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Abstract
Dental caries is a dynamic disease induced by the unbalance between demineralization of dental hard tissues caused by biofilm and remineralization of them; however, although various effective remineralization methods have been well documented, it is a challenge to reestablish the balance by enhancing remineralization alone while ignoring the antibacterial therapy. Therefore, the integration of remineralizing and antibacterial technologies offers a promising strategy to halt natural caries progression in clinical practice. Here, the conception of interrupting dental caries (IDC) was proposed based on the development of dual-functional coating with remineralizing and antibacterial properties. In this study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) loaded octenidine (OCT) successfully to form a BSA-OCT composite. Subsequently, through fast amyloid-like aggregation, the phase-transited BSA-OCT (PTB-OCT) coating can be covered on teeth, resin composite, or sealant surfaces in 30 min by a simple smearing process. The PTB-OCT coating showed satisfactory effects in promoting the remineralization of demineralized enamel and dentin in vitro. Moreover, this coating also exerted significant acid-resistance stability and anti-biofilm properties. Equally importantly, this coating exhibited promising abilities in reducing the microleakage between the tooth and resin composite in vitro and preventing primary and secondary caries in vivo. In conclusion, this novel dual-functional PTB-OCT coating could reestablish the balance between demineralization and remineralization in the process of caries, thereby potentially preventing or arresting caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lu
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - F Li
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - C Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Y Ye
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - P Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Akkineni S, Doerk GS, Shi C, Jin B, Zhang S, Habelitz S, De Yoreo JJ. Biomimetic Mineral Synthesis by Nanopatterned Supramolecular-Block Copolymer Templates. Nano Lett 2023; 23:4290-4297. [PMID: 37141413 PMCID: PMC10215289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular structures of matrix proteins in mineralizing tissues are known to direct the crystallization of inorganic materials. Here we demonstrate how such structures can be synthetically directed into predetermined patterns for which functionality is maintained. The study employs block copolymer lamellar patterns with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions to direct the assembly of amelogenin-derived peptide nanoribbons that template calcium phosphate nucleation by creating a low-energy interface. Results show that the patterned nanoribbons retain their β-sheet structure and function and direct the formation of filamentous and plate-shaped calcium phosphate with high fidelity, where the phase, amorphous or crystalline, depends on the choice of mineral precursor and the fidelity depends on peptide sequence. The common ability of supramolecular systems to assemble on surfaces with appropriate chemistry combined with the tendency of many templates to mineralize multiple inorganic materials implies this approach defines a general platform for bottom-up-patterning of hybrid organic-inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susrut Akkineni
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Physical
Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gregory S Doerk
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chenyang Shi
- Physical
Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Biao Jin
- Physical
Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Physical
Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department
of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Physical
Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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3
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Abstract
Amelogenin (Amel) and ameloblastin (Ambn) are two primary extracellular enamel matrix proteins that play crucial roles for proper thickness, prismatic structure, and robust mechanical properties. Previous studies have shown that Amel and Ambn bind to each other, but the effect of their coassembly on the nucleation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) is unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the coassembly of recombinant mouse Amel and Ambn in various ratios using in situ atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The size of protein particles decreased as the Ambn:Amel ratio increased. To define the coassembly domain on Ambn, we used Ambn-derived peptides and Ambn variants to examine their effects on the amelogenin particle size distribution. We found that the peptide sequence encoded by exon 5 of Ambn affected Amel self-assembly but the variant lacking this sequence did not have any effect on Amel self-assembly. Furthermore, through monitoring the pH change in bulk mineralization solution, we tracked the nucleation behavior of HAP in the presence of Ambn and Amel and found that their coassemblies at different ratios showed varying abilities to stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate. These results demonstrated that Ambn and Amel coassemble with each other via a motif within the sequence encoded by exon 5 of Ambn and cooperate in regulating the nucleation of HAP crystals, enhancing our understanding of the important role of enamel matrix proteins in amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Shao
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Rucha Arun Bapat
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Jingtan Su
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Janet Moradian-Oldak
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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4
