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Blazkova J, Whitehead EJ, Schneck R, Shi V, Justement JS, Rai MA, Kennedy BD, Manning MR, Praiss L, Gittens K, Wender PA, Oguz C, Lack J, Moir S, Chun TW. Immunologic and Virologic Parameters Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) DNA Reservoir Size in People With HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1770-1780. [PMID: 38128541 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of the dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs in CD4+ T cells of people with HIV (PWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for developing therapies to eradicate the virus. METHODS We conducted a study involving 28 aviremic PWH receiving ART with high and low levels of HIV DNA. We analyzed immunologic and virologic parameters and their association with the HIV reservoir size. RESULTS The frequency of CD4+ T cells carrying HIV DNA was associated with higher pre-ART plasma viremia, lower pre-ART CD4+ T-cell counts, and lower pre-ART CD4/CD8 ratios. During ART, the High group maintained elevated levels of intact HIV proviral DNA, cell-associated HIV RNA, and inducible virion-associated HIV RNA. HIV sequence analysis showed no evidence for preferential accumulation of defective proviruses nor higher frequencies of clonal expansion in the High versus Low group. Phenotypic and functional T-cell analyses did not show enhanced immune-mediated virologic control in the Low versus High group. Of considerable interest, pre-ART innate immunity was significantly higher in the Low versus High group. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that innate immunity at the time of ART initiation may play an important role in modulating the dynamics and persistence of viral reservoirs in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blazkova
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Emily J Whitehead
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Rachel Schneck
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Victoria Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - J Shawn Justement
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - M Ali Rai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Brooke D Kennedy
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Maegan R Manning
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Lauren Praiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Kathleen Gittens
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul A Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, California
| | - Cihan Oguz
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Justin Lack
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
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2
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Ngo C, Garrec C, Tomasello E, Dalod M. The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in immunity during viral infections and beyond. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01167-5. [PMID: 38777879 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I and III interferons (IFNs) are essential for antiviral immunity and act through two different but complimentary pathways. First, IFNs activate intracellular antimicrobial programs by triggering the upregulation of a broad repertoire of viral restriction factors. Second, IFNs activate innate and adaptive immunity. Dysregulation of IFN production can lead to severe immune system dysfunction. It is thus crucial to identify and characterize the cellular sources of IFNs, their effects, and their regulation to promote their beneficial effects and limit their detrimental effects, which can depend on the nature of the infected or diseased tissues, as we will discuss. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) can produce large amounts of all IFN subtypes during viral infection. pDCs are resistant to infection by many different viruses, thus inhibiting the immune evasion mechanisms of viruses that target IFN production or their downstream responses. Therefore, pDCs are considered essential for the control of viral infections and the establishment of protective immunity. A thorough bibliographical survey showed that, in most viral infections, despite being major IFN producers, pDCs are actually dispensable for host resistance, which is achieved by multiple IFN sources depending on the tissue. Moreover, primary innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses are only transiently affected in the absence of pDCs. More surprisingly, pDCs and their IFNs can be detrimental in some viral infections or autoimmune diseases. This makes the conservation of pDCs during vertebrate evolution an enigma and thus raises outstanding questions about their role not only in viral infections but also in other diseases and under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Ngo
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Garrec
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Elena Tomasello
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Marc Dalod
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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3
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Passaes C, Desjardins D, Chapel A, Monceaux V, Lemaitre J, Mélard A, Perdomo-Celis F, Planchais C, Gourvès M, Dimant N, David A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Barrail-Tran A, Gouget H, Guillaume C, Relouzat F, Lambotte O, Guedj J, Müller-Trutwin M, Mouquet H, Rouzioux C, Avettand-Fenoël V, Le Grand R, Sáez-Cirión A. Early antiretroviral therapy favors post-treatment SIV control associated with the expansion of enhanced memory CD8 + T-cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:178. [PMID: 38212337 PMCID: PMC10784587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV remission can be achieved in some people, called post-treatment HIV controllers, after antiretroviral treatment discontinuation. Treatment initiation close to the time of infection was suggested to favor post-treatment control, but the circumstances and mechanisms leading to this outcome remain unclear. Here we evaluate the impact of early (week 4) vs. late (week 24 post-infection) treatment initiation in SIVmac251-infected male cynomolgus macaques receiving 2 years of therapy before analytical treatment interruption. We show that early treatment strongly promotes post-treatment control, which is not related to a lower frequency of infected cells at treatment interruption. Rather, early treatment favors the development of long-term memory CD8+ T cells with enhanced proliferative and SIV suppressive capacity that are able to mediate a robust secondary-like response upon viral rebound. Our model allows us to formally demonstrate a link between treatment initiation during primary infection and the promotion of post-treatment control and provides results that may guide the development of new immunotherapies for HIV remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anaïs Chapel
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Adeline Mélard
- Université Paris Cité; INSERM, U1016; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Maël Gourvès
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France
| | - Nastasia Dimant
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Annie David
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Aurélie Barrail-Tran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Pharmacie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Hélène Gouget
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Guillaume
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP. Hôpital Bicêtre, Clinical Immunology Department, 94270, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérémie Guedj
- Université Paris Cité, IAME, INSERM, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- Université Paris Cité/APHP Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoël
- Université Paris Cité; INSERM, U1016; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- APHP Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France.
