1
|
Marrufo AM, Flores-Mireles AL. Macrophage fate: to kill or not to kill? Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0047623. [PMID: 38829045 PMCID: PMC11385966 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00476-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dynamic innate immune cells that either reside in tissue, serving as sentinels, or recruited as monocytes from bone marrow into inflamed and infected tissue. In response to cues in the tissue microenvironment (TME), macrophages polarize on a continuum toward M1 or M2 with diverse roles in progression and resolution of disease. M1-like macrophages exhibit proinflammatory functions with antimicrobial and anti-tumorigenic activities, while M2-like macrophages have anti-inflammatory functions that generally resolve inflammatory responses and orchestrate a tissue healing process. Given these opposite phenotypes, proper spatiotemporal coordination of macrophage polarization in response to cues within the TME is critical to effectively resolve infectious disease and regulate wound healing. However, if this spatiotemporal coordination becomes disrupted due to persistent infection or dysregulated coagulation, macrophages' inappropriate response to these cues will result in the development of diseases with clinically unfavorable outcomes. Since plasticity and heterogeneity are hallmarks of macrophages, they are attractive targets for therapies to reprogram toward specific phenotypes that could resolve disease and favor clinical prognosis. In this review, we discuss how basic science studies have elucidated macrophage polarization mechanisms in TMEs during infections and inflammation, particularly coagulation. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of macrophage polarization within TMEs in diseases is important in further development of targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando M Marrufo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Molina JJ, Kohler KN, Gager C, Andersen MJ, Wongso E, Lucas ER, Paik A, Xu W, Donahue DL, Bergeron K, Klim A, Caparon MG, Hultgren SJ, Desai A, Ploplis VA, Flick MJ, Castellino FJ, Flores-Mireles AL. Fibrinolytic-deficiencies predispose hosts to septicemia from a catheter-associated UTI. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2704. [PMID: 38538626 PMCID: PMC10973455 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are amongst the most common nosocomial infections worldwide and are difficult to treat partly due to development of multidrug-resistance from CAUTI-related pathogens. Importantly, CAUTI often leads to secondary bloodstream infections and death. A major challenge is to predict when patients will develop CAUTIs and which populations are at-risk for bloodstream infections. Catheter-induced inflammation promotes fibrinogen (Fg) and fibrin accumulation in the bladder which are exploited as a biofilm formation platform by CAUTI pathogens. Using our established mouse model of CAUTI, here we identified that host populations exhibiting either genetic or acquired fibrinolytic-deficiencies, inducing fibrin deposition in the catheterized bladder, are predisposed to severe CAUTI and septicemia by diverse uropathogens in mono- and poly-microbial infections. Furthermore, here we found that Enterococcus faecalis, a prevalent CAUTI pathogen, uses the secreted protease, SprE, to induce fibrin accumulation and create a niche ideal for growth, biofilm formation, and persistence during CAUTI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Molina
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kurt N Kohler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Christopher Gager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Marissa J Andersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Ellsa Wongso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Lucas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Andrew Paik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deborah L Donahue
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Karla Bergeron
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Aleksandra Klim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael G Caparon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alana Desai
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, 98133-9733, USA
| | - Victoria A Ploplis
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Ana L Flores-Mireles
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kao PHN, Ch'ng JH, Chong KKL, Stocks CJ, Wong SL, Kline KA. Enterococcus faecalis suppresses Staphylococcus aureus-induced NETosis and promotes bacterial survival in polymicrobial infections. FEMS MICROBES 2023; 4:xtad019. [PMID: 37900578 PMCID: PMC10608956 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that is frequently co-isolated with other microbes in wound infections. While E. faecalis can subvert the host immune response and promote the survival of other microbes via interbacterial synergy, little is known about the impact of E. faecalis-mediated immune suppression on co-infecting microbes. We hypothesized that E. faecalis can attenuate neutrophil-mediated responses in mixed-species infection to promote survival of the co-infecting species. We found that neutrophils control E. faecalis infection via phagocytosis, ROS production, and degranulation of azurophilic granules, but it does not trigger neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis). However, E. faecalis attenuates Staphylococcus aureus-induced NETosis in polymicrobial infection by interfering with citrullination of histone, suggesting E. faecalis can actively suppress NETosis in neutrophils. Residual S. aureus-induced NETs that remain during co-infection do not impact E. faecalis, further suggesting that E. faecalis possess mechanisms to evade or survive NET-associated killing mechanisms. E. faecalis-driven reduction of NETosis corresponds with higher S. aureus survival, indicating that this immunomodulating effect could be a risk factor in promoting the virulence polymicrobial infection. These findings highlight the complexity of the immune response to polymicrobial infections and suggest that attenuated pathogen-specific immune responses contribute to pathogenesis in the mammalian host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hsien-Neng Kao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Jun-Hong Ch'ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
- Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Program, National University Health System, Singapore 117545
| | - Kelvin K L Chong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Claudia J Stocks
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Siu Ling Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore 308433
| | - Kimberly A Kline
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland 1211
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molina JJ, Kohler KN, Gager C, Andersen MJ, Wongso E, Lucas ER, Paik A, Xu W, Donahue DL, Bergeron K, Klim A, Caparon MG, Hultgren SJ, Desai A, Ploplis VA, Flick MJ, Castellino FJ, Flores-Mireles AL. Fibrinolytic-deficiencies predispose hosts to septicemia from a catheter-associated UTI. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3263501. [PMID: 37790429 PMCID: PMC10543281 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3263501/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are amongst the most common nosocomial infections worldwide and are difficult to treat due to multi-drug resistance development among the CAUTI-related pathogens. Importantly, CAUTI often leads to secondary bloodstream infections and death. A major challenge is to predict when patients will develop CAUTIs and which populations are at-risk for bloodstream infections. Catheter-induced inflammation promotes fibrinogen (Fg) and fibrin accumulation in the bladder which are exploited as a biofilm formation platform by CAUTI pathogens. Using our established mouse model of CAUTI, we identified that host populations exhibiting either genetic or acquired fibrinolytic-deficiencies, inducing fibrin deposition in the catheterized bladder, are predisposed to severe CAUTI and septicemia by diverse uropathogens in mono- and poly-microbial infections. Furthermore, we found that E. faecalis, a prevalent CAUTI pathogen, uses the secreted protease, SprE, to induce fibrin accumulation and create a niche ideal for growth, biofilm formation, and persistence during CAUTI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Molina
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Equal-contribution
| | - Kurt N. Kohler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Equal-contribution
| | - Christopher Gager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Marissa J. Andersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ellsa Wongso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Lucas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Andrew Paik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah L. Donahue
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Karla Bergeron
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aleksandra Klim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael G. Caparon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott J. Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alana Desai
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington Medical Center, WA 98133-9733, USA
| | - Victoria A. Ploplis
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ana L. Flores-Mireles
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Lead contact
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
La Bella AA, Andersen MJ, Gervais NC, Molina JJ, Molesan A, Stuckey PV, Wensing L, Nobile CJ, Shapiro RS, Santiago-Tirado FH, Flores-Mireles AL. The catheterized bladder environment promotes Efg1- and Als1-dependent Candida albicans infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7689. [PMID: 36867691 PMCID: PMC9984171 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) account for 40% of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). As 20 to 50% of hospitalized patients receive catheters, CAUTIs are one of the most common HAIs, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Candida albicans is the second most common CAUTI uropathogen, yet relative to its bacterial counterparts, little is known about how fungal CAUTIs are established. Here, we show that the catheterized bladder environment induces Efg1- and fibrinogen (Fg)-dependent biofilm formation that results in CAUTI. In addition, we identify the adhesin Als1 as the critical fungal factor for C. albicans Fg-urine biofilm formation. Furthermore, we show that in the catheterized bladder, a dynamic and open system, both filamentation and attachment are required, but each by themselves are not sufficient for infection. Our study unveils the mechanisms required for fungal CAUTI establishment, which may aid in the development of future therapies to prevent these infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Ann La Bella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | - Nicholas C. Gervais
