1
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Maffia P, Mauro C, Case A, Kemper C. Canonical and non-canonical roles of complement in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024:10.1038/s41569-024-01016-y. [PMID: 38600367 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, and atherosclerosis is the major contributor to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Immune responses have a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with the complement system being an acknowledged contributor. Chronic activation of liver-derived and serum-circulating canonical complement sustains endothelial inflammation and innate immune cell activation, and deposition of complement activation fragments on inflamed endothelial cells is a hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. However, increasing evidence indicates that liver-independent, cell-autonomous and non-canonical complement activities are underappreciated contributors to atherosclerosis. Furthermore, complement activation can also have atheroprotective properties. These specific detrimental or beneficial contributions of the complement system to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are dictated by the location of complement activation and engagement of its canonical versus non-canonical functions in a temporal fashion during atherosclerosis progression. In this Review, we summarize the classical and the emerging non-classical roles of the complement system in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discuss potential strategies for therapeutic modulation of complement for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Maffia
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance (ARUA) & The Guild, Accra, Ghana
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ayden Case
- Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Heeger PS, Haro MC, Jordan S. Translating B cell immunology to the treatment of antibody-mediated allograft rejection. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:218-232. [PMID: 38168662 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), including chronic AMR (cAMR), causes ~50% of kidney allograft losses each year. Despite attempts to develop well-tolerated and effective therapeutics for the management of AMR, to date, none has obtained FDA approval, thereby highlighting an urgent unmet medical need. Discoveries over the past decade from basic, translational and clinical studies of transplant recipients have provided a foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches to preventing and treating AMR and cAMR. These interventions are aimed at reducing donor-specific antibody levels, decreasing graft injury and fibrosis, and preserving kidney function. Innovative approaches emerging from basic science findings include targeting interactions between alloreactive T cells and B cells, and depleting alloreactive memory B cells, as well as donor-specific antibody-producing plasmablasts and plasma cells. Therapies aimed at reducing the cytotoxic antibody effector functions mediated by natural killer cells and the complement system, and their associated pro-inflammatory cytokines, are also undergoing evaluation. The complexity of the pathogenesis of AMR and cAMR suggest that multiple approaches will probably be required to treat these disease processes effectively. Definitive answers await results from large, double-blind, multicentre, randomized controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Heeger
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Carrera Haro
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Stanley Jordan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Steggerda JA, Heeger PS. The Promise of Complement Therapeutics in Solid Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00655. [PMID: 38361233 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Transplantation is the ideal therapy for end-stage organ failure, but outcomes for all transplant organs are suboptimal, underscoring the need to develop novel approaches to improve graft survival and function. The complement system, traditionally considered a component of innate immunity, is now known to broadly control inflammation and crucially contribute to induction and function of adaptive T-cell and B-cell immune responses, including those induced by alloantigens. Interest of pharmaceutical industries in complement therapeutics for nontransplant indications and the understanding that the complement system contributes to solid organ transplantation injury through multiple mechanisms raise the possibility that targeting specific complement components could improve transplant outcomes and patient health. Here, we provide an overview of complement biology and review the roles and mechanisms through which the complement system is pathogenically linked to solid organ transplant injury. We then discuss how this knowledge has been translated into novel therapeutic strategies to improve organ transplant outcomes and identify areas for future investigation. Although the clinical application of complement-targeted therapies in transplantation remains in its infancy, the increasing availability of new agents in this arena provides a rich environment for potentially transformative translational transplant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Steggerda
- Division of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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4
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Lee H, Park SH, Shin EC. IL-15 in T-Cell Responses and Immunopathogenesis. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e11. [PMID: 38455459 PMCID: PMC10917573 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