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4
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Dinh V, de Armas LR, Pallikkuth S, Pahwa R, Rinaldi S, Dang C, Kizhner A, Cotugno N, Palma P, Ismael N, Vaz P, Lain MG, Pahwa S. Longitudinal analysis of innate immune system in infants with perinatal HIV infection until 18 months of age. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.21.568007. [PMID: 38045254 PMCID: PMC10690219 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), perinatal HIV infection is declining globally but prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa is still greater than other nations. The relationship of HIV replication in early infancy and the developing immune system is not well understood. In this study, we investigated cellular components of the innate immune system including Natural Killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and Dendritic Cells (DC) in a cohort of HIV exposed infected (HEI) and age-matched HIV exposed uninfected (HEU) infants from Mozambique. Study entry was at the first visit after delivery at age 1-2 months for HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART. Phenotypic analysis by multi-parameter flow cytometry revealed an expansion of total NK cells and the dysfunctional, CD56-CD16+, NK cell subset; increased activation in monocytes and DC; and higher levels of inflammatory homing receptor CCR5 on circulating DC subsets in the HEI infants. NKG2A, an inhibitory receptor for NK cytolytic function, was reduced in HEI compared to HEU and positively correlated with pre-ART viral load (VL) while expression of CCR2, the inflammatory homing receptor, on NK was negatively correlated with VL. Other subsets exhibited positive correlations with VL including the frequency of intermediate monocytes amongst total monocytes. Longitudinal analysis of VL indicated suboptimal ART adherence in HEI. Regardless of level of viral suppression achieved, the frequencies of specific innate immune subsets in HEI were normalized to HEU by 18m. These data support the notion that in early life, NK cells play a role in virus control and should be explored for functional attributes that are effective against HIV at this time during development. Overall, our study provides high resolution overview of the innate immune system during perinatal HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Dinh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lesley R. de Armas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christine Dang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alexander Kizhner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Clinical and Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Clinical and Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - Nália Ismael
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Marracuene, Mozambique
| | - Paula Vaz
- Fundação Ariel Glaser Contra O Sida Pediátrico, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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5
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Landovitz RJ, Scott H, Deeks SG. Prevention, treatment and cure of HIV infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:657-670. [PMID: 37344551 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral therapy for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection has been marked by a series of remarkable successes. However, the efforts to develop a vaccine have largely failed, and efforts to discover a cure are only now beginning to gain traction. In this Review, we describe recent progress on all fronts - pre-exposure prophylaxis, vaccines, treatment and cure - and we discuss the unmet needs, both current and in the coming years. We describe the emerging arsenal of drugs, biologics and strategies that will hopefully address these needs. Although HIV research has largely been siloed in the past, this is changing, as the emerging research agenda is marked by multiple cross-discipline synergies and collaborations. As the limitations of antiretroviral drugs as a means to truly end the epidemic are becoming more apparent, there is a great need for continued efforts to develop an effective preventative vaccine and a scalable cure, both of which remain formidable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J Landovitz
- Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyman Scott
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Guo X, He C, Xin S, Gao H, Wang B, Liu X, Zhang S, Gong F, Yu X, Pan L, Sun F, Xu J. Current perspective on biological properties of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and dysfunction in gut. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1005. [PMID: 37773693 PMCID: PMC10510335 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a subtype of DC, possess unique developmental, morphological, and functional traits that have sparked much debate over the years whether they should be categorized as DCs. The digestive system has the greatest mucosal tissue overall, and the pDC therein is responsible for shaping the adaptive and innate immunity of the gastrointestinal tract, resisting pathogen invasion through generating type I interferons, presenting antigens, and participating in immunological responses. Therefore, its alleged importance in the gut has received a lot of attention in recent years, and a fresh functional overview is still required. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mouse and human pDCs, ranging from their formation and different qualities compared with related cell types to their functional characteristics in intestinal disorders, including colon cancer, infections, autoimmune diseases, and intestinal graft-versus-host disease. The purpose of this review is to convey our insights, demonstrate the limits of existing research, and lay a theoretical foundation for the rational development and use of pDCs in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueran Guo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Beijing An Zhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuzi Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center HospitalPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Boya Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Peking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sitian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fengrong Gong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinyi Yu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Luming Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fangling Sun
