1
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Yamanaka A, Jono R, Tejima S, Fujita JI. Molecular dynamics simulation of carbon nanotube growth under a tensile strain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5625. [PMID: 38454043 PMCID: PMC10920857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We performed molecular dynamics simulations of carbon nanotube (CNT) to elucidate the growth process in the floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition method (FCCVD). FCCVD has two features: a nanometer-sized cementite (Fe3 C) particle whose melting point is depressed because of the larger surface-to-volume ratio and tensile strain between the growing CNT and the catalyst. The simulations, including these effects, demonstrated that the number of 6-membered rings of the (6,4) chiral CNT constantly increased at a speed of 1 mm / s at 1273 K , whereas those of the armchair and zigzag CNTs were stopped in the simulations and only reached half of the numbers for chiral CNT. Both the temperature and CNT chirality significantly affected CNT growth under tensile strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Yamanaka
- Research Organization for Information Science and Technology, 7F, Sumitomo-Hamamatsucho Building, 1-18-16, Hamamatsucho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0013, Japan.
| | - Ryota Jono
- Research Organization for Information Science and Technology, 7F, Sumitomo-Hamamatsucho Building, 1-18-16, Hamamatsucho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0013, Japan
| | - Syogo Tejima
- Research Organization for Information Science and Technology, 7F, Sumitomo-Hamamatsucho Building, 1-18-16, Hamamatsucho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0013, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Fujita
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten-nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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2
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Gómez-Palos I, Vazquez-Pufleau M, Schäufele RS, Mikhalchan A, Pendashteh A, Ridruejo Á, Vilatela JJ. Gas-to-nanotextile: high-performance materials from floating 1D nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6052-6074. [PMID: 36924314 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00289f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Suspended in the gas phase, 1D inorganic nanoparticles (nanotubes and nanowires) grow to hundreds of microns in a second and can be thus directly assembled into freestanding network materials. The corresponding process continuously transforms gas precursors into aerosols into aerogels into macroscopic nanotextiles. By enabling the assembly of very high aspect ratio nanoparticles, this processing route has translated into high-performance structural materials, transparent conductors and battery anodes, amongst other embodiments. This paper reviews progress in the application of such manufacturing process to nanotubes and nanowires. It analyses 1D nanoparticle growth through floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition (FCCVD), in terms of reaction selectivity, scalability and its inherently ultra-fast growth rates (107-108 atoms per second) up to 1000 times faster than for substrate CVD. We summarise emerging descriptions of the formation of aerogels through percolation theory and multi-scale models for the collision and aggregation of 1D nanoparticles. The paper shows that macroscopic ensembles of 1D nanoparticles resemble textiles in their porous network structure, high flexibility and damage-tolerance. Their bulk properties depend strongly on inter-particle properties and are dominated by alignment and volume fraction. Selected examples of nanotextiles that surpass granular and monolithic materials include structural fibres with polymer-like toughness, transparent conductors, and slurry-free composite electrodes for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gómez-Palos
- IMDEA Materials, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Materials Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Richard S Schäufele
- IMDEA Materials, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | | | - Álvaro Ridruejo
- Department of Materials Science, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Jiang Q, Wang F, Li R, Li B, Wei N, Gao N, Xu H, Zhao S, Huang Y, Wang B, Zhang W, Wu X, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Shi E, Zhang R. Synthesis of Ultralong Carbon Nanotubes with Ultrahigh Yields. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:523-532. [PMID: 36622363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultralong carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are in huge demand in many cutting-edge fields due to their macroscale lengths, perfect structures, and extraordinary properties, while their practical application is limited by the difficulties in their mass production. Herein, we report the synthesis of ultralong CNTs with a dramatically increased yield by a simple but efficient substrate interception and direction strategy (SIDS), which couples the advantages of floating-catalyst chemical vapor deposition with the flying-kite-like growth mechanism of ultralong CNTs. The SIDS-assisted approach prominently improves the catalyst utilization and significantly increases the yield. The areal density of the ultralong CNT arrays with length of over 1 cm reached a record-breaking value of ∼6700 CNTs mm-1, which is 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the previously reported values obtained by traditional methods. The SIDS provides a solution for synthesizing high-quality ultralong CNTs with high yields, laying the foundation for their mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Baini Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wei
- Research Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningfei Gao
