1
|
Fumagalli V, Iannacone M. The interplay of drug therapeutics and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:197-200. [PMID: 37964122 PMCID: PMC10805708 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has necessitated rapid therapeutic and preventative responses. While vaccines form the frontline of defense, antiviral treatments such as nirmatrelvir have emerged as vital adjunctive measures, particularly for those unable or unwilling to be vaccinated. This review delves into the potential influence of nirmatrelvir on enduring immunity. In parallel, the potential of drug repurposing is explored, with bisphosphonates being examined for their possible effects against COVID-19 due to their immunomodulatory properties. The importance of rigorous clinical trials and careful interpretation of preliminary data is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fumagalli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coelho CH, Bloom N, Ramirez SI, Parikh UM, Heaps A, Sieg SF, Greninger A, Ritz J, Moser C, Eron JJ, Currier JS, Klekotka P, Wohl DA, Daar ES, Li J, Hughes MD, Chew KW, Smith DM, Crotty S. SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody treatment followed by vaccination shifts human memory B cell epitope recognition suggesting antibody feedback. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.21.567575. [PMID: 38045374 PMCID: PMC10690233 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.567575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been extensively studied in humans, but the impact on immune memory of mAb treatment during an ongoing immune response has remained unclear. Here, we evaluated the effect of infusion of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) mAb bamlanivimab on memory B cells (MBCs) in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Bamlanivimab treatment skewed the repertoire of memory B cells targeting Spike towards non-RBD epitopes. Furthermore, the relative affinity of RBD memory B cells was weaker in mAb-treated individuals compared to placebo-treated individuals over time. Subsequently, after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, memory B cell differences persisted and mapped to a specific defect in recognition of the class II RBD site, the same RBD epitope recognized by bamlanivimab. These findings indicate a substantial role of antibody feedback in regulating human memory B cell responses, both to infection and vaccination. These data indicate that mAb administration can promote alterations in the epitopes recognized by the B cell repertoire, and the single administration of mAb can continue to determine the fate of B cells in response to additional antigen exposures months later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila H Coelho
- Center for Vaccine Innovation - La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) - 9420 Athena Circle - La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathaniel Bloom
- Center for Vaccine Innovation - La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) - 9420 Athena Circle - La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sydney I Ramirez
- Center for Vaccine Innovation - La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) - 9420 Athena Circle - La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Urvi M Parikh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy Heaps
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alex Greninger
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Justin Ritz
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlee Moser
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - David A Wohl
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric S Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael D Hughes
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kara W Chew
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Vaccine Innovation - La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) - 9420 Athena Circle - La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva Antunes R, Weiskopf D, Sidney J, Rubiro P, Peters B, Arlehamn CSL, Grifoni A, Sette A. The MegaPool Approach to Characterize Adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e934. [PMID: 37966108 PMCID: PMC10662678 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes recognized by T cells are a collection of short peptide fragments derived from specific antigens or proteins. Immunological research to study T cell responses is hindered by the extreme degree of heterogeneity of epitope targets, which are usually derived from multiple antigens; within a given antigen, hundreds of different T cell epitopes can be recognized, differing from one individual to the next because T cell epitope recognition is restricted by the epitopes' ability to bind to MHC molecules, which are extremely polymorphic in different individuals. Testing large pools encompassing hundreds of peptides is technically challenging because of logistical considerations regarding solvent-induced toxicity. To address this issue, we developed the MegaPool (MP) approach based on sequential lyophilization of large numbers of peptides that can be used in a variety of assays to measure T cell responses, including ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining, and activation-induced marker assays, and that has been validated in the study of infectious diseases, allergies, and autoimmunity. Here, we describe the procedures for generating and testing MPs, starting with peptide synthesis and lyophilization, as well as a step-by-step guide and recommendations for their handling and experimental usage. Overall, the MP approach is a powerful strategy for studying T cell responses and understanding the immune system's role in health and disease. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of peptide pools ("MegaPools") Basic Protocol 2: MegaPool testing and quantitation of antigen-specific T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rubiro
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramirez SI, Lopez PG, Faraji F, Parikh UM, Heaps A, Ritz J, Moser C, Eron JJ, Wohl DA, Currier JS, Daar ES, Greninger AL, Klekotka P, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Peters B, Hughes MD, Chew KW, Smith DM, Crotty S. Early antiviral CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are associated with upper respiratory tract clearance of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.25.564014. [PMID: 37961119 PMCID: PMC10634820 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.564014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
T cells are involved in protective immunity against numerous viral infections. Limited data have been available regarding roles of human T cell responses controlling SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance in primary COVID-19. Here, we examined longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 upper respiratory tract viral RNA levels and early adaptive immune responses from 95 unvaccinated individuals with acute COVID-19. Acute SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were evaluated in addition to antibody responses. Most individuals with acute COVID-19 developed rapid SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses during infection, and both early CD4 T cell and CD8 T cell responses correlated with reduced upper respiratory tract SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA, independent of neutralizing antibody titers. Overall, our findings indicate a distinct protective role for SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells during acute COVID-19.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fumagalli V, Di Lucia P, Ravà M, Marotta D, Bono E, Grassi S, Donnici L, Cannalire R, Stefanelli I, Ferraro A, Esposito F, Pariani E, Inverso D, Montesano C, Delbue S, Perlman S, Tramontano E, De Francesco R, Summa V, Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Nirmatrelvir treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected mice blunts antiviral adaptive immune responses. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17580. [PMID: 36946379 PMCID: PMC10165354 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alongside vaccines, antiviral drugs are becoming an integral part of our response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Nirmatrelvir-an orally available inhibitor of the 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease-has been shown to reduce the risk of progression to severe COVID-19. However, the impact of nirmatrelvir treatment on the development of SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immune responses is unknown. Here, by using mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show that nirmatrelvir administration blunts the development of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. Accordingly, upon secondary challenge, nirmatrelvir-treated mice recruited significantly fewer memory T and B cells to the infected lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes, respectively. Together, the data highlight a potential negative impact of nirmatrelvir treatment with important implications for clinical management and might help explain the virological and/or symptomatic relapse after treatment completion reported in some individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fumagalli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Micol Ravà
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Davide Marotta
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Elisa Bono
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Stefano Grassi
- Pathology UnitIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Lorena Donnici
- INGM ‐ Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Erica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Irina Stefanelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Anastasia Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'AmbienteCittadella Universitaria di MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Elena Pariani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Donato Inverso
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | | | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'AmbienteCittadella Universitaria di MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- INGM ‐ Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Erica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious DiseasesIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Experimental Imaging CenterIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| |
Collapse
|