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Enayati S, Chang K, Lennikov A, Yang M, Lee C, Ashok A, Elzaridi F, Yen C, Gunes K, Xie J, Cho KS, Utheim TP, Chen DF. Optimal transcorneal electrical stimulation parameters for preserving photoreceptors in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2543-2552. [PMID: 38526290 PMCID: PMC11090438 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.392888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202419110-00034/figure1/v/2024-03-08T184507Z/r/image-tiff Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary retinal disease that affects rod and cone photoreceptors, leading to progressive photoreceptor loss. Previous research supports the beneficial effect of electrical stimulation on photoreceptor survival. This study aims to identify the most effective electrical stimulation parameters and functional advantages of transcorneal electrical stimulation (tcES) in mice affected by inherited retinal degeneration. Additionally, the study seeked to analyze the electric field that reaches the retina in both eyes in mice and post-mortem humans. In this study, we recorded waveforms and voltages directed to the retina during transcorneal electrical stimulation in C57BL/6J mice using an intraocular needle probe with rectangular, sine, and ramp waveforms. To investigate the functional effects of electrical stimulation on photoreceptors, we used human retinal explant cultures and rhodopsin knockout (Rho-/-) mice, demonstrating progressive photoreceptor degeneration with age. Human retinal explants isolated from the donors' eyes were then subjected to electrical stimulation and cultured for 48 hours to simulate the neurodegenerative environment in vitro. Photoreceptor density was evaluated by rhodopsin immunolabeling. In vivo Rho-/- mice were subjected to two 5-day series of daily transcorneal electrical stimulation using rectangular and ramp waveforms. Retinal function and visual perception of mice were evaluated by electroretinography and optomotor response (OMR), respectively. Immunolabeling was used to assess the morphological and biochemical changes of the photoreceptor and bipolar cells in mouse retinas. Oscilloscope recordings indicated effective delivery of rectangular, sine, and ramp waveforms to the retina by transcorneal electrical stimulation, of which the ramp waveform required the lowest voltage. Evaluation of the total conductive resistance of the post-mortem human compared to the mouse eyes indicated higher cornea-to-retina resistance in human eyes. The temperature recordings during and after electrical stimulation indicated no significant temperature change in vivo and only a subtle temperature increase in vitro (~0.5-1.5°C). Electrical stimulation increased photoreceptor survival in human retinal explant cultures, particularly at the ramp waveform. Transcorneal electrical stimulation (rectangular + ramp) waveforms significantly improved the survival and function of S and M-cones and enhanced visual acuity based on the optomotor response results. Histology and immunolabeling demonstrated increased photoreceptor survival, improved outer nuclear layer thickness, and increased bipolar cell sprouting in Rho-/- mice. These results indicate that transcorneal electrical stimulation effectively delivers the electrical field to the retina, improves photoreceptor survival in both human and mouse retinas, and increases visual function in Rho-/- mice. Combined rectangular and ramp waveform stimulation can promote photoreceptor survival in a minimally invasive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Enayati
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of clinical medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Karen Chang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anton Lennikov
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Menglu Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cherin Lee
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Farris Elzaridi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Yen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kasim Gunes
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Jia Xie
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of clinical medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rodríguez-Ramírez KT, Norte-Muñoz M, Lucas-Ruiz F, Gallego-Ortega A, Calzaferri F, García-Bernal D, Martínez CM, Galindo-Romero C, de los Ríos C, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Retinal response to systemic inflammation differs between sexes and neurons. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340013. [PMID: 38384465 PMCID: PMC10880026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Neurological dysfunction and glial activation are common in severe infections such as sepsis. There is a sexual dimorphism in the response to systemic inflammation in both patients and animal models, but there are few comparative studies. Here, we investigate the effect of systemic inflammation induced by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the retina of male and female mice and determine whether antagonism of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis have protective effects on the retina. Methods A single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) was administered to two months old C57BL/6J male and female mice. Retinas were examined longitudinally in vivo using electroretinography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and microglial activation were analysed in flat-mounts. Retinal extracts were used for flow cytometric analysis of CD45 and CD11b positive cells. Matched plasma and retinal levels of proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. Retinal function and RGC survival were assessed in animals treated with P2X7R and TNFR1 antagonists alone or in combination. Results In LPS-treated animals of both sexes, there was transient retinal dysfunction, loss of vision-forming but not non-vision forming RGCs, retinal swelling, microglial activation, cell infiltration, and increases in TNF and IL-1β. Compared to females, males showed higher vision-forming RGC death, slower functional recovery, and overexpression of lymphotoxin alpha in their retinas. P2X7R and TNFR1 antagonism, alone or in combination, rescued vision-forming RGCs. P2X7R antagonism also rescued retinal function. Response to treatment was better in females than in males. Conclusions Systemic LPS has neuronal and sex-specific adverse effects in the mouse retina, which are counteracted by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Our results highlight the need to analyse males and females in preclinical studies of inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy T. Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francesco Calzaferri
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- Grupo de Trasplante Hematopoyético y Terapia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Martínez
