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McQuillen DP, Ram S. No Good Deed Goes Unpunished: Eculizumab and Invasive Neisserial Infections. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:601-603. [PMID: 30418552 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P McQuillen
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Prevention, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
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Gulati S, Beurskens FJ, de Kreuk BJ, Roza M, Zheng B, DeOliveira RB, Shaughnessy J, Nowak NA, Taylor RP, Botto M, He X, Ingalls RR, Woodruff TM, Song WC, Schuurman J, Rice PA, Ram S. Complement alone drives efficacy of a chimeric antigonococcal monoclonal antibody. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000323. [PMID: 31216278 PMCID: PMC6602280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global health problem. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2C7 recognizes a gonococcal lipooligosaccharide epitope that is expressed by >95% of clinical isolates and hastens gonococcal vaginal clearance in mice. Chimeric mAb 2C7 (human immunoglobulin G1 [IgG1]) with an E430G Fc modification that enhances Fc:Fc interactions and hexamerization following surface-target binding and increases complement activation (HexaBody technology) showed significantly greater C1q engagement and C4 and C3 deposition compared to mAb 2C7 with wild-type Fc. Greater complement activation by 2C7-E430G Fc translated to increased bactericidal activity in vitro and, consequently, enhanced efficacy in mice, compared with “Fc-unmodified” chimeric 2C7. Gonococci bind the complement inhibitors factor H (FH) and C4b-binding protein (C4BP) in a human-specific manner, which dampens antibody (Ab)-mediated complement-dependent killing. The variant 2C7-E430G Fc overcame the barrier posed by these inhibitors in human FH/C4BP transgenic mice, for which a single 1 μg intravenous dose cleared established infection. Chlamydia frequently coexists with and exacerbates gonorrhea; 2C7-E430G Fc also proved effective against gonorrhea in gonorrhea/chlamydia-coinfected mice. Complement activation alone was necessary and sufficient for 2C7 function, evidenced by the fact that (1) “complement-inactive” Fc modifications that engaged Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) rendered 2C7 ineffective, nonetheless; (2) 2C7 was nonfunctional in C1q−/− mice, when C5 function was blocked, or in C9−/− mice; and (3) 2C7 remained effective in neutrophil-depleted mice and in mice treated with PMX205, a C5a receptor (C5aR1) inhibitor. We highlight the importance of complement activation for antigonococcal Ab function in the genital tract. Elucidating the correlates of protection against gonorrhea will inform the development of Ab-based gonococcal vaccines and immunotherapeutics. A chimeric antibody that contains a "complement-enhancing" mutation in Fc (so-called HexaBody technology) shows increased bactericidal activity compared to antibody bearing wild-type Fc and may represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach against multidrug-resistant gonorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Gulati
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Bo Zheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosane B. DeOliveira
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. Nowak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald P. Taylor
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marina Botto
- Center for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xianbao He
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robin R. Ingalls
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Peter A. Rice
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SR); (FJB)
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3
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Hench PS. Recent Researches on Arthritis and Rheumatism in the United States. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 1:109-33. [PMID: 18623640 DOI: 10.1136/ard.1.2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P S Hench
- Division of Medicine, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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4
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Spink WW, Keefer CS. STUDIES OF GONOCOCCAL INFECTION. III. A COMPARISON OF THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES OF THE SYNOVIAL FLUID AND BLOOD IN GONOCOCCAL ARTHRITIS. J Clin Invest 2006; 17:17-22. [PMID: 16694543 PMCID: PMC424938 DOI: 10.1172/jci100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W W Spink
