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Dhabhar JB, Mehta V. Recurrent metastatic angiosarcoma presenting as Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e255134. [PMID: 37500188 PMCID: PMC10387657 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcoma is an incredibly rare type of malignancy, accounting for only 1%-2% of all soft-tissue sarcomas globally. It is clinically, pathologically and radiologically difficult to diagnose angiosarcoma owing to its varied presentation with little or no well-defined imaging findings.Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is also a lesser-heard entity which carries extremely poor prognosis. It is primarily seen in infants with vascular malformations and in kaposiform haemangioendothelioma. It is a condition of consumptive coagulopathy and only few of the cases have been reported so far in the adults with a background of angiosarcoma.This report presents the case of a male in his 70s who was diagnosed with metastatic angiosarcoma and experienced a complicated disease course due to Kasabach-Merritt syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyhan Boman Dhabhar
- Medical Oncology, PD Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Jitsuiki K, Hamada M, Ota S, Muramatsu KI, Yanagawa Y. A Case of Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome With Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome and Heart Failure. Cureus 2022; 14:e25589. [PMID: 35795526 PMCID: PMC9250007 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A 48-year-old Mongolian man developed bilateral leg edema after suffering from a fever for three months. He lost his appetite, and the edema gradually spread from the legs, becoming systemic. In addition, he had difficulty in moving. He had a history of being diagnosed with numerous venous malformations and Kasabach-Merritt syndrome when he was a child. On arrival, he had numerous venous malformations over pale skin, edema at each extremity, and anemic conjunctiva. Chest roentgen showed bilateral pleural effusion, and cardiac echography findings showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 30% with diffuse hypokinesis. The results of a blood analysis showed coagulopathy, which was compatible with disseminated intravascular coagulation and pancytopenia. He was diagnosed with blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and heart failure. Use of diuretics, thiamine, iron, phytonadione, carbazochrome, and tranexamic acid, in addition to intermittent transfusion resulted in the improvement of his Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. Radical management of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome was deemed impossible by dermatologists due to the large amount of venous malformations. We encountered an extremely rare case of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome with Kasabach-Merritt and heart failure. Multimodal therapy might help manage Kasabach-Merritt syndrome following improvement in coagulopathy and pancytopenia.
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Efficacy and Safety of Sirolimus for Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome: A Prospective Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:1044-1052. [PMID: 33416235 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare systemic venous malformation (VM) disease. The characteristic gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding from multiple VM lesions causes severe chronic anemia which renders most patients depend on lifelong blood transfusion and frequent endoscopic treatment with dismayed outcomes. Although recent case reports suggest that oral sirolimus (rapamycin) is effective, a comprehensive evaluation of its efficacy and safety is in need. METHODS A prospective study was conducted for both pediatric and adult BRBNS patients with administration of sirolimus at the dose of 1.0 mg/m2 to maintain a trough concentration of 3-10 ng/mL. Laboratory tests including complete blood count, biochemical profile, D-dimer, and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging were performed at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Clinical indicators such as hemoglobin level, lesion size, and transfusion need were evaluated. Adverse effects were recorded regularly. RESULTS A total of 11 patients (4 males and 7 females) with median age of 14 (range, 5-49) years were recruited. The average lesion size was reduced by 7.4% (P < 0.001), 9.3% (P < 0.001), and 13.0% (P < 0.05) at 3, 6, and 12 months of sirolimus treatment, respectively. Hemoglobin increased significantly after 6- and 12-month treatment (P = 0.006 and 0.019, respectively). Only 1 patient received blood transfusion once during the study. Patients' quality of life and coagulation function were improved. Grade 1-2 adverse effects including oral ulcers (81.8%), acne (27.3%), transient elevation of liver enzymes (18.2%), and hair loss (9.1%) were observed. DISCUSSION Sirolimus reduces the size of VMs, alleviates GI bleeding, and eliminates transfusion dependence of patients with BRBNS. The drug-related adverse effects are mild and mostly self-limited. These findings support sirolimus as a first-line treatment for GI and cutaneous VMs of BRBNS (see Visual abstract, Supplementary Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/AJG/B819).
