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Alter K, Jacquemont J, Claudet J, Lattuca ME, Barrantes ME, Marras S, Manríquez PH, González CP, Fernández DA, Peck MA, Cattano C, Milazzo M, Mark FC, Domenici P. Hidden impacts of ocean warming and acidification on biological responses of marine animals revealed through meta-analysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2885. [PMID: 38570485 PMCID: PMC10991405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Conflicting results remain on the impacts of climate change on marine organisms, hindering our capacity to predict the future state of marine ecosystems. To account for species-specific responses and for the ambiguous relation of most metrics to fitness, we develop a meta-analytical approach based on the deviation of responses from reference values (absolute change) to complement meta-analyses of directional (relative) changes in responses. Using this approach, we evaluate responses of fish and invertebrates to warming and acidification. We find that climate drivers induce directional changes in calcification, survival, and metabolism, and significant deviations in twice as many biological responses, including physiology, reproduction, behavior, and development. Widespread deviations of responses are detected even under moderate intensity levels of warming and acidification, while directional changes are mostly limited to more severe intensity levels. Because such deviations may result in ecological shifts impacting ecosystem structures and processes, our results suggest that climate change will likely have stronger impacts than those previously predicted based on directional changes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Alter
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, P.O. Box 59, 1790, AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands.
| | - Juliette Jacquemont
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison de l'Océan, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison de l'Océan, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France
| | - María E Lattuca
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410CAB, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - María E Barrantes
- Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (UNTDF - ICPA), Fuegia Basket 251, V9410BXE, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Stefano Marras
- CNR-IAS, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Instituto per lo studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino. Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Daniel A Fernández
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410CAB, Ushuaia, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (UNTDF - ICPA), Fuegia Basket 251, V9410BXE, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Myron A Peck
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, P.O. Box 59, 1790, AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Marine Animal Ecology Group, De Elst 1, 6708, WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Cattano
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo, I-90149, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 20, I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Felix C Mark
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAS, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Instituto per lo studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino. Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- CNR-IBF, Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi N°1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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You W, Li Q, Chen L, He N, Li Y, Long F, Wang Y, Chen Y, McNamara RK, Sweeney JA, DelBello MP, Gong Q, Li F. Common and distinct cortical thickness alterations in youth with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. BMC Med 2024; 22:92. [PMID: 38433204 PMCID: PMC10910790 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental disorders with overlapping behavioral features and genetic etiology. While brain cortical thickness (CTh) alterations have been reported in ASD and ADHD separately, the degree to which ASD and ADHD are associated with common and distinct patterns of CTh changes is unclear. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Science Direct from inception to 8 December 2023 and included studies of cortical thickness comparing youth (age less than 18) with ASD or ADHD with typically developing controls (TDC). We conducted a comparative meta-analysis of vertex-based studies to identify common and distinct CTh alterations in ASD and ADHD. RESULTS Twelve ASD datasets involving 458 individuals with ASD and 10 ADHD datasets involving 383 individuals with ADHD were included in the analysis. Compared to TDC, ASD showed increased CTh in bilateral superior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, and right superior parietal lobule (SPL) and decreased CTh in right temporoparietal junction (TPJ). ADHD showed decreased CTh in bilateral precentral gyri, right postcentral gyrus, and right TPJ relative to TDC. Conjunction analysis showed both disorders shared reduced TPJ CTh located in default mode network (DMN). Comparative analyses indicated ASD had greater CTh in right SPL and TPJ located in dorsal attention network and thinner CTh in right TPJ located in ventral attention network than ADHD. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest shared thinner TPJ located in DMN is an overlapping neurobiological feature of ASD and ADHD. This alteration together with SPL alterations might be related to altered biological motion processing in ASD, while abnormalities in sensorimotor systems may contribute to behavioral control problems in ADHD. The disorder-specific thinner TPJ located in disparate attention networks provides novel insight into distinct symptoms of attentional deficits associated with the two neurodevelopmental disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022370620. Registered on November 9, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfang You
