1
|
Opgenorth TA, Opgenorth EL, Eaton JS, Bentley E. Evaluation for endotoxin in intraocular materials used during phacoemulsification surgery using a recombinant factor C assay. Vet Ophthalmol 2023. [PMID: 37736864 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cataract surgery remains the sole method to resolve blindness secondary to cataract formation. One complication includes fibrin web formation post-operatively. This study aimed to investigate the presence of endotoxin within materials used during cataract surgery as a possible cause of fibrin web phenomenon. METHODS Preservative-free epinephrine, heparin, viscoelastic devices, and intraocular lenses were collected for evaluation. Various manufacturers and manufacturing lot numbers were used when available. Viscosity of viscoelastics was reduced by incubating samples with human recombinant hyaluronidase. Intraocular product (IOL) packaging fluid was collected and stored for testing. The IOLs were then washed with a sterile balanced salt solution, incubated at 37°C for 48 h, and then fluid was collected for testing to mimic intraocular placement. Samples were tested using a commercially available rFC kit. Fluorescence was measured at time zero and after 1 h using a fluorescence microplate reader. The change in fluorescence was corrected for blank fluorescence and plotted to a standard curve. RESULTS Endotoxin levels were below the limit of detection (0.05 EU/mL) in all samples. Incubation of IOLs at intraocular temperature did not increase extraction of endotoxin. CONCLUSION Endotoxin was not identified in any tested sample, including those used in cases of fibrin web formation post-phacoemulsification. As fibrin webs are often observed episodically, it is possible that endotoxin levels may vary between batches, or that endotoxin is not related to fibrin formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Opgenorth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eryn L Opgenorth
- Virology Section, Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - J Seth Eaton
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ellison Bentley
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grondek JF, Huffman K, Lee EJ, Cavichini M, Warter A, P Kalaw FG, Heinke A, Fan R, Cheng L, Sailor MJ, Freeman WR. Effective treatment of retinal neovascular leakage with fusogenic porous silicon nanoparticles delivering VEGF-siRNA. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:2089-2108. [PMID: 36748946 PMCID: PMC10031552 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate an intravitreally injected nanoparticle platform designed to deliver VEGF-A siRNA to inhibit retinal neovascular leakage as a new treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Materials & methods: Fusogenic lipid-coated porous silicon nanoparticles loaded with VEGF-A siRNA, and pendant neovascular integrin-homing iRGD, were evaluated for efficacy by intravitreal injection in a rabbit model of retinal neovascularization. Results: For 12 weeks post-treatment, a reduction in vascular leakage was observed for treated diseased eyes versus control eyes (p = 0.0137), with a corresponding reduction in vitreous VEGF-A. Conclusion: Fusogenic lipid-coated porous silicon nanoparticles siRNA delivery provides persistent knockdown of VEGF-A and reduced leakage in a rabbit model of retinal neovascularization as a potential new intraocular therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel F Grondek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kristyn Huffman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retinal Center at Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ella Jiyoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Melina Cavichini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retinal Center at Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexandra Warter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retinal Center at Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fritz Gerald P Kalaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retinal Center at Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anna Heinke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retinal Center at Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruhan Fan
