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Gallagher KM, Vasavada A, Austin G. User experience with ultrawide curved displays: A mixed methods analysis. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 118:104291. [PMID: 38663269 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to the trend of replacing dual displays with ultrawide (UW) curved displays, we used a mixed methods analysis to investigate the user experience with UW curved displays. We conducted an experimental laboratory study that quantified user self-selected positions for three displays - 24 in. flat panel, and 34 in. and 40 in. UW curved displays. Participants were first provided with a familiarization protocol, and they then positioned the display. The self-selected UW display viewing distances were within current recommendations; however, viewing distance increased with display size, potentially challenging small work surface depths and may have been in response to feeling "overwhelmed" by larger displays. Head twist range of motion increased with display width. While all displays were within recommendations, participants commented that less head twisting was a factor in choosing the 34 in. over the 40 in. display. Practitioners should assess potential workstation limitations and the potential impact on neck twist angles when installing ultrawide displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Gallagher
- Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Anita Vasavada
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gary Austin
- Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Ryu J, Beck D, Park W. A systematic review of camera monitor system display layout designs: Integration of existing knowledge. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 118:104228. [PMID: 38428169 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in mirrorless vehicles equipped with a camera monitor system (CMS), the human factors research findings on CMS display layout design have not been synthesized yet, hindering the application of the knowledge and the identification of future research directions. In an effort to address the 'lack of integration of the existing knowledge', this literature review addresses the following research questions: 1) what CMS display layout designs have been considered/developed by academic researchers and by automakers, respectively?; 2) among possible CMS display layout design alternatives, which ones have not yet been examined through human factors evaluation studies?; and 3) how do the existing human factors studies on the evaluation of different CMS display layout designs vary in the specifics of research? This review provides significant implications for the ergonomic design of CMS display layouts, including some potential design opportunities and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Ryu
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Beck
- Department of Safety Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea.
| | - Woojin Park
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Institute for Industrial Systems Innovation, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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Burruss CC, Bjornsen E, Gallagher KM. Examining Potential User Experience Trade-Offs Between Common Computer Display Configurations. HUMAN FACTORS 2023; 65:482-494. [PMID: 34011186 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211018344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine how ultrawide (UW) and dual displays configurations can influence neck biomechanics and performance compared to a single display. BACKGROUND Studies have assessed neck kinematics and performance when using dual displays, but these studies have used screen sizes smaller than today's display size, have inconsistent participant placement, and few have assessed these two variables together. METHODS Seventeen participants completed five tasks on six display configurations. Neck kinematics and performance were tracked for each configuration. RESULTS Centered configurations produced significantly different median neck rotation angles compared to secondary configurations (p < .001) for three of the tasks. A 34" curved UW display with a longer viewing distance produced similar neck kinematics to a single 24" display with the potential to also reduce screen interactions. When compared to single, the benefit of secondary versus centered monitors was dependent on the type of task being performed. Users may prefer the UW, centered dual, and secondary dual configurations over the single display. CONCLUSION The benefit of secondary versus centered displays is dependent on the type of task being performed. Dual displays are still beneficial but should be used with a monitor arm to switch between centered and secondary configurations as necessary. Future work should look at larger UW displays to see if these results hold compared to dual display configurations. APPLICATION The results can be used to make evidence-based guidelines for displays based on size and task. Researchers can use this information to design future studies looking at specific configurations.