- Plataforma de Patología, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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Xiang A, He H, Yu H, Li A, Luo Y, Yang J, Zhong X. Ocular Posterior Segment Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of Brimonidine After Intravitreal Administration in Guinea Pigs. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:456-462. [PMID: 37311153 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Brimonidine is a highly alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, which provides a potential myopia control effect. This study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetics and concentration of brimonidine in the posterior segment tissue of eyes in guinea pigs. Methods: A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was successfully used for brimonidine pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution research in guinea pigs following intravitreal administration (20 μg/eye). Results: Brimonidine concentrations in the retina and sclera were maintained at a high level (>60 ng/g) at 96 h postdosing. Brimonidine concentration peaked in the retina (377.86 ng/g) at 2.41 h and sclera (306.18 ng/g) at 6.98 h. The area under curve (AUC0-∞) was 27,179.99 ng h/g in the retina and 39,529.03 ng h/g in the sclera. The elimination half-life (T1/2e) was 62.43 h in the retina and 67.94 h in the sclera. Conclusions: The results indicated that brimonidine was rapidly absorbed and diffused to the retina and sclera. Meanwhile, it maintained higher posterior tissue concentrations, which can effectively activate the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor. This may provide pharmacokinetic evidence for the inhibition of myopia progression by brimonidine in animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong He
- Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou, China
| | - Hanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Luo
- Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou, China
| | - Junming Yang
- Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou, China
| | - Xingwu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou, China
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Freeman WR, Bandello F, Souied E, Guymer RH, Garg SJ, Chen FK, Rich R, Holz FG, Patel SS, Kim K, López FJ, Guymer R, Korobelnik JF, Souied E, Holz F, Ziemssen F, Bandello F, Campos E, Grignolo/Eandi C, Midena E, Peiretti E, Staurenghi G, Viola F, Bailey C, Esposti SD, Jackson T, Menon G, Pagliarini S, Quhill F, Antoszyk A, Brooks L, Callanan D, Csaky K, Edwards A, Eichenbaum D, Freeman W, Garg S, Ghuman AT, Gonzalez V, Gupta S, Hamilton R, Khurana R, Kunimoto D, Kuppermann B, Lauer A, Lee SY, Maturi R, Patel S, Reddy R, Rich R, Rivellese M, Rose S, Segal Z, Wong R. Randomized Phase 2b Study of Brimonidine Drug Delivery System Generation 2 for Geographic Atrophy in Age-related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmol Retina 2023:S2468-6530(23)00097-0. [PMID: 36906177 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeat injections of Brimonidine Drug Delivery System (Brimo DDS) Generation 2 (Gen 2) containing 400 μg brimonidine in patients with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Phase 2b, randomized, multicenter, double-masked, sham-controlled, 30-month study (BEACON). PARTICIPANTS Patients diagnosed with GA secondary to AMD and multifocal lesions with total area >1.25 mm2 and ≤18 mm2 in the study eye. METHODS Enrolled patients were randomized to treatment with intravitreal injections of 400-μg Brimo DDS (n=154) or sham procedure (n=156) in the study eye every 3 months from day 1 through month 21. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in the GA lesion area in the study eye, assessed with fundus autofluorescence imaging, at month 24. Safety measures included treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs). RESULTS The study was terminated early, at the time of the planned interim analysis, because of a slow GA progression rate (∼1.6 mm2/year) in the enrolled population. Least-squares mean (standard error) GA area change from baseline at month 24 (primary endpoint) was 3.24 (0.13) mm2 with Brimo DDS (n=84) versus 3.48 (0.13) mm2 with sham (n=91); the reduction in GA area change from baseline in the Brimo DDS group compared with the sham group was 0.25 mm2 (7%) (P = 0.150). At month 30, the GA area change from baseline was 4.09 (0.15) mm2 with Brimo DDS (n=49) versus 4.52 (0.15) mm2 with sham (n=46), a reduction of 0.43 mm2 (10%) with Brimo DDS compared with sham (P=0.033). Exploratory analysis showed numerically smaller loss over time in retinal sensitivity assessed with scotopic microperimetry with Brimo DDS compared with sham (P=0.053 at month 24). Treatment-related AEs were usually related to the injection procedure. No implant accumulation was observed. CONCLUSIONS Multiple intravitreal administrations of Brimo DDS (Gen 2) were well tolerated. The primary efficacy endpoint at 24 months was not met, but there was a numerical trend for reduction in GA progression at 24 months compared with sham treatment. The study was terminated early because of the lower-than-expected GA progression rate in the sham/control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Freeman
- Jacobs Retina Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Francesco Bandello
- University Vita-Salute Scientific Institute, Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Eric Souied
- Centre Hospitalier Creteil, Service Universitaire d'Ophthalmologie, Creteil, France
| | - Robyn H Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, and Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sunir J Garg
- Mid Atlantic Retina, the Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, and Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Rich
- Retina Consultants of Southern Colorado PC, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Kimmie Kim
- Allergan, an AbbVie company, Irvine, California, USA
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Comparative Analysis of Retinal Organotypic Cultures and In Vivo Axotomized Retinas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043481. [PMID: 36834893 PMCID: PMC9962025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal organotypic cultures (ROCs) are used as an in vivo surrogate to study retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and neuroprotection. In vivo, the gold standard to study RGC degeneration and neuroprotection is optic nerve lesion. We propose here to compare the course of RGC death and glial activation between both models. The left optic nerve of C57BL/6 male mice was crushed, and retinas analyzed from 1 to 9 days after the injury. ROCs were analyzed at the same time points. As a control, intact retinas were used. Retinas were studied anatomically to assess RGC survival, microglial, and macroglial activation. Macroglial and microglial cells showed different morphological activation between models and were activated earlier in ROCs. Furthermore, microglial cell density in the ganglion cell layer was always lower in ROCs than in vivo. RGC loss after axotomy and in vitro followed the same trend up to 5 days. Thereafter, there was an abrupt decrease in viable RGCs in ROCs. However, RGC somas were still immuno-identified by several molecular markers. ROCs are useful for proof-of-concept studies on neuroprotection, but long-term experiments should be carried out in vivo. Importantly, the differential glial activation observed between models and the concomitant death of photoreceptors that occurs in vitro may alter the efficacy of RGC neuroprotective therapies when tested in in vivo models of optic nerve injury.