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retinal Center at Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael J Sailor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - William R Freeman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs Retinal Center at Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Corey TM, Woodley VV, O'Connor M, Connolly E, Doyle S, Shrader S, Phipps C, Isaac K, Lawrence M. Evaluation of the Dose-Dependent Inflammatory Response and No-Observable Adverse Effect Level of Intravitreal Endotoxin in the African Green Monkey. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:17. [PMID: 35980670 PMCID: PMC9404367 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.8.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the inflammatory effects and no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of intravitreal endotoxin in an African green monkey model of uveitis. Methods Fifteen green monkeys were administered intravitreal endotoxin ranging from 0.005 to 0.08 endotoxin unit (EU)/eye. Inflammation was evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect fundoscopy, tonometry, color fundus photography, ocular coherence tomography, laser flare photometry, and histopathology, with analysis of cytokine levels in aqueous and vitreous humor. The inter-rater reliability of a refined nonhuman primate ophthalmic scoring system was evaluated. Results A dose-dependent inflammatory response was observed beginning at 0.02 EU/eye; no inflammatory response exceeding the vehicle was observed at 0.005 EU/eye. Retinal pathology was minimal, and posterior visualization degraded with increasing inflammation. Inflammation was observed by histopathology at 0.04 EU/eye. Inter-rater reliability of the scoring system was high, with 99.2% of individual scores differing by 1 scale unit or less and 87.2% of summary scores differing by 2 scale units or less. Conclusions The NOAEL for intravitreal endotoxin in the green monkey is 0.005 EU/eye, with inflammation increasing with increasing dose beginning at 0.02 EU/eye. This updated nonhuman primate ophthalmic scoring system allows for high inter-rater reliability for the quantification of mild to severe inflammation in the green monkey eye. Translational Relevance Validation of the ophthalmic inflammation scoring system enables application of the green monkey as a valuable translational model. Candidate therapeutics should be confirmed to have endotoxin levels below this threshold before safety testing in this species to enable interpretation of inflammation and minimize impact on animal welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emma Connolly
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Doyle
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kicková E, Sadeghi A, Puranen J, Tavakoli S, Sen M, Ranta VP, Arango-Gonzalez B, Bolz S, Ueffing M, Salmaso S, Caliceti P, Toropainen E, Ruponen M, Urtti A. Pharmacokinetics of Pullulan-Dexamethasone Conjugates in Retinal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010012. [PMID: 35056906 PMCID: PMC8779473 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of retinal diseases by intravitreal injections requires frequent administration unless drug delivery systems with long retention and controlled release are used. In this work, we focused on pullulan (≈67 kDa) conjugates of dexamethasone as therapeutic systems for intravitreal administration. The pullulan-dexamethasone conjugates self-assemble into negatively charged nanoparticles (average size 326 ± 29 nm). Intravitreal injections of pullulan and pullulan-dexamethasone were safe in mouse, rat and rabbit eyes. Fluorescently labeled pullulan particles showed prolonged retention in the vitreous and they were almost completely eliminated via aqueous humor outflow. Pullulan conjugates also distributed to the retina via Müller glial cells when tested in ex vivo retina explants and in vivo. Pharmacokinetic simulations showed that pullulan-dexamethasone conjugates may release free and active dexamethasone in the vitreous humor for over 16 days, even though a large fraction of dexamethasone may be eliminated from the eye as bound pullulan-dexamethasone. We conclude that pullulan based drug conjugates are promising intravitreal drug delivery systems as they may reduce injection frequency and deliver drugs into the retinal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kicková
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.K.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (V.-P.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Jooseppi Puranen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (V.-P.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Shirin Tavakoli
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00710 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Merve Sen
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.S.); (B.A.-G.); (S.B.); (M.U.)
| | - Veli-Pekka Ranta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (V.-P.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Blanca Arango-Gonzalez
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.S.); (B.A.-G.); (S.B.); (M.U.)
| | - Sylvia Bolz
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.S.); (B.A.-G.); (S.B.); (M.U.)
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.S.); (B.A.-G.); (S.B.); (M.U.)
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.K.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Caliceti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.K.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (V.-P.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (V.-P.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (V.-P.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.)