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Besnard C, Marie A, Sasidharan S, Harper RA, Shelton RM, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. Synchrotron X-ray Studies of the Structural and Functional Hierarchies in Mineralised Human Dental Enamel: A State-of-the-Art Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:98. [PMID: 37185477 PMCID: PMC10137518 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hard dental tissues possess a complex hierarchical structure that is particularly evident in enamel, the most mineralised substance in the human body. Its complex and interlinked organisation at the Ångstrom (crystal lattice), nano-, micro-, and macro-scales is the result of evolutionary optimisation for mechanical and functional performance: hardness and stiffness, fracture toughness, thermal, and chemical resistance. Understanding the physical-chemical-structural relationships at each scale requires the application of appropriately sensitive and resolving probes. Synchrotron X-ray techniques offer the possibility to progress significantly beyond the capabilities of conventional laboratory instruments, i.e., X-ray diffractometers, and electron and atomic force microscopes. The last few decades have witnessed the accumulation of results obtained from X-ray scattering (diffraction), spectroscopy (including polarisation analysis), and imaging (including ptychography and tomography). The current article presents a multi-disciplinary review of nearly 40 years of discoveries and advancements, primarily pertaining to the study of enamel and its demineralisation (caries), but also linked to the investigations of other mineralised tissues such as dentine, bone, etc. The modelling approaches informed by these observations are also overviewed. The strategic aim of the present review was to identify and evaluate prospective avenues for analysing dental tissues and developing treatments and prophylaxis for improved dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Besnard
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Ali Marie
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sisini Sasidharan
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Robert A. Harper
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Richard M. Shelton
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Alexander M. Korsunsky
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
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5
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Obtel N, Le Cabec A, Nguyen TN, Giabicani E, Van Malderen SJM, Garrevoet J, Percot A, Paris C, Dean C, Hadj‐Rabia S, Houillier P, Breiderhoff T, Bardet C, Coradin T, Ramirez Rozzi F, Chaussain C. Impact of claudin-10 deficiency on amelogenesis: Lesson from a HELIX tooth. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1516:197-211. [PMID: 35902997 PMCID: PMC9796262 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In epithelia, claudin proteins are important components of the tight junctions as they determine the permeability and specificity to ions of the paracellular pathway. Mutations in CLDN10 cause the rare autosomal recessive HELIX syndrome (Hypohidrosis, Electrolyte imbalance, Lacrimal gland dysfunction, Ichthyosis, and Xerostomia), in which patients display severe enamel wear. Here, we assess whether this enamel wear is caused by an innate fragility directly related to claudin-10 deficiency in addition to xerostomia. A third molar collected from a female HELIX patient was analyzed by a combination of microanatomical and physicochemical approaches (i.e., electron microscopy, elemental mapping, Raman microspectroscopy, and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence). The enamel morphology, formation time, organization, and microstructure appeared to be within the natural variability. However, we identified accentuated strontium variations within the HELIX enamel, with alternating enrichments and depletions following the direction of the periodical striae of Retzius. These markings were also present in dentin. These data suggest that the enamel wear associated with HELIX may not be related to a disruption of enamel microstructure but rather to xerostomia. However, the occurrence of events of strontium variations within dental tissues might indicate repeated episodes of worsening of the renal dysfunction that may require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Obtel
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance,AP‐HP Services de médecine bucco‐dentaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires Bretonneau (CRMR phosphore et calcium, filière OSCAR et ERN Bond) and Charles Foix, FHU DDS‐netIle de FranceFrance
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199PessacFrance,Department of Human EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Thè Nghia Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance
| | - Eloise Giabicani
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance
| | | | | | - Aline Percot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, De la Molécule aux Nano‐Objets: Réactivité, Interactions et Spectroscopies (MONARIS)ParisFrance
| | - Céline Paris
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, De la Molécule aux Nano‐Objets: Réactivité, Interactions et Spectroscopies (MONARIS)ParisFrance
| | - Christopher Dean
- Department of Earth Sciences, Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK,Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Smail Hadj‐Rabia
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM1163 Institut Imagine; APHP, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Rare Skin DiseasesParisFrance
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS‐ERL8228ParisFrance,APHP, Service de Physiologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Hôpital Européen Georges PompidouParisFrance
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of PediatricsBerlinGermany
| | - Claire Bardet
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance
| | - Thibaud Coradin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de ParisParisFrance
| | - Fernando Ramirez Rozzi
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance,Eco‐anthropologie (EA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRSUniversité de ParisParisFrance
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance,AP‐HP Services de médecine bucco‐dentaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires Bretonneau (CRMR phosphore et calcium, filière OSCAR et ERN Bond) and Charles Foix, FHU DDS‐netIle de FranceFrance
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6
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Mohabatpour F, Chen X, Papagerakis S, Papagerakis P. Novel trends, challenges and new perspectives for enamel repair and regeneration to treat dental defects. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3062-3087. [PMID: 35543379 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dental enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body, providing external protection for the tooth against masticatory forces, temperature changes and chemical stimuli. Once enamel is damaged/altered by genetic defects, dental caries, trauma, and/or dental wear, it cannot repair itself due to the loss of enamel producing cells following the tooth eruption. The current restorative dental materials are unable to replicate physico-mechanical, esthetic features and crystal structures of the native enamel. Thus, development of alternative approaches to repair and regenerate enamel defects is much needed but remains challenging due to the structural and functional complexities involved. This review paper summarizes the clinical aspects to be taken into consideration for the development of optimal therapeutic approaches to tackle dental enamel defects. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging acellular and cellular approaches proposed for enamel remineralization and regeneration. Acellular approaches aim to artificially synthesize or re-mineralize enamel, whereas cell-based strategies aim to mimic the natural process of enamel development given that epithelial cells can be stimulated to produce enamel postnatally during the adult life. The key issues and current challenges are also discussed here, along with new perspectives for future research to advance the field of regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohabatpour
