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Wei S, Wang R, Chen L, Jing M, Li H, Zheng R, Zhu Y, Zhao Y. The contribution of small heterodimer partner to the occurrence and progression of cholestatic liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:1134-1144. [PMID: 38615196 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Small heterodimer partner (SHP, encoded by NR0B2) plays an important role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. The loss of the hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/SHP signal can cause severe cholestatic liver injury (CLI). FXR and SHP have overlapping and nonoverlapping functions in bile acid homeostasis. However, the key role played by SHP in CLI is unclear. METHODS In this study, an alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis mouse model was established. The effect of SHP knockout (SHP-KO) on liver and ileal pathology was evaluated. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis combined with untargeted metabolomics was applied to reveal the involvement of SHP in the pathogenesis of CLI. RESULTS The results showed that ANIT (75 mg/kg) induced cholestasis in WT mice. No significant morphological changes were found in the liver and ileal tissue of SHP-KO mice. However, the serum metabolism and intestinal flora characteristics were significantly changed. Moreover, compared with the WT + ANIT group, the serum levels of ALT and AST in the SHP-KO + ANIT group were significantly increased, and punctate necrosis in the liver tissue was more obvious. The ileum villi showed obvious shedding, thinning, and shortening. In addition, SHP-KO-associated differential intestinal flora and differential biomarkers were significantly associated. CONCLUSION In this study, we elucidated the serum metabolic characteristics and intestinal flora changes related to the aggravation of CLI in SHP-KO mice induced by ANIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhang Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Division of Integrative Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lisheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Manyi Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhang W, Wu H, Luo S, Lu X, Tan X, Wen L, Ma X, Efferth T. Molecular insights into experimental models and therapeutics for cholestasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116594. [PMID: 38615607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is a range of conditions caused by the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) or disruptions in bile flow, which can harm the liver and bile ducts. To investigate its pathogenesis and treatment, it is essential to establish and assess experimental models of cholestasis, which have significant clinical value. However, owing to the complex pathogenesis of cholestasis, a single modelling method can merely reflect one or a few pathological mechanisms, and each method has its adaptability and limitations. We summarize the existing experimental models of cholestasis, including animal models, gene-knockout models, cell models, and organoid models. We also describe the main types of cholestatic disease simulated clinically. This review provides an overview of targeted therapy used for treating cholestasis based on the current research status of cholestasis models. In addition, we discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of different models of cholestasis to help establish experimental models that resemble clinical disease conditions. In sum, this review not only outlines the current research with cholestasis models but also projects prospects for clinical treatment, thereby bridging basic research and practical therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiman Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiyue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Li X, Lu W, Kharitonenkov A, Luo Y. Targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 pathway for cholestatic, metabolic, and cancerous diseases. J Intern Med 2024; 295:292-312. [PMID: 38212977 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19, or FGF15 in rodents) plays a central role in controlling bile acid (BA) synthesis through a negative feedback mechanism. This process involves a postprandial crosstalk between the BA-activated ileal farnesoid X receptor and the hepatic Klotho beta (KLB) coreceptor complexed with fibrobalst growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) kinase. Additionally, FGF19 regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism by coordinating responses from functional KLB and FGFR1-3 receptor complexes on the periphery. Pharmacologically, native FGF19 or its analogs decrease elevated BA levels, fat content, and collateral tissue damage. This makes them effective in treating both cholestatic diseases such as primary biliary or sclerosing cholangitis (PBC or PSC) and metabolic abnormalities such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, chronic administration of FGF19 drives oncogenesis in mice by activating the FGFR4-dependent mitogenic or hepatic regenerative pathway, which could be a concern in humans. Agents that block FGF19 or FGFR4 signaling have shown great potency in preventing FGF19-responsive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in animal models. Recent phase 1/2 clinical trials have demonstrated promising results for several FGF19-based agents in selectively treating patients with PBC, PSC, NASH, or HCC. This review aims to provide an update on the clinical development of both analogs and antagonists targeting the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway for patients with cholestatic, metabolic, and cancer diseases. We will also analyze potential safety and mechanistic concerns that should guide future research and advanced trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Liu Y, Ge Y, Wu Y, Feng Y, Liu H, Cao W, Xie J, Zhang J. High-Voltage Electrostatic Field Hydrogel Microsphere 3D Culture System Improves Viability and Liver-like Properties of HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1081. [PMID: 38256154 PMCID: PMC10816196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) hepatocyte models have become a research hotspot for evaluating drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Compared to two-dimensional (2D) cultures, 3D cultures are better at mimicking the morphology and microenvironment of hepatocytes in vivo. However, commonly used 3D culture techniques are not suitable for high-throughput drug screening (HTS) due to their high cost, complex handling, and inability to simulate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. This article describes a method for rapid and reproducible 3D cell cultures with ECM-cell interactions based on 3D culture instrumentation to provide more efficient HTS. We developed a microsphere preparation based on a high-voltage electrostatic (HVE) field and used sodium alginate- and collagen-based hydrogels as scaffolds for 3D cultures of HepG2 cells. The microsphere-generating device enables the rapid and reproducible preparation of bioactive hydrogel microspheres. This 3D culture system exhibited better cell viability, heterogeneity, and drug-metabolizing activity than 2D and other 3D culture models, and the long-term culture characteristics of this system make it suitable for predicting long-term liver toxicity. This system improves the overall applicability of HepG2 spheroids in safety assessment studies, and this simple and controllable high-throughput-compatible method shows potential for use in drug toxicity screening assays and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (Y.G.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (W.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Yang Ge
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (Y.G.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (W.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Yanfan Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (Y.G.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (W.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Yongtong Feng
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (Y.G.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (W.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Han Liu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (Y.G.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (W.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Wei Cao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (Y.G.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (W.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Jinsong Xie
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (Y.G.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (W.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Jingzhong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China; (Y.G.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (W.C.); (J.X.)
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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Lan X, Ma J, Huang Z, Xu Y, Hu Y. Akkermansia muciniphila might improve anti-PD-1 therapy against HCC by changing host bile acid metabolism. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3639. [PMID: 38058259 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in a variety of cancers, including Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the patient response rates remain suboptimal, and a significant proportion of initial responders may develop resistance to this therapeutic approach. Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK), a microorganism implicated in multiple human diseases, has been reported to be more abundant in patients who exhibit favorable responses to PD-1mAb. However, the underlying mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In our study, we found that AKK could enhance the efficacy of PD-1mAb against HCC in a tumor-bearing mouse model. It promotes HCC tumor cells apoptosis and raise the CD8+ T proportion in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, AKK downregulates PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. Furthermore, the analysis of metabonomics demonstrates that AKK induces alterations in the host's bile acid metabolism, leading to a significant increase in serum TUDCA levels. Considering the immunosuppresive roles of TUDCA in HCC development, it is plausible to speculate that AKK may reinforce the immunotherapy of PD-1mAb against HCC through its impact on bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiucai Lan
- Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaming Ma
- Department of Health-Related Product Assessment, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Quanzhou affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yaomin Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Narayanan AK, Surendran S, Balakrishnan D, Gopalakrishnan U, Malick S, Valsan A, Philips CA, Watson CJE. A Short Review on Obeticholic Acid: An Effective Modulator of Farnesoid X Receptor. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2024; 19:225-233. [PMID: 38708917 DOI: 10.2174/0127724328239536230919070001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was identified as an orphan nuclear receptor resembling the steroid receptor in the late '90s. Activation of FXR is a crucial step in many physiological functions of the liver. A vital role of FXR is impacting the amount of bile acids in the hepatocytes, which it performs by reducing bile acid synthesis, stimulating the bile salt export pump, and inhibiting its enterohepatic circulation, thus protecting the hepatocytes against the toxic accumulation of bile acids. Furthermore, FXR mediates bile acid biotransformation in the intestine, liver regeneration, glucose hemostasis, and lipid metabolism. In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms of the disparate pleiotropic actions of FXR agonists. We then delve into the pharmacokinetics of Obeticholic acid (OCA), the first-in-class selective, potent FXR agonist. We additionally discuss the clinical journey of OCA in humans, its current evidence in various human diseases, and its plausible roles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila Kutty Narayanan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Solid Organ Transplant, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita University, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Sudhindran Surendran
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Solid Organ Transplant, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita University, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Dinesh Balakrishnan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Solid Organ Transplant, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita University, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Unnikrishnan Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Solid Organ Transplant, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita University, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Shweta Malick
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Solid Organ Transplant, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita University, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Valsan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita University, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Cyriac Abby Philips
- Department of Clinical and Translational Hepatology, The Liver Institute, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala, India
| | - Christopher John Edward Watson
- University of Cambridge and Honorary Consultant Surgeon, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
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7
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Zhou L, Zhang CL, Jiang K, Cheng HY, Xiong WW, Zhu JX. Therapeutic Potential of Danyankang Capsule in High-Fat Diet-Induced Cholelithiasis and Its Impact on Liver FXR Signaling and Gut Microbiota. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:680-691. [PMID: 38522942 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cholelithiasis, commonly known as gallstones, represents a prevalent hepatobiliary disorder. This study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic role and mechanism of Danyankang capsulein treating cholelithiasis induced by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6 mice. The therapeutical potential of Danyankang was assessed through biochemical analyses, histopathological examinations, protein detection, and 16S rDNA sequencing. A high-fat diet resulted in cholelithiasis manifestation in mice, with discernable abnormal serum biochemical indices and disrupted biliary cholesterol homeostasis. Danyankang treatment notably ameliorated liver inflammation symptoms and rectified serum and liver biochemical abnormalities. Concurrently, it addressed biliary imbalances. Elevated expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)/pNF-κB, HMGCR, CYP7A1, and CYP8B1 observed at the inception of cholelithiasis, were notably reduced upon Danyankang administration. Furthermore, 16S rDNA analysis revealed a decline in species number and diversity of the intestinal flora in cholelithiasis-treated mice, while the decline was reversed with Danyankang treatment. Danyankang capsules reduced the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota and increased the abundance of Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that Danyankang exerts potent therapeutic efficacy against high-fat diet-induced cholelithiasis. This beneficial outcome is potentially linked to the inhibition of the TLR4/pNF-κB and SHP/CYP7A1/CYP8B1 signaling pathways, as well as the enhancement of intestinal flora species abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Chu-Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Kun Jiang