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alex Molesan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Peter V. Stuckey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Lauren Wensing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Clarissa J. Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zou Z, Potter RF, McCoy WH, Wildenthal JA, Katumba GL, Mucha PJ, Dantas G, Henderson JP. E. coli catheter-associated urinary tract infections are associated with distinctive virulence and biofilm gene determinants. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e161461. [PMID: 36512427 PMCID: PMC9977300 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary catheterization facilitates urinary tract colonization by E. coli and increases infection risk. Here, we aimed to identify strain-specific characteristics associated with the transition from colonization to infection in catheterized patients. In a single-site study population, we compared E. coli isolates from patients with catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (CAASB) to those with catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI). CAUTI isolates were dominated by a phylotype B2 subclade containing the multidrug-resistant ST131 lineage relative to CAASB isolates, which were phylogenetically more diverse. A distinctive combination of virulence-associated genes was present in the CAUTI-associated B2 subclade. Catheter-associated biofilm formation was widespread among isolates and did not distinguish CAUTI from CAASB strains. Preincubation with CAASB strains could inhibit catheter colonization by multiple ST131 CAUTI isolates. Comparative genomic analysis identified a group of variable genes associated with high catheter biofilm formation present in both CAUTI and CAASB strains. Among these, ferric citrate transport (Fec) system genes were experimentally associated with enhanced catheter biofilm formation using reporter and fecA deletion strains. These results are consistent with a variable role for catheter biofilm formation in promoting CAUTI by ST131-like strains or resisting CAUTI by lower-risk strains that engage in niche exclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongsen Zou
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Robert F. Potter
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, and
| | - William H. McCoy
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A. Wildenthal
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - George L. Katumba
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Peter J. Mucha
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, and
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Henderson
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vorobjev IA, Kussanova A, Barteneva NS. Development of Spectral Imaging Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2635:3-22. [PMID: 37074654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3020-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Spectral flow cytometry is a new technology that enables measurements of fluorescent spectra and light scattering properties in diverse cellular populations with high precision. Modern instruments allow simultaneous determination of up to 40+ fluorescent dyes with heavily overlapping emission spectra, discrimination of autofluorescent signals in the stained specimens, and detailed analysis of diverse autofluorescence of different cells-from mammalian to chlorophyll-containing cells like cyanobacteria. In this paper, we review the history, compare modern conventional and spectral flow cytometers, and discuss several applications of spectral flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Vorobjev
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
- A.N. Belozersky Insitute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Aigul Kussanova
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Core Facilities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Natasha S Barteneva
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kwok M, Yaxley W, Ranasinghe S, Morton L, Perera S, Ponen K, Pelecanos A, Britton S, Harris PNA, Paterson DL, Esler R, Hussey D, Yaxley JW, Roberts MJ. Determining risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection following trial of void: A retrospective analysis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20514158221099856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the incidence and risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) following trial of void (TOV) to guide patient selection for antibiotic prophylaxis. Methods: A retrospective study considered all patients who underwent successful TOV across two separate 12-month periods at a tertiary hospital. Routine prophylactic antibiotics were not administered. Results: The 183 patients included were mostly men (91.3%) aged ⩾ 65 years (78.7%). Thirty-seven (20.3%) had recent urological surgery. The incidence of UTI following TOV was 12.6% (23/183); median duration of onset was 3 days (interquartile range = 2–9). Cystitis was most common (17/183; 9.3%), while four patients (2.2%) suffered urosepsis. There were no singular statistically significant risk factors for increasing the risk of UTI following TOV, however, ⩾ 2 risk factors showed numerically higher odds of UTI compared to ⩽ 1 risk factor (15.6% vs 4.2%; odds ratio = 4.24, 95% confidence interval = 0.96–18.80, p = 0.058). Atypical organisms resistant to most oral antibiotics were predominantly cultured, however, 89% sensitivity to ciprofloxacin was observed. Conclusion: The incidence of UTI following TOV was higher than anticipated. Reliable identification of at-risk patients for antibiotic prophylaxis is likely to be complicated. Further research is needed to confirm patient selection prior to confirmatory trials. Level of evidence: 2b
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kwok
- Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Sachinka Ranasinghe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia
- Department of Urology, Redcliffe Hospital, Australia
| | - Leanne Morton
- Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
| | - Sachin Perera
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia
| | - Kreyen Ponen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Anita Pelecanos
- Statistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | - Sumudu Britton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | - Patrick NA Harris
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Central Laboratory, Australia
| | - David L Paterson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Australia
| | - Rachel Esler
- Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
| | - David Hussey
- Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
| | - John W Yaxley
- Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Roberts
- Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia
- Department of Urology, Redcliffe Hospital, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu Y, Singh H, Tsitrin T, Bekele S, Lin YH, Sikorski P, Moncera KJ, Torralba MG, Morrow L, Wolcott R, Nelson KE, Pieper R. Urethral Catheter Biofilms Reveal Plasticity in Bacterial Composition and Metabolism and Withstand Host Immune Defenses in Hypoxic Environment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:667462. [PMID: 34249966 PMCID: PMC8260951 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.667462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms composed of multiple microorganisms colonize the surfaces of indwelling urethral catheters that are used serially by neurogenic bladder patients and cause chronic infections. Well-adapted pathogens in this niche are Escherichia coli, Proteus, and Enterococcus spp., species that cycle through adhesion and multilayered cell growth, trigger host immune responses, are starved off nutrients, and then disperse. Viable microbial foci retained in the urinary tract recolonize catheter surfaces. The molecular adaptations of bacteria in catheter biofilms (CBs) are not well-understood, promising new insights into this pathology based on host and microbial meta-omics analyses from clinical specimens. We examined catheters from nine neurogenic bladder patients longitudinally over up to 6 months. Taxonomic analyses from 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics revealed that 95% of all catheter and corresponding urinary pellet (UP) samples contained bacteria. CB biomasses were dominated by Enterobacteriaceae spp. and often accompanied by lactic acid and anaerobic bacteria. Systemic antibiotic drug treatments of patients resulted in either transient or lasting microbial community perturbations. Neutrophil effector proteins were abundant not only in UP but also CB samples, indicating their penetration of biofilm surfaces. In the context of one patient who advanced to a kidney infection, Proteus mirabilis proteomic data suggested a combination of factors associated with this disease complication: CB biomasses were high; the bacteria produced urease alkalinizing the pH and triggering urinary salt deposition on luminal catheter surfaces; P. mirabilis utilized energy-producing respiratory systems more than in CBs from other patients. The NADH:quinone oxidoreductase II (Nqr), a Na+ translocating enzyme not operating as a proton pump, and the nitrate reductase A (Nar) equipped the pathogen with electron transport chains promoting growth under hypoxic conditions. Both P. mirabilis and E. coli featured repertoires of transition metal ion acquisition systems in response to human host-mediated iron and zinc sequestration. We discovered a new drug target, the Nqr respiratory system, whose deactivation may compromise P. mirabilis growth in a basic pH milieu. Animal models would not allow such molecular-level insights into polymicrobial biofilm metabolism and interactions because the complexity cannot be replicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | - Yi-Han Lin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Morrow
- Southwest Regional Wound Care Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Randall Wolcott
- Southwest Regional Wound Care Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ligon MM, Wang C, DeJong EN, Schulz C, Bowdish DME, Mysorekar IU. Single cell and tissue-transcriptomic analysis of murine bladders reveals age- and TNFα-dependent but microbiota-independent tertiary lymphoid tissue formation. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:908-918. [PMID: 32366865 PMCID: PMC7572484 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging has multifaceted effects on the immune system, but how aging affects tissue-specific immunity is not well-defined. Bladder diseases characterized by chronic inflammation are highly prevalent in older women, but mechanisms by which aging promotes these pathologies remain unknown. Tissue transcriptomics of unperturbed, young and aged bladders identified a highly altered immune landscape as a fundamental feature of the aging female bladder. Detailed mapping of immune cells using single cell RNA-sequencing revealed novel subsets of macrophages and dendritic cells and unique changes to the immune repertoire in the aged bladder. B and T cells are highly enriched in aged bladders and spontaneously form organized bladder tertiary lymphoid tissues (bTLTs). Naïve, activated, and germinal center B cells and IgA+ plasma cells are found within bTLT and associated with increased urinary IgA concentrations. bTLTs form with increasing age and their formation is dependent on TNFα. Microbiota are not required to form bTLT, as aged germfree mice also harbor them. Thus, bTLTs require age-dependent TNFα but are independent of the microbiota. Our results indicate that chronic, age-associated inflammation underlies a fundamental alteration to the bladder and establishes a resource for further investigation of the bladder immune system in homeostasis, aging, and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M. Ligon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Erica N. DeJong