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Wolffsohn JS, Lingham G, Downie LE, Huntjens B, Inomata T, Jivraj S, Kobia-Acquah E, Muntz A, Mohamed-Noriega K, Plainis S, Read M, Sayegh RR, Singh S, Utheim TP, Craig JP. TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of the digital environment on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 28:213-252. [PMID: 37062428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Eye strain when performing tasks reliant on a digital environment can cause discomfort, affecting productivity and quality of life. Digital eye strain (the preferred terminology) was defined as "the development or exacerbation of recurrent ocular symptoms and/or signs related specifically to digital device screen viewing". Digital eye strain prevalence of up to 97% has been reported, due to no previously agreed definition/diagnostic criteria and limitations of current questionnaires which fail to differentiate such symptoms from those arising from non-digital tasks. Objective signs such as blink rate or critical flicker frequency changes are not 'diagnostic' of digital eye strain nor validated as sensitive. The mechanisms attributed to ocular surface disease exacerbation are mainly reduced blink rate and completeness, partial/uncorrected refractive error and/or underlying binocular vision anomalies, together with the cognitive demand of the task and differences in position, size, brightness and glare compared to an equivalent non-digital task. In general, interventions are not well established; patients experiencing digital eye strain should be provided with a full refractive correction for the appropriate working distances. Improving blinking, optimizing the work environment and encouraging regular breaks may help. Based on current, best evidence, blue-light blocking interventions do not appear to be an effective management strategy. More and larger clinical trials are needed to assess artificial tear effectiveness for relieving digital eye strain, particularly comparing different constituents; a systematic review within the report identified use of secretagogues and warm compress/humidity goggles/ambient humidifiers as promising strategies, along with nutritional supplementation (such as omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and berry extracts).
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Wolffsohn
- College of Health & Life Sciences, School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences, City, University of London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Takenori Inomata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saleel Jivraj
- College of Health & Life Sciences, School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Alex Muntz
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karim Mohamed-Noriega
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL). Monterrey, 64460, Mexico
| | - Sotiris Plainis
- College of Health & Life Sciences, School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Laboratory of Optics and Vision, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Michael Read
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rony R Sayegh
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sumeer Singh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer P Craig
- College of Health & Life Sciences, School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sengsoon P, Siriworakunsak K. A comparison of muscle activity, posture and body discomfort during the use of different computer screen sizes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2023; 29:424-430. [PMID: 35296229 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2054543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to compare changes in neck angles, muscle activities, ergonomic risk and body discomfort caused by use of two different computer screen sizes. The 36 female users who participated used displays with 46.99 and 58.42-cm screen sizes and were assessed for craniocervical angle (CCA), craniovertebral angle (CVA), upper trapezius (UT) and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle activity, ergonomic risk and body discomfort for a duration of 1 h. The results showed there were no significant differences when comparing usage between both computer screen sizes (p > 0.05). However, there were significant differences in the CCA, UT muscle activity and body discomfort when comparing before and after usage for both computer screen sizes (p < 0.05). The results indicate that computer users can select different screen sizes for working but should be concerned with neck angle, muscle activity and body discomfort when using for long periods of time.
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Fang F, Huo F, Feng Y. The effects of dual screen layout on neck-shoulder muscle activity and head-neck posture variability during computer tasks. Work 2023; 76:1535-1546. [PMID: 37355926 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larger dual screens have been widely used during office work and their biomechanical exposure should be explored. OBJECTIVE To investigate the biomechanical effect of two dual screen layouts on neck-shoulder muscle activity and the variability of head-neck posture in computer users. METHODS A preliminary study of the user-preferred dual screen angles was carried out in V-shaped and L-shaped layouts. Twenty healthy participants aged 19 to 26 years were recruited and assigned to perform reading, typing, and searching tasks for 30 minutes in both workstation layouts. Electromyography was measured at bilateral cervical erector spinae (CES), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and upper trapezius (UT). The head-neck lateral bending, rotation, and flexion angles were recorded. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate visual strain. RESULTS The muscle activity at the left UT and right CES sites when using the V-shaped layout was significantly higher than the L-shaped. There were significant differences in head-neck rotation and flexion angles between the two layouts in reading and typing tasks. In the searching task, there was no significant difference in the head-neck rotation and flexion angles between the two layouts. The visual strain score was significantly higher in the V-shaped layout. CONCLUSION The CES and UT muscles displayed higher levels of activation while using the V-shaped layout in comparison to the L-shaped layout. The head-neck rotation and flexion angles differed due to varied types of work when using V-shaped and L-shaped layouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- Pan Tianshou College of Architecture, Art and Design, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Faren Huo