- Guizhou Bailing Enterprise Group Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hong-Yu Cheng
- College of Humanities, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Wen-Wen Xiong
- Medical Clinic, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Ji-Xiao Zhu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine
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Xiang D, Yang J, Liu L, Yu H, Gong X, Liu D. The regulation of tissue-specific farnesoid X receptor on genes and diseases involved in bile acid homeostasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115606. [PMID: 37812893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids and vitamins and have also been identified as signaling molecules involved in regulating their own metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as immunity. Disturbances in BA homeostasis are associated with various enterohepatic and metabolic diseases, such as cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. As a key regulator, the nuclear orphan receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) precisely regulates BA homeostasis by transcriptional regulation of genes involved in BA synthesis, metabolism, and enterohepatic circulation. FXR is widely regarded as the most potential therapeutic target. Obeticholic acid is the only FXR agonist approved to treat patients with primary biliary cholangitis, but its non-specific activation of systemic FXR also causes high-frequency side effects. In recent years, developing tissue-specific FXR-targeting drugs has become a research highlight. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the role of tissue-specific intestine/liver FXR in regulating genes involved in BA homeostasis and briefly discusses tissue-specific FXR as a therapeutic target for treating diseases. These findings provide the basis for the development of tissue-specific FXR modulators for the treatment of enterohepatic and metabolic diseases associated with BA dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hengyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuepeng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Xiao J, Dong LW, Liu S, Meng FH, Xie C, Lu XY, Zhang WJ, Luo J, Song BL. Bile acids-mediated intracellular cholesterol transport promotes intestinal cholesterol absorption and NPC1L1 recycling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6469. [PMID: 37833289 PMCID: PMC10575946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) is essential for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Together with the cholesterol-rich and Flotillin-positive membrane microdomain, NPC1L1 is internalized via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and transported to endocytic recycling compartment (ERC). When ERC cholesterol level decreases, NPC1L1 interacts with LIMA1 and moves back to plasma membrane. However, how cholesterol leaves ERC is unknown. Here, we find that, in male mice, intracellular bile acids facilitate cholesterol transport to other organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum, in a non-micellar fashion. When cholesterol level in ERC is decreased by bile acids, the NPC1L1 carboxyl terminus that previously interacts with the cholesterol-rich membranes via the A1272LAL residues dissociates from membrane, exposing the Q1277KR motif for LIMA1 recruitment. Then NPC1L1 moves back to plasma membrane. This study demonstrates an intracellular cholesterol transport function of bile acids and explains how the substantial amount of cholesterol in NPC1L1-positive compartments is unloaded in enterocytes during cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Le-Wei Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fan-Hua Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272007, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiping J Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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10
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Zhou W, VanDuyne P, Zhang C, Liu Y, Riessen R, Barragan M, Rowitz BM, Teran-Garcia M, Boppart SA, Anakk S. Pathological bile acid concentrations in chronic cholestasis cause adipose mitochondrial defects. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100714. [PMID: 37122689 PMCID: PMC10133756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Although fat loss is observed in patients with cholestasis, how chronically elevated bile acids (BAs) impact white and brown fat depots remains obscure. Methods To determine the direct effect of pathological levels of BAs on lipid accumulation and mitochondrial function, primary white and brown adipocyte cultures along with fat depots from two separate mouse models of cholestatic liver diseases, namely (i) genetic deletion of farnesoid X receptor (Fxr); small heterodimer (Shp) double knockout (DKO) and (ii) injury by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC), were used. Results As expected, cholestatic mice accumulate high systemic BA levels and exhibit fat loss. Here, we demonstrate that chronic exposure to pathological BA levels results in mitochondrial dysfunction and defective thermogenesis. Consistently, both DKO and DDC-fed mice exhibit lower body temperature. Importantly, thermoneutral (30 °C) housing of the cholestatic DKO mice rescues the decrease in brown fat mass, and the expression of genes responsible for lipogenesis and regulation of mitochondrial function. To overcome systemic effects, primary adipocyte cultures were treated with pathological BA concentrations. Mitochondrial permeability and respiration analysis revealed that BA overload is sufficient to reduce mitochondrial function in primary adipocytes, which is not as a result of cytotoxicity. Instead, we found robust reductions in uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16), and deiodinase, iodothyronine, type II (Dio2) transcripts in brown adipocytes upon treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid, whereas taurocholic acid led to the suppression of Dio2 transcript. This BA-mediated decrease in transcripts was alleviated by pharmacological activation of UCP1. Conclusions High concentrations of BAs cause defective thermogenesis by reducing the expression of crucial regulators of mitochondrial function, including UCP1, which may explain the clinical features of hypothermia and fat loss observed in patients with cholestatic liver diseases. Impact and Implications We uncover a detrimental effect of chronic bile acid overload on adipose mitochondrial function. Pathological concentration of different BAs reduces the expression of distinct genes involved in energy expenditure, which can be mitigated with pharmacological UCP1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Philip VanDuyne
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yushan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Riessen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Maribel Barragan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Blair M. Rowitz
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Margarita Teran-Garcia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Tel.: +1 217 300 7905; fax: +1 217 244 5858.
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11
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Fu K, Chen X, Shou N, Wang Z, Yuan X, Wu D, Wang Q, Cheng Y, Ling N, Shi Z. Swainsonine Induces Liver Inflammation in Mice via Disturbance of Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1758-1767. [PMID: 36638362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Swainsonine induced liver inflammation in livestock; however, the underlying mechanisms, especially the role of bile acids (BAs), in the pathogenesis remained elusive. Here, our results showed that swainsonine induced hepatic inflammation via changing BA metabolism and gut microbiota in mice. Swainsonine significantly upregulated the levels of deoxycholic acid (DCA) and taurine-β-muricholic acid (T-β-MCA) in the serum and liver of mice due to the markedly increased genus Clostridium and the decreased genus Lactobacillus in the gut. As antagonists of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), elevated DCA and T-β-MCA inhibited hepatic Fxr gene expression and thus suppressed FXR-SHP signaling and activated hepatic Cyp7a1 gene expression, which induced a significant upregulation of the total BA level in serum, contributing to liver inflammation. These findings offer new insights into the underlying mechanisms in which swainsonine induced liver inflammation in mice via the gut-liver axis and suggest that gut microbiota and its metabolite BAs may be underlying triggering factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Na Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ning Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zunji Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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12
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Hassan HM, Onabote O, Isovic M, Passos DT, Dick FA, Torchia J. Regulation of Chromatin Accessibility by the Farnesoid X Receptor Is Essential for Circadian and Bile Acid Homeostasis In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246191. [PMID: 36551676 PMCID: PMC9777377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and is an essential bile acid (BA) receptor that regulates the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of BAs. FXR protects the liver from BA overload, which is a major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Herein, we investigated the changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility in hepatocytes by performing RNA-seq in combination with the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) using a novel FXR knockout mouse model (Fxrex5Δ: Nr1h4ex5Δ/ex5Δ) generated through CRISPR/Cas9. Consistent with previous Fxr knockout models, we found that Fxrex5Δ mice develop late-onset HCC associated with increased serum and hepatic BAs. FXR deletion was associated with a dramatic loss of chromatin accessibility, primarily at promoter-associated transcription factor binding sites. Importantly, several genes involved in BA biosynthesis and circadian rhythm were downregulated following loss of FXR, also displayed reduced chromatin accessibility at their promoter regions. Altogether, these findings suggest that FXR helps to maintain a transcriptionally active state by regulating chromatin accessibility through its binding and recruitment of transcription factors and coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider M. Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Oladapo Onabote
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Majdina Isovic
- Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Daniel T. Passos
- Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Frederick A. Dick
- Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Joseph Torchia
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program and the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +519-685-8692
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13
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Abstract
Bile acids wear many hats, including those of an emulsifier to facilitate nutrient absorption, a cholesterol metabolite, and a signaling molecule in various tissues modulating itching to metabolism and cellular functions. Bile acids are synthesized in the liver but exhibit wide-ranging effects indicating their ability to mediate organ-organ crosstalk. So, how does a steroid metabolite orchestrate such diverse functions? Despite the inherent chemical similarity, the side chain decorations alter the chemistry and biology of the different bile acid species and their preferences to bind downstream receptors distinctly. Identification of new modifications in bile acids is burgeoning, and some of it is associated with the microbiota within the intestine. Here, we provide a brief overview of the history and the various receptors that mediate bile acid signaling in addition to its crosstalk with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Correspondence: Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk, PhD, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 S Mathews Ave, 453 Medical Sciences Bldg, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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14
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Zhong Y, Chen Y, Pan Z, Tang K, Zhong G, Guo J, Cui T, Li T, Duan S, Yang X, Gao Y, Wang Q, Zhang D. Ginsenoside Rc, as an FXR activator, alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via relieving inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027731. [PMID: 36278209 PMCID: PMC9585238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) intake leads to excessive NAPQI deposition, stimulating inflammatory and oxidative stress and causing fatal liver injury. However, the detailed molecular mechanism involved is unknown, and effective therapeutic approaches remain insufficient. In this study, we discovered that treatment with ginsenoside Rc can prevent the inflammatory response caused by APAP and oxidative stress in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs), along with the corresponding changes in related genes. Additionally, Ginsenoside Rc effectively alleviates APAP-induced cellular apoptosis and NAPQI accumulation in MPHs. In vivo, Ginsenoside Rc administration remarkably attenuates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, repairing liver damage and improving survival. Moreover, Ginsenoside Rc treatment modulates genes involved in APAP metabolism, leading to a decrease in NAPQI and resulting in the alleviation of fatal oxidative stress and inflammatory response after APAP exposure, along with the expression of their related indicators. Furthermore, our RNA-seq and molecular docking analysis implies that FXR expression and FXR transcriptional activity are stimulated by Ginsenoside Rc treatment. Notably, due to the lack of FXR in mice and MPHs, ginsenoside Rc can no longer play its original protective role against hepatotoxicity and cell damage caused by APAP, and it is difficult to improve the corresponding survival rate and prevent hepatic apoptosis, NAPQI generation, fatal oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response induced by APAP and the expression of related genes. In summary, our results indicate that Ginsenoside Rc could act as an effective FXR activator and effectively regulate FXR-induced antioxidant stress and eliminate inflammation while also having an anti-apoptotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Zhong
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjian Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisen Pan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaijia Tang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianqi Cui
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Duan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Yong Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Dong Zhang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
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15