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Karamali F, Behtaj S, Babaei-Abraki S, Hadady H, Atefi A, Savoj S, Soroushzadeh S, Najafian S, Nasr Esfahani MH, Klassen H. Potential therapeutic strategies for photoreceptor degeneration: the path to restore vision. J Transl Med 2022; 20:572. [PMID: 36476500 PMCID: PMC9727916 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors (PRs), as the most abundant and light-sensing cells of the neuroretina, are responsible for converting light into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. PR degeneration, including morphological and functional impairment of these cells, causes significant diminution of the retina's ability to detect light, with consequent loss of vision. Recent findings in ocular regenerative medicine have opened promising avenues to apply neuroprotective therapy, gene therapy, cell replacement therapy, and visual prostheses to the challenge of restoring vision. However, successful visual restoration in the clinical setting requires application of these therapeutic approaches at the appropriate stage of the retinal degeneration. In this review, firstly, we discuss the mechanisms of PR degeneration by focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying cell death. Subsequently, innovations, recent developments, and promising treatments based on the stage of disorder progression are further explored. Then, the challenges to be addressed before implementation of these therapies in clinical practice are considered. Finally, potential solutions to overcome the current limitations of this growing research area are suggested. Overall, the majority of current treatment modalities are still at an early stage of development and require extensive additional studies, both pre-clinical and clinical, before full restoration of visual function in PR degeneration diseases can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Karamali
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Behtaj
- grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia ,grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Shahnaz Babaei-Abraki
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hanieh Hadady
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Atefi
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soraya Savoj
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sareh Soroushzadeh
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Najafian
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- grid.417689.5Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Henry Klassen
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA USA
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Xin J, He Y, Guo K, Yang D. Expression of the neuroprotective factors BDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 in normal and oxygen induced retinopathy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:971952. [PMID: 36532277 PMCID: PMC9755753 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.971952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxygen-induced retinopathy is a type of retinal pathological neovascularization (NV) disease that leads to vision loss and translates to a significant societal cost. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-inflammatory treatments have been widely used in the clinic, but the results have not been entirely satisfactory. It is necessary to explore other treatments for Ischemic retinal diseases. METHODS The oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model was induced from P7 to P12 as described. Histology evaluation (HE) and retina flat mounts were checked at P17 to confirm the establishment of the OIR model. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration was checked by transmission electron microscopy at P17 to confirm the neurological damage caused by OIR. Western blot analysis was performed at P12, P15, and P17 to study the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) in normal and OIR mice. Comparative analysis of the expressions of BDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 in normal and OIR mice was performed. RESULTS There were many retinal NV and non-perfusion areas in OIR P17. RGCs were degenerated at OIR P17. The expressions of BDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 gradually increased from P12 to P17 in normal mice and were much higher in OIR mice. The expression curves of BDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 in the OIR model were inconsistent and did not correlate with each other. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence for changes in BDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 in Oxygen-induced retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Dayong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Martínez-Vacas A, Di Pierdomenico J, Gallego-Ortega A, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Picaud S, Villegas-Pérez MP, García-Ayuso D. Systemic taurine treatment affords functional and morphological neuroprotection of photoreceptors and restores retinal pigment epithelium function in RCS rats. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102506. [PMID: 36270186 PMCID: PMC9583577 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our work was to study whether taurine administration has neuroprotective effects in dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, suffering retinal degeneration secondary to impaired retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis caused by a MERTK mutation. Dystrophic RCS-p + female rats (n = 36) were divided into a non-treated group (n = 16) and a treated group (n = 20) that received taurine (0.2 M) in drinking water from postnatal day (P)21 to P45, when they were processed. Retinal function was assessed with electroretinogram. Retinal morphology was assessed in cross-sections using immunohistochemical techniques to label photoreceptors, retinal microglial and macroglial cells, active zones of conventional and ribbon synaptic connections, and oxidative stress. Retinal pigment epithelium function was examined using intraocular fluorogold injections. Our results document that taurine treatment increases taurine plasma levels and photoreceptor survival in dystrophic rats. The number of photoreceptor nuclei rows at P45 was 3-5 and 6-11 in untreated and treated animals, respectively. Electroretinograms showed increases of 70% in the rod response, 400% in the a-wave amplitude, 30% in the b-wave amplitude and 75% in the photopic b-wave response in treated animals. Treated animals also showed decreased numbers of microglial cells in the outer retinal layers, decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in Müller cells, decreased oxidative stress in the outer and inner nuclear layers and improved maintenance of synaptic connections. Treated animals showed increased FG phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium cells. In conclusion, systemic taurine treatment decreases photoreceptor degeneration and increases electroretinographic responses in dystrophic RCS rats and these effects may be mediated through various neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Vacas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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9
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Galindo-Romero C, Norte-Muñoz M, Gallego-Ortega A, Rodríguez-Ramírez KT, Lucas-Ruiz F, González-Riquelme MJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. The retina of the lab rat: focus on retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:994890. [PMID: 36213609 PMCID: PMC9538360 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.994890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Albino and pigmented rat strains are widely used in models to study retinal degeneration and to test new therapies. Here, we have summarized the main topographical and functional characteristics of the rat retina focussing on photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the beginning and end of the retinal circuitry, respectively. These neurons are very sensitive to injury and disease, and thus knowing their normal number, topography, and function is essential to accurately investigate on neuronal survival and protection.
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Immune recognition of syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic stromal cell transplants in healthy retinas. STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2022; 13:430. [PMID: 35987845 PMCID: PMC9392272 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Advanced therapies using adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for neurodegenerative diseases are not effectively translated into the clinic. The cross talk between the transplanted cells and the host tissue is something that, despite its importance, is not being systematically investigated. Methods We have compared the response of the mouse healthy retina to the intravitreal transplantation of MSCs derived from the bone marrow in four modalities: syngeneic, allogeneic, xenogeneic and allogeneic with immunosuppression using functional analysis in vivo and histology, cytometry and protein measurement post-mortem. Data were considered significant (p < 0.05) after nonparametric suitable statistical tests. Results Transplanted cells remain in the vitreous and are cleared by microglial cells a process that is quicker in allotransplants regardless of immunosuppression. All transplants cause anatomical remodelling which is more severe after xenotransplants. Xeno- and allotransplants with or without immunosuppression cause macro- and microglial activation and retinal functional impairment, being xenotransplants the most detrimental and the only ones that recruit CD45+Iba1−cells. The profile of proinflammatory cytokines changes in all transplantation settings. However, none of these changes affect the retinal ganglion cell population. Conclusions We show here a specific functional and anatomical retinal response depending on the MSC transplantation modality, an aspect that should be taken into consideration when conducting preclinical studies if we intend a more realistic translation into clinical practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03129-y.