- Pan Tianshou College of Architecture, Art and Design, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yiran Feng
- Pan Tianshou College of Architecture, Art and Design, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Kyung G, Park S. Curved Versus Flat Monitors: Interactive Effects of Display Curvature Radius and Display Size on Visual Search Performance and Visual Fatigue. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:1182-1195. [PMID: 32374635 DOI: 10.1177/0018720820922717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the interactive effects of display curvature radius and display size on visual search accuracy, visual search speed, and visual fatigue. BACKGROUND Although the advantages of curved displays have been reported, little is known about the interactive effects of display curvature radius and size. METHOD Twenty-seven individuals performed visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm using eight configurations involving four display curvature radii (400R, 600R, 1200R, and flat) and two display sizes (33″ and 50″). To simulate curved screens, five flat display panels were horizontally arranged with their centers concentrically repositioned following each display curvature radius. RESULTS For accuracy, speed, and fatigue, 33″-600R and 50″-600R provided the best or comparable-to-best results, whereas 50″-flat provided the worst results. For accuracy and fatigue, 33″-flat was the second worst. The changes in the horizontal field of view and viewing angle due to display curvature as well as the association between effective display curvature radii and empirical horopter (loci of perceived equidistance) can explain these results. CONCLUSION The interactive effects of display curvature radius and size were evident for visual search performance and fatigue. Beneficial effects of curved displays were maintained across 33″ and 50″, whereas increasing flat display size from 33″ to 50″ was detrimental. APPLICATION For visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm, 33″-600R and 50″ 600R displays are recommended, as opposed to 33″ and 50″ flat displays. Wide flat displays must be carefully considered for visual display terminal tasks.
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Holzer MP, Nuijts RMMA, Jonker SMR, Mertens ELJG, Sener AB, Cazal JAO, Salvador Playa A, Mesa RR, Thomas BC. Bilateral Implantation of a New Refractive Multi-Segmented Multifocal Intraocular Lens in Cataract or Refractive Lens Exchange Patients. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:2117-2126. [PMID: 34054290 PMCID: PMC8149325 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s261586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new multi-segmented refractive multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) after phacoemulsification and refractive lens exchange (RLE). Patients and Methods In this prospective, multicenter clinical trial, 63 presbyopic subjects who had cataract or where RLE candidates were bilaterally implanted with the Precizon Presbyopia IOL (Ophtec BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) after phacoemulsification. The study was conducted at 6 clinical centers in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Turkey and Spain. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and at 1 day, 1 week, 1 and 3 months postoperatively for monocular and binocular uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected (UIVA) and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA), uncorrected (UNVA), corrected (CNVA) and distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA), contrast sensitivity and quality of vision. Results Three months postoperatively, binocular UDVA and CDVA of ≥20/40 was achieved in 98.4% (60/61) and 100%, respectively. Binocular UIVA and DCIVA of ≥20/40 was achieved in 96.7% (59/61) and 93.4% (57/61) respectively. Binocular UNVA, CNVA and DCNVA of ≥20/40 was achieved in 93.4% (57/61), 98.4% (60/61) and 95% (57/60) subjects, respectively. Complete spectacle independence was achieved in 80% (49/61) patients; 93% of patients reported that they were quite or very satisfied with the outcomes of the procedure. Conclusion Precizon Presbyopia IOL implantation is a safe and effective method to provide good visual acuity at all distances in presbyopic and cataract patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike P Holzer
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Oakman J, Stuckey R, Kinsman N. Using evidence to support the design of submarine control console workstations. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 79:54-65. [PMID: 31109462 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper outlines an approach to develop practical guidelines to support the design of submarine control console workstations. METHOD Guideline development was undertaken for 13 physical design criteria, provided to the research team. Data was gathered from four sources: a systematic literature review, relevant standards, population specific anthropometric data, and user focus groups. The systematic review included risk of bias, quality assessment and evidence synthesis. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The systematic review retrieved 43 relevant articles in relation to seven of the 13 design criteria. Very few high-quality studies were identified. The combined evidence available from each of the four data sources was collated and used to provide a set of guidelines for each of the 13 criteria, highlighting the importance of the use of multiple data sources. This approach has applicability beyond this study where the need exists to collate evidence sources beyond the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Oakman