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Fu Y, Feng H, Ding X, Meng QH, Zhang SR, Li J, Chao Y, Ji TT, Bi YH, Zhang WW, Chen Q, Zhang YH, Feng YL, Bian HM. Alisol B 23-acetate adjusts bile acid metabolisim via hepatic FXR-BSEP signaling activation to alleviate atherosclerosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 101:154120. [PMID: 35523117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women have a high incidence of atherosclerosis. Phytosterols have been shown to have cholesterol-lowering properties. Alisa B 23-acetate (AB23A) is a biologically active plant sterol isolated from Chinese herbal medicine Alisma. However, the atherosclerosis effect of AB23A after menopause and its possible mechanism have not been reported yet. PURPOSE To explore whether AB23A can prevent atherosclerosis by regulating farnesoid X receptor and subsequently increasing fecal bile acid and cholesterol excretion to reduce plasma cholesterol levels. METHODS Aortic samples from premenopausal and postmenopausal women with ascending aortic arteriosclerosis were analyzed, and bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) female LDLR-/- mice and free fatty acid (FFA)-treated L02 cells were used to analyze the effect of AB23A supplementation therapy. RESULTS AB23A increased fecal cholesterol and bile acids (BAs) excretion dependent on activation of hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in ovariectomized mice. AB23A inhibited hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) via inducing small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression. On the other hand, AB23A increased the level of hepatic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and activated the hepatic BSEP signaling. The activation of hepatic FXR-BSEP signaling by AB23A in ovariectomized mice was accompanied by the reduction of liver cholesterol, hepatic lipolysis, and bile acids efflux, and reduced the damage of atherosclerosis. In vitro, AB23A fixed abnormal lipid metabolism in L02 cells and increased the expression of FXR, BSEP and SHP. Moreover, the inhibition and silencing of FXR canceled the regulation of BSEP by AB23A in L02 cells. CONCLUSION Our results shed light into the mechanisms behind the cholesterol-lowering of AB23A, and increasing FXR-BSEP signaling by AB23A may be a potential postmenopausal atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Han Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing-Hai Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu-Rui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting-Ting Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yun-Hui Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - You-Long Feng
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210019, China.
| | - Hui-Min Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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16
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Shaw RPH, Kolyvas P, Dang N, Hyon A, Bailey K, Anakk S. Loss of Hepatic Small Heterodimer Partner Elevates Ileal Bile Acids and Alters Cell Cycle-related Genes in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6572176. [PMID: 35451003 PMCID: PMC9113360 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (Shp) regulates several metabolic processes, including bile acid levels, but lacks the conserved DNA binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed conserved genetic evolution of SHP, FXR, CYP7A1, and CYP8B1. Shp, although primarily studied as a downstream target of Farnesoid X Receptor (Fxr), has a distinct hepatic role that is poorly understood. Here, we report that liver-specific Shp knockout (LShpKO) mice have impaired negative feedback of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 on bile acid challenge and demonstrate that a single copy of the Shp gene is sufficient to maintain this response. LShpKO mice also exhibit elevated total bile acid pool with ileal bile acid composition mimicking that of cholic acid-fed control mice. Agonistic activation of Fxr (GW4064) in the LShpKO did not alter the elevated basal expression of Cyp8b1 but lowered Cyp7a1 expression. We found that deletion of Shp led to an enrichment of distinct motifs and pathways associated with circadian rhythm, copper ion transport, and DNA synthesis. We confirmed increased expression of metallothionein genes that can regulate copper levels in the absence of SHP. LShpKO livers also displayed a higher basal proliferation that was exacerbated specifically with bile acid challenge either with cholic acid or 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine but not with another liver mitogen, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene. Overall, our data indicate that hepatic SHP uniquely regulates certain proliferative and metabolic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Kolyvas
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nathanlown Dang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Angela Hyon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keith Bailey
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk, PhD, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. E-mail:
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17
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A critical review of bile acids and their receptors in hepatic encephalopathy. Anal Biochem 2022; 643:114436. [PMID: 34715070 PMCID: PMC9798441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy describes an array of neurological complications that arise due to liver insufficiency. The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy shares a longstanding association with hyperammonemia and inflammation, and recently, aberrant bile acid signaling has been implicated in the development of key features of hepatic encephalopathy. These key features include neuronal dysfunction, neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier permeability. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies demonstrating a role for bile acids in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy via one of three main bile acid receptors and speculates on the possible downstream consequences of aberrant bile acid signaling.
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18
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Huang X, Fan M, Huang W. Pleiotropic roles of FXR in liver and colorectal cancers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 543:111543. [PMID: 34995680 PMCID: PMC8818033 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is generally considered a cell protector of enterohepatic tissues and a suppressor of liver cancer and colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Loss or reduction of FXR expression occurs during carcinogenesis, and the FXR level is inversely associated with the aggressive behaviors of the malignancy. Global deletion of FXR and tissue-specific deletion of FXR display distinct effects on tumorigenesis. Epigenetic silencing and inflammatory context are two main contributors to impaired FXR expression and activity. FXR exerts its antitumorigenic function via the following mechanisms: 1) FXR regulates multiple metabolic processes, notably bile acid homeostasis; 2) FXR antagonizes hepatic and enteric inflammation; 3) FXR impedes aberrant activation of some cancer-related pathways; and 4) FXR downregulates a number of oncogenes while upregulating some tumor suppressor genes. Restoring FXR functions via its agonists provides a therapeutic approach for patients with liver cancer and CRC. However, an in-depth understanding of the species-specific pharmacological effects is a prerequisite for assessing the clinical safety and efficacy of FXR agonists in human cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, PR China.
| | - Mingjie Fan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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19
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Feng H, Hu Y, Zhou S, Lu Y. Farnesoid X receptor contributes to oleanolic acid‐induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1323-1336. [PMID: 35128688 PMCID: PMC9546401 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in the metabolism of bile acid. However, the molecular signaling of FXR in bile acid homeostasis in cholestatic drug‐induced liver injury remains unclear. Oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpenoid, has been reported to produce evident cholestatic liver injury in mice after a long‐term use. The present study aimed to investigate the role of FXR in OA‐induced cholestatic liver injury in mice using C57BL/6J (WT) mice and FXR knockout (FXR−/−) mice. The results showed that a significant alleviation in OA‐induced cholestatic liver injury was observed in FXR−/− mice as evidenced by decreases in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase as well as reduced hepatocyte necrosis. UPLC‐MS analysis of bile acids revealed that the contents of bile acids decreased significantly in liver and serum, while increased in the bile in FXR−/− mice compared with in WT mice. In addition, the mRNA expressions of hepatic transporter Bsep, bile acid synthesis enzymes Bacs and Baat, and bile acids detoxifying enzymes Cyp3a11, Cyp2b10, Ephx1, Ugt1a1, and Ugt2b5 were increased in liver tissues of FXR−/− mice treated with OA. Furthermore, the expression of membrane protein BSEP was significantly higher in livers of FXR−/− mice compared with WT mice treated with OA. These results demonstrate that knockout of FXR may alleviate OA‐induced cholestatic liver injury in mice by decreasing accumulation of bile acids both in the liver and serum, increasing the export of bile acids via the bile, and by upregulation of bile acids detoxification enzymes. Oleanolic acid (OA) induces cholestatic liver injury in mice after a long‐term use. Here we demonstrated a significant alleviation in OA‐induced cholestatic liver injury in Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) knockout (FXR‐/‐) mice as compared to the wildtype mice. Downregulation of FXR decreased contents of bile acids in liver and serum, while increased the contents in the bile. In addition, the expression of membrane protein BSEP was significantly higher in livers of FXR‐/‐ mice compared to WT mice treated with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Feng
- People’s Hospital of Zunyi City Bo Zhou District Zunyi Guizhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Yan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Shaoyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou China
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20
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Dai X, He L, Hu N, Guo C, Zhou M, Zhao X, Wang C, Gong L, Ma C, Xue X, Li Y. Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata Ethanol Extract Exerts a Protective Effect Against High-Fat Diet Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice by Remodeling Intestinal Microbial Structure and Maintaining Metabolic Homeostasis of Bile Acids. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734670. [PMID: 34867343 PMCID: PMC8634718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine for lipid metabolism, Polygoni Multiflori Radix Preparata (ZhiHeShouWu, RPMP) was widely used. In recent years, RPMP ethanol extract has been reported for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the role of RPMP ethanol extract in the treatment of NAFLD has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we examined the optimal therapeutic dose of RPMP ethanol extracts. Afterward, a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) was treated with RPMP ethanol extract to further evaluate the mechanism of action of RPMP ethanol extract treatment. And the serum lipid metabolism indexes and liver function indexes showed that the RPMP ethanol extract in the 1.35 g/kg dose group exhibited better therapeutic effects than the 2.70 g/kg dose group. Meanwhile, RPMP ethanol extract can regulate the biochemical indicators of serum and liver to normal levels, and effectively reduce liver steatosis and lipid deposition. RPMP ethanol extract treatment restored HFD-induced disruption of the compositional structure of the intestinal microbial (IM) and bile acids (BAs) pools. And restore the reduced expression of intestinal barrier-related genes caused by HFD administration, which also effectively regulates the expression of genes related to the metabolism of BAs in mice. Thus, RPMP ethanol extract can effectively improve the abnormal lipid metabolism and hepatic lipid accumulation caused by HFD, which may be related to the regulation of IM composition, maintenance of intestinal barrier function, and normal cholesterol metabolism in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Linfeng He
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Naihua Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaocheng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengting Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingtao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyan Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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21
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Dietary Nano-ZnO Is Absorbed via Endocytosis and ZIP Pathways, Upregulates Lipogenesis, and Induces Lipotoxicity in the Intestine of Yellow Catfish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112047. [PMID: 34769475 PMCID: PMC8584588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-sized zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) affects lipid deposition, but its absorption patterns and mechanisms affecting lipid metabolism are still unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the molecular mechanism of nano-ZnO absorption and its effects on lipid metabolism in the intestinal tissues of a widely distributed freshwater teleost yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. We found that 100 mg/kg dietary nano-ZnO (H-Zn group) significantly increased intestinal Zn contents. The zip6 and zip10 mRNA expression levels were higher in the H-Zn group than those in the control (0 mg/kg nano-ZnO), and zip4 mRNA abundances were higher in the control than those in the L-Zn (50 mg/kg nano-ZnO) and H-Zn groups. Eps15, dynamin1, dynamin2, caveolin1, and caveolin2 mRNA expression levels tended to reduce with dietary nano-ZnO addition. Dietary nano-ZnO increased triglyceride (TG) content and the activities of the lipogenic enzymes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), upregulated the mRNA abundances of lipogenic genes 6pgd, fatty acid synthase (fas), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (srebp1), and reduced the mRNA expression of farnesoid X receptor (fxr) and small heterodimer partner (shp). The SHP protein level in the H-Zn group was lower than that in the control and the L-Zn group markedly. Our in vitro study indicated that the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) absorbed nano-ZnO via endocytosis, and nano-Zn-induced TG deposition and lipogenesis were partially attributable to the endocytosis of nano-ZnO in IECs. Mechanistically, nano-ZnO-induced TG deposition was closely related to the metal responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1)-SHP pathway. Thus, for the first time, we found that the lipogenesis effects of nano-ZnO probably depended on the key gene shp, which is potentially regulated by MTF1 and/or FXR. This novel signaling pathway of MTF-1 through SHP may be relevant to explain the toxic effects and lipotoxicity ascribed to dietary nano-ZnO addition.
