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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychiatric Comorbidity among Adolescent Earthquake Survivors: a Longitudinal Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 47:671-681. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ford JD, Cruise KR, Grasso DJ, Holloway E. A Study of the Impact of Screening for Poly-Victimization in Juvenile Justice: The Rocky Road to a Successful Investigation in the Real World. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:810-831. [PMID: 29295007 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517744844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly-victimization during formative developmental periods represents an important focus for screening and assessment in settings and populations in which interpersonal violence is pervasive. This article describes the multistage evolution of a research project designed to empirically test a poly-victimization enhancement of a widely used and validated behavioral health screening tool for youth using retrospective and prospective archival juvenile justice system outcome data. Several operational and methodological revisions to the project's design and procedures were necessitated by barriers that arose as a result of unforeseen shifts in the host juvenile justice system's policies and personnel. The present report describes real-world challenges that face investigators working in public sector systems, and highlights the key role of establishing long-term collaborative professional relationships with personnel at all levels in those systems based on providing services and evaluation data that meet the system's core goals, responsibilities, and mission. Also highlighted are the methodological and logistical adaptations needed to successfully accomplish a project's internal objectives while striking a balance between flexibility in operational and methodological tactics on one hand, and adherence to ethical, conceptual/clinical, and methodological principles on the other hand.
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Barron I, Tracey JK. Quasi-Qualitative Evaluation of Progressive Counting in Secure Accommodation in Scotland: an Exploratory Cluster Case Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2017; 11:305-315. [PMID: 30220957 PMCID: PMC6132370 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-017-0184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This was the first study to introduce a brief exposure therapy, within a trauma-informed phase approach, into a secure facility in Scotland. An exploratory cluster case study was used to identify the perceptions of the first three youth who completed Progressive Counting (PC), a novel approach to brief exposure, within the Fairy Tale Model. The youth and their newly trained therapist received a semi-structured interview at 3 months following the completion of therapy. In-depth interviews involving rating scales and open-ended questions were conducted by telephone and digitally recorded. A quasi-qualitative approach was used to analyze data. Independent ratings by two researchers checked for inter-rater reliability. A retrospective expert rating was provided for treatment fidelity. Youth reported a range of gains in relation to program objectives including reduced distress and putting trauma into the past. Challenges of implementation are discussed. More rigorous evaluation of PC, including randomized control trials, is needed before PC can be recommended as a treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Barron
- Old Medical School, School of Education and Social Work, University of Dundee, Rm 0.1.13, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 4HN UK
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Grigorenko EL, Macomber D, Hart L, Naples A, Chapman J, Geib CF, Chart H, Tan M, Wolhendler B, Wagner R. Academic Achievement Among Juvenile Detainees. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2015; 48:359-368. [PMID: 24064502 PMCID: PMC5064284 DOI: 10.1177/0022219413500991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The literature has long pointed to heightened frequencies of learning disabilities (LD) within the population of law offenders; however, a systematic appraisal of these observations, careful estimation of these frequencies, and investigation of their correlates and causes have been lacking. Here we present data collected from all youth (1,337 unique admissions, mean age 14.81, 20.3% females) placed in detention in Connecticut (January 1, 2010-July 1, 2011). All youth completed a computerized educational screener designed to test a range of performance in reading (word and text levels) and mathematics. A subsample (n = 410) received the Wide Range Achievement Test, in addition to the educational screener. Quantitative (scale-based) and qualitative (grade-equivalence-based) indicators were then analyzed for both assessments. Results established the range of LD in this sample from 13% to 40%, averaging 24.9%. This work provides a systematic exploration of the type and severity of word and text reading and mathematics skill deficiencies among juvenile detainees and builds the foundation for subsequent efforts that may link these deficiencies to both more formal, structured, and variable definitions and classifications of LD, and to other types of disabilities (e.g., intellectual disability) and developmental disorders (e.g., ADHD) that need to be conducted in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Grigorenko
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Moscow State University, Russia Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Lesley Hart
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - John Chapman
- Court Support Services Division, Connecticut Judicial Branch, Wethersfield, USA
| | - Catherine F Geib
- Court Support Services Division, Connecticut Judicial Branch, Wethersfield, USA
| | | | - Mei Tan
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Baruch Wolhendler
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Conrad SM, Tolou-Shams M, Rizzo CJ, Placella N, Brown LK. Gender differences in recidivism rates for juvenile justice youth: the impact of sexual abuse. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2014; 38:305-14. [PMID: 24127890 PMCID: PMC4351738 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Young female offenders represent a growing number of young offenders. Studies have shown that youth in the juvenile justice system, particularly young females, report higher rates of lifetime sexual abuse than their nonoffending peers. The aim of this study was to examine gender differences in risk factors for recidivism, including a history of sexual abuse, among a juvenile court clinic sample. Findings suggest that, even after accounting for previously identified risk factors for recidivism such as prior legal involvement and conduct problems, a history of sexual abuse is the most salient predictor of recidivism for young female offenders, but not for males. The development of gender-responsive interventions to reduce juvenile recidivism and continued legal involvement into adulthood may be warranted.