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhou Chen
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Long
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Chen
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA
| | - Melissa P DelBello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Shen L, Zhang J, Fan S, Ping L, Yu H, Xu F, Cheng Y, Xu X, Yang C, Zhou C. Cortical thickness abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:65-77. [PMID: 36542200 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathological mechanism of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains unclear. Nowadays, surface-based morphometry (SBM) based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) techniques have reported cortical thickness (CT) variations in ASD. However, the findings were inconsistent and heterogeneous. This current meta-analysis conducted a whole-brain vertex-wise coordinate-based meta-analysis (CBMA) on CT studies to explore the most noticeable and robust CT changes in ASD individuals by applying the seed-based d mapping (SDM) program. A total of 26 investigations comprised 27 datasets were included, containing 1,635 subjects with ASD and 1470 HC, along with 94 coordinates. Individuals with ASD exhibited significantly altered CT in several regions compared to HC, including four clusters with thicker CT in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG.R), the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG.L), the left anterior cingulate/paracingulate gyri, the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG.R, medial orbital parts), as well as three clusters with cortical thinning including the left parahippocampal gyrus (PHG.L), the right precentral gyrus (PCG.R) and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG.L). Adults with ASD only demonstrated CT thinning in the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG.R), revealed by subgroup meta-analyses. Meta-regression analyses found that CT in STG.R was positively correlated with age. Meanwhile, CT in MFG.L and PHG.L had negative correlations with the age of ASD individuals. These results suggested a complicated and atypical cortical development trajectory in ASD, and would provide a deeper understanding of the neural mechanism underlying the cortical morphology in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancheng Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Daizhuang Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Daizhuang Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Shiran Fan
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Liangliang Ping
- Department of Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
| | - Cong Zhou
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
- Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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Bedford SA, Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Chakrabarti B, Ruigrok A, Suckling J, Anagnostou E, Lerch JP, Taylor M, Nicolson R, Stelios G, Crosbie J, Schachar R, Kelley E, Jones J, Arnold PD, Courchesne E, Pierce K, Eyler LT, Campbell K, Barnes CC, Seidlitz J, Alexander-Bloch AF, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S, Bethlehem RA. Brain-charting autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reveals distinct and overlapping neurobiology. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.06.23299587. [PMID: 38106166 PMCID: PMC10723556 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.23299587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions with complex underlying neurobiology. Despite overlapping presentation and sex-biased prevalence, autism and ADHD are rarely studied together, and sex differences are often overlooked. Normative modelling provides a unified framework for studying age-specific and sex-specific divergences in neurodivergent brain development. Methods Here we use normative modelling and a large, multi-site neuroimaging dataset to characterise cortical anatomy associated with autism and ADHD, benchmarked against models of typical brain development based on a sample of over 75,000 individuals. We also examined sex and age differences, relationship with autistic traits, and explored the co-occurrence of autism and ADHD (autism+ADHD). Results We observed robust neuroanatomical signatures of both autism and ADHD. Overall, autistic individuals showed greater cortical thickness and volume localised to the superior temporal cortex, whereas individuals with ADHD showed more global effects of cortical thickness increases but lower cortical volume and surface area across much of the cortex. The autism+ADHD group displayed a unique pattern of widespread increases in cortical thickness, and certain decreases in surface area. We also found evidence that sex modulates the neuroanatomy of autism but not ADHD, and an age-by-diagnosis interaction for ADHD only. Conclusions These results indicate distinct cortical differences in autism and ADHD that are differentially impacted by age, sex, and potentially unique patterns related to their co-occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saashi A. Bedford