- Beijing HuaTanYuanXin Electronics Technology Ltd. Co., Beijing 101399, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Beijing HuaTanYuanXin Electronics Technology Ltd. Co., Beijing 101399, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Carbon-based Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100195, People's Republic of China
| | - Siming Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueke Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Enzheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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4
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Cho YS, Lee JW, Kim J, Jung Y, Yang SJ, Park CR. Superstrong Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Developing Multiscale Bundle Structures on the Direct Spin-Line without Post-Treatment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204250. [PMID: 36404109 PMCID: PMC9839856 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Super strong fibers, such as carbon or aramid fibers, have long been used as effective fillers for advanced composites. In this study, the highest tensile strength of 5.5 N tex-1 for carbon nanotube yarns (CNTYs) is achieved by controlling the micro-textural structure through a facile and eco-friendly bundle engineering process in direct spinning without any post-treatment. Inspired by the strengthening mechanism of the hierarchical fibrillary structure of natural cellulose fiber, this study develops multiscale bundle structures in CNTYs whereby secondary bundles, ≈200 nm in thickness, evolve from the assembly of elementary bundles, 30 nm in thickness, without any damage, which is a basic load-bearing element in CNTY. The excellent mechanical performance of these CNTYs makes them promising substitutes for the benchmark, lightweight, and super strong commercial fibers used for energy-saving structural materials. These findings address how the tensile strength of CNTY can be improved without additional post-treatment in the spinning process if the development of the aforementioned secondary bundles and the corresponding orientations are properly engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shik Cho
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Composite Research DivisionKorea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS)Changwon51508Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Jung
- Composite Research DivisionKorea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS)Changwon51508Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Yang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringEducation and Research Center for Smart Energy and MaterialsInha UniversityIncheon22212Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Rae Park
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced MaterialsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
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5
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Yadav MD, Dasgupta K. Kinetics of Carbon Nanotube Aerogel Synthesis using Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manishkumar D. Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Kinshuk Dasgupta
- Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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6
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Mehmood A, Mubarak NM, Khalid M, Jagadish P, Walvekar R, Abdullah EC. Graphene/PVA buckypaper for strain sensing application. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20106. [PMID: 33208815 PMCID: PMC7675985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Strain sensors in the form of buckypaper (BP) infiltrated with various polymers are considered a viable option for strain sensor applications such as structural health monitoring and human motion detection. Graphene has outstanding properties in terms of strength, heat and current conduction, optics, and many more. However, graphene in the form of BP has not been considered earlier for strain sensing applications. In this work, graphene-based BP infiltrated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was synthesized by vacuum filtration technique and polymer intercalation. First, Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared via treatment with sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Whereas, to obtain high-quality BP, GO was sonicated in ethanol for 20 min with sonication intensity of 60%. FTIR studies confirmed the oxygenated groups on the surface of GO while the dispersion characteristics were validated using zeta potential analysis. The nanocomposite was synthesized by varying BP and PVA concentrations. Mechanical and electrical properties were measured using a computerized tensile testing machine, two probe method, and hall effect, respectively. The electrical conducting properties of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing PVA content; likewise, electron mobility also decreased while electrical resistance increased. The optimization study reports the highest mechanical properties such as tensile strength, Young’s Modulus, and elongation at break of 200.55 MPa, 6.59 GPa, and 6.79%, respectively. Finally, electrochemical testing in a strain range of ε ~ 4% also testifies superior strain sensing properties of 60 wt% graphene BP/PVA with a demonstration of repeatability, accuracy, and preciseness for five loading and unloading cycles with a gauge factor of 1.33. Thus, results prove the usefulness of the nanocomposite for commercial and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Mehmood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Priyanka Jagadish
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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8