- Department of Laboratory Animal Research, Xuan Wu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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7
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Masenga SK, Mweene BC, Luwaya E, Muchaili L, Chona M, Kirabo A. HIV-Host Cell Interactions. Cells 2023; 12:1351. [PMID: 37408185 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus. A thorough understanding of the molecular interaction of HIV with the host cell is essential in the development of both preventive and curative therapies for HIV infection. This review highlights several inherent mechanisms of HIV that promote its survival and propagation, such as the targeting of CD4+ lymphocytes, the downregulation of MHC class I and II, antigenic variation and an envelope complex that minimizes antibody access, and how they collaboratively render the immune system unable to mount an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Bislom C Mweene
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Emmanuel Luwaya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Lweendo Muchaili
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Makondo Chona
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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8
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George AF, Roan NR. Advances in HIV Research Using Mass Cytometry. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:76-85. [PMID: 36689119 PMCID: PMC9869313 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes how advances in CyTOF and high-dimensional analysis methods have furthered our understanding of HIV transmission, pathogenesis, persistence, and immunity. RECENT FINDINGS CyTOF has generated important insight on several aspects of HIV biology: (1) the differences between cells permissive to productive vs. latent HIV infection, and the HIV-induced remodeling of infected cells; (2) factors that contribute to the persistence of the long-term HIV reservoir, in both blood and tissues; and (3) the impact of HIV on the immune system, in the context of both uncontrolled and controlled infection. CyTOF and high-dimensional analysis tools have enabled in-depth assessment of specific host antigens remodeled by HIV, and have revealed insights into the features of HIV-infected cells enabling them to survive and persist, and of the immune cells that can respond to and potentially control HIV replication. CyTOF and other related high-dimensional phenotyping approaches remain powerful tools for translational research, and applied HIV to cohort studies can inform on mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis and persistence, and potentially identify biomarkers for viral eradication or control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley F George
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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9
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Abbas F, Cenac C, Youness A, Azar P, Delobel P, Guéry JC. HIV-1 infection enhances innate function and TLR7 expression in female plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202201452. [PMID: 36271499 PMCID: PMC9441429 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that the TLR7-driven innate function of pDCs is increased in HIV/ART women and is associated with enhanced expression of the TLR7 locus from both X chromosomes. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) express TLR7, a ssRNA-sensor encoded on the X chromosome, which escapes X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in females. pDCs are specialized in the production of type 1 interferons (IFN-I) through TLR7 activation which mediates both immune cell activation and also reactivation of latent HIV-1. The effect of HIV-1 infection in women under antiretroviral therapy (ART) on pDC functional responses remains poorly understood. Here, we show that pDCs from HIV/ART women exhibit exacerbated production of IFN-α and TNF-α compared with uninfected controls (UC) upon TLR7 activation. Because TLR7 can escape XCI in female pDCs, we measured the contribution of TLR7 allelic expression using SNP haplotypic markers to rigorously tag the allele of origin of TLR7 gene at single-cell resolution. Herein, we provide evidence that the enhanced functional response of pDCs in HIV/ART women is associated with higher transcriptional activity of the TLR7 locus from both X chromosomes, rather than differences in the frequency of TLR7 biallelic cells. These data reinforce the interest in targeting the HIV-1 reservoir using TLR7 agonists in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Abbas
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Cenac
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ali Youness
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Azar
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunological studies of spontaneous HIV and simian virus (SIV) controllers have identified virus-specific CD8 + T cells as a key immune mechanism of viral control. The purpose of this review is to consider how knowledge about the mechanisms that are associated with CD8 + T cell control of HIV/SIV in natural infection can be harnessed in HIV remission strategies. RECENT FINDINGS We discuss characteristics of CD8 + T-cell responses that may be critical for suppressing HIV replication in spontaneous controllers comprising HIV antigen recognition including specific human leukocyte antigen types, broadly cross-reactive T cell receptors and epitope targeting, enhanced expansion and antiviral functions, and localization of virus-specific T cells near sites of reservoir persistence. We also discuss the need to better understand the timing of CD8 + T-cell responses associated with viral control of HIV/SIV during acute infection and after treatment interruption as well as the mechanisms by which HIV/SIV-specific CD8 + T cells coordinate with other immune responses to achieve control. SUMMARY We propose implications as to how this knowledge from natural infection can be applied in the design and evaluation of CD8 + T-cell-based remission strategies and offer questions to consider as these strategies target distinct CD8 + T-cell-dependent mechanisms of viral control.