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00710 Helsinki, Finland;
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergof, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Clear vision is dependent on features that protect the anatomical integrity of the eye (cornea and sclera) and those that contribute to internal ocular homeostasis by conferring hemangiogenic (avascular tissues and antiangiogenic factors), lymphangiogenic (lack of draining lymphatics), and immunologic (tight junctions that form blood-ocular barriers, immunosuppressive cells, and modulators) privileges. The later examples are necessary components that enable the eye to maintain an immunosuppressive environment that responds to foreign invaders in a deviated manner, minimizing destructive inflammation that would impair vision. These conditions allowed for the observations made by Medawar, in 1948, of delayed rejection of allogenic tissue grafts in the anterior chamber of mouse eye and permit the sequestration of foreign invaders (eg, Toxoplasma gondii) within the retina of healthy individuals. Yet successful development of intraocular drugs (biologics and delivery devices) has been stymied by adverse ocular pathology, much of which is driven by immune pathways. The eye can be intolerant of foreign protein irrespective of delivery route, and endogenous ocular cells have remarkable plasticity when recruited to preserve visual function. This article provides a review of current understanding of ocular immunology and the potential role of immune mechanisms in pathology observed with intraocular drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharmila Masli
- 12259Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ganugula R, Arora M, Lepiz MA, Niu Y, Mallick BK, Pflugfelder SC, Scott EM, Kumar MNVR. Systemic anti-inflammatory therapy aided by double-headed nanoparticles in a canine model of acute intraocular inflammation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb7878. [PMID: 32923645 PMCID: PMC7449680 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel approaches circumventing blood-ocular barriers in systemic drug delivery are lacking. We hypothesize receptor-mediated delivery of curcumin (CUR) across intestinal and ocular barriers leads to decreased inflammation in a model of lens-induced uveitis. CUR was encapsulated in double-headed polyester nanoparticles using gambogic acid (GA)-coupled polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA). Orally administered PLGA-GA2-CUR led to notable aqueous humor CUR levels and was dosed (10 mg/kg twice daily) to adult male beagles (n = 8 eyes) with induced ocular inflammation. Eyes were evaluated using a semiquantitative preclinical ocular toxicology scoring (SPOTS) and compared to commercial anti-inflammatory treatment (oral carprofen 2.2 mg/kg twice daily) (n = 8) and untreated controls (n = 8). PLGA-GA2-CUR offered improved protection compared with untreated controls and similar protection compared with carprofen, with reduced aqueous flare, miosis, and chemosis in the acute phase (<4 hours). This study highlights the potential of PLGA-GA2 nanoparticles for systemic drug delivery across ocular barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ganugula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Reynolds Medical Building, Texas A&M University, Mailstop 1114, College Station, TX, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.N.V.R.K.); (E.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - M. Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Reynolds Medical Building, Texas A&M University, Mailstop 1114, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M. A. Lepiz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Y. Niu
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - B. K. Mallick
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - S. C. Pflugfelder
- Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E. M. Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.N.V.R.K.); (E.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - M. N. V. Ravi Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Reynolds Medical Building, Texas A&M University, Mailstop 1114, College Station, TX, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.N.V.R.K.); (E.M.S.); (R.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ophthalmic biosimilars and biologics-role of endotoxins. Eye (Lond) 2019; 34:614-615. [PMID: 31619778 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
8
|
Bantseev V, Miller PE, Nork TM, Rasmussen CA, McKenzie A, Christian BJ, Booler H, Thackaberry EA. Determination of a No Observable Effect Level for Endotoxin Following a Single Intravitreal Administration to Cynomolgus Monkeys. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:245-253. [PMID: 30964386 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To characterize the inflammatory response and determine the no-observable-effect level (NOEL) in cynomolgus monkey eyes after intravitreal (ITV) injection of endotoxin. Methods: The inflammatory response to endotoxin was assessed in a single-dose study in monkeys at doses of 0.01 to 0.51 endotoxin units (EU)/eye. Tolerability was assessed by clinical ophthalmic examinations, intraocular pressure measurements, fundus color photography, optical coherence tomography, and anatomic pathology. Results: ITV injection of endotoxin at ≥0.04 EU/eye resulted in a dose-related anterior segment inflammatory response. No aqueous flare or cell was noted in the 0.01 EU/eye dose group. A more delayed posterior segment response characterized by vitreous cell was observed beginning on day 5, peaking on day 15, and decreasing in some groups. Microscopic findings of mononuclear cell infiltrates in the vitreous were observed in eyes given ≥0.21 EU/eye. Conclusion: The NOEL for ITV endotoxin in cynomolgus monkeys was 0.01 EU/eye, suggesting that this species is as sensitive as rabbits to the effects of endotoxin. The vitreous cavity also appears more sensitive to endotoxin than the anterior segment/aqueous chamber. Overall, the magnitude of the inflammatory response at ≥0.04 EU/eye suggests that dose-response curve in monkeys is steeper than in rabbits. These data highlight the importance of assessing endotoxin level in ITV formulations, as levels as low as 0.04 EU/eye may confound the safety evaluations of ITV therapeutics in cynomolgus monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bantseev