- Centre for Ergonomics, and Human Factors, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Rwth Stuckey
- Centre for Ergonomics, and Human Factors, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Natasha Kinsman
- Centre for Ergonomics, and Human Factors, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
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Saleem JJ, Weiler DT. Performance, workload, and usability in a multiscreen, multi-device, information-rich environment. PeerJ Comput Sci 2018; 4:e162. [PMID: 33816815 PMCID: PMC7924668 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potential benefits of multiscreen and multiple device environments were assessed using three different computing environments. A single factor, within-subject study was conducted with 18 engineering students in a laboratory experiment. Three levels for the computing environment factor included one with a desktop computer with a single monitor (control, condition A); one with a desktop with dual monitors, as well as a single tablet computer (condition B); and one with a desktop with a single monitor, as well as two tablet computers (condition C). There was no statistically significant difference in efficiency or workload when completing scenarios for the three computing environments. However, a dual monitor desktop with a single tablet computer (B) was the ideal computing environment for the information-rich engineering problem given to participants, supported by significantly fewer errors compared to condition C and significantly higher usability ratings compared to conditions A and C. A single desktop monitor with two tablet computers (C) did not provide any advantage compared to a single desktop monitor (A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Saleem
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- Center for Ergonomics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Dustin T. Weiler
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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Yu RF, Yang LD, Wu X. Risk factors and visual fatigue of baggage X-ray security screeners: a structural equation modelling analysis. ERGONOMICS 2017; 60:680-691. [PMID: 27258596 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1192226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study identified the risk factors influencing visual fatigue in baggage X-ray security screeners and estimated the strength of correlations between those factors and visual fatigue using structural equation modelling approach. Two hundred and five X-ray security screeners participated in a questionnaire survey. The result showed that satisfaction with the VDT's physical features and the work environment conditions were negatively correlated with the intensity of visual fatigue, whereas job stress and job burnout had direct positive influences. The path coefficient between the image quality of VDT and visual fatigue was not significant. The total effects of job burnout, job stress, the VDT's physical features and the work environment conditions on visual fatigue were 0.471, 0.469, -0.268 and -0.251 respectively. These findings indicated that both extrinsic factors relating to VDT and workplace environment and psychological factors including job burnout and job stress should be considered in the workplace design and work organisation of security screening tasks to reduce screeners' visual fatigue. Practitioner Summary: This study identified the risk factors influencing visual fatigue in baggage X-ray security screeners and estimated the strength of correlations between those factors and visual fatigue. The findings were of great importance to the workplace design and the work organisation of security screening tasks to reduce screeners' visual fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Yu
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Lin-Dong Yang
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Xin Wu
- a Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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Bartha MC, Allie P, Kokot D, Roe CP. Field observations of display placement requirements and character size for presbyopic and prepresbyopic computer users. Work 2016; 52:329-42. [PMID: 26444933 DOI: 10.3233/wor-152158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computer users continue to report eye and upper body discomfort even as workstation flexibility has improved. Research shows a relationship between character size, viewing distance, and reading performance. Few reports exist regarding text height viewed under normal office work conditions and eye discomfort. OBJECTIVE This paper reports self-selected computer display placement, text characteristics, and subjective comfort for older and younger computer workers under real-world conditions. METHODS Computer workers were provided with monitors and adjustable display support(s). In Study 1, older workers wearing progressive-addition lenses (PALs) were observed. In study 2, older workers wearing multifocal lenses and younger workers were observed. RESULTS Workers wearing PALs experienced less eye and body discomfort with adjustable displays, and less eye and neck discomfort for text visual angles near or greater than ergonomic recommendations. Older workers wearing multifocal correction positioned displays much lower than younger workers. In general, computer users did not adjust character size to ensure that fovial images of text fell within the recommended range. CONCLUSIONS Ergonomic display placement recommendations should be different for computer users wearing multifocal correction for presbyopia. Ergonomic training should emphasize adjusting text size for user comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Bartha