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100229, Taiwan
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Centre for Autism, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6ES, UK
| | - Amber Ruigrok
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
| | - John Suckling
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Margot Taylor
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Rob Nicolson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Jessica Jones
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Paul D. Arnold
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric Courchesne
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kathleen Campbell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Carter Barnes
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aaron F. Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Cambridge Lifetime Autism Spectrum Service (CLASS), Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard A.I. Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Arenella M, Fanelli G, Kiemeney LA, McAlonan G, Murphy DG, Bralten J. Genetic relationship between the immune system and autism. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 34:100698. [PMID: 38020478 PMCID: PMC10663755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common and complex neurodevelopmental condition. The pathophysiology of ASD is poorly defined; however, it includes a strong genetic component and there is increasing evidence to support a role of immune dysregulation. Nonetheless, it is unclear which immune phenotypes link to ASD through genetics. Hence, we investigated the genetic correlation between ASD and diverse classes of immune conditions and markers; and if these immune-related genetic factors link to specific autistic-like traits in the population. We estimated global and local genetic correlations between ASD (n = 55,420) and 11 immune phenotypes (n = 14,256-755,406) using genome-wide association study summary statistics. Subsequently, polygenic scores (PGS) for these immune phenotypes were calculated in a population-based sample (n = 2487) and associated to five autistic-like traits (i.e., attention to detail, childhood behaviour, imagination, rigidity, social skills), and a total autistic-like traits score. Sex-stratified PGS analyses were also performed. At the genome-wide level, ASD was positively correlated with allergic diseases (ALG), and negatively correlated with lymphocyte count, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (FDR-p = 0.01-0.02). At the local genetic level, ASD was correlated with RA, C-reactive protein, and granulocytes and lymphocyte counts (p = 5.8 × 10-6-0.002). In the general population sample, increased genetic liability for SLE, RA, ALG, and lymphocyte levels, captured by PGS, was associated with the total autistic score and with rigidity and childhood behaviour (FDR-p = 0.03). In conclusion, we demonstrated a genetic relationship between ASD and immunity that depends on the type of immune phenotype considered; some increase likelihood whereas others may potentially help build resilience. Also, this relationship may be restricted to specific genetic loci and link to specific autistic dimensions (e.g., rigidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Arenella
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Fanelli
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Grainne McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Maudsley and South London NHS Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Declan G. Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Maudsley and South London NHS Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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6
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Arenella M, Matuleviciute R, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, McAlonan G, Bralten J, Murphy D. Immunogenetics of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic literature review. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:488-499. [PMID: 37717669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aetiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex and, partly, accounted by genetic factors. Nonetheless, the genetic underpinnings of ASD are poorly defined. The presence of immune dysregulations in autistic individuals, and their families, supports a role of the immune system and its genetic regulators. Albeit immune responses belong either to the innate or adaptive arms, the overall immune system genetics is broad, and encompasses a multitude of functionally heterogenous pathways which may have different influences on ASD. Hence, to gain insights on the immunogenetic underpinnings of ASD, we conducted a systematic literature review of previous immune genetic and transcription studies in ASD. We defined a list of immune genes relevant to ASD and explored their neuro-immune function. Our review confirms the presence of immunogenetic variability in ASD, accounted by inherited variations of innate and adaptive immune system genes and genetic expression changes in the blood and post-mortem brain of autistic individuals. Besides their immune function, the identified genes control neurodevelopment processes (neuronal and synaptic plasticity) and are highly expressed in pre/peri-natal periods. Hence, our synthesis bolsters the hypothesis that perturbation in immune genes may contribute to ASD by derailing the typical trajectory of neurodevelopment. Our review also helped identifying some of the limitations of prior immunogenetic research in ASD. Thus, alongside clarifying the neurodevelopment role of immune genes, we outline key considerations for future work into the aetiology of ASD and possible novel intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Arenella