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Schulz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Indira U. Mysorekar, Ph.D., Washington University School of Medicine, Depts. of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Pathology and Immunology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: 314-747-1329, Fax: 314-747-1350,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lacerda Mariano L, Ingersoll MA. The immune response to infection in the bladder. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:439-458. [PMID: 32661333 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bladder is continuously protected by passive defences such as a mucus layer, antimicrobial peptides and secretory immunoglobulins; however, these defences are occasionally overcome by invading bacteria that can induce a strong host inflammatory response in the bladder. The urothelium and resident immune cells produce additional defence molecules, cytokines and chemokines, which recruit inflammatory cells to the infected tissue. Resident and recruited immune cells act together to eradicate bacteria from the bladder and to develop lasting immune memory against infection. However, urinary tract infection (UTI) is commonly recurrent, suggesting that the induction of a memory response in the bladder is inadequate to prevent reinfection. Additionally, infection seems to induce long-lasting changes in the urothelium, which can render the tissue more susceptible to future infection. The innate immune response is well-studied in the field of UTI, but considerably less is known about how adaptive immunity develops and how repair mechanisms restore bladder homeostasis following infection. Furthermore, data demonstrate that sex-based differences in immunity affect resolution and infection can lead to tissue remodelling in the bladder following resolution of UTI. To combat the rise in antimicrobial resistance, innovative therapeutic approaches to bladder infection are currently in development. Improving our understanding of how the bladder responds to infection will support the development of improved treatments for UTI, particularly for those at risk of recurrent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lacerda Mariano
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Molly A Ingersoll
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,Inserm, U1223, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tan CAZ, Antypas H, Kline KA. Overcoming the challenge of establishing biofilms in vivo: a roadmap for Enterococci. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 53:9-18. [PMID: 32062025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis forms single and mixed-species biofilms on both tissue and medical devices in the host, often under exposure to fluid flow, giving rise to infections that are recalcitrant to treatment. The factors that drive enterococcal biofilm formation in the host, however, remain unclear. Recent reports in other pathogens show how surface sensing by bacteria can trigger the transition from planktonic to sessile lifestyle. Fluid flow can enhance initial adhesion, but also influence quorum sensing. Biofilm-specific factors, as well as biofilm size and extracellular polymeric substances, can compromise opsonization and phagocytosis. Bacterial interspecies synergy can create favorable conditions in the host for biofilm formation. Through these concepts, we define the knowledge gaps in understanding host-associated E. faecalis biofilm formation and propose a roadmap for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Ai Zhu Tan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Haris Antypas
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
High-resolution imaging reveals microbial biofilms on patient urinary catheters despite antibiotic administration. World J Urol 2019; 38:2237-2245. [PMID: 31792577 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-03027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a significant cause of morbidity worldwide, as they account for 40% of all hospital-associated infections. Microbial biofilm formation on urinary catheters (UCs) limits antibiotic efficacy, making CAUTI extremely difficult to treat. To gain insight into the spatiotemporal microbe interactions on the catheter surface we sought to determine how the presence or absence of bacteriuria prior to catheterization affects the organism that ultimately forms a biofilm on the UC and how long after catheterization they emerge. METHODS Thirty UCs were collected from patients who received a urine culture prior to catheterization, a UC, and antibiotics as part of standard of care. Immunofluorescence imaging and scanning electron microscopy were used to visualize patient UCs. RESULTS Most patients did not have bacteria in their urine (based on standard urinalysis) prior to catheterization, yet microbes were detected on the majority of UCs, even with dwell times of < 3 days. The most frequently identified microbes were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that despite patients having negative urine cultures and receiving antibiotics prior to catheter placement, microbes, including uropathogens associated with causing CAUTI, could be readily detected on UCs with short dwell times. This suggests that a potential microbial catheter reservoir can form soon after placement, even in the presence of antibiotics, which may serve to facilitate the development of CAUTI. Thus, removing and/or replacing UCs as soon as possible is of critical importance to reduce the risk of developing CAUTI.