- Thorndike Memorial Laboratory, Second and Fourth Medical Services (Harvard), Boston City Hospital, Boston
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Keefer CS, Spink WW. STUDIES OF GONOCOCCAL INFECTION. IV. THE EFFECT OF MUCIN ON THE BACTERIOLYTIC POWER OF WHOLE BLOOD AND IMMUNE SERUM. J Clin Invest 2006; 17:23-30. [PMID: 16694544 PMCID: PMC424939 DOI: 10.1172/jci100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C S Keefer
- Thorndike Memorial Laboratory, Second and Fourth Medical Services (Harvard), Boston City Hospital, Boston
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6
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Spink WW, Keefer CS. STUDIES OF GONOCOCCAL INFECTION. II. THE BACTERIOLYTIC POWER OF THE WHOLE DEFIBRINATED BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH GONOCOCCAL ARTHRITIS. J Clin Invest 2006; 16:177-83. [PMID: 16694466 PMCID: PMC424858 DOI: 10.1172/jci100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W W Spink
- Thorndike Memorial Laboratory, Second and Fourth Medical Services (Harvard), Boston City Hospital, Boston
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Potter LD, Lewis JS, Wentworth BB, Larsen EH. Ammonium bicarbonate as a replacement for carbon dioxide in Transgrow bottles for primary isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18:1258-9. [PMID: 6417163 PMCID: PMC272877 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.18.5.1258-1259.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgrow bottles with medium containing ammonium bicarbonate and Transgrow bottles gassed with 10% carbon dioxide performed equally well in detecting Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 434 clinical specimens. It appears that incorporation of ammonium bicarbonate into the medium increased the efficiency of the manufacturing process while maintaining the effectiveness of the medium.
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Norrod P, Williams RP. Effects of iron and culture filtrates on killing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by normal human serum. Infect Immun 1978; 21:918-24. [PMID: 101468 PMCID: PMC422084 DOI: 10.1128/iai.21.3.918-924.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae GC9, both colony types T2 and T4, were killed by normal human serum, although populations of colony type T4 were more susceptible. Ferric ammonium citrate prevented the killing of populations of both T2 and T4 colony types. Other iron compounds tested showed no protective effect, nor did ammonium citrate or the divalent cations magnesium or calcium. A filtrate from cultures of an N. gonorrhoeae strain grown in a liquid defined medium showed a similar protective effect in the serum assay. The filtrate appeared to chelate iron, as measured by decreased ability of iron-free transferin to bind iron in the presence of the filtrate. However, the two effects did not appear to be related. Neither ferric ammonium citrate nor the culture filtrate sufficiently inactivated complement to account for protection.
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Brodeur BR, Johnson WM, Johnson KG, Diena BB. In vitro interaction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae type 1 and type 4 with tissue culture cells. Infect Immun 1977; 15:560-7. [PMID: 403139 PMCID: PMC421404 DOI: 10.1128/iai.15.2.560-567.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a basis for studies of gonococcal pathogenicity, tissue culture cells were infected with type 1 or type 4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae to determine intracellular viability. A simple and objective means of measurement was devised, based on the uptake of tritiated protein and deoxyribonucleic acid precursors by cycloheximide-inhibited cells infected with gonococci. Cycloheximide was found to inhibit protein synthesis by over 97% tissue culture cells at a concentration of 100 microng/ml. In contrast, N, gonorrhoeae was found to be highly resistant to this antibiotic, and protein synthesis was unaffected by concentrations up to 1,000 microng/ml. Extracellular gonococci were eliminated by treatment with high concentrations of penicillin during cycloheximide inhibition and prior to the addition of radioisotope. Levels of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by N. gonorrhoeae in the cycloheximide-treated cells were significantly higher in T1-infected cells (RE2, HeLa, or HEp-2) than in the corresponding T4-infected cells. No differences were observed in tissue cell susceptibility to gonococcal infection. Intracytoplasmic localization of N. gonorrhoeae was confirmed by electron microscopy.