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Topaloglu Demir F, Deniz F, Halefoglu AM, Mesrur Halefoglu A, Kivanc Altunay I, Esen Salman K. Unilateral blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome with Chiari malformation. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42:210-212. [PMID: 28054370 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Topaloglu Demir
- Department of Dermatology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sk., 34371, Şişli Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Deniz
- Department of Dermatology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sk., 34371, Şişli Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - A Mesrur Halefoglu
- Department of Radiology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sk., 34371, Şişli Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I Kivanc Altunay
- Department of Dermatology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sk., 34371, Şişli Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Esen Salman
- Department of Dermatology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Halaskargazi Cad. Etfal Sk., 34371, Şişli Istanbul, Turkey
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Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus (BRBN) Syndrome Is Caused by Somatic TEK (TIE2) Mutations. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:207-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Killion E, Mohan K, Lee EI. A review of vascular anomalies: genetics and common syndromes. Semin Plast Surg 2014; 28:64-8. [PMID: 25045331 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1376261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tumors and malformations are unique in that affected cells exhibit disrupted angiogenesis. The current treatment options often yield suboptimal results. New insight into the genetics and molecular basis of vascular anomalies may pave the way for potential development of targeted therapy. The authors review the genetic and molecular basis of vascular anomalies and common associated syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Killion
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kriti Mohan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Edward I Lee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Loukas M, Shayota BJ, Oelhafen K, Miller JH, Chern JJ, Tubbs RS, Oakes WJ. Associated disorders of Chiari Type I malformations: a review. Neurosurg Focus 2012; 31:E3. [PMID: 21882908 DOI: 10.3171/2011.6.focus11112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A single pathophysiological mechanism of Chiari Type I malformations (CM-I) has been a topic of debate. To help better understand CM-I, the authors review disorders known to be associated with CM-I. The primary methodology found among most of them is deformation of the posterior cranial fossa, usually with subsequent decrease in volume. Other mechanisms exist as well, which can be categorized as either congenital or acquired. In understanding the relationship of such disorders with CM-I, we may gain further insight into the process by which cerebellar tonsillar herniation occurs. Some of these pathologies appear to be true associations, but many appear to be spurious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada
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8
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Zhao J, Gao SL, Liu BR, Liu ZH, Fan YJ. One case report of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2081-2083. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i19.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare disorder characterized by distinctive cutaneous and gastrointestinal venous malformations that usually cause massive or occult gastrointestinal hemorrhage and iron deficiency anemia secondary to the bleeding episodes. Other organs may also be involved. We report a case with symptoms of chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The endoscopy revealed multiple bluish polypoid venous malformations throughout the GI tract. Curative effect was obtained by removing venous malformations of the GI through endoscopic sclerotherapy, ligation and ESD.
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Kishikawa H, Okada Y, Kawahara T, Saito K, Tanaka Y. A case of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome treated by etidronate. J Bone Miner Metab 2007; 25:138-41. [PMID: 17323184 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-006-0740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kishikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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Holland KE, Galbraith SS, Drolet BA. Neonatal Violaceous Skin Lesions: Expanding the Differential of the “Blueberry Muffin Baby”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 21:153-92. [PMID: 16350442 DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Holland
- Clinical Instructor/Pediatric Dermatology Fellow, Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Dermatology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Chung JI, Alvarez H, Lasjaunias P. Multifocal cerebral venous malformations and associated developmental venous anomalies in a case of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Interv Neuroradiol 2004; 9:169-76. [PMID: 20591267 DOI: 10.1177/159101990300900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2003] [Accepted: 04/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY We report a sporadic case of probable BRBN (blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome) with multiple CNS (central nervous system) involvement. These features consisted of multiple VMs (venous malformations) and DVAs (developmental venous anomalies) in supratentorial brain, cerebellum, and diencephalon. Since its first description by Bean, there have been many cases of BRBN manifesting with gastrointestinal bleeding with or without associated hemorrhage. Cases with CNS involvement were rarely reported and many of the descriptions were confusing with different terminologies used to describe them such as capillary venous malformation, hemangiomas, and vascular malformations. The lesions illustrated are venous malformations similar to our case. The association of DVA was recognized in some cases; they are likely to be underestimated when revisiting the published case illustrations.Although our case is sporadic, the link with HHT1 is unlikely despite the involvement of the same chromosome (Ch 9).
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Chung
- Department of Radiology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon; South Korea
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Abstract
This article outlines the clinical, central nervous system, and neuropathologic features,pathogenesis, genetics, molecular biology, and neuroimaging characteristics of the rare vascular phakomatoses, melanophakomatoses, and organoid phakomatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Edelstein
- Department of Radiology, MIA Group Limited Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Nahm WK, Moise S, Eichenfield LF, Paller AS, Nathanson L, Malicki DM, Friedlander SF. Venous malformations in blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: variable onset of presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:S101-6. [PMID: 15097941 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(03)02468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare disorder characterized by discrete venous malformations of varying size and appearance that are present on the skin and within the gastrointestinal tract. The characteristic cutaneous lesions consist of deep-blue, soft, rubbery blebs, which are easily compressible. A serious complication is gastrointestinal bleeding. Because venous malformations were described historically as cavernous hemangiomas, the lesions of BRBNS were also inappropriately called hemangiomas in the literature. We describe 3 cases to delineate the venous malformations of BRBNS and to highlight their variable onset of presentation and progression. In one case, a venous malformation was noted during a prenatal ultrasound evaluation at 5 months gestation. The other 2 cases demonstrated a lack of the classic cutaneous lesions at birth. BRBNS consists of multiple venous malformations, rather than hemangiomas as described. Subcutaneous venous malformations may occasionally be the sole presenting finding in patients with this unusual syndrome, and may be evident even in the prenatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter K Nahm