IL-15 belongs to the common gamma chain cytokine family and has pleiotropic immunological functions. IL-15 is a homeostatic cytokine essential for the development and maintenance of NK cells and memory CD8+ T cells. In addition, IL-15 plays a critical role in the activation, effector functions, tissue residency, and senescence of CD8+ T cells. IL-15 also activates virtual memory T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. Recently, IL-15 has been highlighted as a major trigger of TCR-independent activation of T cells. This mechanism is involved in T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis in diverse diseases, including viral infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. Deeper understanding of IL-15-mediated T-cell responses and their underlying mechanisms could optimize therapeutic strategies to ameliorate host injury by T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent advancements in comprehending the role of IL-15 in relation to T cell responses and immunopathogenesis under various host conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Lee
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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5
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Tsuda H, Keslar KS, Baldwin WM, Heeger PS, Valujskikh A, Fairchild RL. p40 homodimers bridge ischemic tissue inflammation and heterologous alloimmunity in mice via IL-15 transpresentation. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172760. [PMID: 38271093 PMCID: PMC10940089 DOI: 10.1172/jci172760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced memory T cells often express functional cross-reactivity, or heterologous immunity, to other viruses and to allogeneic MHC molecules that is an important component of pathogenic responses to allogeneic transplants. During immune responses, antigen-reactive naive and central memory T cells proliferate in secondary lymphoid organs to achieve sufficient cell numbers to effectively respond, whereas effector memory T cell proliferation occurs directly within the peripheral inflammatory microenvironment. Mechanisms driving heterologous memory T cell proliferation and effector function expression within peripheral tissues remain poorly understood. Here, we dissected proliferation of heterologous donor-reactive memory CD8+ T cells and their effector functions following infiltration into heart allografts with low or high intensities of ischemic inflammation. Proliferation within both ischemic conditions required p40 homodimer-induced IL-15 transpresentation by graft DCs, but expression of effector functions mediating acute allograft injury occurred only in high-ischemic allografts. Transcriptional responses of heterologous donor-reactive memory CD8+ T cells were distinct from donor antigen-primed memory CD8+ T cells during early activation in allografts and at graft rejection. Overall, the results provide insights into mechanisms driving heterologous effector memory CD8+ T cell proliferation and the separation between proliferation and effector function that is dependent on the intensity of inflammation within the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tsuda
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen S. Keslar
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter S. Heeger
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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6
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Franco-Acevedo A, Pathoulas CL, Murphy PA, Valenzuela NM. The Transplant Bellwether: Endothelial Cells in Antibody-Mediated Rejection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1276-1285. [PMID: 37844279 PMCID: PMC10593495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Ab-mediated rejection of organ transplants remains a stubborn, frequent problem affecting patient quality of life, graft function, and grant survival, and for which few efficacious therapies currently exist. Although the field has gained considerable knowledge over the last two decades on how anti-HLA Abs cause acute tissue injury and promote inflammation, there has been a gap in linking these effects with the chronic inflammation, vascular remodeling, and persistent alloimmunity that leads to deterioration of graft function over the long term. This review will discuss new data emerging over the last 5 y that provide clues into how ongoing Ab-endothelial cell interactions may shape vascular fate and propagate alloimmunity in organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Franco-Acevedo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Patrick A Murphy
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT
| | - Nicole M Valenzuela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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7
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Li X, Jiang Q, Song G, Barkestani MN, Wang Q, Wang S, Fan M, Fang C, Jiang B, Johnson J, Geirsson A, Tellides G, Pober JS, Jane-Wit D. A ZFYVE21-Rubicon-RNF34 signaling complex promotes endosome-associated inflammasome activity in endothelial cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3002. [PMID: 37225719 PMCID: PMC10209169 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Internalization of complement membrane attack complexes (MACs) assembles NLRP3 inflammasomes in endothelial cells (EC) and promotes IL-β-mediated tissue inflammation. Informed by proteomics analyses of FACS-sorted inflammasomes, we identify a protein complex modulating inflammasome activity on endosomes. ZFVYE21, a Rab5 effector, partners with Rubicon and RNF34, forming a "ZRR" complex that is stabilized in a Rab5- and ZFYVE21-dependent manner on early endosomes. There, Rubicon competitively disrupts inhibitory associations between caspase-1 and its pseudosubstrate, Flightless I (FliI), while RNF34 ubiquitinylates and degradatively removes FliI from the signaling endosome. The concerted actions of the ZRR complex increase pools of endosome-associated caspase-1 available for activation. The ZRR complex is assembled in human tissues, its associated signaling responses occur in three mouse models in vivo, and the ZRR complex promotes inflammation in a skin model of chronic rejection. The ZRR signaling complex reflects a potential therapeutic target for attenuating inflammasome-mediated tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guiyu Song
