at 2 microg/mg microsphere. Five porous composite formulations were fabricated via a gas foaming technique by combining the injectable PPF paste with the PLGA or PPF microspheres at 100 or 250 mg microsphere per composite formulation, or a control aqueous TRD solution (200 microg per composite). All scaffolds had an interconnected pore network with an average porosity of 64.8 +/- 3.6%. The presence of microspheres in the composite scaffolds was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The composite scaffolds exhibited a sustained release of the model drug for at least 28 days and had minimal burst release during the initial phase of release, as compared to drug release from microspheres alone. The compressive moduli of the scaffolds were between 2.4 and 26.2 MPa after fabrication, and between 14.9 and 62.8 MPa after 28 days in PBS. The scaffolds containing PPF microspheres exhibited a significantly higher initial compressive modulus than those containing PLGA microspheres. Increasing the amount of microspheres in the composites was found to significantly decrease the initial compressive modulus. The novel injectable PPF-based microsphere/scaffold composites developed in this study are promising to serve as vehicles for controlled drug delivery for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik H R Kempen
- Tissue Engineering and Polymeric Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Jabbari E, Wang S, Lu L, Gruetzmacher JA, Ameenuddin S, Hefferan TE, Currier BL, Windebank AJ, Yaszemski MJ. Synthesis, material properties, and biocompatibility of a novel self-cross-linkable poly(caprolactone fumarate) as an injectable tissue engineering scaffold. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2503-11. [PMID: 16153086 PMCID: PMC2530909 DOI: 10.1021/bm050206y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel self-cross-linkable and biodegradable macromer, poly(caprolactone fumarate) (PCLF), has been developed for guided bone regeneration. This macromer is a copolymer of fumaryl chloride, which contains double bonds for in-situ cross-linking, and poly(epsilon-caprolactone), which has a flexible chain to facilitate self-cross-linkability. PCLF was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Porous scaffolds were fabricated with sodium chloride particles as the porogen and a chemical initiation system. The PCLF scaffolds were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed-tomography. The cytotoxicity and in vivo biocompatibility of PCLF were also assessed. Our results suggest that this novel copolymer, PCLF, is an injectable, self-cross-linkable, and biocompatible macromer that may be potentially used as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaiel Jabbari
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Shanfeng Wang
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Lichun Lu
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - James A. Gruetzmacher
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Syed Ameenuddin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Theresa E. Hefferan
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Bradford L. Currier
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Anthony J. Windebank
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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Grijpma DW, Hou Q, Feijen J. Preparation of biodegradable networks by photo-crosslinking lactide, ε-caprolactone and trimethylene carbonate-based oligomers functionalized with fumaric acid monoethyl ester. Biomaterials 2005; 26:2795-802. [PMID: 15603775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymer networks were prepared from fumaric acid derivatives of oligomeric esters. Photo-crosslinkable macromers were prepared by reacting star-shaped hydroxyl-group terminated lactide, epsilon-caprolactone and trimethylene carbonate based oligomers and fumaric acid monoethyl ester in the presence of N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylamino pyridine at room temperature. The functionalization method is facile and suited for many hydroxyl-terminated oligomers. The reactivity of the fumarate end groups is such that, upon crosslinking by UV radical polymerization, networks with high gel contents (up to 96%) can be obtained without the addition of reactive diluents. The physical properties of the networks can be tuned by adjusting the composition, architecture and molecular weight of the oligomeric precursors. Such networks, built up of non-toxic compounds and designed to release benign degradation products, may find wide application in tissue engineering and other areas of biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Grijpma