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22
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Desai MS. Mechanistic insights into the pathophysiology of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Anal Biochem 2021; 636:114388. [PMID: 34587512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial dysfunction in end stage cirrhotic liver disease, termed cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, is a long known, but little understood comorbidity seen in ∼50% of adults and children who present for liver transplantation. Structural, functional, hemodynamic and electrocardiographic aberrations that occur in the heart as a direct consequence of a damaged liver, is associated with multi-organ failure and increased mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing surgical procedures such as porto-systemic shunt placement and liver transplantation. Despite its clinical significance and rapid advances in science and pharmacotherapy, there is yet no specific treatment for this disease. This may be due to a lack of understanding of the pathogenesis and mechanisms behind how a cirrhotic liver causes cardiac pathology. This review will focus specifically on insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive this liver-heart interaction. Deeper understanding of the etio-pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy will allow us to design and test treatments that can be targeted to prevent and/or reverse this co-morbid consequence of liver failure and improve health care delivery and outcomes in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreshwar S Desai
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Liver ICU. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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23
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Orozco-Aguilar J, Simon F, Cabello-Verrugio C. Redox-Dependent Effects in the Physiopathological Role of Bile Acids. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4847941. [PMID: 34527174 PMCID: PMC8437588 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4847941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are recognized by their role in nutrient absorption. However, there is growing evidence that BA also have endocrine and metabolic functions. Besides, the steroidal-derived structure gives BA a toxic potential over the biological membrane. Thus, cholestatic disorders, characterized by elevated BA on the liver and serum, are a significant cause of liver transplant and extrahepatic complications, such as skeletal muscle, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and placenta. Further, the BA have an essential role in cellular damage, mediating processes such as membrane disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. The purpose of this review is to describe the BA and their role on hepatic and extrahepatic complications in cholestatic diseases, focusing on the association between BA and the generation of oxidative stress that mediates tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Orozco-Aguilar
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility, and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 8350709, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility, and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 8350709, Chile
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Nguyen JT, Riessen R, Zhang T, Kieffer C, Anakk S. Deletion of Intestinal SHP Impairs Short-term Response to Cholic Acid Challenge in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6189092. [PMID: 33769482 PMCID: PMC8256632 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a crucial regulator of bile acid (BA) transport and synthesis; however, its intestine-specific role is not fully understood. Here, we report that male intestine-specific Shp knockout (IShpKO) mice exhibit higher intestinal BA but not hepatic or serum BA levels compared with the f/f Shp animals when challenged with an acute (5-day) 1% cholic acid (CA) diet. We also found that BA synthetic genes Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 are not repressed to the same extent in IShpKO compared with control mice post-CA challenge. Loss of intestinal SHP did not alter Fxrα messenger RNA (mRNA) but increased Asbt (BA ileal uptake transporter) and Ostα (BA ileal efflux transporter) expression even under chow-fed conditions. Surprisingly, the acute CA diet in IShpKO did not elicit the expected induction of Fgf15 but was able to maintain the suppression of Asbt, and Ostα/β mRNA levels. At the protein level, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) was downregulated, while organic solute transporter-α/β (OSTα/β) expression was induced and maintained regardless of diet. Examination of ileal histology in IShpKO mice challenged with acute CA diet revealed reduced villi length and goblet cell numbers. However, no difference in villi length, and the expression of BA regulator and transporter genes, was seen between f/f Shp and IShpKO animals after a chronic (14-day) CA diet, suggesting a potential adaptive response. We found the upregulation of the Pparα-Ugt axis after 14 days of CA diet may reduce the BA burden and compensate for the ileal SHP function. Thus, our study reveals that ileal SHP expression contributes to both overall intestinal structure and BA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan Riessen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Collin Kieffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 450 Medical Science Building, 506 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. E-mail:
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25
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Nguyen-Lefebvre AT, Selzner N, Wrana JL, Bhat M. The hippo pathway: A master regulator of liver metabolism, regeneration, and disease. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21570. [PMID: 33831275 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002284rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the only visceral organ in the body with a tremendous capacity to regenerate in response to insults that induce inflammation, cell death, and injury. Liver regeneration is a complicated process involving a well-orchestrated activation of non-parenchymal cells in the injured area and proliferation of undamaged hepatocytes. Furthermore, the liver has a Hepatostat, defined as adjustment of its volume to that required for homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms that control different steps of liver regeneration is critical to informing therapies for liver repair, to help patients with liver disease. The Hippo signaling pathway is well known for playing an essential role in the control and regulation of liver size, regeneration, stem cell self-renewal, and liver cancer. Thus, the Hippo pathway regulates dynamic cell fates in liver, and in absence of its downstream effectors YAP and TAZ, liver regeneration is severely impaired, and the proliferative expansion of liver cells blocked. We will mainly review upstream mechanisms activating the Hippo signaling pathway following partial hepatectomy in mouse model and patients, its roles during different steps of liver regeneration, metabolism, and cancer. We will also discuss how targeting the Hippo signaling cascade might improve liver regeneration and suppress liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Nguyen-Lefebvre
- Department of Medicine, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Department of Medicine, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mamatha Bhat
- Department of Medicine, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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26
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Dean AE, Reichardt F, Anakk S. Sex differences feed into nuclear receptor signaling along the digestive tract. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166211. [PMID: 34273530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in physiology are noted in clinical and animal studies. However, mechanisms underlying these observed differences between males and females remain elusive. Nuclear receptors control a wide range of physiological pathways and are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, stomach, liver and intestine. We investigated the literature pertaining to ER, AR, FXR, and PPAR regulation and highlight the sex differences in nutrient metabolism along the digestive system. We chose these nuclear receptors based on their metabolic functions, and hormonal actions. Intriguingly, we noted an overlap in target genes of ER and FXR that modulate mucosal integrity and GLP-1 secretion, whereas overlap in target genes of PPARα with ER and AR modulate lipid metabolism. Sex differences were seen not only in the basal expression of nuclear receptors, but also in activation as their endogenous ligand concentrations fluctuate depending on nutrient availability. Finally, in this review, we speculate that interactions between the nuclear receptors may influence overall metabolic decisions in the gastrointestinal tract in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Dean
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - François Reichardt
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Cancer center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America.