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Schoolnik GK, Buchanan TM, Holmes KK. Gonococci causing disseminated gonococcal infection are resistant to the bactericidal action of normal human sera. J Clin Invest 1976; 58:1163-73. [PMID: 825532 PMCID: PMC333284 DOI: 10.1172/jci108569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to the bactericidal action of normal human sera was determined for isolates from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection and uncomplicated gonorrhea. Serum susceptibility was correlated with penicillin susceptibility and auxotype. 38 of 39 strains (97%) of N. gonorrhoeae from Seattle patients with disseminated gonococcal infection were resistant to the complement-dependent bactericidal action of normal human sera. 36 of these were inhibited by less than or equal to mug/ml of penicillin G and required arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil for growth on chemically defined medium (Arg-Hyx-Ura- auxotype). 12 of 43 isolates from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea were also of the Arg-Hyx-Ura-auxotype, inhibited by less than or equal to 0.030 mug/ml of penicillin G, and serum resistant. Of the 31 remaining strains of other auxotypes isolated from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea, 18 (58.1%) were sensitive to normal human sera in titers ranging from 2 to 2,048. The bactericidal action of normal human sera may prevent the dissemination of serum-sensitive gonococci. However, since only a small proportion of individuals infected by serum-resistant strains develop disseminated gonococcal infection, serum resistance appears to be a necessary but not a sufficient virulence factor for dissemination. Host factors such as menstruation and pharyngeal gonococcal infection may favor the dissemination of serum-resistant strains. Since serum-resistant Arg-Hyx-Ura strains are far more frequently isolated from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection than serum-resistant strains of other auxotypes, Arg-Hyx-Ura-strains may possess other virulence factors in addition to serum resistance.
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11
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Farzadegan H, Roth IL. Scanning electron microscopy and freeze-etching of gonorrhoeal urethral exudate. Br J Vener Dis 1975; 51:83-91. [PMID: 805629 PMCID: PMC1045119 DOI: 10.1136/sti.51.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Urethral exudates from male patients with gonorrhoea were studied by use of the critical point drying technique for scanning electron microscopy. The surfaces of phagocytes were extensively ruffled. This was interpreted to be the three-dimensional appearance of pseudopodia. Epithelial cells present in the urethral exudate showed a highly convoluted surface structure. Specimens of urethral exudate prepared by the freeze-etch technique showed that most N. gonorrhoeae were engulfed individually in phagocytes. Some phagosomes contained two or more gonococcal cells. Phagocytes containing gonococci were degranulated, but small granules were present in the phagosomes. Nuclear pores on the surface of the nuclear membrane were always associated with an indentation of the nuclear membrane. The outer layer of the nuclear membrane was smooth compared to the inner layer,
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Thomas DW, Hill JC, Tyeryar FJ. Interaction of gonococci with phagocytic leukocytes from men and mice. Infect Immun 1973; 8:98-104. [PMID: 4198105 PMCID: PMC422816 DOI: 10.1128/iai.8.1.98-104.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of human and mouse phagocytic leukocytes with representative virulent (F62-T1) and avirulent (F62-T4, RD-5) strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was studied in vitro. Leukocyte monolayers were incubated with gonococci for 30 min at 37 C, washed repeatedly, reincubated with fresh medium, and sampled for viable bacteria at intervals. After the initial incubation period and washing, human leukocytes retained larger numbers of viable T1 than of T4. During the subsequent 120 min of incubation, the numbers of viable T1 remained approximately constant, whereas viable counts of T4 declined by about two-thirds. In contrast, mouse leukocytes under similar conditions destroyed 70% of both types of gonococci. When human bactericidal serum was applied to infected human leukocytes, it had no effect on T4 but inactivated over 50% of T1. It is concluded that T4 are phagocytized by human leukocytes and are thus exposed to internal digestion, but are protected from bactericidal serum. T1, on the other hand, either adhere to the surface of the leukocytes or remain located so that they are neither digested by the leukocytes nor protected from bactericidal serum.
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Antibacterial Action of Human whole Blood upon Bacteria Isolated from Periapical Tissue. J Am Dent Assoc 1941. [DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1941.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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