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials, Institute for Biomedical Technology (BMTI), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Kempen DHR, Lu L, Zhu X, Kim C, Jabbari E, Dhert WJA, Currier BL, Yaszemski MJ. Development of biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) blend microspheres. I. Preparation and characterization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 70:283-92. [PMID: 15227673 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We developed poly(propylene fumarate)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PPF/PLGA) blend microspheres and investigated the effects of various processing parameters on the characteristics of these microspheres. The advantage of these blend microspheres is that the carbon-carbon double bonds along the PPF backbone could be used for their immobilization in a PPF scaffold. Microspheres containing the model drug Texas red dextran were fabricated using a double emulsion-solvent extraction technique. The effects of the following six processing parameters on the microsphere characteristics were investigated: PPF/PLGA ratio, polymer viscosity, vortex speed during emulsification, amount of internal aqueous phase, use of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in the internal aqueous phase, and PVA concentration in the external aqueous phase. Our results showed that the microsphere surface morphology was affected most by the viscosity of the polymer solution. Microspheres fabricated with a kinematic viscosity of 39 centistokes had a smooth, nonporous surface. In most microsphere formulations, the model drug was dispersed uniformly in the polymer matrix. For all fabricated formulations, the average microsphere diameter ranged between 19.0 and 76.9 microm. The external PVA concentration and vortex speed had most effect on the size distribution. Entrapment efficiencies varied from 60 to 98% and were most affected by the amount of internal aqueous phase, vortex speed, and polymer viscosity. Overall, we demonstrated the ability to fabricate PPF/PLGA blend microspheres with similar surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, and size distribution as conventional PLGA microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik H R Kempen
- Tissue Engineering & Polymeric Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Rajagopalan S, Lu L, Yaszemski MJ, Robb RA. Optimal segmentation of microcomputed tomographic images of porous tissue-engineering scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 75:877-87. [PMID: 16142796 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The morphometric properties of the porous tissue-engineering scaffolds play a dominant role in the initial cell attachment and subsequent tissue regeneration. These properties can be derived nondestructively with the use of quantitative analysis of high-resolution microcomputed tomography (microCT) imaging of scaffolds. Accurate segmentation of these acquired images into solid and porous subspaces is critical to the integrity of morphometric analysis. The absence of a single image-processing technique to provide such accurate separability immune to all the intricacies of the acquired data makes this seemingly simple task significantly error prone. Consequently, an optimal segmentation has to be selected by ranking the segmentations produced by a multiplicity of methods. This article proposes a robust, easy-to-implement, unambiguous, signal-processing-based, ground-truth-free, segmentation rating metric that correlates with visual acuity. With the use of this metric it is possible, for the first time, to threshold the data with a wide range of techniques and select automatically the technique that best delineates the acquired image. The proposed solution has been extensively tested on microCT images of scaffolds fabricated with biodegradable poly (propylene fumarate) (PPF) with the use of a solvent casting particulate leaching process. The approaches proposed and the results obtained may have profound implications for accurate image-based characterization of tissue-engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Rajagopalan
- Biomedical Imaging Resource, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Since its inception just over a half century ago, the field of biomaterials has seen a consistent growth with a steady introduction of new ideas and productive branches. This review describes where we have been, the state of the art today, and where we might be in 10 or 20 years. Herein, we highlight some of the latest advancements in biomaterials that aim to control biological responses and ultimately heal. This new generation of biomaterials includes surface modification of materials to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption in vivo, precision immobilization of signaling groups on surfaces, development of synthetic materials with controlled properties for drug and cell carriers, biologically inspired materials that mimic natural processes, and design of sophisticated three-dimensional (3-D) architectures to produce well-defined patterns for diagnostics, e.g., biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMs), and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddy D Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Dean D, Topham NS, Meneghetti SC, Wolfe MS, Jepsen K, He S, Chen JEK, Fisher JP, Cooke M, Rimnac C, Mikos AG. Poly(propylene fumarate) and poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) as scaffold materials for solid and foam-coated composite tissue-engineered constructs for cranial reconstruction. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2003; 9:495-504. [PMID: 12857417 DOI: 10.1089/107632703322066679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study investigates the osseointegration of four types of critical-size (1.5-cm diameter) rabbit cranial defect (n = 35) bone graft scaffolds. The first is a solid poly(propylene fumarate)/beta-tricalcium phosphate(PPF/beta-TCP) disk; the three remaining constructs contain a PPF/beta-TCP core coated with a 1-mm resorptive porous foam layer of PPF or PLGA [poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)], and bone marrow. Animals were killed at 6, 12, and 20 weeks. There was no evidence of a foreign body inflammatory response at any time during the study. Histomorphometric analyses of new bone formation sorted lineal and areal measures of new bone into three cranial layers (i.e., external, middle, and internal). Statistical analyses revealed significantly more bone in the PLGA foam-coated constructs than in the PPF foam-coated constructs (p < 0.03). No implant fixation was used; there is no strength at time 0. Twenty percent of all explants were tested for incorporation strength with a one-point "push-in" test, and failure ranged from 8.3 to 34.7 lb. The results of this study support the use of PPF as a biocompatible material that provides both a structural and osteogenic substrate for the repair of cranial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dean
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Research Institute, University Hospitals of Cleveland, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Shung AK, Timmer MD, Jo S, Engel PS, Mikos AG. Kinetics of poly(propylene fumarate) synthesis by step polymerization of diethyl fumarate and propylene glycol using zinc chloride as a catalyst. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2002; 13:95-108. [PMID: 12003078 DOI: 10.1163/156856202753525963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diethyl fumarate and propylene glycol were reacted in the presence of a zinc chloride catalyst to synthesize poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) over a period of 12 hours. The kinetics of the transesterification polymerization at 130 degrees C, 150 degrees C, and 200 degrees C were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. The initial rate of polymerization at each temperature was quantified by calculating the rate of change of the number average molecular weight (Mn). At 200 degrees C, gelation of the PPF occurred after 4 h. GPC analysis of the reaction showed that PPF synthesized at 150 degrees C had a higher final Mn of 4600 (+/- 190) and a higher weight average molecular weight of 10500 (+/- 760) than at 130 degrees C (n = 3). The chemical structure of the PPF was verified by NMR and FT-IR analysis. This study demonstrated that the maximum Mn of PPF by a transesterification reaction is limited due to gelation of PPF at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Shung
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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Friedman JA, Windebank AJ, Moore MJ, Spinner RJ, Currier BL, Yaszemski MJ. Biodegradable Polymer Grafts for Surgical Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord. Neurosurgery 2002. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200209000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Vehof JWM, Fisher JP, Dean D, van der Waerden JPCM, Spauwen PHM, Mikos AG, Jansen JA. Bone formation in transforming growth factor beta-1-coated porous poly(propylene fumarate) scaffolds. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 60:241-51. [PMID: 11857430 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the bone growth into pretreated poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) scaffolds implanted into a subcritical size, rabbit cranial defect. PPF scaffolds were constructed by using a photocrosslinking-porogen leaching technique. These scaffolds were then either prewetted (PPF-Pw), treated with RF glow-discharge (PPF-Gd), coated with fibronectin (PPF-Fn), or coated with rhTGF-beta1 (PPF-TGF-beta1). One of each scaffold type was then placed into the cranium of nine rabbits. The rabbits were sacrificed after 8 weeks, and the scaffolds were retrieved for histological analysis. The most bone formation was present in the PPF-TGF-beta1 implants; the newly formed bone had a trabecular appearance together with bone marrow-like tissue. Little or no bone formation was observed in implants without rhTGF-beta1. These histological findings were confirmed by image analysis. Bone surface area, bone area percentage, pore fill percentage, and pore area percentage were significantly higher in the rhTGF-beta1-coated implants than in the noncoated implants. No statistical difference was seen between the PPF-Fn, PPF-Pw, or PPF-Gd scaffolds for these parameters. Quadruple fluorochrome labeling showed that in PPF-TGF-beta1 implants bone formation mainly started in the interior of a pore and proceeded toward the scaffold. We conclude that (a) PPF-TGF-beta1 scaffolds can indeed adequately induce bone formation in porous PPF, and (b) PPF scaffolds prepared by the photocrosslinking-porogen leaching technique are good candidates for the creation of bone graft substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan W M Vehof