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Yadav MD, Dasgupta K. Role of sulfur source on the structure of carbon nanotube cotton synthesized by floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Kaniyoor A, Bulmer J, Gspann T, Mizen J, Ryley J, Kiley P, Terrones J, Miranda-Reyes C, Divitini G, Sparkes M, O'Neill B, Windle A, Elliott JA. High throughput production of single-wall carbon nanotube fibres independent of sulfur-source. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18483-18495. [PMID: 31577319 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06623c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) methods offer a highly scalable strategy for single-step synthesis and assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into macroscopic textiles. However, the non-uniform axial temperature profile of a typical reactor, and differing precursor breakdown temperatures, result in a broad distribution of catalyst particle sizes. Spun CNT fibres therefore contain nanotubes with varying diameters and wall numbers. Herein, we describe a general FC-CVD approach to obtain relatively large yields of predominantly single-wall CNT fibres, irrespective of the growth promoter (usually a sulfur compound). By increasing carrier gas (hydrogen) flow rate beyond a threshold whilst maintaining a constant C : H2 mole ratio, CNTs with narrower diameters, a high degree of graphitization (G : D ratio ∼100) and a large throughput are produced, provided S : Fe ratio is sufficiently low. Analysis of the intense Raman radial breathing modes and asymmetric G bands, and a shift in the main nanotube population from thermogravimetric data, show that with increasing flow rate, the fibres are enriched with small diameter, metallic CNTs. Transmission electron microscopy corraborates our primary observation from Raman spectroscopy that with high total flow rates, the fibres produced consist of predominantly small diameter SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Kaniyoor
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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10
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Yadav MD, Dasgupta K, Patwardhan AW, Kaushal A, Joshi JB. Kinetic study of single-walled carbon nanotube synthesis by thermocatalytic decomposition of methane using floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Lee SH, Kim HR, Lee H, Lee J, Lee CH, Lee J, Park J, Lee KH. Synthesis mechanism of carbon nanotube fibers using reactor design principles. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Yee MJ, Mubarak NM, Khalid M, Abdullah EC, Jagadish P. Synthesis of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) infiltrated MWCNTs buckypaper for strain sensing application. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17295. [PMID: 30470825 PMCID: PMC6251925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Buckypaper (BP)/polymer composites are viewed as a viable option to improve the strain transfer across the buckypaper strain sensor by means of providing better interfacial bonding between the polymer and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) BP/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites were fabricated by a sequence of vacuum filtration and polymer intercalation technique. The optimized conditions for achieving a uniform and stable dispersion of MWCNTs were found to be using ethanol as a dispersion medium, 54 μm ultrasonic amplitude and 40 min sonication time. FTIR analysis and SEM spectra further confirmed the introduction of oxygenated groups (-COOH) on the surface of MWCNTs BP and the complete infiltration of PVA into the porous MWCNTs network. At MWCNTs content of 65 wt. %, the tensile strength, Young's modulus and elongation-at-break of PVA-infiltrated MWCNTs BP achieved a maximum value of 156.28 MPa, 4.02 GPa and 5.85%, improved by 189%, 443% and 166% respectively, as compared to the MWCNTs BP. Electrical characterization performed using both two-point probe method and Hall effect measurement showed that BP/PVA composites exhibited reduced electrical conductivity. From the electromechanical characterization, the BP/PVA composites showed improved sensitivity with a gauge factor of about 1.89-2.92. The cyclic uniaxial tensile test validated the high reproducibility and hysteresis-free operation of 65-BP/PVA composite under 3 loading-unloading cycles. Characterization results confirmed that the flexible BP/PVA composite (65 wt. %) with improved mechanical and electromechanical properties is suitable for strain sensing applications in structural health monitoring and wearable technology, as an alternative choice to the fragile nature of conventional metallic strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Juey Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - N M Mubarak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E C Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Priyanka Jagadish
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Suzuki S, Mori S. Impacts of different sulfur sources as a promoter on the growth of carbon nanotubes in chemical vapor deposition. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Sequential catalytic growth of sulfur-doped carbon nanotubes and their use as catalyst support. CATAL COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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15