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11
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Adams P, Berkhout B, Pasternak AO. Towards a molecular profile of antiretroviral therapy-free HIV remission. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:301-307. [PMID: 35938464 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current status and highlight recent findings on predictive biomarkers for posttreatment HIV control (PTC) and virological remission. While historically, many studies focused on virological markers, there is an increasing tendency to enter immune and metabolic factors into the equation. RECENT FINDINGS On the virological side, several groups reported that cell-associated HIV RNA could predict time to viral rebound. Recent data hints at the possible importance of the genic location and chromatin context of the integrated provirus, although these factors still need to be assessed in relation to PTC and virological remission. Evidence from immunological studies highlighted innate and humoral immunity as important factors for prolonged HIV remission. Interestingly, novel metabolic markers have emerged, which offer additional angles to our understanding of latency and viral rebound. SUMMARY Facilitating PTC and virological remission remain top priorities for the HIV cure research. We advocate for clear and precise definitions for both phenomena in order to avoid misconceptions and to strengthen the conclusions that can be drawn. As no one-size-fits-all marker has emerged yet, more biomarkers are on the horizon, and viral rebound is a complex and heterogeneous process, it is likely that a combination of various biomarkers in cohesion will be necessary for a more accurate prediction of antiretroviral therapy-free HIV remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Adams
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Board NL, Moskovljevic M, Wu F, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JD. Engaging innate immunity in HIV-1 cure strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:499-512. [PMID: 34824401 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) can block multiple stages of the HIV-1 life cycle to prevent progression to AIDS in people living with HIV-1. However, owing to the persistence of a reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells, life-long ART is necessary to prevent viral rebound. One strategy currently under consideration for curing HIV-1 infection is known as 'shock and kill'. This strategy uses latency-reversing agents to induce expression of HIV-1 genes, allowing for infected cells to be cleared by cytolytic immune cells. The role of innate immunity in HIV-1 pathogenesis is best understood in the context of acute infection. Here, we suggest that innate immunity can also be used to improve the efficacy of HIV-1 cure strategies, with a particular focus on dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells. We discuss novel latency-reversing agents targeting DCs as well as DC-based strategies to enhance the clearance of infected cells by CD8+ T cells and strategies to improve the killing activity of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Board
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milica Moskovljevic
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Kreider EF, Bar KJ. HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence and Decay: Implications for Cure Strategies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:194-206. [PMID: 35404007 PMCID: PMC10443186 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), a viral reservoir persists in individuals living with HIV that can reignite systemic replication should treatment be interrupted. Understanding how HIV-1 persists through effective ART is essential to develop cure strategies to induce ART-free virus remission. RECENT FINDINGS The HIV-1 reservoir resides in a pool of CD4-expressing cells as a range of viral species, a subset of which is genetically intact. Recent studies suggest that the reservoir on ART is highly dynamic, with expansion and contraction of virus-infected cells over time. Overall, the intact proviral reservoir declines faster than defective viruses, suggesting enhanced immune clearance or cellular turnover. Upon treatment interruption, rebound viruses demonstrate escape from adaptive and innate immune responses, implicating these selective pressures in restriction of virus reactivation. Cure strategies employing immunotherapy are poised to test whether host immune pressure can be augmented to enhance reservoir suppression or clearance. Alternatively, genomic engineering approaches are being applied to directly eliminate intact viruses and shrink the replication-competent virus pool. New evidence suggests host immunity exerts selective pressure on reservoir viruses and clears HIV-1 infected cells over years on ART. Efforts to build on the detectable, but insufficient, reservoir clearance via empiric testing in clinical trials will inform our understanding of mechanisms of viral persistence and the direction of future cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Kreider
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall Room 130-150, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6073, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 502D Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104‑0673, USA.
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14
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Giron LB, Abdel-Mohsen M. Viral and Host Biomarkers of HIV Remission Post Treatment Interruption. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:217-233. [PMID: 35438384 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV rebound/remission after antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption is likely influenced by (a) the size of the inducible replication-competent HIV reservoir and (b) factors in the host environment that influence immunological pressures on this reservoir. Identifying viral and/or host biomarkers of HIV rebound after ART cessation may improve the safety of treatment interruptions and our understanding of how the viral-host interplay results in post-treatment control. Here we review the predictive and functional significance of recently suggested viral and host biomarkers of time to viral rebound and post-treatment control following ART interruption. RECENT FINDINGS There are currently no validated viral or host biomarkers of viral rebound; however, several biomarkers have been recently suggested. A combination of viral and host factors will likely be needed to predict viral rebound and to better understand the mechanisms contributing to post-treatment control of HIV, critical steps to developing a cure for HIV infection.