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rugile Matuleviciute
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- University Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry Lab, AP-HP, Department of Addiction and Psychiatry (DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT), France; Fondation FondaMental, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- University Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry Lab, AP-HP, Department of Addiction and Psychiatry (DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT), France; Fondation FondaMental, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Grainne McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Cakar ME, Cummings KK, Bookheimer SY, Dapretto M, Green SA. Age-related changes in neural responses to sensory stimulation in autism: a cross-sectional study. Mol Autism 2023; 14:38. [PMID: 37817282 PMCID: PMC10566124 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory over-responsivity (SOR) is an impairing sensory processing challenge in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) which shows heterogenous developmental trajectories and appears to improve into adulthood in some but not all autistic individuals. However, the neural mechanisms underlying interindividual differences in these trajectories are currently unknown. METHODS Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the association between age and neural activity linearly and nonlinearly in response to mildly aversive sensory stimulation as well as how SOR severity moderates this association. Participants included 52 ASD (14F) and 41 (13F) typically developing (TD) youth, aged 8.6-18.0 years. RESULTS We found that in pre-teens, ASD children showed widespread activation differences in sensorimotor, frontal and cerebellar regions compared to TD children, while there were fewer differences between ASD and TD teens. In TD youth, older age was associated with less activation in the prefrontal cortex. In contrast, in ASD youth, older age was associated with more engagement of sensory integration and emotion regulation regions. In particular, orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices showed a nonlinear relationship with age in ASD, with an especially steep increase in sensory-evoked neural activity during the mid-to-late teen years. There was also an interaction between age and SOR severity in ASD youth such that these age-related trends were more apparent in youth with higher SOR. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design limits causal interpretations of the data. Future longitudinal studies will be instrumental in determining how prefrontal engagement and SOR co-develop across adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that enhanced recruitment of prefrontal regions may underlie age-related decreases in SOR for a subgroup of ASD youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis E Cakar
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Ahmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California Los Angeles, 660 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Kaitlin K Cummings
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Mirella Dapretto
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shulamite A Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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8
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Pretzsch CM, Ecker C. Structural neuroimaging phenotypes and associated molecular and genomic underpinnings in autism: a review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1172779. [PMID: 37457001 PMCID: PMC10347684 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1172779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism has been associated with differences in the developmental trajectories of multiple neuroanatomical features, including cortical thickness, surface area, cortical volume, measures of gyrification, and the gray-white matter tissue contrast. These neuroimaging features have been proposed as intermediate phenotypes on the gradient from genomic variation to behavioral symptoms. Hence, examining what these proxy markers represent, i.e., disentangling their associated molecular and genomic underpinnings, could provide crucial insights into the etiology and pathophysiology of autism. In line with this, an increasing number of studies are exploring the association between neuroanatomical, cellular/molecular, and (epi)genetic variation in autism, both indirectly and directly in vivo and across age. In this review, we aim to summarize the existing literature in autism (and neurotypicals) to chart a putative pathway from (i) imaging-derived neuroanatomical cortical phenotypes to (ii) underlying (neuropathological) biological processes, and (iii) associated genomic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Pretzsch
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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9