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tamadonfar KO, Omattage NS, Spaulding CN, Hultgren SJ. Reaching the End of the Line: Urinary Tract Infections. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0014-2019. [PMID: 31172909 PMCID: PMC11314827 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0014-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) cause a substantial health care burden. UTIs (i) are most often caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), (ii) primarily affect otherwise healthy females (50% of women will have a UTI), (iii) are associated with significant morbidity and economic impact, (iv) can become chronic, and (v) are highly recurrent. A history of UTI is a significant risk factor for a recurrent UTI (rUTI). In otherwise healthy women, an acute UTI leads to a 25 to 50% chance of rUTI within months of the initial infection. Interestingly, rUTIs are commonly caused by the same strain of E. coli that led to the initial infection, arguing that there exist host-associated reservoirs, like the gastrointestinal tract and underlying bladder tissue, that can seed rUTIs. Additionally, catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTI), caused by Enterococcus and Staphylococcus as well as UPEC, represent a major health care concern. The host's response of depositing fibrinogen at the site of infection has been found to be critical to establishing CAUTI. The Drug Resistance Index, an evaluation of antibiotic resistance, indicates that UTIs have become increasingly difficult to treat since the mid-2000s. Thus, UTIs are a "canary in the coal mine," warning of the possibility of a return to the preantibiotic era, where some common infections are untreatable with available antibiotics. Numerous alternative strategies for both the prevention and treatment of UTIs are being pursued, with a focus on the development of vaccines and small-molecule inhibitors targeting virulence factors, in the hopes of reducing the burden of urogenital tract infections in an antibiotic-sparing manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Tamadonfar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Natalie S Omattage
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Caitlin N Spaulding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chong KKL, Tay WH, Janela B, Yong AMH, Liew TH, Madden L, Keogh D, Barkham TMS, Ginhoux F, Becker DL, Kline KA. Enterococcus faecalis Modulates Immune Activation and Slows Healing During Wound Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 216:1644-1654. [PMID: 29045678 PMCID: PMC5854026 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most frequently isolated bacterial species in wounds yet little is known about its pathogenic mechanisms in this setting. Here, we used a mouse wound excisional model to characterize the infection dynamics of E faecalis and show that infected wounds result in 2 different states depending on the initial inoculum. Low-dose inocula were associated with short-term, low-titer colonization whereas high-dose inocula were associated with acute bacterial replication and long-term persistence. High-dose infection and persistence were also associated with immune cell infiltration, despite suppression of some inflammatory cytokines and delayed wound healing. During high-dose infection, the multiple peptide resistance factor, which is involved in resisting immune clearance, contributes to E faecalis fitness. These results comprehensively describe a mouse model for investigating E faecalis wound infection determinants, and suggest that both immune modulation and resistance contribute to persistent, nonhealing wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Kian Long Chong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore.,Nanyang Technological University Institute for Health Technologies, Singapore
| | - Wei Hong Tay
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore.,Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Baptiste Janela
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Adeline Mei Hui Yong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Singapore
| | - Tze Horng Liew
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore
| | - Leigh Madden
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Damien Keogh
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore
| | | | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Kimberly A Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song Y, Wu KY, Wu W, Duan ZY, Gao YF, Zhang LD, Chong T, Garstka MA, Zhou W, Li K. Epithelial C5aR1 Signaling Enhances Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Adhesion to Human Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:949. [PMID: 29765378 PMCID: PMC5938350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work in a murine model of ascending urinary tract infection has suggested that C5a/C5aR1 interactions play a pathogenic role in the development of renal infection through enhancement of bacterial adhesion/colonization to renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). In the present study, we extended these observations to human. We show that renal tubular epithelial C5aR1 signaling is involved in promoting uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) adhesion/invasion of host cells. Stimulation of primary cultures of RTEC with C5a resulted in significant increases in UPEC adhesion/invasion of the RTEC. This was associated with enhanced expression of terminal α-mannosyl residues (Man) (a ligand for type 1 fimbriae of E. coli) in the RTEC following C5a