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Di Pierdomenico J, Gallego‐Ortega A, Martínez‐Vacas A, García‐Bernal D, Vidal‐Sanz M, Villegas‐Pérez MP, García‐Ayuso D. Intravitreal and subretinal syngeneic bone marrow mononuclear stem cell transplantation improves photoreceptor survival but does not ameliorate retinal function in two rat models of retinal degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e1313-e1331. [PMID: 35514078 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study and compare effects of syngeneic bone marrow mononuclear stem cells (BM-MNCs) transplants on inherited retinal degeneration in two animal models with different etiologies: the RCS and the P23H-1 rats. To compare the safety and efficacy of two methods of intraocular delivery: subretinal and/or intravitreal. METHODS A suspension of BM-MNCs was injected subretinally or intravitreally in the left eyes of P23H-1 and RCS rats at post-natal day (P) 21. At different survival intervals after the injection: 7, 15, 30 or 60 days, the retinas were cross-sectioned, and photoreceptor survival and glial cell responses were investigated using immunodetection of cones (anti-cone arrestin), synaptic connections (anti-bassoon), microglia (anti-Iba-1), astrocytes and Müller cells (anti-GFAP). Electroretinographic function was also assessed longitudinally. RESULTS Intravitreal injections (IVIs) or subretinal injections (SRIs) of BM-MNCs did not produce adverse effects. The transplanted cells survived for up to 15 days but did not penetrate the retina. Both IVIs and SRIs increased photoreceptor survival, decreased synaptic degeneration and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in Müller cells but did not modify microglial cell activation and migration or the electroretinographic responses. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal and subretinal syngeneic BM-MNCs transplantation decreases photoreceptor degeneration and shows anti-gliotic effects on Müller cells but does not ameliorate retinal function. Moreover, syngeneic BM-MNCs transplants are more effective than the xenotransplants of these cells. BM-MNC transplantation has potential therapeutic effects that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego‐Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - Ana Martínez‐Vacas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - David García‐Bernal
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal‐Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - María P. Villegas‐Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - Diego García‐Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
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12
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Benthal MC, McKeown AS, Kraft TW. Cone Photoreceptor Loss in Light-Damaged Albino Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3978. [PMID: 35409336 PMCID: PMC8999964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the etiology of decreased cone-driven vision in a light damage (LD) model of retinal degeneration. To induce slow, moderate degeneration, albino rats underwent low-intensity light exposure for 10 days. Electroretinography was utilized to assess physiologic function of the rod- and cone-driven retinal function in LD and control rats. Immunohistochemistry targeting cone arrestin allowed for quantification of cone density and for comparison of the decline in function. Photoreceptor loss was quantified by outer nuclear layer thickness decreases, as observed by optical coherence tomography and histology. The LD rats showed decreased rod- and cone-driven function with partial recovery 30 days after cessation of light exposure. In addition, LD rats showed decreased cone photoreceptor densities in the central retinal region compared to control rats. Our results demonstrate that the loss of cone-driven visual function induced by light damage is at least partially due to the death of cone photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. Benthal
- Department of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Alex S. McKeown
- Department of Vision Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Timothy W. Kraft
- Department of Vision Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
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Garcia-Ayuso D, Di Pierdomenico J, García-Bernal D, Vidal-Sanz M, Villegas-Pérez MP. Bone marrow-derived mononuclear stem cells in the treatment of retinal degenerations. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1937-1944. [PMID: 35142670 PMCID: PMC8848608 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases affecting the outer retina in its many forms (inherited, acquired or induced) are characterized by photoreceptor loss, and represent currently a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the world. At present, there are very few treatments capable of preventing, recovering or reversing photoreceptor degeneration or the secondary retinal remodeling, which follows photoreceptor loss and can also cause the death of other retinal cells. Thus, these diseases are nowadays one of the greatest challenges in the field of ophthalmological research. Bone marrow derived-mononuclear stem cell transplantation has shown promising results for the treatment of photoreceptor degenerations. These cells may have the potential to slow down photoreceptor loss, and therefore should be applied in the early stages of photoreceptor degenerations. Furthermore, because of their possible paracrine effects, they may have a wide range of clinical applications, since they can potentially impact on several retinal cell types at once and photoreceptor degenerations can involve different cells and/or begin in one cell type and then affect adjacent cells. The intraocular injection of bone marrow derived-mononuclear stem cells also enhances the outcomes of other treatments aimed to protect photoreceptors. Therefore, it is likely that future investigations may combine bone marrow derived-mononuclear stem cell therapy with other systemic or intraocular treatments to obtain greater therapeutic effects in degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Garcia-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Ciencias de la salud; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Ciencias de la salud; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca); Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Ciencias de la salud; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María P Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Ciencias de la salud; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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14
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Martínez-Vacas A, Di Pierdomenico J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Picaud S, Villegas-Pérez MP, García-Ayuso D. Glial Cell Activation and Oxidative Stress in Retinal Degeneration Induced by β-Alanine Caused Taurine Depletion and Light Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:346. [PMID: 35008772 PMCID: PMC8745531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate glial cell activation and oxidative stress induced by taurine deficiency secondary to β-alanine administration and light exposure. Two months old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group and three experimental groups that were treated with 3% β-alanine in drinking water (taurine depleted) for two months, light exposed or both. Retinal and external thickness were measured in vivo at baseline and pre-processing with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). Retinal cryostat cross sections were immunodetected with antibodies against various antigens to investigate microglial and macroglial cell reaction, photoreceptor outer segments, synaptic connections and oxidative stress. Taurine depletion caused a decrease in retinal thickness, shortening of photoreceptor outer segments, microglial cell activation, oxidative stress in the outer and inner nuclear layers and the ganglion cell layer and synaptic loss. These events were also observed in light exposed animals, which in addition showed photoreceptor death and macroglial cell reactivity. Light exposure under taurine depletion further increased glial cell reaction and oxidative stress. Finally, the retinal pigment epithelial cells were Fluorogold labeled and whole mounted, and we document that taurine depletion impairs their phagocytic capacity. We conclude that taurine depletion causes cell damage to various retinal layers including retinal pigment epithelial cells, photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, and increases the susceptibility of the photoreceptor outer segments to light damage. Thus, beta-alanine supplements should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Vacas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
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15