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Pretzsch CM, Floris DL, Schäfer T, Bletsch A, Gurr C, Lombardo MV, Chatham CH, Tillmann J, Charman T, Arenella M, Jones E, Ambrosino S, Bourgeron T, Dumas G, Cliquet F, Leblond CS, Loth E, Oakley B, Buitelaar JK, Baron-Cohen S, Beckmann CF, Persico AM, Banaschewski T, Durston S, Freitag CM, Murphy DGM, Ecker C. Cross-sectional and longitudinal neuroanatomical profiles of distinct clinical (adaptive) outcomes in autism. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2158-2169. [PMID: 36991132 PMCID: PMC10575772 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (henceforth referred to as autism) display significant variation in clinical outcome. For instance, across age, some individuals' adaptive skills naturally improve or remain stable, while others' decrease. To pave the way for 'precision-medicine' approaches, it is crucial to identify the cross-sectional and, given the developmental nature of autism, longitudinal neurobiological (including neuroanatomical and linked genetic) correlates of this variation. We conducted a longitudinal follow-up study of 333 individuals (161 autistic and 172 neurotypical individuals, aged 6-30 years), with two assessment time points separated by ~12-24 months. We collected behavioural (Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale-II, VABS-II) and neuroanatomical (structural magnetic resonance imaging) data. Autistic participants were grouped into clinically meaningful "Increasers", "No-changers", and "Decreasers" in adaptive behaviour (based on VABS-II scores). We compared each clinical subgroup's neuroanatomy (surface area and cortical thickness at T1, ∆T (intra-individual change) and T2) to that of the neurotypicals. Next, we explored the neuroanatomical differences' potential genomic associates using the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Clinical subgroups had distinct neuroanatomical profiles in surface area and cortical thickness at baseline, neuroanatomical development, and follow-up. These profiles were enriched for genes previously associated with autism and for genes previously linked to neurobiological pathways implicated in autism (e.g. excitation-inhibition systems). Our findings suggest that distinct clinical outcomes (i.e. intra-individual change in clinical profiles) linked to autism core symptoms are associated with atypical cross-sectional and longitudinal, i.e. developmental, neurobiological profiles. If validated, our findings may advance the development of interventions, e.g. targeting mechanisms linked to relatively poorer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Pretzsch
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anke Bletsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caroline Gurr
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Chris H Chatham
- F. Hoffmann La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Tillmann
- F. Hoffmann La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tony Charman
- Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martina Arenella
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Jones
- Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, University of London, London, UK
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Freddy Cliquet
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire S Leblond
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eva Loth
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bethany Oakley
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Durston
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in autism: the role of glutamate and GABA gene-sets in symptoms and cortical brain structure. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:18. [PMID: 36681677 PMCID: PMC9867712 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis posits that imbalance between excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) mechanisms underlies the behavioral characteristics of autism. However, how E/I imbalance arises and how it may differ across autism symptomatology and brain regions is not well understood. We used innovative analysis methods-combining competitive gene-set analysis and gene-expression profiles in relation to cortical thickness (CT) to investigate relationships between genetic variance, brain structure and autism symptomatology of participants from the AIMS-2-TRIALS LEAP cohort (autism = 359, male/female = 258/101; neurotypical control participants = 279, male/female = 178/101) aged 6-30 years. Using competitive gene-set analyses, we investigated whether aggregated genetic variation in glutamate and GABA gene-sets could be associated with behavioral measures of autism symptoms and brain structural variation. Further, using the same gene-sets, we corelated expression profiles throughout the cortex with differences in CT between autistic and neurotypical control participants, as well as in separate sensory subgroups. The glutamate gene-set was associated with all autism symptom severity scores on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) within the autistic group. In adolescents and adults, brain regions with greater gene-expression of glutamate and GABA genes showed greater differences in CT between autistic and neurotypical control participants although in opposing directions. Additionally, the gene expression profiles were associated with CT profiles in separate sensory subgroups. Our results suggest complex relationships between E/I related genetics and autism symptom profiles as well as brain structure alterations, where there may be differential roles for glutamate and GABA.