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Hoecker C, Smail F, Pick M, Weller L, Boies AM. The Dependence of CNT Aerogel Synthesis on Sulfur-driven Catalyst Nucleation Processes and a Critical Catalyst Particle Mass Concentration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14519. [PMID: 29109427 PMCID: PMC5673953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) process permits macro-scale assembly of nanoscale materials, enabling continuous production of carbon nanotube (CNT) aerogels. Despite the intensive research in the field, fundamental uncertainties remain regarding how catalyst particle dynamics within the system influence the CNT aerogel formation, thus limiting effective scale-up. While aerogel formation in FC-CVD reactors requires a catalyst (typically iron, Fe) and a promotor (typically sulfur, S), their synergistic roles are not fully understood. This paper presents a paradigm shift in the understanding of the role of S in the process with new experimental studies identifying that S lowers the nucleation barrier of the catalyst nanoparticles. Furthermore, CNT aerogel formation requires a critical threshold of FexCy > 160 mg/m3, but is surprisingly independent of the initial catalyst diameter or number concentration. The robustness of the critical catalyst mass concentration principle is proved further by producing CNTs using alternative catalyst systems; Fe nanoparticles from a plasma spark generator and cobaltocene and nickelocene precursors. This finding provides evidence that low-cost and high throughput CNT aerogel routes may be achieved by decoupled and enhanced catalyst production and control, opening up new possibilities for large-scale CNT synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoecker
- University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Smail
- University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pick
- Q-Flo Limited, BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Weller
- University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M Boies
- University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom.
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16
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Yadav MD, Dasgupta K, Patwardhan AW, Joshi JB. High Performance Fibers from Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Composites—A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manishkumar D. Yadav
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Kinshuk Dasgupta
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Ashwin W. Patwardhan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Jyeshtharaj B. Joshi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
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17
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Tran TQ, Headrick RJ, Bengio EA, Myo Myint S, Khoshnevis H, Jamali V, Duong HM, Pasquali M. Purification and Dissolution of Carbon Nanotube Fibers Spun from the Floating Catalyst Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37112-37119. [PMID: 28959881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we apply a simple but effective oxidative purification method to purify carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers synthesized via a floating catalyst technique. After the purification treatment, the resulting CNT fibers exhibited significant improvements in mechanical and electrical properties with an increase in strength, Young's modulus, and electrical conductivity by approximately 81, 230, and 100%, respectively. With the successful dissolution of the CNT fibers in superacid, an extensional viscosity method could be applied to measure the aspect ratio of the CNTs constituting the fibers, whereas high-purity CNT thin films could be produced with a low resistance of 720 Ω/sq at a transmittance of 85%. This work suggests that the oxidative purification approach and dissolution process are promising methods to improve the purity and performance of CNT macroscopic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang Q Tran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, EA-07-05, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Robert J Headrick
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - E Amram Bengio
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sandar Myo Myint
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, EA-07-05, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Hamed Khoshnevis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, EA-07-05, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Vida Jamali
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hai M Duong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1, EA-07-05, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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18
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Janas D, Koziol KK. Carbon nanotube fibers and films: synthesis, applications and perspectives of the direct-spinning method. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19475-19490. [PMID: 27874140 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The direct-spinning method of creation of CNT macroassemblies has received a lot of attention because of its simplicity to produce high-performance material without apparent limits to its size. CNT fibers or films have shown unparalleled properties and opened new areas of research and commercial development. The process designed more than a decade ago has already given interesting information about the basic science of nanomaterials, which in parallel led to the creation of the first prototypes with high potential of implementation in everyday life. Because of this, there has been growing interest in this technique with research articles coming into view from all around the world on a frequent basis. This review aims to summarize all the progress made in the direct-spinning process on a spectrum of fronts ranging from the study of complex synthesis parameters, material properties to its viable applications. The strong and weak points of the "Cambridge process" are carefully evaluated to put forward what challenges are most pressing. The future overlook puts the state of the art into perspective and suggests the prospective research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Janas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Krzysztof K Koziol
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK.