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Norte-Muñoz M, Lucas-Ruiz F, Gallego-Ortega A, García-Bernal D, Valiente-Soriano FJ, de la Villa P, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Neuroprotection and Axonal Regeneration Induced by Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Depend on the Type of Transplant. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:772223. [PMID: 34805178 PMCID: PMC8600074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.772223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy to treat neurodegenerative diseases has not been as successful as expected in some preclinical studies. Because preclinical research is so diverse, it is difficult to know whether the therapeutic outcome is due to the cell type, the type of transplant or the model of disease. Our aim here was to analyze the effect of the type of transplant on neuroprotection and axonal regeneration, so we tested MSCs from the same niche in the same model of neurodegeneration in the three transplantation settings: xenogeneic, syngeneic and allogeneic. For this, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) isolated from healthy human volunteers or C57/BL6 mice were injected into the vitreous body of C57/BL6 mice (xenograft and syngraft) or BALB/c mice (allograft) right after optic nerve axotomy. As controls, vehicle matched groups were done. Retinal anatomy and function were analyzed in vivo by optical coherence tomography and electroretinogram, respectively. Survival of vision forming (Brn3a+) and non-vision forming (melanopsin+) retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was assessed at 3, 5 and 90 days after the lesion. Regenerative axons were visualized by cholera toxin β anterograde transport. Our data show that grafted BM-MSCs did not integrate in the retina but formed a mesh on top of the ganglion cell layer. The xenotransplant caused retinal edema, detachment and folding, and a significant decrease of functionality compared to the murine transplants. RGC survival and axonal regeneration were significantly higher in the syngrafted retinas than in the other two groups or vehicle controls. Melanopsin+RGCs, but not Brn3a+RGCs, were also neuroprotected by the xenograft. In conclusion, the type of transplant has an impact on the therapeutic effect of BM-MSCs affecting not only neuronal survival but also the host tissue response. Our data indicate that syngrafts may be more beneficial than allografts and, interestingly, that the type of neuron that is rescued also plays a significant role in the successfulness of the cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Norte-Muñoz
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Biochemistry, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Systems Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) and Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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7,8-Dihydroxiflavone Maintains Retinal Functionality and Protects Various Types of RGCs in Adult Rats with Optic Nerve Transection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111815. [PMID: 34769247 PMCID: PMC8584116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the neuroprotective effects of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (DHF) in vivo and ex vivo, adult albino Sprague-Dawley rats were given a left intraorbital optic nerve transection (IONT) and were divided in two groups: One was treated daily with intraperitoneal (ip) DHF (5 mg/kg) (n = 24) and the other (n = 18) received ip vehicle (1% DMSO in 0.9% NaCl) from one day before IONT until processing. At 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, and 21 days (d) after IONT, full field electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded from both experimental and one additional naïve-control group (n = 6). Treated rats were analyzed 7 (n = 14), 14 (n = 14) or 21 d (n = 14) after IONT, and the retinas immune stained against Brn3a, Osteopontin (OPN) and the T-box transcription factor T-brain 2 (Tbr2) to identify surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) (Brn3a+), α-like (OPN+), α-OFF like (OPN+Brn3a+) or M4-like/α-ON sustained RGCs (OPN+Tbr+). Naïve and right treated retinas showed normal ERG recordings. Left vehicle-treated retinas showed decreased amplitudes of the scotopic threshold response (pSTR) (as early as 5 d), the rod b-wave, the mixed response and the cone response (as early as 10 d), which did not recover with time. In these retinas, by day 7 the total numbers of Brn3a+RGCs, OPN+RGCs and OPN+Tbr2+RGCs decreased to less than one half and OPN+Brn3a+RGCs decreased to approximately 0.5%, and Brn3a+RGCs showed a progressive loss with time, while OPN+RGCs and OPN+Tbr2+RGCs did not diminish after seven days. Compared to vehicle-treated, the left DHF-treated retinas showed significantly greater amplitudes of the pSTR, normal b-wave values and significantly greater numbers of OPN+RGCs and OPN+Tbr2+RGCs for up to 14 d and of Brn3a+RGCs for up to 21 days. DHF affords significant rescue of Brn3a+RGCs, OPN+RGCs and OPN+Tbr2+RGCs, but not OPN+Brn3a+RGCs, and preserves functional ERG responses after IONT.
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Gallego-Ortega A, Ortín-Martínez A, Villegas-Pérez MP, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. Animal Models of LED-Induced Phototoxicity. Short- and Long-Term In Vivo and Ex Vivo Retinal Alterations. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111137. [PMID: 34833013 PMCID: PMC8617611 DOI: 10.3390/life11111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototoxicity animal models have been largely studied due to their degenerative communalities with human pathologies, e.g., age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Studies have documented not only the effects of white light exposure, but also other wavelengths using LEDs, such as blue or green light. Recently, a blue LED-induced phototoxicity (LIP) model has been developed that causes focal damage in the outer layers of the superior-temporal region of the retina in rodents. In vivo studies described a progressive reduction in retinal thickness that affected the most extensively the photoreceptor layer. Functionally, a transient reduction in a- and b-wave amplitude of the ERG response was observed. Ex vivo studies showed a progressive reduction of cones and an involvement of retinal pigment epithelium cells in the area of the lesion and, in parallel, an activation of microglial cells that perfectly circumscribe the damage in the outer retinal layer. The use of neuroprotective strategies such as intravitreal administration of trophic factors, e.g., basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and topical administration of the selective alpha-2 agonist (Brimonidine) have demonstrated to increase the survival of the cone population after LIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada;
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
| | - Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.); Tel.: +34-868-88-4503 (F.J.V-S.); +34-868-88-4330 (M.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, Campus de CC de la Salud, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.A.M.d.I.-O.); (A.G.-O.); (M.P.V.-P.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.); Tel.: +34-868-88-4503 (F.J.V-S.); +34-868-88-4330 (M.V.-S.)
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Galindo-Romero C, Vidal-Villegas B, Asís-Martínez J, Lucas-Ruiz F, Gallego-Ortega A, Vidal-Sanz M. 7,8-Dihydroxiflavone Protects Adult Rat Axotomized Retinal Ganglion Cells through MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910896. [PMID: 34639236 PMCID: PMC8509499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF)/TrkB signaling activation of two main intracellular pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT, in the neuroprotection of axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Methods: Adult albino Sprague-Dawley rats received left intraorbital optic nerve transection (IONT) and were divided in two groups. One group received daily intraperitoneal DHF (5 mg/kg) and another vehicle (1%DMSO in 0.9%NaCl) from one day before IONT until processing. Additional intact rats were employed as control (n = 4). At 1, 3 or 7 days (d) after IONT, phosphorylated (p)AKT, p-MAPK, and non-phosphorylated AKT and MAPK expression levels were analyzed in the retina by Western blotting (n = 4/group). Radial sections were also immunodetected for the above-mentioned proteins, and for Brn3a and vimentin to identify RGCs and Müller cells (MCs), respectively (n = 3/group). Results: IONT induced increased levels of p-MAPK and MAPK at 3d in DHF- or vehicle-treated retinas and at 7d in DHF-treated retinas. IONT induced a fast decrease in AKT in retinas treated with DHF or vehicle, with higher levels of phosphorylation in DHF-treated retinas at 7d. In intact retinas and vehicle-treated groups, no p-MAPK or MAPK expression in RGCs was observed. In DHF- treated retinas p-MAPK and MAPK were expressed in the ganglion cell layer and in the RGC nuclei 3 and 7d after IONT. AKT was observed in intact and axotomized RGCs, but the signal intensity of p-AKT was stronger in DHF-treated retinas. Finally, MCs expressed higher quantities of both MAPK and AKT at 3d in both DHF- and vehicle-treated retinas, and at 7d the phosphorylation of p-MAPK was higher in DHF-treated groups. Conclusions: Phosphorylation and increased levels of AKT and MAPK through MCs and RGCs in retinas after DHF-treatment may be responsible for the increased and long-lasting RGC protection afforded by DHF after IONT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-8-688-893-09
| | - Beatriz Vidal-Villegas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Asís-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Campus de CC de la Salud, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (B.V.-V.); (J.A.-M.); (F.L.-R.); (A.G.-O.); (M.V.-S.)