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11
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Floris DL, Peng H, Warrier V, Lombardo MV, Pretzsch CM, Moreau C, Tsompanidis A, Gong W, Mennes M, Llera A, van Rooij D, Oldehinkel M, Forde NJ, Charman T, Tillmann J, Banaschewski T, Moessnang C, Durston S, Holt RJ, Ecker C, Dell'Acqua F, Loth E, Bourgeron T, Murphy DGM, Marquand AF, Lai MC, Buitelaar JK, Baron-Cohen S, Beckmann CF. The Link Between Autism and Sex-Related Neuroanatomy, and Associated Cognition and Gene Expression. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:50-64. [PMID: 36415971 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The male preponderance in prevalence of autism is among the most pronounced sex ratios across neurodevelopmental conditions. The authors sought to elucidate the relationship between autism and typical sex-differential neuroanatomy, cognition, and related gene expression. METHODS Using a novel deep learning framework trained to predict biological sex based on T1-weighted structural brain images, the authors compared sex prediction model performance across neurotypical and autistic males and females. Multiple large-scale data sets comprising T1-weighted MRI data were employed at four stages of the analysis pipeline: 1) pretraining, with the UK Biobank sample (>10,000 individuals); 2) transfer learning and validation, with the ABIDE data sets (1,412 individuals, 5-56 years of age); 3) test and discovery, with the EU-AIMS/AIMS-2-TRIALS LEAP data set (681 individuals, 6-30 years of age); and 4) specificity, with the NeuroIMAGE and ADHD200 data sets (887 individuals, 7-26 years of age). RESULTS Across both ABIDE and LEAP, features positively predictive of neurotypical males were on average significantly more predictive of autistic males (ABIDE: Cohen's d=0.48; LEAP: Cohen's d=1.34). Features positively predictive of neurotypical females were on average significantly less predictive of autistic females (ABIDE: Cohen's d=1.25; LEAP: Cohen's d=1.29). These differences in sex prediction accuracy in autism were not observed in individuals with ADHD. In autistic females, the male-shifted neurophenotype was further associated with poorer social sensitivity and emotional face processing while also associated with gene expression patterns of midgestational cell types. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate an increased resemblance in both autistic male and female individuals' neuroanatomy with male-characteristic patterns associated with typically sex-differential social cognitive features and related gene expression patterns. The findings hold promise for future research aimed at refining the quest for biological mechanisms underpinning the etiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea L Floris
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Han Peng
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Varun Warrier
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Charlotte M Pretzsch
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Clara Moreau
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Alex Tsompanidis
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Weikang Gong
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Alberto Llera
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Marianne Oldehinkel
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Natalie J Forde
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Tony Charman
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Sarah Durston
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Rosemary J Holt
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Christine Ecker
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Flavio Dell'Acqua
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Eva Loth
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Andre F Marquand
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
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- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
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- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell'Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar)
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Loth E. Does the current state of biomarker discovery in autism reflect the limits of reductionism in precision medicine? Suggestions for an integrative approach that considers dynamic mechanisms between brain, body, and the social environment. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1085445. [PMID: 36911126 PMCID: PMC9992810 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1085445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, precision medicine has become one of the most influential approaches in biomedical research to improve early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of clinical conditions and develop mechanism-based therapies tailored to individual characteristics using biomarkers. This perspective article first reviews the origins and concept of precision medicine approaches to autism and summarises recent findings from the first "generation" of biomarker studies. Multi-disciplinary research initiatives created substantially larger, comprehensively characterised cohorts, shifted the focus from group-comparisons to individual variability and subgroups, increased methodological rigour and advanced analytic innovations. However, although several candidate markers with probabilistic value have been identified, separate efforts to divide autism by molecular, brain structural/functional or cognitive markers have not identified a validated diagnostic subgroup. Conversely, studies of specific monogenic subgroups revealed substantial variability in biology and behaviour. The second part discusses both conceptual and methodological factors in these findings. It is argued that the predominant reductionist approach, which seeks to parse complex issues into simpler, more tractable units, let us to neglect the interactions between brain and body, and divorce individuals from their social environment. The third part draws on insights from systems biology, developmental psychology and neurodiversity approaches to outline an integrative approach that considers the dynamic interaction between biological (brain, body) and social mechanisms (stress, stigma) to understanding the origins of autistic features in particular conditions and contexts. This requires 1) closer collaboration with autistic people to increase face validity of concepts and methodologies; (2) development of measures/technologies that enable repeat assessment of social and biological factors in different (naturalistic) conditions and contexts, (3) new analytic methods to study (simulate) these interactions (including emergent properties), and (4) cross-condition designs to understand which mechanisms are transdiagnostic or specific for particular autistic sub-populations. Tailored support may entail both creating more favourable conditions in the social environment and interventions for some autistic people to increase well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Loth