stimulation. Mechanism studies revealed that C5aR1-mediated activation of ERK1/2/NF-κB and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine production (i.e., TNF-α) is at least partly responsible for the upregulation of Man expression and bacterial adhesion. Clinical sample studies showed that C5aR1 and Man were clearly detected in the renal tubular epithelium of normal human kidney biopsies, and UPEC bound to the epithelium in a d-mannose-dependent manner. Additionally, C5a levels were significantly increased in urine of urinary tract infection patients compared with healthy controls. Our data therefore demonstrate that, in agreement with observations in mice, human renal tubular epithelial C5aR1 signaling can upregulate Man expression in RTEC, which enhances UPEC adhesion to and invasion of RTEC. It also suggests the in vivo relevance of upregulation of Man expression in renal tubular epithelium by C5a/C5aR1 interactions and its potential impact on renal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Song
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun-Yi Wu
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiju Wu
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhao-Yang Duan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Feng Gao
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang-Dong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tie Chong
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Malgorzata A Garstka
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wuding Zhou
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li K, Wu KY, Wu W, Wang N, Zhang T, Choudhry N, Song Y, Farrar CA, Ma L, Wei LL, Duan ZY, Dong X, Liu EQ, Li ZF, Sacks SH, Zhou W. C5aR1 promotes acute pyelonephritis induced by uropathogenic E. coli. JCI Insight 2017; 2:97626. [PMID: 29263309 PMCID: PMC5752266 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a and also an N-linked glycosylated protein. In addition to myeloid cells, C5aR1 is expressed on epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the role of C5aR1 in bacterial adhesion/colonization of renal tubular epithelium and addressed the underlying mechanisms of this role. We show that acute kidney infection was significantly reduced in mice with genetic deletion or through pharmacologic inhibition of C5aR1 following bladder inoculation with uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). This was associated with reduced expression of terminal α-mannosyl residues (Man; a ligand for type 1 fimbriae of E. coli) on the luminal surface of renal tubular epithelium and reduction of early UPEC colonization in these mice. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that UPEC bind to Man on the luminal surface of renal tubular epithelium. In vitro analyses showed that C5a stimulation enhances Man expression in renal tubular epithelial cells and subsequent bacterial adhesion, which, at least in part, is dependent on TNF-α driven by C5aR1-mediated intracellular signaling. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown pathogenic role for C5aR1 in acute pyelonephritis, proposing a potentially novel mechanism by which C5a/C5aR1 signaling mediates upregulation of carbohydrate ligands on renal tubules to facilitate UPEC adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun-Yi Wu
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiju Wu
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Na Wang
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Naheed Choudhry
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Yun Song
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Conrad A Farrar
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Liang Ma
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Lin-Lin Wei
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Duan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Dong
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - En-Qi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zong-Fang Li
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven H Sacks
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Wuding Zhou
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, United Kingdom (UK)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Enterococcus faecalis Promotes Innate Immune Suppression and Polymicrobial Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00378-17. [PMID: 28893918 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00378-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a member of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, is an opportunistic pathogen associated with hospital-acquired wound, bloodstream, and urinary tract infections. E. faecalis can subvert or evade immune-mediated clearance, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we examined E. faecalis-mediated subversion of macrophage activation. We observed that E. faecalis actively prevents NF-κB signaling in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages in the presence of Toll-like receptor agonists and during polymicrobial infection with Escherichia coliE. faecalis and E. coli coinfection in a mouse model of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) resulted in a suppressed macrophage transcriptional response in the bladder compared to that with E. coli infection alone. Finally, we demonstrated that coinoculation of E. faecalis with a commensal strain of E. coli into catheterized bladders significantly augmented E. coli CAUTI. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that E. faecalis suppression of NF-κB-driven responses in macrophages promotes polymicrobial CAUTI pathogenesis, especially during coinfection with less virulent or commensal E. coli strains.