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Dental Science, University Medical Center Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Behravesh E, Jo S, Zygourakis K, Mikos AG. Synthesis of in situ cross-linkable macroporous biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:374-81. [PMID: 11888325 DOI: 10.1021/bm010158r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a synthesis method of biodegradable macroporous hydrogels suitable as in situ cross-linkable biomaterials. Macroporous hydrogels were based on poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) and prepared via coupled free radical and pore formation reactions. Cross-linking was initiated by a pair of redox initiators, ammonium persulfate and L-ascorbic acid. Pores were formed by the reaction between L-ascorbic acid and sodium bicarbonate, a basic component, which evolved carbon dioxide. Sol fraction of the hydrogels was varied from 0.06 +/- 0.01 to 0.64 +/- 0.01. A stereological approach was used to analyze the morphological properties of the macroporous hydrogels by relating the morphological properties of thin sections to the original three-dimensional macroporous hydrogel. Prepared macroporous hydrogels had porosities between 0.43 +/- 0.08 and 0.84 +/- 0.02 and surface area densities between 55 +/- 3 and 108 +/- 7 cm(-1). Sodium bicarbonate concentration had the greatest effect on both the porosity and surface area density. The effect of copolymer formulation on the porosity and surface area density was insignificant. From thin sections of the macroporous hydrogels, the profile size distributions were determined as an estimate of the pore size distribution. Two formulations synthesized with varying L-ascorbic acid concentration of 0.05 and 0.1 M had median profile sizes of 50-100 and 150-200 microm, respectively. This novel synthesis method allows for the in situ cross-linking of biodegradable macroporous hydrogels with morpholological properties suitable for consideration as an injectable tissue engineering scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esfandiar Behravesh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, PO Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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Behravesh E, Shung AK, Jo S, Mikos AG. Synthesis and characterization of triblock copolymers of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene fumarate). Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:153-8. [PMID: 11866568 DOI: 10.1021/bm010137x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized by transesterification of hydrophilic methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) and hydrophobic poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and characterized. Four block copolymers were synthesized with a 2:1 mPEG:PPF molar ratio and mPEGs of molecular weights 570, 800, 1960, and 5190 and PPF of molecular weight 1570 as determined by NMR. The copolymers synthesized with mPEG of molecular weights 570 and 800 had 1.9 and 1.8 mPEG blocks per copolymer, respectively, as measured by NMR, representing an ABA-type block copolymer. The number of mPEG blocks of the copolymer decreased with increasing mPEG block length to as low as 1.5 mPEG blocks for copolymer synthesized with mPEG of molecular weight 5190. At a concentration range of 5-25 wt % in phosphate-buffered saline, copolymers synthesized with mPEG molecular weights of 570 and 800 possessed lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) between 40 and 45 degrees C and between 55 and 60 degrees C, respectively. Aqueous solutions of copolymer synthesized with mPEG 570 and 800 also experienced thermoreversible gelation. The sol-gel transition temperature was dependent on the sodium chloride concentration as well as the mPEG block length. The copolymer synthesized from mPEG 570 had a transition temperature between 40 and 20 degrees C with salt concentrations between 1 and 10 wt %, while the sol-gel transition temperatures of the copolymer synthesized from mPEG molecular weight 800 were higher in the range 75-30 degrees C with salt concentrations between 1 and 15 wt %. These novel thermoreversible copolymers are the first biodegradable copolymers with unsaturated double bonds along their macromolecular chain that can undergo both physical and chemical gelation and hold great promise for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esfandiar Behravesh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA
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Jo S, Shin H, Shung AK, Fisher JP, Mikos AG. Synthesis and Characterization of Oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) Macromer. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001563y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seongbong Jo
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892
| | - Albert K. Shung
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892
| | - John P. Fisher
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS-142, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251-1892
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He S, Timmer M, Yaszemski M, Yasko A, Engel P, Mikos A. Synthesis of biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate) networks with poly(propylene fumarate)–diacrylate macromers as crosslinking agents and characterization of their degradation products. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Matsusaki M, Kishida A, Stainton N, Ansell CWG, Akashi M. Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable polymers composed of hydroxycinnamic acid andD,L-lactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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