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19
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A Review of Double-Walled and Triple-Walled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis and Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Alemán B, Bernal MM, Mas B, Pérez EM, Reguero V, Xu G, Cui Y, Vilatela JJ. Inherent predominance of high chiral angle metallic carbon nanotubes in continuous fibers grown from a molten catalyst. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4236-4244. [PMID: 26837936 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07455j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence that high temperature CVD growth of SWNTs under conditions of continuous spinning of macroscopic fibers leads to an inherent predominance of high chiral angle CNTs, peaking at the armchair end. Raman, UV-vis-NIR absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements show the prevalence of metallic SWNTs. The complete chiral angle distribution is obtained by electron diffraction of over 390 CNTs. It is biased towards high chiral angles and peaks at the armchair end (30°), in good agreement with the established atomistic models for SWNT growth from a liquid catalyst. Based on the Fe-C-S constituent binary and ternary phase diagrams, thermodynamic calculations of phase compositions from fast cooling and experimental evidence of a post-synthesis catalyst, the proposed thermodynamic path of the catalyst is to form a solid FCC Fe core and a liquid Fe-S shell. S in the outer liquid shell first stabilizes the edge of the nascent CNT, but once a graphitic wall forms it is rejected due to the high interfacial energy of the Fe-C-S alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alemán
- IMDEA Materials Institute, c/ Eric Kandel 2, Getafe 28906, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Mar Bernal
- IMDEA Nanoscience Institute, c/Faraday 9 and Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Mas
- IMDEA Materials Institute, c/ Eric Kandel 2, Getafe 28906, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanoscience Institute, c/Faraday 9 and Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Reguero
- IMDEA Materials Institute, c/ Eric Kandel 2, Getafe 28906, Madrid, Spain.
| | - G Xu
- IMDEA Materials Institute, c/ Eric Kandel 2, Getafe 28906, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Y Cui
- IMDEA Materials Institute, c/ Eric Kandel 2, Getafe 28906, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan J Vilatela
- IMDEA Materials Institute, c/ Eric Kandel 2, Getafe 28906, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Lee SH, Park J, Kim HR, Lee J, Lee KH. Synthesis of high-quality carbon nanotube fibers by controlling the effects of sulfur on the catalyst agglomeration during the direct spinning process. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of sulfur on the size of iron catalyst particles and synthesized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were investigated during the direct spinning of CNT fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Nam-Gu, Pohang
- South Korea
| | - Junbeom Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Nam-Gu, Pohang
- South Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Nam-Gu, Pohang
- South Korea
| | - Jaegeun Lee
- Carbon Convergence Materials Research Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- Wanju-gun
- South Korea
| | - Kun-Hong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Nam-Gu, Pohang
- South Korea
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22
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Zhang L, Hou PX, Li S, Shi C, Cong HT, Liu C, Cheng HM. In Situ TEM Observations on the Sulfur-Assisted Catalytic Growth of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1427-32. [PMID: 26269989 DOI: 10.1021/jz500419r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sulfur on the catalytic nucleation and growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from an iron catalyst was investigated in situ by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalyst precursor of ferrocene and growth promoter of sulfur were selectively loaded inside of the hollow core of multiwall CNTs with open ends, which served as a nanoreactor powered by applying a voltage inside of the chamber of a TEM. It was found that a SWCNT nucleated and grew perpendicularly from a region of the catalyst nanoparticle surface, instead of the normal tangential growth that occurs with no sulfur addition. Our in situ TEM observation combined with CVD growth studies suggests that sulfur functions to promote the nucleation and growth of SWCNTs by forming inhomogeneous local active sites and modifying the interface bonding between catalysts and precipitated graphitic layers, so that carbon caps can be lifted off from the catalyst particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Xiang Hou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shisheng Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Cong
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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23