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Di Pierdomenico J, Bernal-Garro JM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. Short- and Long-Term Study of the Impact of Focal Blue Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Phototoxicity in Adult Albino Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189742. [PMID: 34575905 PMCID: PMC8466789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In adult rats we study the short- and long-term effects of focal blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) on retinal thickness and Iba-1+ activation. Methods: The left eyes of previously dark-adapted Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were photoexposed to a blue LED (20 s, 200 lux). In vivo longitudinal monitoring of retinal thickness, fundus images, and optical retinal sections was performed from 1 to 30 days (d) after LIP with SD-OCT. Ex vivo, we analysed the population of S-cone and Iba-1+ cells within a predetermined fixed-size circular area (PCA) centred on the lesion. Results: LIP resulted in a circular focal lesion readily identifiable in vivo by fundus examination, which showed within the PCAs a progressive thinning of the outer retinal layer, and a diminution of the S-cone population to 19% by 30 d. In parallel to S-cone loss, activated Iba-1+ cells delineated the lesioned area and acquired an ameboid morphology with peak expression at 3 d after LIP. Iba-1+ cells adopted a more relaxed-branched morphology at 7 d and by 14–30 d their morphology was fully branched. Conclusion: LIP caused a progressive reduction of the outer retina with loss of S cones and a parallel dynamic activation of microglial cells in the lesioned area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Correspondence: (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.); Tel.: +34-868-88-4503 (F.J.V.-S.); +34-868-88-4330 (M.V.-S.)
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Tamhane M, Luu KT, Attar M. Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Brimonidine Drug Delivery System in Monkeys and Translational Modeling for Selection of Dose and Frequency in Clinical Trials. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:207-214. [PMID: 34210753 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brimonidine, a selective α 2-adrenoceptor agonist, displays putative retinal cyto- and neuroprotective activity in vitro and in vivo. An intravitreal sustained-release brimonidine implant, Brimonidine Posterior Segment Drug Delivery System (brimonidine DDS), allowing targeted drug delivery to the retina has been developed for potential clinical application. This study evaluates the in vivo posterior segment pharmacokinetics of brimonidine DDS implant in the monkey eye and applies translational pharmacokinetic modeling to predict tissue exposure in the human eye. Anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys received a single intravitreal injection of brimonidine DDS 400 µg implant before removal of study eyes at days 7, 30, 60, 92, 120, and 150 postimplant (three to four animals per time point) for assay of brimonidine in aqueous humor, vitreous, and retina samples. Brimonidine concentrations in the human eye were modeled using a linear, three-compartment model assuming bidirectional distribution to/from the aqueous humor and retina and elimination from the aqueous humor. Monkey tissue volumes were scaled up to human values; intercompartmental and elimination rate constants were assumed to be identical in the two species. Modeling and simulations were performed using NONMEM v. 7.3, R 3.5.1. Brimonidine exposure was highest in the monkey vitreous and retina; concentrations in the central (macula) and peripheral retina were maintained at high levels (>100 ng/g) for 3 to 4 months. Simulated brimonidine concentration-time profiles in human macula indicated that brimonidine DDS 400 µg implant would deliver effective drug concentrations (20.7‒82.2 ng/g, based on animal pharmacology) for approximately 3 months. Accordingly, administration of the 400 µg implant at 3-month intervals is recommended. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Brimonidine, an α 2-adrenoceptor agonist, is cyto- and neuroprotective in animal models of retinal/optic nerve injury. Brimonidine Posterior Segment Drug Delivery System (brimonidine DDS) is an intravitreal sustained-release implant with potential ophthalmological applications. This study explores the pharmacokinetics of brimonidine DDS 400 µg implant in the monkey eye and uses compartmental modeling to predict human ocular tissue exposure. Targeted retinal brimonidine delivery from vitreous was demonstrated in monkeys. Simulated tissue concentration-time profiles indicated persistence of pharmacologically effective brimonidine concentrations for ≈3 months in human retina.
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Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Di Pierdomenico J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M. An in vivo model of focal light emitting diode-induced cone photoreceptor phototoxicity in adult pigmented mice: Protection with bFGF. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108746. [PMID: 34450185 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a model of focal injury by blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) in pigmented mouse retinas and to study the effects on cone, Iba-1+ cells and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell populations after administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and minocycline, alone or combined. METHODS In anesthetized dark-adapted adult female pigmented C57BL/6 mice, left pupils were dilated and the eye exposed to LIP (500 lux, 45 s). The retina was monitored longitudinally in vivo with SD-OCT for 7 days (d). Ex vivo, the effects of LIP and its protection with bFGF (0.5 μg) administered alone or combined with minocycline (45 mg/kg) were studied in immunolabeled arrestin-cone outer segments (a+OS) and quantified within a predetermined fixed-size circular area (PCA) centered on the lesion in flattened retinas at 1, 3, 5 or 7d. Moreover, Iba-1+ cells and RPE cell morphology were analysed with Iba-1 and ZO-1 antibodies, respectively. RESULTS LIP caused a focal lesion within the superior-temporal retina with retinal thinning, particularly the outer retinal layers (116.5 ± 2.9 μm to 36.8 ± 6.3 μm at 7d), and with progressive diminution of a+OS within the PCA reaching minimum values at 7d (6218 ± 342 to 3966 ± 311). Administration of bFGF alone (4519 ± 320) or in combination with minocycline (4882 ± 446) had a significant effect on a+OS survival at 7d and Iba-1+ cell activation was attenuated in the groups treated with minocycline. In parallel, the RPE cell integrity was progressively altered after LIP and administration of neuroprotective components had no restorative effect at 7d. CONCLUSIONS LIP resulted in progressive outer retinal damage affecting the OS cone population and RPE. Administration of bFGF increased a+OS survival but did not prevent RPE deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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22