- Ergonomics R&D Program, Hewlett-Packard Company, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Allie
- Kokot and Allie Associates, LLC, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Douglas Kokot
- Kokot and Allie Associates, LLC, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Lin MY, Catalano P, Dennerlein JT. A Psychophysical Protocol to Develop Ergonomic Recommendations for Sitting and Standing Workstations. HUMAN FACTORS 2016; 58:574-585. [PMID: 27068770 DOI: 10.1177/0018720816639788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine user self-selected setup for both sitting and standing computer workstations and identify major differences. BACKGROUND No current ergonomic setup guideline for standing computer workstations is available. METHODS Twenty adult participants completed four 45-min sessions of simulated office computer work with an adjustable sit-stand computer workstation. Placement and relative position of all workstation components, including a cordless mouse, a cordless keyboard, a height-adjustable desk, and a 22-inch monitor mounted on a mechanical-assisted arm were recorded during the four sessions, which alternated between sitting and standing for each session. Participants were interrupted four times within each session, and the workstation was "reset" to extreme locations. Participants were instructed to adjust the location to achieve the most comfortable arrangement and to make as many adjustments during the session to achieve this goal. RESULTS Overall, users placed the keyboard closer to their body (sternum), set desk height lower than their elbow, and set the monitor lower relative to their eyes with a greater upward tilt while standing compared to sitting. During the 45-min sessions, the number of adjustments participants made became smaller and over the four sessions was consistent, suggesting the psychophysical protocol was effective and consistent. CONCLUSION Users preferred different workstation setups for sitting and standing computer workstations. Therefore, future setup guidelines and principles for standing computer workstations may not be simply translated from those for sitting. APPLICATION These results can serve as the first step toward making recommendations to establish ergonomic guidelines for standing computer workstation arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Lin
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Catalano
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Humar I, Gradisar M, Turk T, Erjavec J. The impact of color combinations on the legibility of text presented on LCDs. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2014; 45:1510-1517. [PMID: 24874503 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper investigates the impact of text and background color combinations on the legibility of text presented on LCDs. The legibility of 56 elementary color combinations was tested by 308 participants. The first task required the participants to identify 21 uppercase alphabetic characters selected and presented in conformance with a Snellen chart in various color combinations. For each color combination, the number of correctly identified characters was recorded as a visual performance measure. In the second task, participants subjectively rated the legibility of color combinations on a ten-point Likert scale. The results show that neither the Le Courier legibility table nor the CRT legibility table is appropriate for LCDs. A new legibility table is proposed for LCDs where the highest ranked are contrastive color combinations with positive polarity whereas for CRT displays, the highest ranked are contrastive color combinations with negative polarity. The findings of this study can be used to determine the best possible color combinations when developing content displayed on LCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iztok Humar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mirko Gradisar
- Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploscad 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tomaž Turk
- Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploscad 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jure Erjavec
- Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploscad 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Camilleri MJ, Malige A, Fujimoto J, Rempel DM. Touch displays: the effects of palm rejection technology on productivity, comfort, biomechanics and positioning. ERGONOMICS 2013; 56:1850-1862. [PMID: 24134774 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.847211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Direct touch displays can improve the human-computer experience and productivity; however, the higher hand locations may increase shoulder fatigue. Palm rejection (PR) technology may reduce shoulder loads by allowing the palms to rest on the display and increase productivity by registering the touched content and fingertips through the palms rather than shoulders. The effects of PR were evaluated by having participants perform touch tasks while posture and reaction force on the display were measured. Enabling PR, during which the subjects could place the palms on the display (but were not required to), resulted in increased wrist extension, force applied to the display and productivity, and less discomfort, but had no effect on the self-selected positioning of the display. Participants did not deliberately place their palms on the display; therefore, there was no reduction in shoulder load and the increased productivity was not due to improved hand registration. The increased productivity may have been due to reduced interruptions from palm contacts or reduced motor control demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Camilleri