- Division of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92113, USA
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Abstract
This article presents a child with Chiari I malformation and cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and reviews the medical literature regarding Chiari I malformation and other cutaneous disorders. In addition to cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and Chiari I malformation, our patient exhibited hemihypertrophy, Tourette's syndrome, scoliosis, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and seizures. Other associated findings seen in patients with Chiari I malformation include basilar invagination, Klippel-Feil syndrome, atlantoaxial assimilation, scoliosis from an underlying syrinx, and hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shane Tubbs
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
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Villalain L, Junquera LM, Díaz M, González M. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: immunohistochemical study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2003; 112:647-50. [PMID: 12903687 DOI: 10.1177/000348940311200713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Blue rubber bleb nevus is a rare entity consisting of distinctive angiomas in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, leading to occult or profound gastrointestinal bleeding and chronic anemia. The efficacy has been documented of systemic treatment with corticoids, interferon, vincristine, and, more recently, subcutaneous octreotide in the presence of active lesion proliferation or disseminated intravascular coagulation. A case of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome with oral hemangiomas in a 24-year-old woman is reported. The surgical specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical study, which showed all of the hemangiomas to be in an inactive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Villalain
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Oviedo, Asturias Central Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
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Eirís-Puñal J, Picón-Cotos M, Viso-Lorenzo A, Castro-Gago M. Epileptic disorder as the first neurologic manifestation of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. J Child Neurol 2002; 17:219-22. [PMID: 12026239 DOI: 10.1177/088307380201700313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is an uncommon neurocutaneous disorder characterized by distinctive vascular malformations on the body surface. Vascular malformations of internal organs (typically the gastrointestinal tract) are also frequently present. However, malformations of the central nervous system have only rarely been described. We report a case of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome in a 5-month-old boy with cutaneous manifestations characteristic of this process present from birth and multiple cerebral angiomas detected by magnetic resonance imaging. At age 1(1/2) months, the patient showed myoclonic seizures and complex partial seizures that were refractory to various antiepileptic regimens. At age 5 months, electroencephalograms (EEGs) showed continuous generalized slow spike-waves, predominantly in the right temporal region; however, EEGs normalized after induction of coma with intravenous midazolam. At age 13 months, the patient suffered from occasional seizures and slightly retarded psychomotor development. Epilepsy is rare in this syndrome but as in other neurocutaneous syndromes (e.g., Sturge-Weber syndrome) can compromise psychomotor development; thus, every effort should be made to control seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Eirís-Puñal
- Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Clínico-Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Hall
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 DU9, UK.
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Abstract
Vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract may be diagnosed at any age. They may present with bleeding, anaemia, or if they form a mass lesion, with intussusception. Many lesions remain asymptomatic. In a minority of patients there are well-defined genetic conditions present, such as hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. In others, particularly the angiodysplastic lesions that occur in the caecum in elderly patients, the lesions appear to be degenerative. Vascular malformations may affect any section of the gastrointestinal tract, and in some patients there are vascular anomalies elsewhere, particularly in the skin. Diagnosis is usually based on recognition endoscopically, or at angiography. Symptomatic lesions that are discrete and localized respond well to local treatment with laser or heat coagulation or sclerotherapy. Mass lesions, diffuse lesions and severe bleeding may require surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Gordon
- Royal Free Hospital and Royal Free, University College School of Medicine, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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Abstract
An 11-month-old female patient presented with focal seizures. She was born at term with multiple scattered tiny protuberances and dark purple soft compressible nevi over her entire body. She had clumsiness and decreased muscle power in her left extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography revealed cerebral atrophy of the right central area around the anomalous venous sinus and multiple small enhancing lesions throughout the brain with gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid enhancement. Despite right partial neonatal seizures, she had no further seizures for 3 years while receiving carbamazepine, and no change was observed in the number and size of the nevi. At last evaluation, language and psychomotor development were normal for her age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk, South Korea
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Rodrigues D, Bourroul ML, Ferrer AP, Monteiro Neto H, Gonçalves ME, Cardoso SR. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. REVISTA DO HOSPITAL DAS CLINICAS 2000; 55:29-34. [PMID: 10881076 DOI: 10.1590/s0041-87812000000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The blue rubber nevus syndrome consists of multiple venous malformations in the skin and gastrointestinal tract associated with intestinal hemorrhage and iron deficiency anemia. Other organs may be involved. The causes of this syndrome are unknown. Its most common presentation is in the form of sporadic cases, but dominant autosomal inheritance has been described. It is a condition that affects both sexes equally, and its occurrence is rare in the black race. We present a case of this syndrome diagnosed in a 11-year-old patient. He had severe anemia and a venous swelling on the trunk. Similar lesions were found in the stomach, bowel, and on his foot. We emphasize the main clinical aspects: intestine, eyes, nasopharynx, parotids, lungs, liver, spleen, heart, brain, pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, skeletal muscles, bladder, and penis lesions, systemic complications that may occur to these patients which are thrombosis and calcification, as well as consumptive coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia that may occur within the nevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rodrigues
- Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- O Enjolras
- Interdisciplinary Study Group for Vascular Anomalies, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France
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