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27
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Palmisano BT, Zhu L, Litts B, Burman A, Yu S, Neuman JC, Anozie U, Luu TN, Edington EM, Stafford JM. Hepatocyte Small Heterodimer Partner Mediates Sex-Specific Effects on Triglyceride Metabolism via Androgen Receptor in Male Mice. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050330. [PMID: 34065318 PMCID: PMC8161262 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of sex differences in hypertriglyceridemia remain poorly understood. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a nuclear receptor that regulates bile acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism. SHP also regulates transcriptional activity of sex hormone receptors and may mediate sex differences in triglyceride (TG) metabolism. Here, we test the hypothesis that hepatic SHP mediates sex differences in TG metabolism using hepatocyte-specific SHP knockout mice. Plasma TGs in wild-type males were higher than in wild-type females and hepatic deletion of SHP lowered plasma TGs in males but not in females, suggesting hepatic SHP mediates plasma TG metabolism in a sex-specific manner. Additionally, hepatic deletion of SHP failed to lower plasma TGs in gonadectomized male mice or in males with knockdown of the liver androgen receptor, suggesting hepatic SHP modifies plasma TG via an androgen receptor pathway. Furthermore, the TG lowering effect of hepatic deletion of SHP was caused by increased clearance of postprandial TG and accompanied with decreased plasma levels of ApoC1, an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase activity. These data support a role for hepatic SHP in mediating sex-specific effects on plasma TG metabolism through androgen receptor signaling. Understanding how hepatic SHP regulates TG clearance may lead to novel approaches to lower plasma TGs and mitigate cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Palmisano
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 W End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford Healthcare, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Bridget Litts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Andreanna Burman
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 W End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
| | - Sophia Yu
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Joshua C. Neuman
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Uche Anozie
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Thao N. Luu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - Emery M. Edington
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
| | - John M. Stafford
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; (B.T.P.); (L.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.N.); (U.A.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 W End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.L.); (T.N.L.); (E.M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-615-936-6113
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28
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Loss of Thymine DNA Glycosylase Causes Dysregulation of Bile Acid Homeostasis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107475. [PMID: 32268085 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) is a nuclear receptor coactivator that plays an essential role in the maintenance of epigenetic stability in cells. Here, we demonstrate that the conditional deletion of TDG in adult mice results in a male-predominant onset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TDG loss leads to a prediabetic state, as well as bile acid (BA) accumulation in the liver and serum of male mice. Consistent with these data, TDG deletion led to dysregulation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) regulatory cascade in the liver. FXR and SHP are tumor suppressors of HCC and play an essential role in BA and glucose homeostasis. These results indicate that TDG functions as a tumor suppressor of HCC by regulating a transcriptional program that protects against the development of glucose intolerance and BA accumulation in the liver.
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29
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Mathur B, Shajahan A, Arif W, Chen Q, Hand NJ, Abramowitz LK, Schoonjans K, Rader DJ, Kalsotra A, Hanover JA, Azadi P, Anakk S. Nuclear receptors FXR and SHP regulate protein N-glycan modifications in the liver. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/17/eabf4865. [PMID: 33883138 PMCID: PMC8059921 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) are key regulators of metabolism. Here, we report a previously unknown function for the hepatic FXR-SHP axis in controlling protein N-linked glycosylation. Transcriptome analysis in liver-specific Fxr-Shp double knockout (LDKO) livers revealed induction of genes encoding enzymes in the N-glycosylation pathway, including Mgat5, Fut8, St3gal6, and St6gal1 FXR activation suppressed Mgat5, while Shp deletion induced St3gal6 and St6gal1 Increased percentages of core-fucosylated and triantennary glycan moieties were seen in LDKO livers, and proteins with the "hyperglycoforms" preferentially localized to exosomes and lysosomes. This up-regulation of N-glycosylation machinery was specific to the Golgi apparatus and not the endoplasmic reticulum. The increased glycan complexity in the LDKO correlated well with dilated unstacked Golgi ribbons and alterations in the secretion of albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Our findings demonstrate a role for the FXR-SHP axis in maintaining glycoprotein diversity in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika Mathur
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Asif Shajahan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Waqar Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Qiushi Chen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Hand
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lara K Abramowitz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Rader
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John A Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166133. [PMID: 33771667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic hub which coordinates nutritional inputs and metabolic outputs. Food intake releases bile acids which can be sensed by the bile acid receptor FXR in the liver and the intestine. Hepatic and intestinal FXR coordinately regulate postprandial nutrient disposal in a network of interacting metabolic nuclear receptors. In this review we summarize and update the "classical roles" of FXR as a central integrator of the feeding state response, which orchestrates the metabolic processing of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and bile acids. We also discuss more recent and less well studied FXR effects on amino acid, protein metabolism, autophagic turnover and inflammation. In addition, we summarize the recent understanding of how FXR signaling is affected by posttranslational modifications and by different FXR isoforms. These modifications and variations in FXR signaling might be considered when FXR is targeted pharmaceutically in clinical applications.
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Attia YM, Tawfiq RA, Gibriel AA, Ali AA, Kassem DH, Hammam OA, Elmazar MM. Activation of FXR modulates SOCS3/Jak2/STAT3 signaling axis in a NASH-dependent hepatocellular carcinoma animal model. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114497. [PMID: 33675775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent substantial progress in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from viral etiology, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is on a trajectory to become the fastest growing indication for HCC-related liver transplantation. The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily with multifaceted roles in several metabolic disorders, particularly NASH. Its role as a tumor suppressor was also highlighted. Herein, we investigated the effect of obeticholic acid (OCA), as an FXR agonist, on NASH-associated HCC (NASH-HCC) animal model induced by diethylnitrosamine and high fat choline-deficient diet, exploring the potential impact on the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3)/Janus kinase 2 (Jak2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. Results indicated that OCA treatment upregulated FXR and its key mediator, small heterodimer partner (SHP), with remarkable amelioration in the dysplastic foci observed in the NASH-HCC group. This was paralleled with noticeable downregulation of alpha fetoprotein along with reduction in interferon gamma and transforming growth factor beta-1 hepatic levels besides caspase-3 and p53 upregulation. Moreover, sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), a key regulator of FXR that controls the regenerative response of the liver, was elevated following OCA treatment. Modulation in the SOCS3/Jak2/STAT3 signaling axis was also reported. In conclusion, OCA attenuated the development and progression of NASH-dependent HCC possibly by interfering with SOCS3/Jak2/STAT3 pathway suggesting the potential use of FXR activators in NASH-related disorders, even at later stages of the disease, to impede its progression to the more deteriorating condition of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen M Attia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rasha A Tawfiq
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Gibriel
- The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya A Ali
- The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina H Kassem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat A Hammam
- Pathology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Elmazar
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Lu Y, Wang E, Chen Y, Zhou B, Zhao J, Xiang L, Qian Y, Jiang J, Zhao L, Xiong X, Lu Z, Wu D, Liu B, Yan J, Zhang R, Zhang H, Hu C, Li X. Obesity-induced excess of 17-hydroxyprogesterone promotes hyperglycemia through activation of glucocorticoid receptor. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3791-3804. [PMID: 32510471 DOI: 10.1172/jci134485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become an expanding global public health problem. Although the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an important regulator of glucose metabolism, the relationship between circulating glucocorticoids (GCs) and the features of T2DM remains controversial. Here, we show that 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), an intermediate steroid in the biosynthetic pathway that converts cholesterol to cortisol, binds to and stimulates the transcriptional activity of GR. Hepatic 17-OHP concentrations are increased in diabetic mice and patients due to aberrantly increased expression of Cyp17A1. Systemic administration of 17-OHP or overexpression of Cyp17A1 in the livers of lean mice promoted the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, whereas knockdown of Cyp17A1 abrogated metabolic disorders in obese mice. Therefore, our results identify a Cyp17A1/17-OHP/GR-dependent pathway in the liver that mediates obesity-induced hyperglycemia, suggesting that selectively targeting hepatic Cyp17A1 may provide a therapeutic avenue for treating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - E Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Bing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Jiejie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Liping Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Yiling Qian
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Xuelian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Duojiao Wu
- Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, and
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, and.,Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, and.,Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
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Kunst RF, Niemeijer M, van der Laan LJW, Spee B, van de Graaf SFJ. From fatty hepatocytes to impaired bile flow: Matching model systems for liver biology and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114173. [PMID: 32717228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of model systems are used in hepatobiliary research. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of established and emerging models for specific research questions. We specifically discuss the value and limitations of these models for research on metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), (previously named non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH)) and cholestasis-related diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The entire range of models is discussed varying from immortalized cell lines, mature or pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids/spheroids, to animal models and human ex vivo models such as normothermic machine perfusion of livers and living liver slices. Finally, the pros and cons of each model are discussed as well as the need in the scientific community for continuous innovation in model development to better mimic the human (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Kunst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Transcriptomic analysis across liver diseases reveals disease-modulating activation of constitutive androstane receptor in cholestasis. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100140. [PMID: 32875282 PMCID: PMC7452294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Liver diseases are caused by many factors, such as genetics, nutrition, and viruses. Therefore, it is important to delineate transcriptomic changes that occur in various liver diseases. Methods We performed high-throughput sequencing of mouse livers with diverse types of injuries, including cholestasis, diet-induced steatosis, and partial hepatectomy. Comparative analysis of liver transcriptome from mice and human samples of viral infections (HBV and HCV), alcoholic hepatitis (AH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and biliary atresia revealed distinct and overlapping gene profiles associated with liver diseases. We hypothesised that discrete molecular signatures could be utilised to assess therapeutic outcomes. We focused on cholestasis to test and validate the hypothesis using pharmacological approaches. Results Here, we report significant overlap in the expression of inflammatory and proliferation-related genes across liver diseases. However, cholestatic livers were unique and displayed robust induction of genes involved in drug metabolism. Consistently, we found that constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation is crucial for the induction of the drug metabolic gene programme in cholestasis. When challenged, cholestatic mice were protected against zoxazolamine-induced paralysis and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. These protective effects were diminished upon inhibition of CAR activity. Further, drug metabolic genes were also induced in the livers from a subset of biliary atresia patients, but not in HBV and HCV infections, AH, or NASH. We also found a higher expression of CYP2B6, a CAR target, in the livers of biliary atresia patients, underscoring the clinical importance of our findings. Conclusions Comparative transcriptome analysis of different liver disorders revealed specific induction of phase I and II metabolic genes in cholestasis. Our results demonstrate that CAR activation may lead to variations in drug metabolism and clinical outcomes in biliary atresia. Lay summary Transcriptomic analysis of diverse liver diseases revealed alterations in common and distinct pathways. Specifically, in cholestasis, we found that detoxification genes and their activity are increased. Thus, cholestatic patients may have an unintended consequence on drug metabolism and not only have a beneficial effect against liver toxicity, but also may require adjustments to their therapeutic dosage. Cell cycle, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis are some of the common pathways altered in a variety of liver disorders. Phase I and II metabolic genes are induced in Fxr−/−Shp−/− double knockouts (DKOs) and bile-acid-fed control mice. Activation of xeno-sensor, constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), is observed in cholestasis. Inhibiting CAR activity in DKO mice exacerbates zoxazolamine-induced paralysis and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. A subset of patients with biliary atresia display increased expression of CAR target protein CYP2B6.