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Vidal-Villegas B, Di Pierdomenico J, Gallego-Ortega A, Galindo-Romero C, Martínez-de-la-Casa JM, García-Feijoo J, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Systemic treatment with 7,8-Dihydroxiflavone activates TtkB and affords protection of two different retinal ganglion cell populations against axotomy in adult rats. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108694. [PMID: 34245756 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze responses of different RGC populations to left intraorbital optic nerve transection (IONT) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment with 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (DHF), a potent selective TrkB agonist. METHODS Adult albino Sprague-Dawley rats received, following IONT, daily i.p. injections of vehicle (1%DMSO in 0.9%NaCl) or DHF. Group-1 (n = 58) assessed at 7days (d) the optimal DHF amount (1-25 mg/kg). Group-2, using freshly dissected naïve or treated retinas (n = 28), investigated if DHF treatment was associated with TrkB activation using Western-blotting at 1, 3 or 7d. Group-3 (n = 98) explored persistence of protection and was analyzed at survival intervals from 7 to 60d after IONT. Groups 2-3 received daily i.p. vehicle or DHF (5 mg/kg). Retinal wholemounts were immunolabelled for Brn3a and melanopsin to identify Brn3a+RGCs and m+RGCs, respectively. RESULTS Optimal neuroprotection was achieved with 5 mg/kg DHF and resulted in TrkB phosphorylation. The percentage of surviving Brn3a+RGCs in vehicle treated rats was 60, 28, 18, 13, 12 or 8% of the original value at 7, 10, 14, 21, 30 or 60d, respectively, while in DHF treated retinas was 94, 70, 64, 17, 10 or 9% at the same time intervals. The percentages of m+RGCs diminished by 7d-13%, and recovered by 14d-38% in vehicle-treated and to 48% in DHF-treated retinas, without further variations. CONCLUSIONS DHF neuroprotects Brn3a + RGCs and m + RGCs; its protective effects for Brn3a+RGCs are maximal at 7 days but still significant at 21d, whereas for m+RGCs neuroprotection was significant at 14d and permanent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vidal-Villegas
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose M Martínez-de-la-Casa
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian García-Feijoo
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María P Villegas-Pérez
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) Virgen de la Arrixaca. Campus de CC de la Salud, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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Rajagopalan L, Ghosn C, Tamhane M, Almazan A, Andrews-Jones L, Kulkarni A, Christie LA, Burke J, López FJ, Engles M. A nonhuman primate model of blue light-induced progressive outer retina degeneration showing brimonidine drug delivery system-mediated cyto- and neuroprotection. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108678. [PMID: 34153289 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) characterized by atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), loss of photoreceptors, and disruption of choriocapillaris. Excessive light exposure is toxic to the retina and is a known risk factor for AMD. We first investigated the effects of blue light-induced phototoxicity on RPE and photoreceptors in nonhuman primates (NHPs, a model of progressive retinal degeneration) and then evaluated the potential cyto- and neuroprotective effects of the brimonidine drug delivery system (Brimo DDS). In the first set of experiments related to model development, parafoveal lesions of varying severity were induced using blue light irradiation of the retina of cynomolgus monkeys to evaluate the level of phototoxicity in the RPE and photoreceptors. RPE damage was assessed using fundus autofluorescence imaging to quantify areas of hypofluorescence, while thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL, photoreceptor nuclei) was quantified using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Photoreceptor function was assessed using multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). RPE damage progressively increased across all lesion severities from 2 to 12 weeks, as did the extent of ONL thinning. Lesions of high severity continued to show reduction in mfERG amplitude, reaching a statistically significant maximum reduction at 12 weeks. Collectively, the first set of experiments showed that blue light irradiation of the NHP eye resulted in progressive retinal degeneration identified by damage to RPE, ONL thinning, and disrupted photoreceptor function - hallmarks of GA in humans. We then used the model to evaluate the cyto- and neuroprotective effects of Brimo DDS, administered as a therapeutic after allowing the lesions to develop for 5 weeks. Placebo DDS or Brimo DDS were administered intravitreally and a set of untreated animals were used as an additional control. In the placebo DDS group, hypofluorescence area continued to increase from baseline, indicating progressive RPE damage, while progression was significantly slowed in eyes receiving Brimo DDS. Likewise, ONL thinning continued to progress over time in eyes that received the placebo DDS, but was reduced in Brimo DDS-treated eyes. Pharmacologically relevant brimonidine concentrations were sustained in the retina for up to 26 weeks following Brimo DDS administration. In summary, Brimo DDS demonstrated cyto- and neuroprotective effects in a novel NHP GA model of progressive retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corine Ghosn
- Allergan (an AbbVie company), 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Mitalee Tamhane
- Allergan (an AbbVie company), 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Alexandra Almazan
- Allergan (an AbbVie company), 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | | | - Ashutosh Kulkarni
- Allergan (an AbbVie company), 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Lori-Ann Christie
- Allergan (an AbbVie company), 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - James Burke
- Allergan (an AbbVie company), 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Francisco J López
- Allergan (an AbbVie company), 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Michael Engles
- Allergan (an AbbVie company), 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
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Cai J, Li L, Song Y, Xu L, Mao Y, Wang H. Neuroprotective Effect of Brimonidine against Facial Nerve Crush Injury in Rats via Suppressing GFAP/PAF Activation and Neuroinflammation. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2021; 83:449-456. [PMID: 33965946 DOI: 10.1159/000514994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective action of brimonidine against facial nerve crush injury in rats and the possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Sixty Wistar adult rats were randomly and equally divided into 3 groups: 40 rats underwent unilateral facial nerve crush injury and were administered with either saline (intraperitoneal, n = 20) or brimonidine 1 mg/kg/day (intraperitoneal, n = 20) for 5 consecutive days. Functional and electromyographic recovery was recorded postoperatively. The facial nucleus of 5 mice in each group was analyzed for mRNA expression levels of GFAP, PAF, NT-4, P75NTR, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and α2-ARs by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Brimonidine promoted the recovery of vibrissae movement, eyelid closure, and electrophysiological function in a rat model of nerve crush injury. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and electron microscopy showed significant recovery of Schwann cells and axons in the brimonidine group. Brimonidine attenuated the crush-induced upregulation in GFAP and PAF mRNA (p < 0.05), as well as enhanced the mRNA levels of NT-4 and P75NTR (p < 0.05), while decreased the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Brimonidine could promote the recovery of facial nerve crush injury in rats via suppressing of GFAP/PAF activation and neuroinflammation and increasing neurotrophic factors. Brimonidine may be apromising candidate agent for the treatment of facial nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liheng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongdong Song