Collapse
|
19
|
Goh HMS, Yong MHA, Chong KKL, Kline KA. Model systems for the study of Enterococcal colonization and infection. Virulence 2017; 8:1525-1562. [PMID: 28102784 PMCID: PMC5810481 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1279766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are common inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract, as well as frequent opportunistic pathogens. Enterococci cause a range of infections including, most frequently, infections of the urinary tract, catheterized urinary tract, bloodstream, wounds and surgical sites, and heart valves in endocarditis. Enterococcal infections are often biofilm-associated, polymicrobial in nature, and resistant to antibiotics of last resort. Understanding Enterococcal mechanisms of colonization and pathogenesis are important for identifying new ways to manage and intervene with these infections. We review vertebrate and invertebrate model systems applied to study the most common E. faecalis and E. faecium infections, with emphasis on recent findings examining Enterococcal-host interactions using these models. We discuss strengths and shortcomings of each model, propose future animal models not yet applied to study mono- and polymicrobial infections involving E. faecalis and E. faecium, and comment on the significance of anti-virulence strategies derived from a fundamental understanding of host-pathogen interactions in model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Sharon Goh
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - M. H. Adeline Yong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Kian Long Chong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A. Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu W, Flores-Mireles AL, Cusumano ZT, Takagi E, Hultgren SJ, Caparon MG. Host and bacterial proteases influence biofilm formation and virulence in a murine model of enterococcal catheter-associated urinary tract infection. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:28. [PMID: 29134108 PMCID: PMC5673934 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a leading causative agent of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), the most common hospital-acquired infection. Its ability to grow and form catheter biofilm is dependent upon host fibrinogen (Fg). Examined here are how bacterial and host proteases interact with Fg and contribute to virulence. Analysis of mutants affecting the two major secreted proteases of E. faecalis OG1RF (GelE, SprE) revealed that while the loss of either had no effect on virulence in a murine CAUTI model or for formation of Fg-dependent biofilm in urine, the loss of both resulted in CAUTI attenuation and defective biofilm formation. GelE−, but not SprE− mutants, lost the ability to degrade Fg in medium, while paradoxically, both could degrade Fg in urine. The finding that SprE was activated independently of GelE in urine by a host trypsin-like protease resolved this paradox. Treatment of catheter-implanted mice with inhibitors of both host-derived and bacterial-derived proteases dramatically reduced catheter-induced inflammation, significantly inhibited dissemination from bladder to kidney and revealed an essential role for a host cysteine protease in promoting pathogenesis. These data show that both bacterial and host proteases contribute to CAUTI, that host proteases promote dissemination and suggest new strategies for therapeutic intervention. Identifying bacterial and host enzymes that support biofilm formation may help prevent urinary tract infections caused by catheters. Enterococcus faecalis bacteria is a leading cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections, the most common type of hospital-acquired infections. Michael Caparon and colleagues at Washington University School of Medicine in Missouri, USA, studied these infections in mice. They examined the effects of two protein-degrading enzymes, both from the bacterium and one can be activated by urine trypsin-like protease from the animals. Mutations that impaired either one of the enzymes had no effect on the infection, but when both the bacterial enzymes were impaired by mutation the formation of biofilms was significantly reduced. Treating the mice with chemicals that inhibited both bacterial and host enzymes dramatically reduced catheter-induced inflammation and related problems. This suggests drugs targeting these enzymes could be useful in clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1093 USA
| | - Ana L Flores-Mireles
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1093 USA
| | - Zachary T Cusumano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1093 USA.,Present Address: NextCure Inc., Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Enzo Takagi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1093 USA
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1093 USA
| | - Michael G Caparon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1093 USA
| |
Collapse
|