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Key Words
- AH, alcoholic hepatitis
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- Cholestasis
- Cytochrome p450
- DKO, double knockout
- Drug metabolism
- FXRKO, FXR knockout
- Fxr, farnesoid X receptor
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase
- GSH, glutathione disulphide
- Liver diseases
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Nuclear receptors
- PCN, pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile
- PHx, partial hepatectomy
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- SHPKO, SHP knockout
- Shp, small heterodimer partner
- Transcriptomics
- WT, wild type
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Kriegermeier A, Green R. Pediatric Cholestatic Liver Disease: Review of Bile Acid Metabolism and Discussion of Current and Emerging Therapies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:149. [PMID: 32432119 PMCID: PMC7214672 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and the leading indication for pediatric liver transplant. These include diseases such as biliary atresia, Alagille syndrome, progressive intrahepatic cholestasis entities, ductal plate abnormalities including Caroli syndrome and congenital hepatic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, bile acid synthesis defects, and certain metabolic disease. Medical management of these patients typically includes supportive care for complications of chronic cholestasis including malnutrition, pruritus, and portal hypertension. However, there are limited effective interventions to prevent progressive liver damage in these diseases, leaving clinicians to ultimately rely on liver transplantation in many cases. Agents such as ursodeoxycholic acid, bile acid sequestrants, and rifampicin have been mainstays of treatment for years with the understanding that they may decrease or alter the composition of the bile acid pool, though clinical response to these medications is frequently insufficient and their effects on disease progression remain limited. Recently, animal and human studies have identified potential new therapeutic targets which may disrupt the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, alter the expression of bile acid transporters or decrease the production of bile acids. In this article, we will review bile formation, bile acid signaling, and the relevance for current and newer therapies for pediatric cholestasis. We will also highlight further areas of potential targets for medical intervention for pediatric cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Kriegermeier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Richard Green
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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36
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Gai Z, Gui T, Alecu I, Lone MA, Hornemann T, Chen Q, Visentin M, Hiller C, Hausler S, Kullak-Ublick GA. Farnesoid X receptor activation induces the degradation of hepatotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2020; 40:844-859. [PMID: 31883408 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) exhibit higher levels of plasma 1-deoxysphingolipids than healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in 1-deoxysphingolipid de novo synthesis and degradation. METHODS Mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity and NAFLD, and then treated with the FXR ligand obeticholic acid (OCA). Histology and gene expression analysis were performed on liver tissue. Sphingolipid patterns from NAFLD patients and mouse models were assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The molecular mechanism underlying the effect of FXR activation on sphingolipid metabolism was studied in Huh7 cells and primary cultured hepatocytes, as well as in a 1-deoxysphinganine-treated mouse model. RESULTS 1-deoxysphingolipids were increased in both NAFLD patients and mouse models. FXR activation by OCA protected the liver against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and reduced 1-deoxysphingolipid levels, both in a HFD-induced mouse model of obesity and in 1-deoxysphinganine-treated mice. In vitro, FXR activation lowered intracellular 1-deoxysphingolipid levels by inducing Cyp4f-mediated degradation, but not by inhibiting de novo synthesis, thereby protecting hepatocytes against doxSA-induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis. Overexpression of Cyp4f13 in cells was sufficient to ameliorate doxSA-induced cytotoxicity. Treatment with the Cyp4f pan-inhibitor HET0016 or FXR knock-down fully abolished the protective effect of OCA, indicating that OCA-mediated 1-deoxysphingolipid degradation is FXR and Cyp4f dependent. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies FXR-Cyp4f as a novel regulatory pathway for 1-deoxysphingolipid metabolism. FXR activation represents a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with metabolic syndrome and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Gai
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ting Gui
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Irina Alecu
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, uOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis and Research Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Museer A Lone
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qingfa Chen
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hiller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Hausler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
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Tsai MS, Lee HM, Huang SC, Sun CK, Chiu TC, Chen PH, Lin YC, Hung TM, Lee PH, Kao YH. Nerve growth factor induced farnesoid X receptor upregulation modulates autophagy flux and protects hepatocytes in cholestatic livers. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 682:108281. [PMID: 32001246 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) in parenchymal hepatocytes has been shown to exert hepatoprotective function during cholestatic liver injury. However, the modulatory role of NGF in regulation of liver autophagy remains unclear. This study aimed to scrutinize the regulatory role of NGF in hepatic expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear receptor, and to determine its cytoprotective effect on BA-induced autophagy and cytotoxicity. Livers of human hepatolithiasis and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced mouse cholestasis were used for histopathological and molecular detection. The regulatory roles of NGF in autophagy flux and FXR expression, as well as its hepatoprotection against BA cytotoxicity were examined in cultured hepatocytes. FXR downregulation in human hepatolithiasis livers showed positive correlation with hepatic NGF levels. NGF administration upregulated hepatic FXR levels, while neutralization of NGF decreased FXR expression in BDL-induced cholestatic mouse livers. In vitro studies demonstrated that NGF upregulated FXR expression, increased cellular LC3 levels, and exerted hepatoprotective effect in cultured primary rat hepatocytes. Conversely, autophagy inhibition abrogated NGF-driven cytoprotection under BA exposure, suggesting involvement of NGF-modulated auophagy flux. Although FXR agonistic GW4064 stimulation did not affect auophagic LC3 levels, FXR activity inhibition significantly potentiated BA-induced cytotoxicity and increased cellular p62/SQSTM1 and Rab7 protein in SK-Hep1 hepatocytes. Moreover, FXR gene silencing abolished the protective effect of NGF under BA exposure. These findings support that NGF modulates autophagy flux via FXR upregulation and protects hepatocytes against BA-induced cytotoxicity. NGF/FXR axis is a novel therapeutic target for treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shian Tsai
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Body Health and Beauty Center, Jiann-Ren Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ming Lee
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Huang
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Min Hung
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Committee for Integration and Promotion of Advanced Medicine and Biotechnology, E-Da Healthcare Group, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Committee for Integration and Promotion of Advanced Medicine and Biotechnology, E-Da Healthcare Group, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Dethloff F, Vargas F, Elijah E, Quinn R, Park DI, Herzog DP, Müller MB, Gentry EC, Knight R, Gonzalez A, Dorrestein PC, Turck CW. Paroxetine Administration Affects Microbiota and Bile Acid Levels in Mice. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:518. [PMID: 32581888 PMCID: PMC7287167 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent interest in the role of microbiota in health and disease has implicated gut microbiota dysbiosis in psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder. Several antidepressant drugs that belong to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been found to display antimicrobial activities. In fact, one of the first antidepressants discovered serendipitously in the 1950s, the monoamine-oxidase inhibitor Iproniazid, was a drug used for the treatment of tuberculosis. In the current study we chronically treated DBA/2J mice for 2 weeks with paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and collected fecal pellets as a proxy for the gut microbiota from the animals after 7 and 14 days. Behavioral testing with the forced swim test revealed significant differences between paroxetine- and vehicle-treated mice. Untargeted mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA profiling of fecal pellet extracts showed several primary and secondary bile acid level, and microbiota alpha diversity differences, respectively between paroxetine- and vehicle-treated mice, suggesting that microbiota functions are altered by the drug. In addition to their lipid absorbing activities bile acids have important signaling activities and have been associated with gastrointestinal diseases and colorectal cancer. Antidepressant drugs like paroxetine should therefore be used with caution to prevent undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Dethloff
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Fernando Vargas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA , United States.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Biological Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Emmanuel Elijah
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA , United States.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert Quinn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA , United States.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dong Ik Park
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - David P Herzog
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marianne B Müller
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Emily C Gentry
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA , United States.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, Bioengineering and Computer Science and Engineering, and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA , United States.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christoph W Turck
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Steroidogenic control of liver metabolism through a nuclear receptor-network. Mol Metab 2019; 30:221-229. [PMID: 31767173 PMCID: PMC6819870 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Coupling metabolic and reproductive pathways is essential for the survival of species. However, the functions of steroidogenic enzymes expressed in metabolic tissues are largely unknown. Methods and results Here, we show that in the liver, the classical steroidogenic enzyme Cyp17a1 forms an essential nexus for glucose and ketone metabolism during feed-fast cycles. Both gain- and loss-of-function approaches are used to show that hepatic Cyp17a1 is induced by fasting, catalyzes the production of at least one hormone-ligand (DHEA) for the nuclear receptor PPARα, and is ultimately required for maintaining euglycemia and ketogenesis during nutrient deprivation. The feedback-loop that terminates Cyp17a1-PPARα activity, and re-establishes anabolic liver metabolism during re-feeding is mapped to postprandial bile acid-signaling, involving the receptors FXR, SHP and LRH-1. Conclusions Together, these findings represent a novel paradigm of homeostatic control in which nutritional cues feed-forward on to metabolic pathways by influencing extragonadal steroidogenesis. The classical steroidogenic enzyme, Cyp17a1, is upregulated in liver during fasting. CYP17a1 produces a hormone-ligand for the nuclear receptor PPARα and affects glucose and lipid handling in the liver. Hepatic Cyp17a1 is essential for maintaining glycaemia and ketones during fasting. Bile acids, via a nuclear receptor cascade, repress hepatic Cyp17a1 as part of the re-feeding response.