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15
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Navigating the complexity of chronic HIV-1 associated immune dysregulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 76:102186. [PMID: 35567953 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy, chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with ongoing immune dysfunction. Investigation of the complex immune response in treated and untreated individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection is warranted. Immune alterations such as monocyte phenotype and Th-17/Treg ratios often persist years after the reduction in viraemia and predispose many individuals to long-term comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease or cancer. Furthermore, while there has been extensive research on the latent reservoir of treated patients with chronic HIV-1, which prevents the discontinuation of treatment, the mechanism behind this remains elusive and needs further investigation. In this review, we assist in navigating the recent research on these groups of individuals and provide a basis for further investigation.
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16
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Deeks SG, Archin N, Cannon P, Collins S, Jones RB, de Jong MAWP, Lambotte O, Lamplough R, Ndung'u T, Sugarman J, Tiemessen CT, Vandekerckhove L, Lewin SR. Research priorities for an HIV cure: International AIDS Society Global Scientific Strategy 2021. Nat Med 2021; 27:2085-2098. [PMID: 34848888 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV, lifelong treatment is required and there is no cure. HIV can integrate in the host genome and persist for the life span of the infected cell. These latently infected cells are not recognized as foreign because they are largely transcriptionally silent, but contain replication-competent virus that drives resurgence of the infection once ART is stopped. With a combination of immune activators, neutralizing antibodies, and therapeutic vaccines, some nonhuman primate models have been cured, providing optimism for these approaches now being evaluated in human clinical trials. In vivo delivery of gene-editing tools to either target the virus, boost immunity or protect cells from infection, also holds promise for future HIV cure strategies. In this Review, we discuss advances related to HIV cure in the last 5 years, highlight remaining knowledge gaps and identify priority areas for research for the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA.
| | - Nancie Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paula Cannon
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Olivier Lambotte
- University Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, UMR1184 INSERM CEA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | | | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University College London, London, UK
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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17
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Corley MJ, Pang APS, Rasmussen TA, Tolstrup M, Søgaard OS, Ndhlovu LC. Candidate host epigenetic marks predictive for HIV reservoir size, responsiveness to latency reversal, and viral rebound. AIDS 2021; 35:2269-2279. [PMID: 34482353 PMCID: PMC8563431 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify candidate host epigenetic biomarkers predicting latency reversal agents (LRA) efficacy and HIV-1 rebound kinetics during analytical treatment interruption (ATI). DESIGN Retrospective longitudinal epigenetic profiling study from 13 people with HIV (PWH) on virologically suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) that participated in a LRA (HDAC inhibitor) clinical trial (NCT01680094) and a subsequent optional ATI to monitor for viral recrudescence after ART cessation. METHODS Genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) in purified CD4+ T cells was measured at single-nucleotide resolution using the Infinium MethylationEPIC array. HIV-1 DNA and RNA measures were previously assessed by PCR-based methods and the association of DNAm levels at regulatory sites of the human genome were examined with reservoir size, responsiveness to LRA, and time to viral rebound following ATI. RESULTS A distinct set of 15 candidate DNAm sites in purified CD4+ T cells at baseline pre-LRA and pre-ATI significantly correlated with time to viral rebound. Eight of these DNAm sites occurred in genes linked to HIV-1 replication dynamics including (SEPSECS, cg19113954), (MALT1, cg15968021), (CPT1C, cg14318858), (CRTAM, cg10977115), (B4GALNT4, cg04663285), (IL10, cg16284789), (TFPI2, cg19645693), and (LIFR, cg26437306); with the remaining sites at intergenic regions containing regulatory elements. Moreover, baseline DNAm states related to total HIV-1 DNA levels and the fold change in unspliced cell-associated HIV RNA following LRA treatment. CONCLUSION Preexisting host epigenetic states may determine HIV-1 rebound kinetics and reservoir maintenance. These findings suggest integrating a suite of DNA methylation markers to improve optimal participant selection and drug regimen in future HIV cure clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Corley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Alina PS Pang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A. Rasmussen
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole S. Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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18
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How dendritic cells sense and respond to viral infections. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2217-2242. [PMID: 34623425 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to sense viral pathogens and orchestrate a proper immune response makes them one of the key players in antiviral immunity. Different DC subsets have complementing functions during viral infections, some specialize in antigen presentation and cross-presentation and others in the production of cytokines with antiviral activity, such as type I interferons. In this review, we summarize the latest updates concerning the role of DCs in viral infections, with particular focus on the complex interplay between DC subsets and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite being initiated by a vast array of immune receptors, DC-mediated antiviral responses often converge towards the same endpoint, that is the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of an adaptive immune response. Nonetheless, the inherent migratory properties of DCs make them a double-edged sword and often viral recognition by DCs results in further viral dissemination. Here we illustrate these various aspects of the antiviral functions of DCs and also provide a brief overview of novel antiviral vaccination strategies based on DCs targeting.