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Ultra-pure single wall carbon nanotube fibres continuously spun without promoter. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3903. [PMID: 24492677 PMCID: PMC3912484 DOI: 10.1038/srep03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a new strategy towards the control of carbon nanotube (CNT) structure and continuous fibre formation using a floating catalyst direct spinning CVD process. In the procedures used to date, a sulphur promoter precursor is added to significantly enhance the rate of CNT formation in the floating catalyst synthesis. Within the reaction zone, the rapidly grown nanotubes self-assemble into bundles, followed by their continuous spinning into fibres, yarns, films or tapes. In this paper we demonstrate a catalyst control strategy in the floating catalyst system, where the CNT formation process is independent of the presence of a promoter but leads to successful spinning of the macroscopic carbon nanotube assemblies with specific morphology, high purity (Raman D/G 0.03) and very narrow diameter range (0.8-2.5 nm). This can be achieved by the control of catalyst precursor decomposition and subsequent formation of homogeneous nano-sized catalyst particles.
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24
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Diarra M, Zappelli A, Amara H, Ducastelle F, Bichara C. Importance of carbon solubility and wetting properties of nickel nanoparticles for single wall nanotube growth. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:185501. [PMID: 23215294 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.185501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Optimized growth of single wall carbon nanotubes requires full knowledge of the actual state of the catalyst nanoparticle and its interface with the tube. Using tight binding based atomistic computer simulations, we calculate carbon adsorption isotherms on nanoparticles of nickel, a typical catalyst, and show that carbon solubility increases for smaller nanoparticles that are either molten or surface molten under experimental conditions. Increasing carbon content favors the dewetting of Ni nanoparticles with respect to sp(2) carbon walls, a necessary property to limit catalyst encapsulation and deactivation. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations of the growth of tube embryos show that wetting properties of the nanoparticles, controlled by carbon solubility, are of fundamental importance to enable the growth, shedding new light on the growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Diarra
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, CNRS and Aix Marseille University, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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25
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Lin JH, Chen CS, Zeng ZY, Chang CW, Chen HW. Sulphate-activated growth of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes over copper catalysts. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4757-4764. [PMID: 22785437 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A sulphate-activated mechanism is proposed to describe the growth of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) over copper catalysts using chemical vapour deposition with helium-diluted ethylene. Sulphate-assisted copper catalysts afford a high-yield growth of bamboo-like CNTs at a mild temperature, 800 °C; however, non-sulphate-assisted copper catalysts, e.g., copper acetate and copper nitrate prepared catalysts, were inert to CNT growth and only gave amorphous carbons (a-C) surrounding copper nanoparticles under the same conditions. Nevertheless, the addition of sulphate ions in the preparation step for the two inert catalysts can activate their abilities for CNT growth with remarkable yields. Furthermore, Raman spectra analysis demonstrates a linear dependence between the concentration of sulphate ions in copper catalysts and the ratio of CNT-a-C in the as-grown carbon soot. The sulphate-activated effect on CNT growth over copper catalysts could be related to a three-way interaction of sulphate ions, copper nanoparticles and support. In situ TEM images of an as-grown CNT irradiated by electron beams without the inlet of carbon sources reveal a new pathway of carbon diffusion through the bulk of copper nanoparticles and an enlarged inner-wall thickness of the on-site CNT. This carbon diffusion model over copper catalysts can provide new insights into the CNT growth mechanism over non-magnetic metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrn-Horng Lin
- Dept. of Materials Science, National University of Tainan, 33, Sec. 2, Shu-Lin St., Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
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26