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Kim Y, Kadlaskar G, Keehn RM, Keehn B. Measures of tonic and phasic activity of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in children with autism spectrum disorder: An event-related potential and pupillometry study. Autism Res 2022; 15:2250-2264. [PMID: 36164264 PMCID: PMC9722557 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system may function differently in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Understanding the dynamics of both tonic (resting pupil diameter) and phasic (pupil dilation response [PDR] and event-related potential [ERP]) indices may provide meaningful insights about the nature of LC-NE function in ASD. Twenty-four children with ASD and 27 age- and nonverbal-IQ matched typically developing (TD) children completed two experiments: (1) a resting eye-tracking task to measure tonic pupil diameter, and (2) a three-stimulus oddball paradigm to measure phasic responsivity using PDR and ERP. Consistent with prior reports, our results indicate that children with ASD exhibit increased tonic (resting pupil diameter) and reduced phasic (PDR and ERP) activity of the LC-NE system compared to their TD peers. For both groups, decreased phasic responsivity was associated with increased resting pupil diameter. Lastly, tonic and phasic LC-NE indices were primarily related to measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and not ASD, symptomatology. These findings expand our understanding of neurophysiological differences present in ASD and demonstrate that aberrant LC-NE activation may be associated with atypical arousal and decreased responsivity to behaviorally-relevant information in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Kim
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Girija Kadlaskar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | - Brandon Keehn
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN
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14
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From Genes to Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081377. [PMID: 36011288 PMCID: PMC9407279 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, findings from genetic and other biological studies are starting to reveal the role of various molecular mechanisms that contribute to the etiology of ASD [...]
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15
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Pretzsch CM, Schäfer T, Lombardo MV, Warrier V, Mann C, Bletsch A, Chatham CH, Floris DL, Tillmann J, Yousaf A, Jones E, Charman T, Ambrosino S, Bourgeron T, Dumas G, Loth E, Oakley B, Buitelaar JK, Cliquet F, Leblond CS, Baron-Cohen S, Beckmann CF, Banaschewski T, Durston S, Freitag CM, Murphy DGM, Ecker C. Neurobiological Correlates of Change in Adaptive Behavior in Autism. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:336-349. [PMID: 35331004 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21070711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that is associated with significant difficulties in adaptive behavior and variation in clinical outcomes across the life span. Some individuals with ASD improve, whereas others may not change significantly, or regress. Hence, the development of "personalized medicine" approaches is essential. However, this requires an understanding of the biological processes underpinning differences in clinical outcome, at both the individual and subgroup levels, across the lifespan. METHODS The authors conducted a longitudinal follow-up study of 483 individuals (204 with ASD and 279 neurotypical individuals, ages 6-30 years), with assessment time points separated by ∼12-24 months. Data collected included behavioral data (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II), neuroanatomical data (structural MRI), and genetic data (DNA). Individuals with ASD were grouped into clinically meaningful "increasers," "no-changers," and "decreasers" in adaptive behavior. First, the authors compared neuroanatomy between outcome groups. Next, they examined whether deviations from the neurotypical neuroanatomical profile were associated with outcome at the individual level. Finally, they explored the observed neuroanatomical differences' potential genetic underpinnings. RESULTS Outcome groups differed in neuroanatomical features (cortical volume and thickness, surface area), including in "social brain" regions previously implicated in ASD. Also, deviations of neuroanatomical features from the neurotypical profile predicted outcome at the individual level. Moreover, neuroanatomical differences were associated with genetic processes relevant to neuroanatomical phenotypes (e.g., synaptic development). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates, for the first time, that variation in clinical (adaptive) outcome is associated with both group- and individual-level variation in anatomy of brain regions enriched for genes relevant to ASD. This may facilitate the move toward better targeted/precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Pretzsch
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Caroline Mann
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Anke Bletsch
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Chris H Chatham
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Afsheen Yousaf
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Emily Jones
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Eva Loth
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Bethany Oakley
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Freddy Cliquet
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Claire S Leblond
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
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- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