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19
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Naidoo KK, Ndumnego OC, Ismail N, Dong KL, Ndung'u T. Antigen Presenting Cells Contribute to Persistent Immune Activation Despite Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation During Hyperacute HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738743. [PMID: 34630420 PMCID: PMC8498034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced changes in immune cells during the acute phase of infection can cause irreversible immunological damage and predict the rate of disease progression. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains the most effective strategy for successful immune restoration in immunocompromised people living with HIV and the earlier ART is initiated after infection, the better the long-term clinical outcomes. Here we explored the effect of ART on peripheral antigen presenting cell (APC) phenotype and function in women with HIV-1 subtype C infection who initiated ART in the hyperacute phase (before peak viremia) or during chronic infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained longitudinally from study participants were used for immunophenotyping and functional analysis of monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) using multiparametric flow cytometry and matched plasma was used for measurement of inflammatory markers IL-6 and soluble CD14 (sCD14) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HIV infection was associated with expansion of monocyte and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) frequencies and perturbation of monocyte subsets compared to uninfected persons despite antiretroviral treatment during hyperacute infection. Expression of activation marker CD69 on monocytes and pDCs in early treated HIV was similar to uninfected individuals. However, despite early ART, HIV infection was associated with elevation of plasma IL-6 and sCD14 levels which correlated with monocyte activation. Furthermore, HIV infection with or without early ART was associated with downmodulation of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. Notably, early ART was associated with preserved toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced IFN-α responses of pDCs. Overall, this data provides evidence of the beneficial impact of ART initiated in hyperacute infection in preservation of APC functional cytokine production activity; but also highlights persistent inflammation facilitated by monocyte activation even after prolonged viral suppression and suggests the need for therapeutic interventions that target residual immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewreshini K Naidoo
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Nasreen Ismail
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Krista L Dong
- Females Rising Through Education, Support and Health, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Painter JD, Akbari O. Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells: Protectors in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727008. [PMID: 34489979 PMCID: PMC8416625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are the innate counterparts of Th2 cells and are critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis in a variety of tissues. Instead of expressing specific antigen receptors, ILC2s respond to external stimuli such as alarmins released from damage. These cells help control the delicate balance of inflammation in adipose tissue, which is a determinant of metabolic outcome. ILC2s play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through their protective effects on tissue homeostasis. A variety of crosstalk takes place between resident adipose cells and ILC2s, with each interaction playing a key role in controlling this balance. ILC2 effector function is associated with increased browning of adipose tissue and an anti-inflammatory immune profile. Trafficking and maintenance of ILC2 populations are critical for tissue homeostasis. The metabolic environment and energy source significantly affect the number and function of ILC2s in addition to affecting their interactions with resident cell types. How ILC2s react to changes in the metabolic environment is a clear determinant of the severity of disease. Treating sources of metabolic instability via critical immune cells provides a clear avenue for modulation of systemic homeostasis and new treatments of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Painter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 elite controllers encompass small populations of people infected with HIV-1 who can spontaneously control plasma viral loads below the limit of detection, in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Antiviral immune responses are likely to contribute to such an impressive HIV-1 disease outcome. In this review, we discuss recent novel findings regarding antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses in elite controllers. RECENT FINDINGS Elite controllers maintain a pool of infected cells in which intact HIV-1 proviruses are more frequently integrated into noncoding regions of the host genome, likely conferring a state of deep latency. This atypical viral reservoir configuration is best explained by potent antiviral immune responses that can successfully eliminate virally infected cells in which proviruses are integrated into permissive chromatin. However, identifying the specific type and nature of this immune selection pressure represents a formidable challenge. Recent studies continue to support the role of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells as the main driver of elite immune control of HIV-1, however, increasing evidence suggests that their role is complemented by a fine-tuned interplay with innate immune cell subsets. Therefore, the combination of different immune effector mechanisms may shape antiviral immunity in elite controllers. SUMMARY Understanding the complex immune mechanisms responsible for natural, drug-free HIV-1 control represents a premier avenue to find and develop interventions for a cure of HIV-1 infection. Future single-cell assays designed to uncover the full genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional and functional complexity of antiviral immune responses in elite controllers may allow us to define correlates of antiviral immune protection in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; 02139, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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SenGupta D, Brinson C, DeJesus E, Mills A, Shalit P, Guo S, Cai Y, Wallin JJ, Zhang L, Humeniuk R, Begley R, Geleziunas R, Mellors J, Wrin T, Jones N, Milush J, Ferre AL, Shacklett BL, Laird GM, Moldt B, Vendrame E, Brainard DM, Ramgopal M, Deeks SG. The TLR7 agonist vesatolimod induced a modest delay in viral rebound in HIV controllers after cessation of antiretroviral therapy. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/599/eabg3071. [PMID: 34162752 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists, in combination with other therapies, can induce sustained control of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in nonhuman primates. Here, we report the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1b clinical trial of an oral TLR7 agonist, vesatolimod, in HIV-1-infected controllers on antiretroviral therapy (ART). We randomized participants 2:1 to receive vesatolimod (n = 17) or placebo (n = 8) once every other week for a total of 10 doses while continuing on ART. ART was then interrupted, and the time to viral rebound was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Vesatolimod was associated with induction of immune cell activation, decreases in intact proviral DNA during ART, and a modest increase in time to rebound after ART was interrupted. The delayed viral rebound was predicted by the lower intact proviral DNA at the end of vesatolimod treatment (13 days after the final dose). Inferred pathway analysis suggested increased dendritic cell and natural killer cell cross-talk and an increase in cytotoxicity potential after vesatolimod dosing. Larger clinical studies will be necessary to assess the efficacy of vesatolimod-based combination therapies aimed at long-term control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Shalit
- Peter Shalit MD and Associates, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan Guo
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Liao Zhang
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Norman Jones
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milush
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven G Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Kazer SW, Walker BD, Shalek AK. Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection. Immunity 2021; 53:908-924. [PMID: 33207216 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the earliest immune responses following HIV infection is critical to inform future vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we review recent prospective human studies in at-risk populations that have provided insight into immune responses during acute infection, including additional relevant data from non-human primate (NHP) studies. We discuss the timing, nature, and function of the diverse immune responses induced, the onset of immune dysfunction, and the effects of early anti-retroviral therapy administration. Treatment at onset of viremia mitigates peripheral T and B cell dysfunction, limits seroconversion, and enhances cellular antiviral immunity despite persistence of infection in lymphoid tissues. We highlight pertinent areas for future investigation, and how application of high-throughput technologies, alongside targeted NHP studies, may elucidate immune response features to target in novel preventions and cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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24
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Tong O, Duette G, O’Neil TR, Royle CM, Rana H, Johnson B, Popovic N, Dervish S, Brouwer MAE, Baharlou H, Patrick E, Ctercteko G, Palmer S, Lee E, Hunter E, Harman AN, Cunningham AL, Nasr N. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009522. [PMID: 33872331 PMCID: PMC8084337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although HIV infection inhibits interferon responses in its target cells in vitro, interferon signatures can be detected in vivo soon after sexual transmission, mainly attributed to plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In this study, we examined the physiological contributions of pDCs to early HIV acquisition using coculture models of pDCs with myeloid DCs, macrophages and the resting central, transitional and effector memory CD4 T cell subsets. pDCs impacted infection in a cell-specific manner. In myeloid cells, HIV infection was decreased via antiviral effects, cell maturation and downregulation of CCR5 expression. In contrast, in resting memory CD4 T cells, pDCs induced a subset-specific increase in intracellular HIV p24 protein expression without any activation or increase in CCR5 expression, as measured by flow cytometry. This increase was due to reactivation rather than enhanced viral spread, as blocking HIV entry via CCR5 did not alter the increased intracellular p24 expression. Furthermore, the load and proportion of cells expressing HIV DNA were restricted in the presence of pDCs while reverse transcriptase and p24 ELISA assays showed no increase in particle associated reverse transcriptase or extracellular p24 production. In addition, pDCs also markedly induced the expression of CD69 on infected CD4 T cells and other markers of CD4 T cell tissue retention. These phenotypic changes showed marked parallels with resident memory CD4 T cells isolated from anogenital tissue using enzymatic digestion. Production of IFNα by pDCs was the main driving factor for all these results. Thus, pDCs may reduce HIV spread during initial mucosal acquisition by inhibiting replication in myeloid cells while reactivating latent virus in resting memory CD4 T cells and retaining them for immune clearance. IFNs constitute one of the first and most important innate immune controls to restrict initial viral replication and spread. As HIV has evolved mechanisms to block IFN-I induction in its target cells, but not in infiltrating pDCs, understanding how pDCs influence HIV infection of target cells upon initial transmission is critical to prevent or control initial infection. Therefore, we modelled the early events occurring immediately as HIV enters the human genital mucosa. We showed that IFNα secreting pDC compensated for HIV inhibition of IFN-I production in its target cells in two different ways: i) reduced infection in DCs and macrophages which would limit viral spread to resident or newly infiltrating memory CD4 T cells; ii) reactivation of latent HIV in all subsets of resting memory CD4 T cell subsets, accompanied by limited viral spread, upregulation of MHC-I and induction of a tissue retention phenotype. The increased HIV protein, MHC-I expression and retention may enhance exposure to CD8 T cell surveillance. This model suggests that IFNα reactivation of latent HIV combined with adoptive immunotherapy using CD8 T cells or those expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) could provide a novel ‘kick and kill’ approach to eradicate HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel Duette
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas R. O’Neil
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline M. Royle
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blake Johnson
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Popovic
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suat Dervish