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Perkins A, Calhoun GB, Glaser BA. An Examination of the CROPS and BASC-2-SRP-A among Adjudicated Youth. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15228932.2014.918475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Smith DK, Saldana L. Trauma, Delinquency, and Substance Use: Co-occurring Problems for Adolescent Girls in the Juvenile Justice System. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2013; 22:450-465. [PMID: 24039384 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2013.788895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Girls in the juvenile justice system are known to have high rates of co-occurring childhood abuse, trauma, and substance abuse. Girls with this constellation of problems are at high risk for serious adverse outcomes, including problems with drug dependence and abuse. The relationship between childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, other types of childhood trauma, and rates of substance use during adolescence were examined for girls in the juvenile justice system. As expected, childhood sexual abuse was significantly related to girls' substance use during adolescence. In contrast to prior research, no link was found between physical abuse, lifetime trauma, and substance use. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Wilson HW, Berent E, Donenberg GR, Emerson EM, Rodriguez EM, Sandesara A. Trauma History and PTSD Symptoms in Juvenile Offenders on Probation. VICTIMS & OFFENDERS 2013; 8:10.1080/15564886.2013.835296. [PMID: 24273468 PMCID: PMC3834597 DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2013.835296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Detained and incarcerated juveniles are found to have heightened rates of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Less is known about probation youth, who represent the majority of juveniles in the criminal justice system. This study examined trauma history and PTSD and associations with behavioral health problems among 13-17 year-old juveniles on probation (N=61). Most (93%) reported at least one traumatic event, and 12% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms were associated with mental health problems but not substance use or risky sexual behavior. Findings underscore the importance of addressing trauma history in probation youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen W Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science
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Ford JD, Steinberg KL, Hawke J, Levine J, Zhang W. Randomized trial comparison of emotion regulation and relational psychotherapies for PTSD with girls involved in delinquency. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 41:27-37. [PMID: 22233243 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.632343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent in youth involved in delinquency, but it is often not effectively treated. A randomized clinical trial was conducted comparing the outcomes of an emotion regulation therapy (Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy, or TARGET) with a relational supportive therapy (Enhanced Treatment as Usual, or ETAU) with 59 delinquent girls (age 13-17 years) who met criteria for full or partial PTSD. Mixed model regression analyses demonstrated generally large effects for pre-post change in PTSD symptoms for both therapies but not in emotion regulation. Both therapies had small to medium effect size changes in anxiety, anger, depression, and posttraumatic cognitions. Treatment × Time interactions showed small to medium effects favoring TARGET for change in PTSD (intrusive reexperiencing and avoidance) and anxiety symptoms, posttraumatic cognitions, and emotion regulation, and favoring ETAU for change in hope and anger. Results provide preliminary support for TARGET as a potentially efficacious therapy for PTSD with delinquent girls. Relational therapies such as ETAU also may be beneficial for delinquent girls with PTSD, particularly to enhance optimism and self-efficacy and reduce anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Addictive profile in juvenile delinquents admitted to correctional institutions in relation to personality characteristics. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xme.0000413056.01946.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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D'Andrea W, Ford J, Stolbach B, Spinazzola J, van der Kolk BA. Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2012; 82:187-200. [PMID: 22506521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Childhood exposure to victimization is prevalent and has been shown to contribute to significant immediate and long-term psychological distress and functional impairment. Children exposed to interpersonal victimization often meet criteria for psychiatric disorders other than posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, this article summarizes research that suggests directions for broadening current diagnostic conceptualizations for victimized children, focusing on findings regarding victimization, the prevalence of a variety of psychiatric symptoms related to affect and behavior dysregulation, disturbances of consciousness and cognition, alterations in attribution and schema, and interpersonal impairment. A wide range of symptoms is common in victimized children. As a result, in the current psychiatric nosology, multiple comorbid diagnoses are necessary-but not necessarily accurate-to describe many victimized children, potentially leading to both undertreatment and overtreatment. Related findings regarding biological correlates of childhood victimization and the treatment outcome literature are also reviewed. Recommendations for future research aimed at enhancing diagnosis and treatment of victimized children are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D'Andrea
- The New School University of Connecticut La Rabida Children's Hospital The Trauma Center at Justice Resource Institute.
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Maschi T, Morgen K, Zgoba K, Courtney D, Ristow J. Age, cumulative trauma and stressful life events, and post-traumatic stress symptoms among older adults in prison: do subjective impressions matter? THE GERONTOLOGIST 2011; 51:675-86. [PMID: 21852271 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnr074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging prison population in the United States presents a significant public health challenge with high rates of trauma and mental health issues that the correctional system alone is ill-prepared to address. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of age, objective, and subjective measures of trauma and stressful life events and post-traumatic stress symptoms among older adults in prison. METHODS Data were gathered from 334 prisoners (aged 55+) housed in the New Jersey Department of Corrections, as of September 2010. An anonymous self-report, self-administered survey was mailed to the total population of 1,000 prisoners aged 55 years and older. Objective and subjective trauma was measured using the Life Stressors Checklist-Revised (LSC-R), and post-traumatic stress symptoms were measured using the Civilian Version of the Post-traumatic Stress Scale. FINDINGS Results of a path analysis revealed that past year subjective impressions of traumatic and stressful life events had a positive and significant relationship to current post-traumatic stress symptoms. Age was found to have a significant and inverse relationship to subjective traumatic and stressful life events. That is, younger participants reported higher levels of cumulative traumatic and stressful life events and past year subjective ratings of being bothered by these past events. IMPLICATIONS These findings have significance for interdisciplinary/interprofessional practice and appropriate institutional and community care, including reentry planning of older adults in the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Maschi
- Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service, New York, NY 10023, USA.
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Maschi T, Dennis KS, Gibson S, MacMillan T, Sternberg S, Hom M. Trauma and stress among older adults in the criminal justice system: a review of the literature with implications for social work. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2011; 54:390-424. [PMID: 21547829 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2011.552099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article was to review the empirical literature that investigated trauma and stress among older adults in the criminal justice system. Nineteen journal articles published between 1988 and 2010 were identified and extracted via research databases and included mixed age samples of adjudicated older and younger adults (n = 11) or older adult only samples (n = 8). Findings revealed past and current trauma and stress, consequences and/or correlates, and internal and external coping resources among aging offenders. The implications and future directions for gerontological social work, research, and policy with older adults in the criminal justice system are advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Maschi
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York 10023, USA.
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