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Chamberlain TW, Biskupek J, Rance GA, Chuvilin A, Alexander TJ, Bichoutskaia E, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Size, structure, and helical twist of graphene nanoribbons controlled by confinement in carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2012; 6:3943-53. [PMID: 22483078 DOI: 10.1021/nn300137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) act as efficient nanoreactors, templating the assembly of sulfur-terminated graphene nanoribbons (S-GNRs) with different sizes, structures, and conformations. Spontaneous formation of nanoribbons from small sulfur-containing molecules is efficiently triggered by heat treatment or by an 80 keV electron beam. S-GNRs form readily in CNTs with internal diameters between 1 and 2 nm. Outside of this optimum range, nanotubes narrower than 1 nm do not have sufficient space to accommodate the 2D structure of S-GNRs, while nanotubes wider than 2 nm do not provide efficient confinement for unidirectional S-GNR growth, thus neither can support nanoribbon formation. Theoretical calculations show that the thermodynamic stability of nanoribbons is dependent on the S-GNR edge structure and, to a lesser extent, the width of the nanoribbon. For nanoribbons of similar widths, the polythiaperipolycene-type edges of zigzag S-GNRs are more stable than the polythiophene-type edges of armchair S-GNRs. Both the edge structure and the width define the electronic properties of S-GNRs which can vary widely from metallic to semiconductor to insulator. The encapsulated S-GNRs exhibit diverse dynamic behavior, including rotation, translation, and helical twisting inside the nanotube, which offers a mechanism for control of the electronic properties of the graphene nanoribbon via confinement at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Chamberlain
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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27
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Sundaram RM, Koziol KKK, Windle AH. Continuous direct spinning of fibers of single-walled carbon nanotubes with metallic chirality. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:5064-5068. [PMID: 21984179 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajyashree M Sundaram
- University of Cambridge, Department of Materials Science, Pembroke Street CB23QZ, UK
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28
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Tessonnier JP, Su DS. Recent progress on the growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes: a review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:824-47. [PMID: 21732543 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been achieved during the past 20 years on not only improving the yields of carbon nanotubes and move progressively towards their mass production, but also on gaining a profound fundamental understanding of the nucleation and the growth processes. Parameters that influence the yield but also the quality (e.g., microstructure, homogeneity within a batch) are better understood. The influence of the carbon precursor, the reaction conditions, the presence of a catalyst, the chemical and physical status of the latter, and other factors have been extensively studied. The purpose of the present Review is not to list all the experiments reported in the literature, but rather to identify trends and provide a comprehensive summary on the role of selected parameters. The role of the catalyst occupies a central place in this Review as a careful control of the metal particle size, particle dispersion on the support, the metastable phase formed under reaction conditions, its possible reconstruction, and faceting strongly influence the diameter of the carbon nanotubes, their structure (number of walls, graphene sheet orientation, chirality), their alignment, and the yield. The identified trends will be compared with recent observations on the growth of graphene. Recent results on metal-free catalysts will be analyzed from a different perspective.
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29
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González-Prieto R, Nievas Á, Fernández-Vindel MA, Castillo Ó, Hernández E, Delgado E, Zamora F. Nanostructures on surfaces of the metalorganic compound {Fe2(CO)6[µ-S2C6H2(OH)2]} and its potential as catalyst precursor for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3109-11. [PMID: 21293822 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01761b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The compound {Fe(2)(CO)(6)[µ-S(2)C(6)H(2)(OH)(2)]} is organized by H-bond interactions on graphite and SiO(2) surfaces as micron-length nanofibres. Thermal degradation of these fibres adsorbed on SiO(2) leads to a very homogeneous surface filled with Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles (ca. 2.5 nm diameter) suitable to produce few-walled carbon nanotubes laying on a clean surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo González-Prieto
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Carbon nanotube reactor: Ferrocene decomposition, iron particle growth, nanotube aggregation and scale-up. Chem Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Elliott JA, Shibuta Y. A semi-empirical molecular orbital study of freestanding and fullerene-encapsulated Mo nanoclusters. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020802258724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Elliott
- a Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasushi Shibuta
- b Department of Materials Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
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