1
|
Abstract
The muscular dystrophies represent a diverse group of diseases differing in underlying genetic basis, age of onset, mode of inheritance, and severity of progression, but they share certain common pathologic features. Most prominent among these features is the necrotic degeneration of muscle fibers. Although the genetic basis of many of the dystrophies has been known for over a decade and new disease genes continue to be discovered, the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to muscle cell death in the dystrophies remain a mystery. This review focuses on the oxidative stress theory, which states that the final common pathway of muscle cell death in these diseases involves oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Rando
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martonosi A. Calcium regulation in muscle diseases; the influence of innervation and activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 991:155-242. [PMID: 2655711 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(89)90110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Martonosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Syracuse 13210
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Monocyte functions of Storrs strain muscular dystrophic (MD) chickens and Storrs control strain were compared. After short-term in vitro culture of monocytes, cells taken from Storrs MD chickens had a significantly lower incidence of cells capable of phagocytizing sheep red blood cells than did cells cultured from the control strain. In contrast, no difference was found in the ability of MD vs. control strain blood mononuclear cells to undergo in vitro chemotaxis in response to a bacterial culture supernatant. The study also revealed a distinct peripheral blood leukocyte profile of young MD chickens: elevated percentages and absolute numbers of granulocytes. The total leukocyte count in MD chickens was not significantly different from that of normal chickens. These findings extend previous observations concerning altered reticuloendothelial system function in MD strain chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Chu
- Department of Poultry and Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohta K, Muzuno Y. Pathogenesis of progressive muscular dystrophy: studies on free radical metabolism in an animal model. Acta Neurol Scand 1988; 77:108-14. [PMID: 3364152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1988.tb05880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence to suggest the presence of abnormal metabolism of oxygen free radicals in progressive muscular dystrophy is presented using an animal model. In the superficial pectoral muscles of dystrophic chickens, enzyme activities regulating the metabolism of oxygen free radicals, i.e., catalase, superoxide dismutases and glutathione peroxidase, were significantly elevated within 1 week of hatching. Activities of related enzymes, i.e., glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were also elevated. In contrast, the specific activity of phosphofructokinase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, was normal during the first 4-week period. These results suggest that there is an increased turnover of oxygen free radicals in the dystrophic muscle. This concept appears important in a further investigation of the pathogenesis and treatment of progressive muscular dystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ohta
- Department of Neurology, Jichi Medical School, Tockigi, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Serafin WE, Dement SH, Brandon S, Hill EJ, Park CR, Park JH. Interactions of vitamin E and penicillamine in the treatment of hereditary avian muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1987; 10:685-97. [PMID: 3683444 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our prior work demonstrated that penicillamine treatment of dystrophic chickens delayed the onset of symptoms, partially alleviated contractures, improved muscle function, and lowered serum creatine kinase. Penicillamine, a sulfhydryl compound with reducing properties, also prevented inactivation of glycolytic enzymes by protecting thiol groups. The present study shows that vitamin E enhances the therapeutic effects of penicillamine. Interaction of these two reductants is dose related. With vitamin E as adjunct therapy, the dosage level of penicillamine could be lowered by 50%, thereby minimizing side effects. The therapeutic rationale for two antioxidants is that penicillamine may act primarily in the cytoplasm to prevent oxidative damage, whereas the more hydrophobic vitamin E may protect membrane bilayers. Additionally, penicillamine may prevent collagen cross-linking and, deposition of insoluble collagen in muscle and thus decrease contracture formation. General