- Westmead research Hub, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle A. E. Brouwer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eunok Lee
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Centre, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew N. Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (ALC); (NN)
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (ALC); (NN)
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Pasternak AO, Psomas CK, Berkhout B. Predicting Post-treatment HIV Remission: Does Size of the Viral Reservoir Matter? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:648434. [PMID: 33717047 PMCID: PMC7952863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.648434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and improves immune function. However, due to the persistence of long-lived HIV reservoirs, therapy interruption almost inevitably leads to a fast viral rebound. A small percentage of individuals who are able to control HIV replication for extended periods after therapy interruption are of particular interest because they may represent a model of long-term HIV remission without ART. These individuals are characterized by a limited viral reservoir and low reservoir measures can predict post-treatment HIV remission. However, most individuals with a low reservoir still experience fast viral rebound. In this Perspective, we discuss the possible reasons behind this and propose to develop an integral profile, composed of viral and host biomarkers, that could allow the accurate prediction of post-treatment HIV remission. We also propose to incorporate information on the chromatin context of the proviral integration sites into the characterization of the HIV reservoir, as this likely influences the reactivation capacity of latent proviruses and, together with the actual number of intact proviruses, contributes to the replication competence of the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christina K Psomas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, European Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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26
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Cohn LB, Deeks SG. The immune response fails to control HIV early in initial virus spread. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2803-2805. [PMID: 32338639 DOI: 10.1172/jci136886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Discontinued antiretroviral therapy (ART) results in uncontrolled HIV replication in most cases. How the virus population that persists during ART escapes immune control remains unknown. In this issue of the JCI, Mitchell and authors investigated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) from the blood of individuals living with HIV. After ART was discontinued and as the virus began to spread, an apparently functional pDC response emerged. Notably, these pDCs were initially capable of producing high levels of type I IFN, but rapidly lost this capacity, even before the virus became readily detectable in blood. This study suggests that dysfunctional pDCs are a key initial mechanism associated with poor HIV control. These innate immune responses might be targeted in the emerging efforts to cure HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian B Cohn
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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27
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Gondim MVP, Sherrill-Mix S, Bibollet-Ruche F, Russell RM, Trimboli S, Smith AG, Li Y, Liu W, Avitto AN, DeVoto JC, Connell J, Fenton-May AE, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Papasavvas E, Lorenzi JCC, Salantes DB, Mampe F, Monroy MA, Cohen YZ, Heath S, Saag MS, Montaner LJ, Collman RG, Siliciano JM, Siliciano RF, Plenderleith LJ, Sharp PM, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC, Shaw GM, Borrow P, Bar KJ, Hahn BH. Heightened resistance to host type 1 interferons characterizes HIV-1 at transmission and after antiretroviral therapy interruption. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd8179. [PMID: 33441429 PMCID: PMC7923595 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFN-I) are potent innate antiviral effectors that constrain HIV-1 transmission. However, harnessing these cytokines for HIV-1 cure strategies has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of their antiviral activities at later stages of infection. Here, we characterized the IFN-I sensitivity of 500 clonally derived HIV-1 isolates from the plasma and CD4+ T cells of 26 individuals sampled longitudinally after transmission or after antiretroviral therapy (ART) and analytical treatment interruption. We determined the concentration of IFNα2 and IFNβ that reduced viral replication in vitro by 50% (IC50) and found consistent changes in the sensitivity of HIV-1 to IFN-I inhibition both across individuals and over time. Resistance of HIV-1 isolates to IFN-I was uniformly high during acute infection, decreased in all individuals in the first year after infection, was reacquired concomitant with CD4+ T cell loss, and remained elevated in individuals with accelerated disease. HIV-1 isolates obtained by viral outgrowth during suppressive ART were relatively IFN-I sensitive, resembling viruses circulating just before ART initiation. However, viruses that rebounded after treatment interruption displayed the highest degree of IFNα2 and IFNβ resistance observed at any time during the infection course. These findings indicate a dynamic interplay between host innate responses and the evolving HIV-1 quasispecies, with the relative contribution of IFN-I to HIV-1 control affected by both ART and analytical treatment interruption. Although elevated at transmission, host innate pressures are the highest during viral rebound, limiting the viruses that successfully become reactivated from latency to those that are IFN-I resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V P Gondim
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Yingying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexa N Avitto
- Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia C DeVoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jesse Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK
| | - Ian Williams
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK
| | | | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Felicity Mampe
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Alexandra Monroy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Sonya Heath
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michael S Saag
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Luis J Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janet M Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lindsey J Plenderleith
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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