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Mahsa Nouri Barkestani
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qianxun Wang
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew Fan
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caodi Fang
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Dept of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Dept of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Justin Johnson
- Dept of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arnar Geirsson
- Dept of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Dept of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Dept of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dan Jane-Wit
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Dept of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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8
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Abstract
This Review examines the state-of-the-art in the delivery of nucleic acid therapies that are directed to the vascular endothelium. First, we review the most important homeostatic functions and properties of the vascular endothelium and summarize the nucleic acid tools that are currently available for gene therapy and nucleic acid delivery. Second, we consider the opportunities available with the endothelium as a therapeutic target and the experimental models that exist to evaluate the potential of those opportunities. Finally, we review the progress to date from investigations that are directly targeting the vascular endothelium: for vascular disease, for peri-transplant therapy, for angiogenic therapies, for pulmonary endothelial disease, and for the blood-brain barrier, ending with a summary of the future outlook in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - W. Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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9
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Waldmann TA, Waldmann R, Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The implications of IL-15 trans-presentation on the immune response. Adv Immunol 2022; 156:103-132. [PMID: 36410873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine type I four alpha-helical bundle cytokine that along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21 shares the common cytokine receptor γ chain, γc. IL-15 is vital for the development, survival, and expansion of natural killer cells and for the development of CD8+ memory T cells. Whereas other family γc cytokines signal by directly binding to their target cells, IL-15 is distinctive in that it binds to IL-15Rα, a sushi domain containing binding protein that is expressed on a number of cell types, including monocytes and dendritic cells as well as T cells, and then is trans-presented to responding cells that express IL-2Rβ and γc. This distinctive mechanism for IL-15 relates to its role in signaling in the context of cell-cell interactions and signaling synapses. The actions of IL-15 and ways of manipulating its actions to potential therapeutic benefit are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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10
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Albert C, Bracaglia L, Koide A, DiRito J, Lysyy T, Harkins L, Edwards C, Richfield O, Grundler J, Zhou K, Denbaum E, Ketavarapu G, Hattori T, Perincheri S, Langford J, Feizi A, Haakinson D, Hosgood SA, Nicholson ML, Pober JS, Saltzman WM, Koide S, Tietjen GT. Monobody adapter for functional antibody display on nanoparticles for adaptable targeted delivery applications. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5998. [PMID: 36220817 PMCID: PMC9553936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play a central role in the pathophysiology of many diseases. The use of targeted nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver therapeutics to ECs could dramatically improve efficacy by providing elevated and sustained intracellular drug levels. However, achieving sufficient levels of NP targeting in human settings remains elusive. Here, we overcome this barrier by engineering a monobody adapter that presents antibodies on the NP surface in a manner that fully preserves their antigen-binding function. This system improves targeting efficacy in cultured ECs under flow by >1000-fold over conventional antibody immobilization using amine coupling and enables robust delivery of NPs to the ECs of human kidneys undergoing ex vivo perfusion, a clinical setting used for organ transplant. Our monobody adapter also enables a simple plug-and-play capacity that facilitates the evaluation of a diverse array of targeted NPs. This technology has the potential to simplify and possibly accelerate both the development and clinical translation of EC-targeted nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Albert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - L Bracaglia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J DiRito
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - T Lysyy
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - L Harkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Edwards