applications of combined penicillamine and vitamin E therapy are discussed regarding prevention of free radical and oxidative damage in Duchenne dystrophy and a wide range of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Serafin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Despite years of intensive work, the biochemical defect responsible for the pathogenesis of inherited muscular dystrophy has not been identified either in humans or animal models. This review examines evidence in support of the hypothesis that free radicals may be responsible for muscle degeneration in this disorder. A variety of cellular abnormalities noted in dystrophic muscles can be accounted for by free radical mediated damage. In addition, chemical by-products associated with free radical damage are found in dystrophic muscle tissue from humans and animals with this disease. Various enzymatic antioxidant systems can be enhanced as a normal cellular response to oxidative stress, and such changes are seen both in dystrophic muscle cells and certain other tissues of dystrophic animals. An increased level of free radical damage would follow from either: enhanced production of free radical species, or a deficient component of the cellular antioxidant system, such as vitamin E. The free radical hypothesis of muscular dystrophy can account for data supporting several alternative theories of the pathogenesis of this disease, as well as other observations which have not previously been explained.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mizuno Y. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in early stages of development in dystrophic chickens. J Neurol Sci 1985; 68:47-60. [PMID: 3989580 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(85)90049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activities were assayed in superficial pectoral muscles of hereditary dystrophic chickens, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 4 months after hatching. In control chickens, activities of G6PDH and 6PGDH were very low at 4 months of age; however, at 1 week of age, they were much higher than those at 4 months of age. Activities of G6PDH and 6PGDH were significantly higher in dystrophic chickens compared with those in the controls at all the stages of development studied. These findings suggest that considerable activities of G6PDH and 6PGDH are present within the pectoral muscle cells at early stages of development, at least in dystrophic chickens. GAPDH activity was significantly lower in dystrophic chickens at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 4 months of age compared with those in control chicken. These findings together with our previous studies (Mizuno 1984a,b) in which increased activities of superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were reported in dystrophic chickens, indicate the presence of an increased capacity for the turnover of oxygen-free radicals within muscle cells in dystrophic chickens, and that oxygen-free radicals and the related activated oxygen species may be playing a role in inducing cellular damage.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hudecki MS, Pollina CM, Heffner RR. In vivo effects of three calcium blockers on chickens with inherited muscular dystrophy. Exp Neurol 1984; 84:512-23. [PMID: 6723877 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(84)90200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetically homozygous Line 413 dystrophic chickens were given in separate trials daily i.p. injections of aqueous solutions of the calcium blocker drugs, diltiazem, verapamil, or nifedipine. At a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day, drug therapy in each case significantly prolonged the functional ability of the dystrophic chickens as quantitated regularly by a standardized test for righting ability. Enhanced functional ability, however, was not generally accompanied by a decrease in the usually high plasma creatine kinase activity. In addition, there was no change in the pectoralis muscle mass or protein with any of the drug treatments. Moreover, no significant reduction in the abnormally high total muscle calcium was found with calcium blocker treatment. Also, there was no marked change in the histopathology of muscle from the drug-treated dystrophic chickens. We concluded that drugs with calcium entry blocker activity offer only limited benefit in retarding dystrophic symptoms expressed in the chicken (viz., short-term enhancement in righting ability).
Collapse
|
9
|