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Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) is a bile acid (BA)-activated transcription factor, which is essential for BA homeostasis. FXR and its hepatic and intestinal target genes, small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) and fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (Fgf15 in mice, FGF19 in humans), transcriptionally regulate BA synthesis, detoxification, secretion, and absorption in the enterohepatic circulation. Furthermore, FXR modulates a large variety of physiological processes, such as lipid and glucose homeostasis as well as the inflammatory response. Targeted deletion of FXR renders mice highly susceptible to cholic acid feeding resulting in cholestatic liver injury, weight loss, and increased mortality. Combined deletion of FXR and SHP spontaneously triggers early-onset intrahepatic cholestasis in mice resembling human progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). Reduced expression levels and activity of FXR have been reported in human cholestatic conditions, such as PFIC type 1 and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Recently, two pairs of siblings with homozygous FXR truncation or deletion variants were identified. All four children suffered from severe, early-onset PFIC and liver failure leading to death or need for liver transplantation before the age of 2. These findings underscore the central role of FXR as regulator of systemic and hepatic BA levels. Therefore, targeting FXR has been exploited in different animal models of both intrahepatic and obstructive cholestasis, and the first FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) has been approved for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Further FXR agonists as well as a FGF19 analogue are currently tested in clinical trials for different cholestatic liver diseases. This chapter will summarize the current knowledge on the role of FXR in cholestasis both in rodent models and in human diseases.
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Xu SF, Hu AL, Xie L, Liu JJ, Wu Q, Liu J. Age-associated changes of cytochrome P450 and related phase-2 gene/proteins in livers of rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7429. [PMID: 31396457 PMCID: PMC6681801 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are phase-I metabolic enzymes playing important roles in drug metabolism, dietary chemicals and endogenous molecules. Age is a key factor influencing P450s expression. Thus, age-related changes of CYP 1–4 families and bile acid homeostasis-related CYPs, the corresponding nuclear receptors and a few phase-II genes were examined. Livers from male Sprague-Dawley rats at fetus (−2 d), neonates (1, 7, and 14 d), weanling (21 d), puberty (28 and 35 d), adulthood (60 and 180 d), and aging (540 and 800 d) were collected and subjected to qPCR analysis. Liver proteins from 14, 28, 60, 180, 540 and 800 days of age were also extracted for selected protein analysis by western blot. In general, there were three patterns of their expression: Some of the drug-metabolizing enzymes and related nuclear receptors were low in fetal and neonatal stage, increased with liver maturation and decreased quickly at aging (AhR, Cyp1a1, Cyp2b1, Cyp2b2, Cyp3a1, Cyp3a2, Ugt1a2); the majority of P450s (Cyp1a2, Cyp2c6, Cyp2c11, Cyp2d2, Cyp2e1, CAR, PXR, FXR, Cyp7a1, Cyp7b1. Cyp8b1, Cyp27a1, Ugt1a1, Sult1a1, Sult1a2) maintained relatively high levels throughout the adulthood, and decreased at 800 days of age; and some had an early peak between 7 and 14 days (CAR, PXR, PPARα, Cyp4a1, Ugt1a2). The protein expression of CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, CYP4A1, and CYP7A1 corresponded the trend of mRNA changes. In summary, this study characterized three expression patterns of 16 CYPs, five nuclear receptors, and four phase-II genes during development and aging in rat liver, adding to our understanding of age-related CYP expression changes and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - An-Ling Hu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Xiong XL, Ding Y, Chen ZL, Wang Y, Liu P, Qin H, Zhou LS, Zhang LL, Huang J, Zhao L. Emodin Rescues Intrahepatic Cholestasis via Stimulating FXR/BSEP Pathway in Promoting the Canalicular Export of Accumulated Bile. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:522. [PMID: 31191298 PMCID: PMC6540617 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Bile salt export pump (BSEP) have been confirmed to play an important role for bile acid canalicular export in the treatment of cholestasis. In this study, we investigated the stimulatory effect of emodin on BSEP signaling pathway in cholestasis. Methods Cell and animal experiments were given different concentrations of emodin. The BSEP upstream molecule farnesoid X receptor was down-regulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology or guggulsterones and up-regulated by lentivirus or GW4064. Real-time PCR and Western blotting was employed to detect the mRNA and protein levels of BSEP in LO2 cell, rat primary hepatocytes and liver tissue. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to examine the expression of BSEP in liver tissues. Rat liver function and pathological changes of liver tissue were performed by biochemical test and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Results Emodin could increase the mRNA and protein expression of BSEP and FXR. When down-regulating farnesoid X receptor expression with the siRNA or inhibitor guggulsterones, and up-regulating farnesoid X receptor expression with the lentivirus or agonist GW4064, emodin could increase the mRNA level of BSEP and FXR and the protein level of BSEP, FXR1, and FXR2. Emodin also had a notable effect on rat primary hepatocytes experiment, rat pathological manifestation, BSEP, FXR1, and FXR2 positive staining in liver tissues and the test of liver function. Conclusion Emodin has a protective effect and a rescue activity on cholestasis via stimulating FXR/BSEP pathways in promoting the canalicular export of accumulated bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Xiong
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Liu
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Shan Zhou
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Khambu B, Li T, Yan S, Yu C, Chen X, Goheen M, Li Y, Lin J, Cummings OW, Lee YA, Friedman S, Dong Z, Feng GS, Wu S, Yin XM. Hepatic Autophagy Deficiency Compromises Farnesoid X Receptor Functionality and Causes Cholestatic Injury. Hepatology 2019; 69:2196-2213. [PMID: 30520052 PMCID: PMC6461497 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is important for hepatic homeostasis, nutrient regeneration, and organelle quality control. We investigated the mechanisms by which liver injury occurred in the absence of autophagy function. We found that mice deficient in autophagy because of the lack of autophagy-related gene 7 or autophagy-related gene 5, key autophagy-related genes, manifested intracellular cholestasis with increased levels of serum bile acids, a higher ratio of tauromuricholic acid/taurocholic acid in the bile, increased hepatic bile acid load, abnormal bile canaliculi, and altered expression of hepatic transporters. In determining the underlying mechanism, we found that autophagy sustained and promoted the basal and up-regulated expression of farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) in the fed and starved conditions, respectively. Consequently, expression of Fxr and its downstream genes, particularly bile salt export pump, and the binding of FXR to the promoter regions of these genes, were suppressed in autophagy-deficient livers. In addition, codeletion of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in autophagy deficiency status reversed the FXR suppression. Furthermore, the cholestatic injury of autophagy-deficient livers was reversed by enhancement of FXR activity or expression, or by Nrf2 deletion. Conclusion: Together with earlier reports that FXR can suppress autophagy, our findings indicate that autophagy and FXR form a regulatory loop and deficiency of autophagy causes abnormal FXR functionality, leading to the development of intracellular cholestasis and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilon Khambu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shengmin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Changshun Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Goheen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jingmei Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Oscar W. Cummings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Youngmin A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical School, New York, NY, USA,Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shangwei Wu
- Center of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Corresponding Author. Xiao-Ming Yin, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Phone: 317-274-1779, Fax: 317-491-6639,
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Fu T, Coulter S, Yoshihara E, Oh TG, Fang S, Cayabyab F, Zhu Q, Zhang T, Leblanc M, Liu S, He M, Waizenegger W, Gasser E, Schnabl B, Atkins AR, Yu RT, Knight R, Liddle C, Downes M, Evans RM. FXR Regulates Intestinal Cancer Stem Cell Proliferation. Cell 2019; 176:1098-1112.e18. [PMID: 30794774 PMCID: PMC6701863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of intestinal bile acids (BAs) are a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we show that the convergence of dietary factors (high-fat diet) and dysregulated WNT signaling (APC mutation) alters BA profiles to drive malignant transformations in Lgr5-expressing (Lgr5+) cancer stem cells and promote an adenoma-to-adenocarcinoma progression. Mechanistically, we show that BAs that antagonize intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) function, including tauro-β-muricholic acid (T-βMCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA), induce proliferation and DNA damage in Lgr5+ cells. Conversely, selective activation of intestinal FXR can restrict abnormal Lgr5+ cell growth and curtail CRC progression. This unexpected role for FXR in coordinating intestinal self-renewal with BA levels implicates FXR as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sally Coulter
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tae Gyu Oh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sungsoon Fang
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, BK21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Fritz Cayabyab
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Waitt Biophotonics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sihao Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mingxiao He
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wanda Waizenegger
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Liang N, Jakobsson T, Fan R, Treuter E. The Nuclear Receptor-Co-repressor Complex in Control of Liver Metabolism and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:411. [PMID: 31293521 PMCID: PMC6606711 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the major cell-type in the liver responsible for the coordination of metabolism in response to multiple signaling inputs. Coordination occurs primarily at the level of gene expression via transcriptional networks composed of transcription factors, in particular nuclear receptors (NRs), and associated co-regulators, including chromatin-modifying complexes. Disturbance of these networks by genetic, environmental or nutritional factors can lead to metabolic dysregulation and has been linked to the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) toward steatohepatitis and even liver cancer. Since there are currently no approved therapies, major efforts are dedicated to identify the critical factors that can be employed for drug development. Amongst the identified factors with clinical significance are currently lipid-sensing NRs including PPARs, LXRs, and FXR. However, major obstacles of NR-targeting are the undesired side effects associated with the genome-wide NR activities in multiple cell-types. Thus, of particular interest are co-regulators that determine NR activities, context-selectivity, and associated chromatin states. Current research on the role of co-regulators in hepatocytes is still premature due to the large number of candidates, the limited number of available mouse models, and the technical challenges in studying their chromatin occupancy. As a result, how NR-co-regulator networks in hepatocytes are coordinated by extracellular signals, and how NR-pathway selectivity is achieved, remains currently poorly understood. We will here review a notable exception, namely a fundamental transcriptional co-repressor complex that during the past decade has become the probably most-studied and best-understood physiological relevant co-regulator in hepatocytes. This multiprotein complex contains the core subunits HDAC3, NCOR, SMRT, TBL1, TBLR1, and GPS2 and is referred to as the "NR-co-repressor complex." We will particularly discuss recent advances in characterizing hepatocyte-specific loss-of-function mouse models and in applying genome-wide sequencing approaches including ChIP-seq. Both have been instrumental to uncover the role of each of the subunits under physiological conditions and in disease models, but they also revealed insights into the NR target range and genomic mechanisms of action of the co-repressor complex. We will integrate a discussion of translational aspects about the role of the complex in NAFLD pathways and in particular about the hypothesis that patient-specific alterations of specific subunits may determine NAFLD susceptibility and the therapeutic outcomes of NR-directed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jakobsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Eckardt Treuter
