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Chen X, Chen J, Liu S, Li X. Everolimus-induced hyperpermeability of endothelial cells causes lung injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2440-2448. [PMID: 38158699 PMCID: PMC10903245 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231220672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, everolimus (but not dactolisib), is frequently associated with lung injury in clinical therapies. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Endothelial cell barrier dysfunction plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the lung injury. This study hypothesizes that everolimus increases pulmonary endothelial permeability, which leads to lung injury. We tested the effects of everolimus on human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HPMEC) permeability and a mouse model of intraperitoneal injection of everolimus was established to investigate the effect of everolimus on pulmonary vascular permeability. Our data showed that everolimus increased human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HPMEC) permeability which was associated with MLC phosphorylation and F-actin stress fiber formation. Furthermore, everolimus induced an increasing concentration of intracellular calcium Ca2+ leakage in HPMECs and this was normalized with ryanodine pretreatment. In addition, ryanodine decreased everolimus-induced phosphorylation of PKCα and MLC, and barrier disruption in HPMECs. Consistent with in vitro data, everolimus treatment caused a visible lung-vascular barrier dysfunction, including an increase in protein in BALF and lung capillary-endothelial permeability, which was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with an inhibitor of PKCα, MLCK, and ryanodine. This study shows that everolimus induced pulmonary endothelial hyper-permeability, at least partly, in an MLC phosphorylation-mediated EC contraction which is influenced in a Ca2+-dependent manner and can lead to lung injury through mTOR-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337000, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Clinical College of Gannan Medical University, Pingxiang 337000, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337000, China
| | - Shuihong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337000, China
| | - Xianfan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337000, China
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2
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van Gent M, Ouwendijk WJD, Campbell VL, Laing KJ, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. Varicella-zoster virus proteome-wide T-cell screening demonstrates low prevalence of virus-specific CD8 T-cells in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:141. [PMID: 37308917 PMCID: PMC10259006 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons are an important site of lifelong latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection. Although VZV-specific T-cells are considered pivotal to control virus reactivation, their protective role at the site of latency remains uncharacterized. METHODS Paired blood and TG specimens were obtained from ten latent VZV-infected adults, of which nine were co-infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Short-term TG-derived T-cell lines (TG-TCL), generated by mitogenic stimulation of TG-derived T-cells, were probed for HSV-1- and VZV-specific T-cells using flow cytometry. We also performed VZV proteome-wide screening of TG-TCL to determine the fine antigenic specificity of VZV reactive T-cells. Finally, the relationship between T-cells and latent HSV-1 and VZV infections in TG was analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and in situ analysis for T-cell proteins and latent viral transcripts. RESULTS VZV proteome-wide analysis of ten TG-TCL identified two VZV antigens recognized by CD8 T-cells in two separate subjects. The first was an HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive CD8 T-cell epitope, whereas the second TG harbored CD8 T-cells reactive with VZV specifically and not the homologous peptide in HSV-1. In silico analysis showed that HSV-1/VZV cross reactivity of TG-derived CD8 T-cells reactive with ten previously identified HSV-1 epitopes was unlikely, suggesting that HSV-1/VZV cross-reactive T-cells are not a common feature in dually infected TG. Finally, no association was detected between T-cell infiltration and VZV latency transcript abundance in TG by RT-qPCR or in situ analyses. CONCLUSIONS The low presence of VZV- compared to HSV-1-specific CD8 T-cells in human TG suggests that VZV reactive CD8 T-cells play a limited role in maintaining VZV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Gent
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J. D. Ouwendijk
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Georges M. G. M. Verjans
- HerpesLabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
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3
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Jankeel A, Coimbra-Ibraim I, Messaoudi I. Simian Varicella Virus: Molecular Virology and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 438:163-188. [PMID: 34669041 PMCID: PMC9577235 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Simian varicella virus (SVV) was first isolated in 1966 from African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) imported from Nairobi, Kenya, to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom (UK) (Clarkson et al., Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 22:219-234, 1967). SVV infection caused severe disease that resulted in a 56% case fatality rate (CFR) in the imported animals within 48 h of the appearance of a varicella-like rash (Clarkson et al., Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 22:219-234, 1967; Hemme et al., Am J Trop Med Hyg 94:1095-1099, 2016). The deceased animals presented with fever, widespread vesicular rash, and multiple hemorrhagic foci throughout the lungs, liver, and spleen (Clarkson et al., Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 22:219-234, 1967). This outbreak was quickly followed by a second outbreak in 47 patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) imported from Chad and Nigeria by Glaxo Laboratories (London, England, UK), which quickly spread within the facility (McCarthy et al., Lancet 2:856-857, 1968).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Jankeel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Izabela Coimbra-Ibraim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ilhem Messaoudi, PhD, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 2400 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697, Phone: 949-824-3078,
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4
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Ding G, Shao Q, Yu H, Liu J, Li Y, Wang B, Sang H, Li D, Bing A, Hou Y, Xiao Y. Tight Junctions, the Key Factor in Virus-Related Disease. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101200. [PMID: 36297257 PMCID: PMC9611889 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are highly specialized membrane structural domains that hold cells together and form a continuous intercellular barrier in epithelial cells. TJs regulate paracellular permeability and participate in various cellular signaling pathways. As physical barriers, TJs can block viral entry into host cells; however, viruses use a variety of strategies to circumvent this barrier to facilitate their infection. This paper summarizes how viruses evade various barriers during infection by regulating the expression of TJs to facilitate their own entry into the organism causing infection, which will help to develop drugs targeting TJs to contain virus-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Ding
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Qingyuan Shao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Reproductive Center, Taian Central Hospital, Tai’an 271000, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Haotian Sang
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Dexin Li
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Aiying Bing
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an 271016, China
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yanmeng Hou
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Y.H.); (Y.X.)