Mizuno Y. Changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities and thiobarbituric acid-reactive products levels in early stages of development in dystrophic chickens. Exp Neurol 1984; 84:58-73. [PMID: 6705887 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(84)90006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, Mn superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities and thiobarbituric acid-reactive products were assayed in the superficial pectoral muscles of genetically dystrophic chickens (line 413) and their controls (line 412) 1, 2, and 4 weeks, and 4 months after hatching. In control chickens, all these enzyme activities declined as they grew older. In dystrophic chickens, all these enzyme activities were significantly elevated at all stages of development studied, and their developmental time courses were quite different from those in the controls. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive products were also significantly elevated in dystrophic chickens after 2 weeks of age. Invasion of macrophages and lipid cells were not manifest until 4 weeks after hatching in the dystrophic chickens studied. Therefore, observed abnormalities were considered to represent biochemical pathologies within muscle cells. Increased activities of the enzymes which are responsible for the regulation of active oxygen species and the elevated thiobarbituric acid-reactive products would indicate the presence of increased turnover of those active oxygen species. These findings indicated that active oxygen species were playing a significant role in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophies. The possible mechanisms of cellular damage by active oxygen species are discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Entrikin RK, Patterson GT, Wilson BW. Drugs in muscular dystrophy of the chicken: corticosterone-21-acetate. Muscle Nerve 1984; 7:130-6. [PMID: 6717489 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880070208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In a previous series of 22-day evaluations of 31 compounds, only corticosterone-21-acetate (C-21-A) increased righting ability of genetically dystrophic chickens to a greater extent than the standard of comparison, methysergide maleate. In the present study, C-21-A was subjected to longer-term trials of up to 48 days, and additional signs of the myopathy were examined. The highest doses of C-21-A increased righting ability for the duration of the trials, decreased the typically elevated plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK) activity by more than 80%, and improved morphology of the dystrophic pectoralis major muscle at the light microscopic level. The major adverse effect of C-21-A, reduction of body weight, was consistently observed at the relatively high doses needed to increase righting ability. That alone, however, could not account for increased righting ability, and plasma CK activity was decreased even at doses that did not reduce body weight. The results show that C-21-A is the most effective compound yet tested in this system and, perhaps more significantly, provides the first evidence that it is possible to identify compounds that improve muscle morphology in a hereditary myopathy using a short-term, step-wise system.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Although the gene for muscular dystrophy in chickens is not sex-linked, results from clinical tests suggest that it is expressed differently in males and females. As measurement of muscle contractile responses provides a quantitative index for the severity of the disease, the contractile properties of the extensor digitorum communis muscle were examined in normal and dystrophic chickens with respect to sex. Furthermore, these differences were examined in young (6 to 9 weeks) and old (greater than 6 months) chickens. Results showed that age-related sex differences were apparent for those mechanical parameters of the muscle (in particular the posttetanic potentiation and posttetanic contracture) known to distinguish normal and dystrophic birds. The sex differences observed in the younger group indicate that the female birds were more severely affected by the disease than were the male. In the older group, the male were affected by the disease more severely than age-matched female birds. If the inheritance pattern is truly autosomal then it is likely that one or more developmental factors interact with the dystrophic genotype and alter the dystrophic phenotype.
Collapse
|
12
|
Entrikin RK, Patterson GT, Wilson BW. Drug evaluation in muscular dystrophy of the chicken. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5:321-7. [PMID: 7099198 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
13
|
Duncan CJ. Parallels between spontaneous release of transmitter at the neuromuscular junction and subcellular damage of muscle. Evidence for the underlying common involvement of intracellular Ca2+? COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 73:147-9. [PMID: 6128101 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
14
|