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - O Richfield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Grundler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - K Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - E Denbaum
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Ketavarapu
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Hattori
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Perincheri
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Langford
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A Feizi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D Haakinson
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S A Hosgood
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M L Nicholson
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - W M Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - G T Tietjen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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Duneton C, Winterberg PD, Ford ML. Activation and regulation of alloreactive T cell immunity in solid organ transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:663-676. [PMID: 35902775 PMCID: PMC9968399 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation is the only curative treatment for patients with kidney failure but it poses unique immunological challenges that must be overcome to prevent allograft rejection and ensure long-term graft survival. Alloreactive T cells are important contributors to graft rejection, and a clearer understanding of the mechanisms by which these cells recognize donor antigens - through direct, indirect or semi-direct pathways - will facilitate their therapeutic targeting. Post-T cell priming rejection responses can also be modified by targeting pathways that regulate T cell trafficking, survival cytokines or innate immune activation. Moreover, the quantity and quality of donor-reactive memory T cells crucially shape alloimmune responses. Of note, many fundamental concepts in transplant immunology have been derived from models of infection. However, the programmed differentiation of allograft-specific T cell responses is probably distinct from that of pathogen-elicited responses, owing to the dearth of pathogen-derived innate immune activation in the transplantation setting. Understanding the fundamental (and potentially unique) immunological pathways that lead to allograft rejection is therefore a prerequisite for the rational development of therapeutics that promote transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Duneton
- Paediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pamela D Winterberg
- Paediatric Nephrology, Emory University Department of Paediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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Cumpelik A, Heeger PS. Effects of the complement system on antibody formation and function: implications for transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2022; 27:399-404. [PMID: 35857345 PMCID: PMC9474663 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In antibody-mediated allograft rejection, donor-reactive antibodies cause transplant injury in part via complement activation. New mechanistic insights indicate complement also modulates development of humoral immune responses. Herein we review recent data that describes how complement affects antibody formation and we discuss therapeutic implications. RECENT FINDINGS Extravasating T cells interacting with integrins express and activate intracellular complement that drives immune-metabolic adaptations vital for CD4 + helper cells. Marginal zone B cells can acquire intact major histocompatibility complexes from dendritic cells via complement-dependent trogocytosis for presentation to T cells. Activated B cells in germinal centers receive co-stimulatory signals from T-helper cells. These germinal center B cells undergo coordinate shifts in surface complement regulator expression that permit complement receptor signaling on the germinal center B cells required for affinity maturation. The positively selected, high-affinity B cells can differentiate into plasma cells that produce donor-HLA-reactive antibodies capable of ligating endothelial, among other, graft cells. Subsequent sublytic complement attack can stimulate endothelial cells to activate CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, promoting cellular and humoral rejection. Newly developed complement inhibitors are being tested to prevent/treat transplant rejection. SUMMARY The complement system influences T-cell, B-cell and endothelial-cell activation, and thereby contributes allograft injury. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting complement activation have the potential to prevent or abrogate transplant injury and improve transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Cumpelik
- Translational Transplant Research Center and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Song G, Wang S, Barkestani MN, Mullan C, Fan M, Jiang B, Jiang Q, Li X, Jane-wit D. Membrane attack complexes, endothelial cell activation, and direct allorecognition. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020889. [PMID: 36211400 PMCID: PMC9539657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form a critical immune interface regulating both the activation and trafficking of alloreactive T cells. In the setting of solid organ transplantation, donor-derived ECs represent sites where alloreactive T cells encounter major and minor tissue-derived alloantigens. During this initial encounter, ECs may formatively modulate effector responses of these T cells through expression of inflammatory mediators. Direct allorecognition is a process whereby recipient T cells recognize alloantigen in the context of donor EC-derived HLA molecules. Direct alloresponses are strongly modulated by human ECs and are galvanized by EC-derived inflammatory mediators. Complement are immune proteins that mark damaged or foreign surfaces for immune cell activation. Following labeling by natural IgM during ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) or IgG during antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR), the complement cascade is terminally activated in the vicinity of donor-derived ECs to locally generate the solid-phase inflammatory mediator, the membrane attack complex (MAC). Via upregulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules, costimulatory molecules, and cytokine trans-presentation, MAC strengthen EC:T cell direct alloresponses and qualitatively shape the alloimmune T cell response. These processes together promote T cell-mediated inflammation during solid organ transplant rejection. In this review we describe molecular pathways downstream of IgM- and IgG-mediated MAC assembly on ECs in the setting of IRI and ABMR of tissue allografts, respectively. We describe work demonstrating that MAC deposition on ECs generates ‘signaling endosomes’ that sequester and post-translationally enhance the stability of inflammatory signaling molecules to promote EC activation, a process potentiating EC-mediated direct allorecognition. Additionally, with consideration to first-in-human xenotransplantation procedures, we describe clinical therapeutics based on inhibition of the complement pathway. The complement cascade critically mediates EC activation and improved understanding of relevant effector pathways will uncover druggable targets to obviate dysregulated alloimmune T cell infiltration into tissue allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyu Song
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mahsa Nouri Barkestani
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Clancy Mullan
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew Fan
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xue Li
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Jane-wit
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cardiology, West Haven VA Medical Center, West Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Dan Jane-wit,
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14
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Kim TS, Rha MS, Shin EC. IFN-γ Induces IL-15 Trans-Presentation by Epithelial Cells via IRF1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:338-346. [PMID: 34893528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 exhibits pleiotropic effects on NK and CD8+ T cells and contributes to host protection or immunopathology during infection. Although both type I IFNs and IFN-γ upregulate IL-15 expression, their effects on IL-15 upregulation and underlying mechanisms have not been compared comprehensively. In addition, little is known about trans-presentation of IL-15 by epithelial cells to lymphocytes. In this study, we analyzed the expression of IL-15 and IL-15Rα in the human hepatocyte-derived Huh-7 cell line after stimulation with IFN-α, IFN-β, or IFN-γ using RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. We also performed knockdown experiments to investigate the signaling pathway involved in IL-15 upregulation. IFN-γ more potently upregulated IL-15 expression in Huh-7 cells than IFN-α and IFN-β. Knockdown experiments revealed that IFN-γ- and IFN-β-induced IL-15 expression relied on IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), which is upregulated by STAT1 and IFN-stimulated gene factor 3, respectively. Inhibitor of κB kinase α/β was also involved in IFN-γ-induced upregulation of IL-15. Furthermore, human NK cells were activated by coculture with IFN-γ-treated Huh-7 cells, which was abrogated by knocking down IL-15Rα in IFN-γ-treated Huh-7 cells, indicating that IFN-γ-induced IL-15 on Huh-7 cells activates NK cells via trans-presentation. In summary, our data demonstrate that IFN-γ potently elicits IL-15 trans-presentation by epithelial cells via IRF1. These data also suggest that the IFN-γ-IRF1-IL-15 axis may be a regulatory target for the treatment of diseases with IL-15 dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Shin Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; .,The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Pober JS, Chih S, Kobashigawa J, Madsen JC, Tellides G. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: current review and future research directions. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2624-2638. [PMID: 34343276 PMCID: PMC8783389 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a pathologic immune-mediated remodelling of the vasculature in transplanted hearts and, by impairing perfusion, is the major cause of late graft loss. Although best understood following cardiac transplantation, similar forms of allograft vasculopathy occur in other vascularized organ grafts and some features of CAV may be shared with other immune-mediated vasculopathies. Here, we describe the incidence and diagnosis, the nature of the vascular remodelling, immune and non-immune contributions to pathogenesis, current therapies, and future areas of research in CAV.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology
- Coronary Artery Disease/immunology
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/immunology
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Graft Rejection/epidemiology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/metabolism
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Graft Survival
- Heart Transplantation/adverse effects
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/immunology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Risk Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Treatment Outcome
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Pathology and Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven CT 06520-8089, USA