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, S7N 5E4, SK, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, S7N 5A9, SK, Canada
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd B419, S7N 0 W8, SK, Canada
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Dr., S7N 5A9, SK, Canada. .,College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, S7N 5E4, SK, Canada
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7
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Nurrohman H, Carter L, Barnes N, Zehra S, Singh V, Tao J, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW. The Role of Process-Directing Agents on Enamel Lesion Remineralization: Fluoride Boosters. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:54. [PMID: 35645181 PMCID: PMC9149830 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two process-directing agents (polyaspartic acid and osteopontin) used in a polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) process on the remineralization of bacteria-induced enamel demineralization. Enamel demineralization lesions (depths of about 180–200 µm) were created and exposed to Streptococcus mutans, cultured with a 10% sucrose solution for 21 days, and remineralized using a PILP process (pH = 7.4, 14 days) with a calcium phosphate solution containing either polyaspartic acid or osteopontin in the presence or absence of fluoride (0.5 ppm). The specimens were examined under scanning electron microscopy. The fluoride was successfully incorporated into the PILP remineralization process for both polyaspartic acid and osteopontin. When the fluoride was added to the PILP remineralization solution, there was more uniform remineralization throughout the lesion than with either polyaspartic acid or osteopontin alone. However, in the absence of these process-directing agents, fluoride alone showed less remineralization with the formation of a predominantly surface-only layer. The PILP remineralization process relies on the ability of process-directing agents to stabilize calcium phosphate ions and holds promise for enamel lesion remineralization, and these agents, in the presence of fluoride, seem to play an important role as a booster or supplement in the continuation of remineralization by reducing the mineral gains at the surface layer.
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8
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Compare pathophysiology for infectious and noninfectious demineralization disease relative to mineral maintenance, physiologic fluoride levels, and mechanical degradation. RECENT FINDINGS Environmental acidity, biomechanics, and intercrystalline percolation of endemic fluoride regulate resistance to demineralization relative to osteopenia, noncarious cervical lesions, and dental caries. Demineralization is the most prevalent chronic disease in the world: osteoporosis (OP) >10%, dental caries ~100%. OP is severely debilitating while caries is potentially fatal. Mineralized tissues have a common physiology: cell-mediated apposition, protein matrix, fluid logistics (blood, saliva), intercrystalline ion percolation, cyclic demineralization/remineralization, and acid-based degradation (microbes, clastic cells). Etiology of demineralization involves fluid percolation, metabolism, homeostasis, biomechanics, mechanical wear (attrition or abrasion), and biofilm-related infections. Bone mineral density measurement assesses skeletal mass. Attrition, abrasion, erosion, and abfraction are diagnosed visually, but invisible subsurface caries <400μm cannot be detected. Controlling demineralization at all levels is an important horizon for cost-effective wellness worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Eugene Roberts
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Indiana University & Purdue University at Indianapolis, 8260 Skipjack Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46236 USA
| | - Jonathan E. Mangum
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Grattan Street and Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Paul M. Schneider
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston St, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
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9
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Bai Y, Bonde J, Carneiro KMM, Zhang Y, Li W, Habelitz S. A Brief History of the Discovery of Amelogenin Nanoribbons In Vitro and In Vivo. J Dent Res 2021; 100:1429-1433. [PMID: 34612757 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Without evidence for an organic framework, biological and biochemical processes observed during amelogenesis provided limited information on how extracellular matrix proteins control the development of the complex fibrous architecture of human enamel. Over a decade ago, amelogenin nanoribbons were first observed from recombinant proteins during in vitro mineralization experiments in our laboratory. In enamel from mice lacking the enzyme kallikrein 4 (KLK4), we later uncovered ribbon-like protein structures that matched the morphology, width, and thickness of the nanoribbons assembled by recombinant proteins. Interestingly, similar structures had already been described since the 1960s, when enamel sections from various mammals were demineralized and stained for transmission electron microscopy analysis. However, at that time, researchers were not aware of the ability of amelogenin to form nanoribbons and instead associated the filamentous nanostructures with possible imprints of mineral ribbons in the gel-like matrix of developing enamel. Further evidence for the significance of amelogenin nanoribbons for enamel development was stipulated when recent mineralization experiments succeeded in templating and orienting the growth of apatite ribbons along the protein nanoribbon framework. This article provides a brief historical review of the discovery of amelogenin nanoribbons in our laboratory in the context of reports by others on similar structures in the developing enamel matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bai
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Bonde
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center of Applied Life Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K M M Carneiro
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Li
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Habelitz
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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