Doroshow JH, Locker GY, Ifrim I, Myers CE. Prevention of doxorubicin cardiac toxicity in the mouse by N-acetylcysteine. J Clin Invest 1981; 68:1053-64. [PMID: 7287901 PMCID: PMC370893 DOI: 10.1172/jci110328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of exogenous sulfhydryl compound administration on the toxicity of doxorubicin in mice. Pretreatment of CDF1 mice with a pharmacologic dose (2,000 mg/kg) of n-acetyl-l-cysteine 1 h before doxorubicin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased lethality from 100% (n = 44) to 37.7% (n = 53), P less than 0.001. Variation in the timing and dose of n-acetylcysteine significantly diminished its protective activity. Pretreatment with n-acetylcysteine also significantly reduced long-term mortality in animals receiving multiple doses of doxorubicin; 10 wk after the third of three doxorubicin doses (5 mg/kg, i.p.) administered at 2-wk intervals, survival in the n-acetylcysteine pretreated group was 51.4% (n = 35) compared with 16.7% (n = 30) for animals receiving saline before doxorubicin, P less than 0.01. In this experiment, n-acetylcysteine pretreatment also diminished doxorubicin-related losses in total body weight and heart wet weight by 55.2% (P less than 0.05), and 60.9% (P less than 0.02), respectively, compared with animals pretreated with saline. N-acetylcysteine pretreatment also ablated electron microscopic evidence of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy without alleviating morphological features of its toxic effects on the liver or small intestinal mucosa. The cardioprotective action of n-acetylcysteine may be partially explained by the 429 +/- 60% increase in cardiac nonprotein sulfhydryl content (P less than 0.01) that was measured one hour after n-acetylcysteine administration; nonprotein sulfhydryl concentration in the liver at the same time was insignificantly different from control levels. Treatment with n-acetylcysteine also increased the nonprotein sulfhydryl content of P388 leukemia cells nearly threefold; however, it did not after the chemotherapeutic activity of doxorubicin against this murine tumor. Whereas n-acetylcysteine blocked doxorubicin cardiac toxicity, it did not affect the uptake or metabolism of doxorubicin in the heart or liver. These results suggest that the concentration of free sulfhydryl groups in the heart may play a role in the development of doxorubicin cardiac toxicity and that augmenting cardiac nonprotein sulfhydryl group content with n-acetylcysteine may provide a means to enhance the chemotherapeutic index of doxorubicin.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hudecki MS, Pollina CM, Heffner RR. In vivo effects of protease inhibitors on chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy. J Clin Invest 1981; 67:969-74. [PMID: 7204579 PMCID: PMC370654 DOI: 10.1172/jci110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Beginning on day 4 ex ovo, and every 3 d thereafter, genetically dystrophic Line 413 chickens were given intraperitoneal injections (4 mg/kg body wt) of a protease inhibitor, leupeptin, pepstatin, or antipain. Experimental chickens received protease inhibitors dissolved in a water:ethanol:dimethyl sulfoxide solution (50:40:10, vol:vol:vol). Control untreated animals received diluent injections. Untreated dystrophic chickens typically reach around day 30 ex ovo a maximum ability to right from the supine position in a standardized functional test for muscle weakness. After day 30 ex ovo, the dystrophic chickens are found to decline progressively in their ability to right, compared with normal, nondystrophic controls, which have an unimpaired ability to right. Concomitantly, dystrophic chickens exhibit characteristically high levels of plasma creatine phosphokinase enzyme activity. In addition, an increased frequency of degenerating, regenerating, and vacuolated myofibers, and inflammatory cells appear in the affected pectoralis major muscles from the dystrophic chicken. Throughout the duration of the trial, there was no major enhancement in the functional righting ability of dystrophic chickens receiving any one of the protease inhibitors tested. However, there was a significant reduction in the abnormally high levels of plasma creatine phosphokinase in the treated chickens. Also, there was an apparent reduction in the mean number of vacuolated fibers in the pectoralis muscle from the protease inhibitor-treated birds. No significant reductions were observed in the relative frequency of degenerating and regenerating myofibers or inflammatory cells. In addition to the plasma creatine phosphokinase decrease, however, therapeutic benefit was seen in 31.0, 30.5, and 14.8% increases in the wet weight (and total noncollagen protein) of pectoralis muscle from dystrophic chickens receiving leupeptin, pepstatin or antipain, respectively.