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Mao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Ju Y, Tang Z, Dai X, Gao H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Ni N, Zhang D, Wang Y, Sun N, Yin L, Luo M, Zhang J, Gu P. Protection against light-induced retinal degeneration via dual anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic functions of thrombospondin-1. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:1938-1961. [PMID: 33125704 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Retinal photodamage is a high-risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. However, both the pathogenesis and effective therapies for retinal photodamage are still unclear and debated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The anti-inflammatory effects of thrombospondin-1 on blue light-induced inflammation in ARPE-19 cells and in retinal inflammation were evaluated. Furthermore, the anti-angiogenic effects of thrombospondin-1 on human microvascular endothelial cells (hMEC-1 cells) and a laser-induced choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) mouse model were evaluated. in vitro experiments, including western blotting, immunocytochemistry, migration assays and tube formation assays, as well as in vivo experiments, including immunofluorescence, visual electrophysiology, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography, were employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects of thrombospondin-1. KEY RESULTS Specific effects of blue light-induced retinal inflammation and pathological angiogenesis were reflected by up-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors and activation of angiogenic responses, predominantly regulated by the NF-κB and VEGFR2 pathways respectively. During the blue light-induced pathological progress, THBS-1 derived from retinal pigment epithelium down-regulated proteomics and biological assays. Thrombospondin-1 treatment also suppressed inflammatory infiltration and neovascular leakage. The protective effect of Thrombospondin-1 was additionally demonstrated by a substantial rescue of visual function. Mechanistically, thrombospondin-1 reversed blue light-induced retinal inflammation and angiogenesis by blocking the activated NF-κB and VEGFR2 pathways, respectively. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Thrombospondin-1, with dual anti-inflammatory and anti-neovascularisation properties, is a promising agent for protection against blue light-induced retinal damage and retinal degenerative disorders which are pathologically associated with inflammatory and angiogenic progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochan Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqin Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Luqiao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Fragments Prevent Mouse Cone Photoreceptor Cell Loss Induced by Focal Phototoxicity In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197242. [PMID: 33008127 PMCID: PMC7582775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the effects of PEDF (pigment epithelium-derived factor) and PEDF peptides on cone-photoreceptor cell damage in a mouse model of focal LED-induced phototoxicity (LIP) in vivo. Swiss mice were dark-adapted overnight, anesthetized, and their left eyes were exposed to a blue LED placed over the cornea. Immediately after, intravitreal injection of PEDF, PEDF-peptide fragments 17-mer, 17-mer[H105A] or 17-mer[R99A] (all at 10 pmol) were administered into the left eye of each animal. BDNF (92 pmol) and bFGF (27 pmol) injections were positive controls, and vehicle negative control. After 7 days, LIP resulted in a consistent circular lesion located in the supratemporal quadrant and the number of S-cones were counted within an area centered on the lesion. Retinas treated with effectors had significantly greater S-cone numbers (PEDF (60%), 17-mer (56%), 17-mer [H105A] (57%), BDNF (64%) or bFGF (60%)) relative to their corresponding vehicle groups (≈42%). The 17-mer[R99A] with no PEDF receptor binding and no neurotrophic activity, PEDF combined with a molar excess of the PEDF receptor blocker P1 peptide, or with a PEDF-R enzymatic inhibitor had undetectable effects in S-cone survival. The findings demonstrated that the cone survival effects were mediated via interactions between the 17-mer region of the PEDF molecule and its PEDF-R receptor.
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Gallego-Ortega A, Norte-Muñoz M, Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Bernal-Garro JM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, de la Villa Polo P, Avilés-Trigueros M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Functional and morphological alterations in a glaucoma model of acute ocular hypertension. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:1-29. [PMID: 32958209 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To study short and long-term effects of acute ocular hypertension (AOHT) on inner and outer retinal layers, in adult Sprague-Dawley rats AOHT (87mmHg) was induced for 90min and the retinas were examined longitudinally in vivo with electroretinogram (ERG) recordings and optical coherent tomography (OCT) from 1 to 90 days (d). Ex vivo, the retinas were analyzed for rod (RBC) and cone (CBC) bipolar cells, with antibodies against protein kinase Cα and recoverin, respectively in cross sections, and for cones, horizontal (HZ) and ganglion (RGC) cells with antibodies against arrestin, calbindin and Brn3a, respectively in wholemounts. The inner retina thinned progressively up to 7d with no further changes, while the external retina had a normal thickness until 30d, with a 20% thinning between 30 and 90d. Functionally, the a-wave showed an initial reduction by 24h and a further reduction from 30 to 90d. All other main ERG waves were significantly reduced by 1d without significant recovery by 90d. Radial sections showed a normal population of RBCs but their terminals were reduced. The CBCs showed a progressive decrease with a loss of 56% by 30d. In wholemount retinas, RGCs diminished to 40% by 3d and to 16% by 30d without further loss. Cones diminished to 58% and 35% by 3 and 7d, respectively and further decreased between 30 and 90d. HZs showed normal values throughout the study. In conclusion, AOHT affects both the inner and outer retina, with a more pronounced degeneration of the cone than the rod pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel Bernal-Garro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa Polo
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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Di Pierdomenico J, Martínez-Vacas A, Hernández-Muñoz D, Gómez-Ramírez AM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vidal-Sanz M, Villegas-Pérez MP, García-Ayuso D. Coordinated Intervention of Microglial and Müller Cells in Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:47. [PMID: 32232352 PMCID: PMC7401701 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the role of microglial and Müller cells in the formation of rings of photoreceptor degeneration caused by phototoxicity. Methods Two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to light and processed 1, 2, or 3 months later. Retinas were dissected as whole-mounts, immunodetected for microglial cells, Müller cells, and S- and L/M-cones and analyzed using fluorescence, thunder imaging, and confocal microscopy. Cone populations were automatically counted and isodensity maps constructed to document cone topography. Results Phototoxicity causes a significant progressive loss of S- and L/M-cones of up to 68% and 44%, respectively, at 3 months after light exposure (ALE). One month ALE, we observed rings of cone degeneration in the photosensitive area of the superior retina. Two and 3 months ALE, these rings had extended to the central and inferior retina. Within the rings of cone degeneration, there were degenerating cones, often activated microglial cells, and numerous radially oriented processes of Müller cells that showed increased expression of intermediate filaments. Between 1 and 3 months ALE, the rings coalesced, and at the same time the microglial cells resumed a mosaic-like distribution, and there was a decrease of Müller cell gliosis at the areas devoid of cones. Conclusions Light-induced photoreceptor degeneration proceeds with rings of cone degeneration, as observed in inherited retinal degenerations in which cone death is secondary to rod degeneration. The spatiotemporal relationship of cone death microglial cell activation and Müller cell gliosis within the rings of cone degeneration suggests that, although both glial cells are involved in the formation of the rings, they may have coordinated actions and, while microglial cells may be more involved in photoreceptor phagocytosis, Müller cells may be more involved in cone and microglial cell migration, retinal remodeling and glial seal formation.
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