| | - Sharon Chih
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jon Kobashigawa
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joren C Madsen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery (Cardiac Surgery), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Mikelez-Alonso I, Magadán S, González-Fernández Á, Borrego F. Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapies and the many faces of NK cell memory: A look into how nanoparticles enhance NK cell activity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113860. [PMID: 34237404 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes able to exert potent antitumor and antiviral functions by different means. Besides their classification as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), NK cells exhibit memory-like and memory responses after cytokine preactivation, viral infections and hapten exposure. Multiple NK cell-based immunotherapies have been developed and are currently being tested, including the possibility to translate the NK cell memory responses into the clinic. Nevertheless, still there is a need to improve these therapies, especially for the treatment of solid tumors, and nanotechnology represents an attractive option to increase NK cell effector functions against transformed cells. In this article, we review the basis of NK cell activity, the diversity of the NK cell memory responses and the current NK cell-based immunotherapies that are being used in the clinic. Furthermore, we take a look into nanotechnology-based strategies targeting NK cells to modulate their responses for effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Mikelez-Alonso
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain; Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Susana Magadán
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Vigo, Spain; Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Vigo, Spain; Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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17
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Di Pilato M, Kfuri-Rubens R, Pruessmann JN, Ozga AJ, Messemaker M, Cadilha BL, Sivakumar R, Cianciaruso C, Warner RD, Marangoni F, Carrizosa E, Lesch S, Billingsley J, Perez-Ramos D, Zavala F, Rheinbay E, Luster AD, Gerner MY, Kobold S, Pittet MJ, Mempel TR. CXCR6 positions cytotoxic T cells to receive critical survival signals in the tumor microenvironment. Cell 2021; 184:4512-4530.e22. [PMID: 34343496 PMCID: PMC8719451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumors are maintained by stem-like memory cells that self-renew but also give rise to effector-like cells. The latter gradually lose their anti-tumor activity and acquire an epigenetically fixed, hypofunctional state, leading to tumor tolerance. Here, we show that the conversion of stem-like into effector-like CTLs involves a major chemotactic reprogramming that includes the upregulation of chemokine receptor CXCR6. This receptor positions effector-like CTLs in a discrete perivascular niche of the tumor stroma that is densely occupied by CCR7+ dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the CXCR6 ligand CXCL16. CCR7+ DCs also express and trans-present the survival cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15). CXCR6 expression and IL-15 trans-presentation are critical for the survival and local expansion of effector-like CTLs in the tumor microenvironment to maximize their anti-tumor activity before progressing to irreversible dysfunction. These observations reveal a cellular and molecular checkpoint that determines the magnitude and outcome of anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Di Pilato
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Raphael Kfuri-Rubens
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jasper N Pruessmann
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandra J Ozga
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marius Messemaker
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruno L Cadilha
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramya Sivakumar
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chiara Cianciaruso
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ross D Warner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Francesco Marangoni
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Esteban Carrizosa
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefanie Lesch
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - James Billingsley
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 21205, USA
| | - Daniel Perez-Ramos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Esther Rheinbay
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Nosalski R, Guzik TJ. IL-15 and IL-7: keys to dysregulated inflammation in acute coronary syndromes. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1806-1808. [PMID: 34086884 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Nosalski
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. sw. Anny 12, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. sw. Anny 12, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
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19