Collapse
|
16
|
Entrikin RK, Patterson GT, Wilson BW. Phenytoin, methysergide, and penicillamine in hereditary muscular dystrophy of the chicken. Exp Neurol 1981; 72:82-90. [PMID: 7202629 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(81)90128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
17
|
Cosmos E, Butler J. Animal models of muscle diseases, Part III: Compilation of therapeutic trials for hereditary muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1980; 3:427-35. [PMID: 7421876 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
18
|
Liu PK, Barnard EA, Barnard PJ. Blood plasma pyruvate kinase as a marker of muscular dystrophy. Properties in dystrophic chickens and hamsters. Exp Neurol 1980; 67:581-600. [PMID: 7353617 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(80)90128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
19
|
Perkins RC, Beth AH, Wilkerson LS, Serafin W, Dalton LR, Park CR, Park JH. Enhancement of free radical reduction by elevated concentrations of ascorbic acid in avian dystrophic muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:790-4. [PMID: 6244587 PMCID: PMC348366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.2.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that the degenerative process in dystrophic muscle results from increased concentrations of free radicals, peroxides, or lipid hydroperoxides. Therefore, the reduction of the free radical tanol (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol-1-oxyl) by extracts of muscles of dystrophic and normal chickens was studied. Pectoral (white) and thigh (red) muscles were used. For initial rate measurements, the various muscle extracts were added to an equal volume of 0.2 mM tanol. Reaction mixtures were introduced into the EPR cavity in a standard aqueous flat cell. Rates were measured by continuously monitoring the decrease in signal amplitude of the center (MI = 0) solution tanol EPR resonance line (in-phase first harmonic absorption signal). With extracts from dystrophic white muscle, the reduction rate was 75% faster than normal, whereas in dystrophic red muscle extracts the rate was normal. This agreed with previous observations that white muscle is more severely affected than red in dystrophic chickens. The primary reductant was identified as reduced ascorbic acid, and the rate of reduction of tanol correlated directly with the concentrations of ascorbic acid in the various muscle extracts as shown by chemical analysis. The results suggest an involvement of the intracellular redox status in the pathogenesis of avian muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Entrikin RK, Bryant SH. Suppression of myotonia in dystrophic chicken muscle by phenytoin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1979; 237:C131-6. [PMID: 474742 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1979.237.3.c131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe myotonic electromyographic activity in muscles of genetically dystrophic chickens and show that this activity is antagonized in vivo by doses of phenytoin (DPH) that improve righting ability. To test the possibility that the in vivo effects of DPH can be accounted for by a direct action on skeletal muscle we studied posterior latissimus dorsi fibers in vitro at 23 degrees C with intracellular microelectrodes. Compared to normal fibers, fibers from untreated dystrophic chicks had larger diameters, increased membrane capacitance, longer latencies at rheobase, and a greater tendency to fire repetitively in response to direct stimulation. DPH (10 or 50 micrograms/ml in the bath solution) decreased latencies at rheobase and repetitive firing in fibers from untreated chicks. In DPH-free solution fibers from dystrophic chicks treated chronically with DPH were still abnormal with respect to latencies at rheobase and ease of repetitive firing. The data support the hypothesis that abnormalities of membrane electrical properties are major features of dystrophic chicken muscles and furthermore, show that DPH suppresses, but does not abolish, these abnormalities.
Collapse
|
21
|
Law PK, Yap JL. New muscle transplant method produces normal twitch tension in dystrophic muscle. Muscle Nerve 1979; 2:356-63. [PMID: 492212 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Grafting newborn muscle is an innovative method of muscle transplant. This method overcomes hypoxia in the deeper fibers and facilitates reinnervation and revascularization of the grafted muscle fibers, thus promoting the survival and development of the characteristics of the donor muscle. The result achieved is superior to that obtained from mature muscle grafts or from minced muscle transplants. When an intact soleus from a 1-day-old normal mouse was grafted into a recipient soleus of a 20-day-old dystrophic C57BL/6J-dy2J mouse, the actively developing normal graft helped to improve the structure and function of the dystrophic muscle. When compared to the intact dystrophic solei, the test dystrophic muscles five to six months after operation showed increases in cross-sectional area, in wet weight, in twitch and tetanic tension, and in the number of muscle fibers with high resting membrane potentials. This is the first procedure to have raised the muscle twitch tension in an adult dystrophic mouse to the normal level.