- 1 Genentech, Inc., Department of Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California
| | - Paul E Miller
- 2 Department of Surgical Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,3 Ocular Services on Demand, LLC (OSOD), Madison, Wisconsin
| | - T Michael Nork
- 3 Ocular Services on Demand, LLC (OSOD), Madison, Wisconsin.,4 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Carol A Rasmussen
- 3 Ocular Services on Demand, LLC (OSOD), Madison, Wisconsin.,4 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Aija McKenzie
- 1 Genentech, Inc., Department of Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Helen Booler
- 1 Genentech, Inc., Department of Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California
| | - Evan A Thackaberry
- 1 Genentech, Inc., Department of Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Melgar-Asensio I, Kandela I, Aird F, Darjatmoko SR, de Los Rios C, Sorenson CM, Albert DM, Sheibani N, Henkin J. Extended Intravitreal Rabbit Eye Residence of Nanoparticles Conjugated With Cationic Arginine Peptides for Intraocular Drug Delivery: In Vivo Imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4071-4081. [PMID: 30098194 PMCID: PMC6088811 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Drug delivery by intravitreal injection remains problematic, small agents and macromolecules both clearing rapidly. Typical carriers use microparticles (>2 μm), with size-related liabilities, to slow diffusion. We recently described cationic nanoparticles (NP) where conjugated Arg peptides prolonged residence in rat eyes, through ionic interaction with vitreal poly-anions. Here we extended this strategy to in vivo tracking of NP-conjugate (NPC) clearance from rabbit eyes. Relating t1/2 to zeta potential, and varied dose, we estimated the limits of this charge-based delivery system. Methods NPC carried covalently attached PEG8-2Arg or PEG8-3Arg pentapeptides, having known sequences from human eye proteins. Peptides were conjugated (61–64 per NPC); each NP/NPC also carried a cyanine7 tag (<0.5 dye/particle). In vivo imaging system (IVIS), after intravitreal injection, estimated NPC loss by 800-nm photon emission (745-nm excitation) at 1 to 3-week intervals following initial scan at day 10. Results NPC of 2Arg-peptides or 3Arg-peptides showed clearance t1/2 of 7 days and 17 days respectively, unconjugated NP t1/2 was <<5 days. Doses of 90, 180, and 360 μg of PEG8-2Arg NPC were compared. The lower doses showed dose-proportional day-10 concentration, and similar clearance. Higher early loss was seen with a 360-μg dose, exceeding rabbit vitreal binding capacity. No inflammation was observed. Conclusions This type of cationic NPC can safely increase residence t1/2 in a 1 to 3-week range, with dose <100 μg per mL vitreous. Human drug load may then range from 10 to 100 μg/eye, usefulness depending on individual drug potency and release rate, superimposed on extended intravitreal residence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Melgar-Asensio
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irawati Kandela
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Fraser Aird
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Soesiawati R Darjatmoko
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Cristobal de Los Rios
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Daniel M Albert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jack Henkin
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wakshull E, Quarmby V, Mahler HC, Rivers H, Jere D, Ramos M, Szczesny P, Bechtold-Peters K, Masli S, Gupta S. Advancements in Understanding Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics in the Intraocular Space. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1656-1668. [PMID: 28795351 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic breakthroughs in a number of retinal degenerative diseases have come about through the development of biotherapeutics administered directly into the eye. As a consequence of their use, we have gained more insight into the immune privileged status of the eye and the various considerations that development, manufacturing, and use of these drugs require. It has been observed that therapeutic proteins injected into the vitreous can elicit an immune response resulting in the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) which can have clinical consequences. This review includes discussion of the anatomy, physiology, and specific area of the eye that are targeted for drug administration. The various immunologic mechanisms involved in the immune responses to intraocularly administered protein are discussed. This review entails discussion on chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) and formulation-related issues that may influence the risk of immunogenicity. Based on the available immunogenicity profile of the marketed intraocular drugs and their reported adverse events, the animal models and the translational gap from animals to human are discussed. Thus, the objective of this review article is to assess the factors that influence immunogenicity in relation to intraocular administration and the steps taken for mitigating immunogenicity risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wakshull
- BioAnalytical Sciences Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Valerie Quarmby
- BioAnalytical Sciences Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Meg Ramos
- AbbVie, Preclinical Safety, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Swati Gupta
- Nonclinical and Translational Sciences, Allergan, Irvine, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|