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5
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Braspenning SE, Verjans GMGM, Mehraban T, Messaoudi I, Depledge DP, Ouwendijk WJD. The architecture of the simian varicella virus transcriptome. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010084. [PMID: 34807956 PMCID: PMC8648126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella and the establishment of lifelong latency in sensory ganglion neurons. In one-third of infected individuals VZV reactivates from latency to cause herpes zoster, often complicated by difficult-to-treat chronic pain. Experimental infection of non-human primates with simian varicella virus (SVV) recapitulates most features of human VZV disease, thereby providing the opportunity to study the pathogenesis of varicella and herpes zoster in vivo. However, compared to VZV, the transcriptome and the full coding potential of SVV remains incompletely understood. Here, we performed nanopore direct RNA sequencing to annotate the SVV transcriptome in lytically SVV-infected African green monkey (AGM) and rhesus macaque (RM) kidney epithelial cells. We refined structures of canonical SVV transcripts and uncovered numerous RNA isoforms, splicing events, fusion transcripts and non-coding RNAs, mostly unique to SVV. We verified the expression of canonical and newly identified SVV transcripts in vivo, using lung samples from acutely SVV-infected cynomolgus macaques. Expression of selected transcript isoforms, including those located in the unique left-end of the SVV genome, was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR. Finally, we performed detailed characterization of the SVV homologue of the VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT), located antisense to ORF61. Analogous to VZV VLT, SVV VLT is multiply spliced and numerous isoforms are generated using alternative transcription start sites and extensive splicing. Conversely, low level expression of a single spliced SVV VLT isoform defines in vivo latency. Notably, the genomic location of VLT core exons is highly conserved between SVV and VZV. This work thus highlights the complexity of lytic SVV gene expression and provides new insights into the molecular biology underlying lytic and latent SVV infection. The identification of the SVV VLT homolog further underlines the value of the SVV non-human primate model to develop new strategies for prevention of herpes zoster. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)–a ubiquitous human pathogen–infects most individuals during childhood, leading to chickenpox, after which the virus persists in the host for decades. Later in life, VZV reactivates to cause shingles, frequently associated with difficult-to-treat chronic pain. Our limited understanding of the viral life-cycle hampers the development of more effective treatment options. Simian varicella virus (SVV) is the non-human primate homologue of VZV and causes a natural disease in Old World monkeys with clinical, pathological, and immunological features resembling human VZV infection. However, it is unclear how similar both viruses are at the molecular level. Here, we have revisited the genome-wide transcriptional activity of SVV during lytic infection of kidney epithelial cells derived from two non-human primate species and validated expression of newly identified viral transcripts in lung tissue from SVV-infected animals. Together, this has led to the identification of numerous alternative RNA isoforms, mostly unique to SVV, and some of which may have functional implications for the virus. Notably, we defined the SVV latency-associated transcript, which is highly similar to its VZV counterpart. In conclusion, our study shows the value of understanding the molecular biology of a given animal model and identifies potentially conserved mechanism of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamana Mehraban
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Depledge
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Mylarapu A, Yarabarla V, Padilla RM, Fasen M, Reddy P. Healed Varicella Pneumonia: A Case of Diffuse Pulmonary Microcalcifications. Cureus 2021; 13:e15890. [PMID: 34327107 PMCID: PMC8308026 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella pneumonia is a potentially fatal complication of the Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which causes the well-known chickenpox disease of childhood. Identifying this type of pneumonia by characteristic features is important for radiologists and radiology residents. Typical manifestations of active Varicella pneumonia include diffuse pulmonary nodules, which may mimic other diseases. Healed Varicella pneumonia can present as diffuse, calcified pulmonary micronodules. We describe a case of healed Varicella pneumonia in a patient with a history of remote VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Mylarapu
- Radiology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Varun Yarabarla
- Neurology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Rebekah M Padilla
- Diagnostic Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Madeline Fasen
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, USA
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7
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Ouwendijk WJD, Raadsen MP, van Kampen JJA, Verdijk RM, von der Thusen JH, Guo L, Hoek RAS, van den Akker JPC, Endeman H, Langerak T, Molenkamp R, Gommers D, Koopmans MPG, van Gorp ECM, Verjans GMGM, Haagmans BL. High Levels of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Persist in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1512-1521. [PMID: 33507309 PMCID: PMC7928833 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lihui Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immune Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier A S Hoek
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Adult Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Langerak
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam,the Netherlands
| | | | - Diederik Gommers
- Department of Adult Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam,the Netherlands
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