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Šimják P, Hill M, Pařízek A, Vítek L, Velíková M, Dušková M, Kancheva R, Bulant J, Koucký M, Kokrdová Z, Adamcová K, Černý A, Hájek Z, Stárka L. May circulating steroids reveal a predisposition to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in non-pregnant women? Physiol Res 2018; 67:S499-S510. [PMID: 30484676 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a frequent liver disorder, mostly occurring in the third trimester. ICP is not harmful to the mothers but threatens the fetus. The authors evaluated steroid alterations in maternal and mixed umbilical blood to elucidate their role in the ICP development. Ten women with ICP were included in the study. Steroids in the maternal blood were measured by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) (n=58) and RIA (n=5) at the diagnosis of ICP, labor, day 5 postpartum, week 3 postpartum and week 6 postpartum. The results were evaluated by ANOVA consisting of the subject factor, between subject factors ICP, gestational age at the diagnosis of ICP and gestational age at labor, within-subject factor Stage and ICP × Stage interaction. The 17 controls were firstly examined in the week 36 of gestation. ICP patients showed reduced CYP17A1 activity in the C17,20 lyase step thus shifting the balance between the toxic conjugated pregnanediols and harmless sulfated 5alpha/beta-reduced-17-oxo C19 steroids. Hence, more toxic metabolites originating in maternal liver from the placental pregnanes may penetrate backward to the fetal circulation. As these alterations persist in puerperium, the circulating steroids could be potentially used for predicting the predisposition to ICP even before next pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Šimják
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, Department of Steroids and Proteohormones, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Hamajima H, Tanaka M, Miyagawa M, Sakamoto M, Nakamura T, Yanagita T, Nishimukai M, Mitsutake S, Nakayama J, Nagao K, Kitagaki H. Koji glycosylceramide commonly contained in Japanese traditional fermented foods alters cholesterol metabolism in obese mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 83:1514-1522. [PMID: 30595103 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1562877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Koji, which is manufactured by proliferating non-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus oryzae on steamed rice, is the base for Japanese traditional fermented foods. We have revealed that koji and related Japanese fermented foods and drinks such as amazake, shio-koji, unfiltered sake and miso contain abundant glycosylceramide. Here, we report that feeding of koji glycosylceramide to obese mice alters the cholesterol metabolism . Liver cholesterol was significantly decreased in obese mice fed with koji glycosylceramide. We hypothesized that their liver cholesterol was decreased because it was converted to bile acids. Consistent with the hypothesis, many bile acids were increased in the cecum and feces of obese mice fed with koji glycosylceramide. Expressions of CYP7A1 and ABCG8 involved in the metabolism of cholesterol were significantly increased in the liver of mice fed with koji glycosylceramide. Therefore, it was considered that koji glycosylceramide affects the cholesterol metabolism in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamajima
- a Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Saga University , Saga city , Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- b Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School , Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Miyuki Miyagawa
- a Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Saga University , Saga city , Japan
| | - Mayuko Sakamoto
- a Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Saga University , Saga city , Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakamura
- c International College of Arts and Sciences , Fukuoka Women's University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- d Faculty of Health and Nutrition Science , Nishikyushu University , Kanzaki , Japan
| | - Megumi Nishimukai
- e Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Iwate University , Morioka , Japan
| | - Susumu Mitsutake
- f Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture , Saga University , Saga city , Japan
| | - Jiro Nakayama
- b Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School , Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Koji Nagao
- f Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture , Saga University , Saga city , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagaki
- a Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Saga University , Saga city , Japan
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Kim KH, Choi JM, Li F, Dong B, Wooton-Kee CR, Arizpe A, Anakk S, Jung SY, Hartig SM, Moore DD. Constitutive Androstane Receptor Differentially Regulates Bile Acid Homeostasis in Mouse Models of Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Hepatol Commun 2018; 3:147-159. [PMID: 30620001 PMCID: PMC6312660 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple transcription factors, including farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP). We previously reported that loss of the FXR/SHP axis causes severe intrahepatic cholestasis, similar to human progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 5 (PFIC5). In this study, we found that constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is endogenously activated in Fxr:Shp double knockout (DKO) mice. To test the hypothesis that CAR activation protects DKO mice from further liver damage, we generated Fxr;Shp;Car triple knockout (TKO) mice. In TKO mice, residual adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette, subfamily B member 11 (ABCB11; alias bile salt export pump [BSEP]) function and fecal BA excretion are completely impaired, resulting in severe hepatic and biliary damage due to excess BA overload. In addition, we discovered that pharmacologic CAR activation has different effects on intrahepatic cholestasis of different etiologies. In DKO mice, CAR agonist 1,4‐bis[2‐(3,5‐dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP; here on TC) treatment attenuated cholestatic liver injury, as expected. However, in the PFIC2 model Bsep knockout (BKO) mice, TC treatment exhibited opposite effects that reflect increased BA accumulation and liver injury. These contrasting results may be linked to differential regulation of systemic cholesterol homeostasis in DKO and BKO livers. TC treatment selectively up‐regulated hepatic cholesterol levels in BKO mice, supporting de novo BA synthesis. Conclusion: CAR activation in DKO mice is generally protective against cholestatic liver injury in these mice, which model PFIC5, but not in the PFIC2 model BKO mice. Our results emphasize the importance of the genetic and physiologic background when implementing targeted therapies to treat intrahepatic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX.,Center for Drug Discovery Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | | | - Armando Arizpe
- School of Natural Science University of Texas Austin Austin TX
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
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Update on FXR Biology: Promising Therapeutic Target? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072069. [PMID: 30013008 PMCID: PMC6073382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a metabolic nuclear receptor, plays critical roles in the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis and the integrity of many organs, including liver and intestine. It regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, and contributes to inter-organ communication, in particular the enterohepatic signaling pathway, through bile acids and fibroblast growth factor-15/19 (FGF-15/19). The metabolic effects of FXR are also involved in gut microbiota. In addition, FXR has various functions in the kidney, adipose tissue, pancreas, cardiovascular system, and tumorigenesis. Consequently, the deregulation of FXR may lead to abnormalities of specific organs and metabolic dysfunction, allowing the protein as an attractive therapeutic target for the management of liver and/or metabolic diseases. Indeed, many FXR agonists have been being developed and are under pre-clinical and clinical investigations. Although obeticholic acid (OCA) is one of the promising candidates, significant safety issues have remained. The effects of FXR modulation might be multifaceted according to tissue specificity, disease type, and/or energy status, suggesting the careful use of FXR agonists. This review summarizes the current knowledge of systemic FXR biology in various organs and the gut–liver axis, particularly regarding the recent advancement in these fields, and also provides pharmacological aspects of FXR modulation for rational therapeutic strategies and novel drug development.
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Kim KH, Choi JM, Li F, Arizpe A, Wooton-Kee CR, Anakk S, Jung SY, Finegold MJ, Moore DD. Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptor Signaling Determines Molecular Pathogenesis of Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2435-2446. [PMID: 29718219 PMCID: PMC7263843 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder of bile flow disruption due to abnormal canalicular transport or impaired bile acid (BA) metabolism, causing excess BA accumulation and liver failure. We previously reported an intrahepatic cholestasis mouse model based on loss of function of both farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4) and a small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) [double knockout (DKO)], which has strong similarities to human PFIC5. We compared the pathogenesis of DKO livers with that of another intrahepatic cholestasis model, Bsep-/-, which represents human PFIC2. Both models exhibit severe hepatomegaly and hepatic BA accumulation, but DKO showed greater circulating BA and liver injury, and Bsep-/- had milder phenotypes. Molecular profiling of BAs uncovered specific enrichment of cholic acid (CA)-derived BAs in DKO livers but chenodeoxycholate-derived BAs in Bsep-/- livers. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed specific activation of CA synthesis and alternative basolateral BA transport in DKO but increased chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis and canalicular transport in Bsep-/-. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)/pregnane X receptor (PXR)-CYP2B/CYP2C axis is activated in DKO livers but not in other cholestasis models. Loss of this axis in Fxr:Shp:Car:Pxr quadruple knockouts blocked Cyp2b/Cyp2c gene induction, impaired bilirubin conjugation/elimination, and increased liver injury. Differential CYP2B expression in DKO and Bsep-/- was recapitulated in human PFIC5 and PFIC2 livers. In conclusion, loss of FXR/SHP results in distinct molecular pathogenesis and CAR/PXR activation, which promotes Cyp2b/Cyp2c gene transcription and bilirubin clearance. CAR/PXR activation was not observed in Bsep-/- mice or PFIC2 patients. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the heterogeneity of intrahepatic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Armando Arizpe
- School of Natural Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Clavia Ruth Wooton-Kee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Milton J Finegold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: David D. Moore, PhD, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail:
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