Collapse
|
22
|
Warnick JE, Lebeda FJ, Albuquerque EX. JUNCTIONAL AND EXTRA FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF INHERITED MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN CHICKENS: DEVELOPMENT AND PHARMACOLOGY. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb37350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
Park JH, Hill EJ, Chou TH, LeQuire V, Roelofs R, Park CR. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PENICILLAMINE IN THE TREATMENT OF AVIAN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb37363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Wilson BW, Randall WR, Patterson GT, Entrikin RK. MAJOR PHYSIOLOGIC AND HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INHERITED DYSTROPHY OF THE CHICKEN. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb37346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Warnick JE, Lebeda FJ, Albuquerque EX. Junctional and extrajunctional aspects of inherited muscular dystrophy in chickens: development and pharmacology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 317:263-84. [PMID: 38725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
27
|
Park JH, Hill EJ, Chou TH, LeQuire V, Roelofs R, Park CR. Mechanism of action of penicillamine in the treatment of avian muscular dystrophy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 317:356-69. [PMID: 289317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Penicillamine, a cysteine analog with a reduced sulfhydryl group, has been used in this laboratory for the treatment of hereditary avian dystrophy. The drug delays the onset of symptoms and alleviates the debilitating aspects of the disease. To study the mechanism of drug action, the effects of penicillamine on white and red muscles of dystrophic chickens were examined with regard to the specific activities of the soluble enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetylphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione preoxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The sulfhydryl contents of the soluble proteins and the concentration of myoglobin were also determined. In white dystrophic muscle (pectoral), there were large alterations in the various enzymatic activities compared to normal levels. In the DISCUSSION, these changes are related to the pathogenesis of the disease and to the adaptive response for protection of the severely affected fast fibers. Red dystrophic muscles (thigh) were minimally involved, in accordance with the known sparing action of the slow fiber type. The results suggested that the disease process in dystrophic muscle may be due to oxidation of the essential sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Penicillamine may produce therapeutic effects by altering the intracellular redox status, thereby promoting better regulation of enzymatic activity, membrane stability, and improved muscle function.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wilson BW, Randall WR, Patterson GT, Entrikin RK. Major physiologic and histochemical characteristics of inherited dystrophy of the chicken. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 317:224-46. [PMID: 382954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
29
|
Barnard EA, Barnard PJ. USE OF GENETICALLY DYSTROPHIC ANIMALS IN CHEMOTHERAPY TRIALS AND APPLICATION OF SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS AS ANTIDYSTROPHIC DRUGS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb37367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Munsat TL. PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY OF DYSTROPHY IN MAN AND ANIMALS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb37369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
31
|
Barnard EA, Barnard PJ. USE OF GENETICALLY DYSTROPHIC ANIMALS IN CHEMOTHERAPY TRIALS AND APPLICATION OF SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS AS ANTIDYSTROPHIC DRUGS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Hudecki MS, Pollina CM, Bhargava AK, Hudecki RS, Heffner RR. Delayed functional disability in dystrophic chickens receiving chemotherapy. Muscle Nerve 1979; 2:57-67. [PMID: 545142 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Line 413 early-onset, genetically homozygous dystrophic chickens were given twice-daily intraperitoneal injections of the antiserotoninergic drug cinanserin, alone or in combination with methysergide. Other trials consisted of penicillamine treatment in combination with either methysergide or cyproheptadine. Chemotherapy significantly prolonged the righting ability of treated dystrophic chickens, as measured by a periodic standardized flip-test procedure. Plasma creatine kinase activities were not affected by any of the various drug treatments. However, the blood serotonin levels of the dystrophic chickens (grand mean 1.47 microgram serotonin/ml blood) were found to be significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than those in the corresponding normal chickens (0.99 microgram/ml). This finding may partially account for the antiserotoninergic drug enhancement in righting ability that was demonstrated in the drug-treated dystrophic chickens.
Collapse
|
33
|
Duncan CJ. Role of intracellular calcium in promoting muscle damage: a strategy for controlling the dystrophic condition. EXPERIENTIA 1978; 34:1531-5. [PMID: 365566 DOI: 10.1007/bf02034655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is suggested that various muscle diseases and examples of experimentally-induced muscle damage arise because of a high calcium level in the myoplasm. When [Ca2+]i is raised experimentally in amphibian or mammaliam muscle by treatment with A23187 or caffeine, myofilament degradation follows quickly. Such a rapid action suggests the involvement of a sequence of proteolytic activity that is stimulated by a rise in [Ca2+]i. Ca2+ might either trigger protease activity directly or indirectly, or promote the release of lysosomal enzymes. A high [Ca2+]i in dystrophic muscle is believed to be the resultant of a sequence of events that is summarized in the figure. Suggestions are presented for different ways in which the steady-state position of [Ca2+]i might ultimately be controlled for the clinical amelioration of some dystrophic conditions.