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Kalin NH. Insights Into the Genomic Underpinnings of Psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:171-174. [PMID: 35236116 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are currently no approved medications for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and only limited data on the management of co-occurring mental health and behavioural symptoms. The purpose of this review is to synthesize recent trials on novel treatments in ASD, with a focus on research trends in the past 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS No new pharmacologic agents received regulatory approval for use in ASD. Several large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) had negative or ambiguous results (e.g. fluoxetine, oxytocin). A cross-over RCT of an oral cannabinoid suggested possible benefits for disruptive behaviours. Two large-scale multicentre trials of bumetanide were terminated early for lack of efficacy. Multicenter trials using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation are underway. Recent meta-analyses indicate that specific behavioural and psychological interventions can support social communication and treat anxiety. Numerous novel treatment targets informed by biological mechanisms are under investigation. SUMMARY Recent data support the use of behavioural and psychological interventions for social communication and anxiety in ASD; data are more limited regarding pharmacotherapy for core and associated symptoms. Next steps include replication of early findings, trials of new molecular targets, and the identification of novel biomarkers, including genetic predictors, of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Baribeau
- University of Toronto
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- University of Toronto
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- University of Toronto
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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In-depth characterization of neuroradiological findings in a large sample of individuals with autism spectrum disorder and controls. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2022; 35:103118. [PMID: 35868222 PMCID: PMC9421485 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Soker-Elimaliah S, Lehrfield A, Scarano SR, Wagner JB. Associations between the pupil light reflex and the broader autism phenotype in children and adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1052604. [PMID: 36895201 PMCID: PMC9990758 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1052604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pupil light reflex (PLR), a marker of neuronal response to light, is a well-studied index of autonomic functioning. Studies have found that autistic children and adults have slower and weaker PLR responses compared to non-autistic peers, suggesting lower autonomic control. Altered autonomic control has also been associated with increased sensory difficulties in autistic children. With autistic traits varying in the general population, recent studies have begun to examine similar questions in non-autistic individuals. The current study looked at the PLR in relation to individual differences in autistic traits in non-autistic children and adults, asking how differences in the PLR could lead to variation in autistic traits, and how this might change across development. Children and adults completed a PLR task as a measure of sensitivity to light and autonomic response. Results showed that, in adults, increased levels of restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) were associated with a weaker and slower PLR. However, in children, PLR responses were not associated with autistic traits. Differences in PLR were also found across age groups, with adults showing smaller baseline pupil diameter and stronger PLR constriction as compared with children. The current study expanded on past work to examine the PLR and autistic traits in non-autistic children and adults, and the relevance of these findings to sensory processing difficulties is discussed. Future studies should continue to examine the neural pathways that might underlie the links between sensory processing and challenging behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapir Soker-Elimaliah
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aviva Lehrfield
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Samuel R Scarano
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer B Wagner
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Thickness in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Association with Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12122024. [PMID: 34946972 PMCID: PMC8701312 DOI: 10.3390/genes12122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroanatomy of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) shows highly heterogeneous developmental trajectories across individuals. Mapping atypical brain development onto clinical phenotypes, and establishing their molecular underpinnings, is therefore crucial for patient stratification and subtyping. In this longitudinal study we examined intra- and inter-individual differences in the developmental trajectory of cortical thickness (CT) in childhood and adolescence, and their genomic underpinnings, in 33 individuals with ASD and 37 typically developing controls (aged 11–18 years). Moreover, we aimed to link regional atypical CT development to intra-individual variations in restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) over a two-year time period. Individuals with ASD showed significantly reduced cortical thinning in several of the brain regions functionally related to wider autism symptoms and traits (e.g., fronto-temporal and cingulate cortices). The spatial patterns of the neuroanatomical differences in CT were enriched for genes known to be associated with ASD at a genetic and transcriptomic level. Further, intra-individual differences in CT correlated with within-subject variability in the severity of RRBs. Our findings represent an important step towards characterizing the neuroanatomical underpinnings of ASD across development based upon measures of CT. Moreover, our findings provide important novel insights into the link between microscopic and macroscopic pathology in ASD, as well as their relationship with different clinical ASD phenotypes.
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