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Xie CB, Zhou J, Mackay S, Pober JS. Complement-activated human endothelial cells stimulate increased polyfunctionality in alloreactive T cells. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1902-1909. [PMID: 33415805 PMCID: PMC8096653 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated deposition of complement membrane attack complexes (MACs) on IFN-γ-primed human endothelial cells (ECs) triggers autocrine/paracrine IL-1β-mediated EC activation and IL-15 transpresentation to alloreactive effector memory T cells (TEM ), changes that enable ECs to increase T cell proliferation and cytokine release. Here, we report the use of single-cell microchip 32-plex proteomics to more deeply assess the functionality of the activated T cells and dependence upon EC-derived signals. Compared to control ECs, MAC-activated human ECs increase both the frequency and degree of polyfunctionality among both CD4+ and CD8+ -proliferated TEM , assessed as secreted proteins. IFN-γ and TNF-α remain the predominant cytokines made by alloreactive TEM , but a few CD4+ TEM also made IL-4 while more CD8+ TEM made perforin and granzyme B. Increased polyfunctionality was attenuated by treatment of the MAC-activated ECs with anti-IL-15 blocking antibody more effectively than IL-1 receptor blockade. The increased polyfunctionality of T cells resulting from interactions with MAC-activated ECs may further link binding of donor-specific antibody to T cell-mediated allograft pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Xie
- Dept of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- IsoPlexis Corporation, Branford, CT, USA
| | | | - Jordan S. Pober
- Dept of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Valenzuela NM. IFNγ, and to a Lesser Extent TNFα, Provokes a Sustained Endothelial Costimulatory Phenotype. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648946. [PMID: 33936069 PMCID: PMC8082142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial cells (EC) are critical for regulation of local immune responses, through coordination of leukocyte recruitment from the blood and egress into the tissue. Growing evidence supports an additional role for endothelium in activation and costimulation of adaptive immune cells. However, this function remains somewhat controversial, and the full repertoire and durability of an enhanced endothelial costimulatory phenotype has not been wholly defined. Methods Human endothelium was stimulated with continuous TNFα or IFNγ for 1-48hr; or primed with TNFα or IFNγ for only 3hr, before withdrawal of stimulus for up to 45hr. Gene expression of cytokines, costimulatory molecules and antigen presentation molecules was measured by Nanostring, and publicly available datasets of EC stimulation with TNFα or IFNγ were leveraged to further corroborate the results. Cell surface protein expression was detected by flow cytometry, and secretion of cytokines was assessed by Luminex and ELISA. Key findings were confirmed in primary human endothelial cells from 4-6 different vascular beds. Results TNFα triggered mostly positive immune checkpoint molecule expression on endothelium, including CD40, 4-1BB, and ICOSLG but in the context of only HLA class I and immunoproteasome subunits. IFNγ promoted a more tolerogenic phenotype of high PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression with both HLA class I and class II molecules and antigen processing genes. Both cytokines elicited secretion of IL-15 and BAFF/BLyS, with TNFα stimulated EC additionally producing IL-6, TL1A and IL-1β. Moreover, endothelium primed for a short period (3hr) with TNFα mostly failed to alter the costimulatory phenotype 24-48hr later, with only somewhat augmented expression of HLA class I. In contrast, brief exposure to IFNγ was sufficient to cause late expression of antigen presentation, cytokines and costimulatory molecules. In particular HLA class I, PD-1 ligand and cytokine expression was markedly high on endothelium two days after IFNγ was last present. Conclusions Endothelia from multiple vascular beds possess a wide range of other immune checkpoint molecules and cytokines that can shape the adaptive immune response. Our results further demonstrate that IFNγ elicits prolonged signaling that persists days after initiation and is sufficient to trigger substantial gene expression changes and immune phenotype in vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Valenzuela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Wang X, Zhao XY. Transcription Factors Associated With IL-15 Cytokine Signaling During NK Cell Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:610789. [PMID: 33815365 PMCID: PMC8013977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.610789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes primarily involved in innate immunity and possess important functional properties in anti-viral and anti-tumor responses; thus, these cells have broad potential for clinical utilization. NK cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through the following two independent and continuous processes: early commitment from HSCs to IL-15-responsive NK cell progenitors (NKPs) and subsequent differentiation into mature NK cells in response to IL-15. IL-15 is the most important cytokine for NK cell development, is produced by both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells, and functions through a distinct delivery process termed transpresentation. Upon being transpresented to NK cells, IL-15 contributes to NK cell development via the activation of several downstream signaling pathways, including the Ras-MEK-MAPK, JAK-STAT5, and PI3K-ATK-mTOR pathways. Nonetheless, the exact role of IL-15 in NK cell development has not been discussed in a consecutive and comprehensive manner. Here, we review current knowledge about the indispensable role of IL-15 in NK cell development and address which cells produce IL-15 to support NK cell development and when IL-15 exerts its function during multiple developmental stages. Specifically, we highlight how IL-15 supports NK cell development by elucidating the distinct transpresentation of IL-15 to NK cells and revealing the downstream target of IL-15 signaling during NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Laboratory for Cellular Therapy, Beijing, China
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