Collapse
|
34
|
Entrikin RK, Patterson GT, Weidoff PM, Wilson BW. Righting ability and skeletal muscle properties of phenytoin-treated dystrophic chickens. Exp Neurol 1978; 61:650-63. [PMID: 710572 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(78)90030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
35
|
Hudecki MS, Pollina C, Bhargava AK, Fitzpatrick JE, Privitera CA, Schmidt D. Effect of exercise on chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy. Exp Neurol 1978; 61:65-73. [PMID: 680074 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(78)90181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
36
|
Stracher A, McGowan EB, Shafiq SA. Muscular dystrophy: inhibition of degeneration in vivo with protease inhibitors. Science 1978; 200:50-1. [PMID: 635570 DOI: 10.1126/science.635570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The protease inhibitors leupeptin and pepstatin were used in vivo in genetically dystrophic chickens to determine their effects on the histological and biochemical changes observed in this disease. These compounds appear to delay the degeneration of muscle tissue which is characteristic of this disorder and thus may have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
|
37
|
Weinstock IM, Behrendt JR, Jones KB. Pyruvate kinase and creatine phosphokinase during development of the chicken with muscular dystrophy. Life Sci 1977; 21:1199-205. [PMID: 916817 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(77)90121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
38
|
Entrikin RK, Swanson KL, Weidoff PM, Patterson GT, Wilson BW. Avian muscular dystrophy: functional and biochemical improvement with diphenylhydantoin. Science 1977; 195:873-5. [PMID: 841310 DOI: 10.1126/science.841310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chicks affected with hereditary muscular dystrophy were injected twice daily with 20 milligrams of diphenylhydantoin per kilogram of body weight on days 1 to 40 after hatching. The righting ability of dystrophic chicks treated with diphenylhydantoin was improved compared to that of untreated dystrophic chicks, and acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced to normal levels in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscles.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chou TH, Hill EJ, Patnode R, Lequire V, Roelofs R, Park JH. Penicillamine Treatment of Hereditary Avian Muscular Dystrophy. Proc R Soc Med 1977. [DOI: 10.1177/00359157770700s328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Hsu Chou
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Darling Memorial Center, Grace Hospital, 4160 John R Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Edward J Hill
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Darling Memorial Center, Grace Hospital, 4160 John R Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Roger Patnode
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Darling Memorial Center, Grace Hospital, 4160 John R Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Virgil Lequire
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Darling Memorial Center, Grace Hospital, 4160 John R Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Robert Roelofs
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Darling Memorial Center, Grace Hospital, 4160 John R Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Jane H Park
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Darling Memorial Center, Grace Hospital, 4160 John R Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chou TH, Hill EJ, Patnode R, LeQuire V, Roelofs R, Park JH. Penicillamine treatment of hereditary avian muscular dystrophy. Proc R Soc Med 1977; 70 Suppl 3:89-93. [PMID: 122684 PMCID: PMC1543587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T H Chou
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Darling Memorial Center, Grace Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Patnode R, Bartle E, Hill EJ, LeQuire V, Park JH. Enzymological studies on hereditary avian muscular dystrophy. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
42
|
Levine L, Wy KY, Herrmann H. Decreased levels of an inhibitor of prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase activity in chick dystrophic breast muscle. Nature 1976; 260:791-3. [PMID: 1264257 DOI: 10.1038/260791a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
It is suggested that the mechanism of muscle-cell necrosis in various muscle diseases is explained by an increased net influx of calcium into cells which triggers a "vicious cycle" of mitochondrial calcium overloading and energy depletion. If correct, this hypothesis may offer the basis of a more rational treatment of some muscle diseases even before their primary aetiology is known.
Collapse
|