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Alizadeh-Tabrizi N, Hall S, Lehmann C. Intravital Imaging of Pulmonary Immune Response in Inflammation and Infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620471. [PMID: 33520993 PMCID: PMC7843704 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a unique imaging method providing insights in cellular functions and interactions in real-time, without the need for tissue extraction from the body. IVM of the lungs has specific challenges such as restricted organ accessibility, respiratory movements, and limited penetration depth. Various surgical approaches and microscopic setups have been adapted in order to overcome these challenges. Among others, these include the development of suction stabilized lung windows and the use of more advanced optical techniques. Consequently, lung IVM has uncovered mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment and function in several models of pulmonary inflammation and infection. This review focuses on bacterial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, sepsis-induced acute lung Injury, and cystic fibrosis, as examples of lung inflammation and infection. In addition, critical details of intravital imaging techniques of the lungs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Hall
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Matuszak J, Tabuchi A, Kuebler WM. Ventilation and Perfusion at the Alveolar Level: Insights From Lung Intravital Microscopy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:291. [PMID: 32308629 PMCID: PMC7145899 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) offers unique possibilities for the observation of biological processes and disease related mechanisms in vivo. Especially for anatomically complex and dynamic organs such as the lung and its main functional unit, the alveolus, IVM provides exclusive advantages in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. By the use of lung windows, which have advanced and improved over time, direct access to the lung surface is provided. In this review we will discuss two main topics, namely alveolar dynamics and perfusion from the perspective of IVM-based studies. Of special interest are unanswered questions regarding alveolar dynamics such as: What are physiologic alveolar dynamics? How do these dynamics change under pathologic conditions and how do those changes contribute to ventilator-induced lung injury? How can alveolar dynamics be targeted in a beneficial way? With respect to alveolar perfusion IVM has propelled our understanding of the pulmonary microcirculation and its perfusion, as well as pulmonary vasoreactivity, permeability and immunological aspects. Whereas the general mechanism behind these processes are understood, we still lack a proper understanding of the complex, multidimensional interplay between alveolar ventilation and microvascular perfusion, capillary recruitment, or vascular immune responses under physiologic and pathologic conditions. These are only part of the unanswered questions and problems, which we still have to overcome. IVM as the tool of choice might allow us to answer part of these questions within the next years or decades. As every method, IVM has advantages as well as limitations, which have to be taken into account for data analysis and interpretation, which will be addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Matuszak
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arata Tabuchi
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Entenberg D, Voiculescu S, Guo P, Borriello L, Wang Y, Karagiannis GS, Jones J, Baccay F, Oktay M, Condeelis J. A permanent window for the murine lung enables high-resolution imaging of cancer metastasis. Nat Methods 2017; 15:73-80. [PMID: 29176592 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stable, high-resolution intravital imaging of the lung has become possible through the utilization of vacuum-stabilized imaging windows. However, this technique is extremely invasive and limited to only hours in duration. Here we describe a minimally invasive, permanently implantable window for high-resolution intravital imaging of the murine lung that allows the mouse to survive surgery, recover from anesthesia, and breathe independently. Compared to vacuum-stabilized windows, this window produces the same high-quality images without vacuum-induced artifacts; it is also less invasive, which allows imaging of the same lung tissue over a period of weeks. We further adapt the technique of microcartography for reliable relocalization of the same cells longitudinally. Using commonly employed experimental, as well as more clinically relevant, spontaneous metastasis models, we visualize all stages of metastatic seeding, including: tumor cell arrival; extravasation; growth and progression to micrometastases; as well as tumor microenvironment of metastasis function, the hallmark of hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Entenberg
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,New York, USA
| | - Sonia Voiculescu
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Peng Guo
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Analytical Imaging Facility, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lucia Borriello
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yarong Wang
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,New York, USA
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,New York, USA
| | - Joan Jones
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Francis Baccay
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Maja Oktay
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - John Condeelis
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,New York, USA
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Rodriguez-Tirado C, Kitamura T, Kato Y, Pollard JW, Condeelis JS, Entenberg D. Long-term High-Resolution Intravital Microscopy in the Lung with a Vacuum Stabilized Imaging Window. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27768066 DOI: 10.3791/54603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis to secondary sites such as the lung, liver and bone is a traumatic event with a mortality rate of approximately 90% 1. Of these sites, the lung is the most difficult to assess using intravital optical imaging due to its enclosed position within the body, delicate nature and vital role in sustaining proper physiology. While clinical modalities (positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)) are capable of providing noninvasive images of this tissue, they lack the resolution necessary to visualize the earliest seeding events, with a single pixel consisting of nearly a thousand cells. Current models of metastatic lung seeding postulate that events just after a tumor cell's arrival are deterministic for survival and subsequent growth. This means that real-time intravital imaging tools with single cell resolution 2 are required in order to define the phenotypes of the seeding cells and test these models. While high resolution optical imaging of the lung has been performed using various ex vivo preparations, these experiments are typically single time-point assays and are susceptible to artifacts and possible erroneous conclusions due to the dramatically altered environment (temperature, profusion, cytokines, etc.) resulting from removal from the chest cavity and circulatory system 3. Recent work has shown that time-lapse intravital optical imaging of the intact lung is possible using a vacuum stabilized imaging window 2,4,5 however, typical imaging times have been limited to approximately 6 hr. Here we describe a protocol for performing long-term intravital time-lapse imaging of the lung utilizing such a window over a period of 12 hr. The time-lapse image sequences obtained using this method enable visualization and quantitation of cell-cell interactions, membrane dynamics and vascular perfusion in the lung. We further describe an image processing technique that gives an unprecedentedly clear view of the lung microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takanori Kitamura
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh
| | - Yu Kato
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Woman's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - Jeffery W Pollard
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Woman's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine;
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Entenberg D, Rodriguez-Tirado C, Kato Y, Kitamura T, Pollard JW, Condeelis J. In vivo subcellular resolution optical imaging in the lung reveals early metastatic proliferation and motility. INTRAVITAL 2015; 4:e1086613. [PMID: 26855844 PMCID: PMC4737962 DOI: 10.1080/21659087.2015.1086613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To better understand breast cancer metastatic cell seeding, we have employed multiphoton microscopy and a vacuum stabilized window which eliminates the need for complex registration software, video rate microscopy or specialized gating electronics to observe the initial steps of tumor cell seeding within the living, breathing lung. We observe that upon arrival to the lung, tumor cells are found exclusively in capillary vessels, completely fill their volume and display an initial high level of protrusive activity that dramatically reduces over time. Further, we observe a concomitant increase in positional stability during this same period. We employ several techniques accessible to most imaging labs for optimizing signal to noise and resolution which enable us to report the first direct observation, with subcellular resolution, of the arrival, proliferation, and motility of metastatic tumor cells within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
- Integrated Imaging Program; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
| | - Carolina Rodriguez-Tirado
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and the Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Woman's Health; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yu Kato
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and the Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Woman's Health; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Takanori Kitamura
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and the Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Woman's Health; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY, USA
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health; Queen's Medical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and the Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Woman's Health; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY, USA
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health; Queen's Medical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
- Integrated Imaging Program; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
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