- a Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Berkeley , CA , USA
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17
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Nimbarte AD, Alabdulmohsen RT, Guffey SE, Etherton JR. The Impact of Use of Dual Monitor Screens on 3D Head–Neck Posture and Activity of Neck Muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2012.667051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Zhu X, Shin G. Shoulder and neck muscle activities during typing with articulating forearm support at different heights. ERGONOMICS 2012; 55:1412-1419. [PMID: 22897502 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2012.709541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Use of forearm support is known to reduce physical stress of computer users, but research about how to properly position the forearm support is insufficient. This study was aimed to determine whether the height of forearm support influences muscular loads during typing. Twenty four subjects performed a typing task with a pair of articulating forearm support at three different heights as well as without any support, while shoulder, neck and forearm muscle activities and posture data were recorded. Typing with the support at resting elbow height produced significantly (p < 0.05) lower shoulder and neck muscle activities than that of no support condition. Typing with the support at heights higher than the resting elbow height produced significantly greater shoulder and neck muscle activities compared to the no support condition. Results suggest that forearm support can help computer users lessen physical stress in typing, but only when the supports are positioned at resting elbow height. Practitioner Summary: Use of forearm support is known to alleviate physical stress of PC users in computer works such as typing. This experimental study addressed the importance of proper positioning of forearm support by comparing neck and upper extremity muscle activities between conditions with varying heights of forearm support in keyboard typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Zhu
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 428 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-2050, USA
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19
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Shin G, Zhu X. User discomfort, work posture and muscle activity while using a touchscreen in a desktop PC setting. ERGONOMICS 2011; 54:733-744. [PMID: 21846311 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2011.592604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate physical risk factors associated with the use of touchscreen in a desktop personal computer (PC) setting. Subjective rating of visual/body discomfort, shoulder and neck muscle activity, elbow movement and user-preferred positions of the workstation were quantified from 24 participants during a standardised computer use task with a standard keyboard and a mouse (traditional setting), with a touchscreen and the standard keyboard (mixed-use condition) and with the touchscreen only. The use of a touchscreen was associated with a significant increase of subjective discomfort on the shoulder, neck and fingers, myoelectric activity of shoulder and neck muscles and percentage of task duration that arms were in the air. Participants placed the touchscreen closer and lower when using touch interfaces compared with the traditional setting. Results suggest that users would need more frequent breaks and proper armrests to reduce physical risks associated with the use of a touchscreen in desktop PC settings. Statement of Relevance: In this study, subjective discomfort, work posture and muscle activity of touchscreen desktop PC users were quantitatively evaluated. The findings of this study can be used to understand potential risks from the use of a touchscreen desktop PC and to suggest design recommendations for computer workstations with the touchscreen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwanseob Shin
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.
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20
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Shibata T, Kim J, Hoffman DM, Banks MS. The zone of comfort: Predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays. J Vis 2011; 11:11. [PMID: 21778252 PMCID: PMC3369815 DOI: 10.1167/11.8.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent increased usage of stereo displays has been accompanied by public concern about potential adverse effects associated with prolonged viewing of stereo imagery. There are numerous potential sources of adverse effects, but we focused on how vergence-accommodation conflicts in stereo displays affect visual discomfort and fatigue. In one experiment, we examined the effect of viewing distance on discomfort and fatigue. We found that conflicts of a given dioptric value were slightly less comfortable at far than at near distance. In a second experiment, we examined the effect of the sign of the vergence-accommodation conflict on discomfort and fatigue. We found that negative conflicts (stereo content behind the screen) are less comfortable at far distances and that positive conflicts (content in front of screen) are less comfortable at near distances. In a third experiment, we measured phoria and the zone of clear single binocular vision, which are clinical measurements commonly associated with correcting refractive error. Those measurements predicted susceptibility to discomfort in the first two experiments. We discuss the relevance of these findings for a wide variety of situations including the viewing of mobile devices, desktop displays, television, and cinema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shibata
- Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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